Education a Comp Arative Atlas of Def Ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 60

Chapter 6: Education A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 60

Number of Applicants and Admitted Candidates to Ofﬁ cers Academies (2015-2016) BRAZIL National Military College Naval Military School Military Aviation School Candidates Candidates Candidates Candidates 29,769 1 out of 68 1,2169,437 1 out of 219 1,640 1 out of 9 candidates candidates Air candidates Admitted Candidates were admitted Navy Admitted Candidates were admitted Force Admitted Candidates were admitted 440 43 180 Army CHILE Military School Naval School Military Aviation School Candidates Candidates Candidates Candidates 2,092 1 out of 9 1,2161,184 1 out of 9 1,242 1 out of 12 candidates candidates Air candidates Navy Admitted Candidates were admitted Admitted Candidates were admitted Force Admitted Candidates were admitted 238 128 102 Army

EL SALVADOR Military School Candidates 673 1 out of 5 Forces candidates Admitted Candidates were admitted 125

GUATEMALA Polytechnic School Candidates 678 1 out of 4 candidates Forces Admitted Candidates were admitted 189 http://www.resdal.org HONDURAS Military Academy Naval Academy Military Aviation Academy Candidates Candidates Candidates Candidates

RESDAL 1,126 1 out of 7 1,216 96 1 out of 2 986 1 out of 7 candidates candidates Air candidates Navy Admitted Candidates were admitted Admitted Candidates were admitted Force Admitted Candidates were admitted from 157 49 140 Army MEXICO Heroic Military College Heroic Naval Military School Air College Candidates Candidates Candidates Candidates Downloaded 3,583 1 out of 17 1,2164,230 1 out of 7 3,424 1 out of 10 candidates candidates Air candidates Navy Admitted Candidates were admitted Admitted Candidates were admitted Force Admitted Candidates were admitted 210 611 355 Army URUGUAY Military School Naval School Military Aviation School Candidates Candidates Candidates Candidates 182 1 out of 2 1,216 92 1 out of 2 n/a candidates candidates Air Admitted Candidates were admitted Navy Admitted Candidates were admitted Force Admitted Candidates 104 47 n/a Army

VENEZUELA Military Academy Naval School Military Aviation School Candidates Candidates Candidates Candidates 677 1 out of 2 1,216609 1 out of 2 542 1 out of 3 candidates candidates Air candidates Admitted Candidates were admitted Navy Admitted Candidates were admitted Force Admitted Candidates were admitted 393 343 180

Note: Countries have different cycles for calls. Data corresponding to 2016 with the exception of the Brazilian Navy. The Brazilian Air Force data includes only those who approved the written exams. In the case of the Mexican Air Force data includes the Escuela Militar de Aviación and the Escuela Militar de Mantenimiento y Abastecimiento.

Source: Ofﬁ cial listings from public calls (Brazil), Ministry of National Defence (Chile), Ministry of National Defence (El Salvador), Ministry of National Defence (Gua- temala), Secretariat of National Defence (Honduras), Secretariat of National Defence and Naval Secretariat (Mexico), Minsitry of National Defence and Defensa Joint Staff (Uruguay) and listings from military academies (Venezuela). C hapter 6: Educati o n 61

Changes in the Future Shape of the Military

The amount of women applying and entering the Escuela Politécnica in Guatemala 30% of candidates in 2016 was proportionately the same (10%). to the Naval Academy in the Men Women Total Dominican Republic in Accepted 170 19 189 2016 were Candidates 608 70 678 women.

Admission of women to the military academies in 2016 (%) Youngsters applying to military academies A signifi cant level of women who apply and are admitted to offi cer, non-commis- sioned offi cer and specialist schools is observed in the countries across the region. Number of applicants to the Naval Academy of Brazil, for every candidate admitted. Candidates Accepted Uruguay (Army) 25% Escuelal Militar ili r 22% 2014: 186

35% Escuela Apy S y C 23%

5% Escuelald de Suboﬁ bﬁ ciales ls 3%

Mexico 16% EscuelaEscuela MiliMilitartar ddee IIngenierosngenieros 11% 2015: 219 30% EscuelaEscuela MMilitarilitar ddee EsEspecialistaspecialistas ddee Fuerza AAéreaérea 35%

57% EscuelaEscuela MMilitarilitar ddee OOdontologíadontología 58%

12% HeroicoHeroico CoColegiolegio MMilitarilitar 5%

13% Escuelldla Militar de Transmisiones 7% In El Salvador, 1 out of 5 candidates were admitted in 2016. In 2010, the ratio was 1/3: i.e. there was a 67% increase 46% Escuelald Médico Militar lr 41%

24% Heroica Escuela Naval 16% Ecuador. Entry to Escuela Superior Militar Eloy Alfaro 5,983 17% Escuela de Maquinaria Naval 14% 6,000 5,500 4,529 5,000 4,783 23% Escuela de Electrónica Naval 29% 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 Chile 2,000 1,500 22% EscuelaE Naval 17% 1,000 500 230 206 159 0 37% EscuelaE de Grumetes 18% 2012 2013 2014 Candidates Accepted 22% EscuelaE Militar 12%

30% EscuelaE de Suboﬁ ciales del Ejércitoj 12% Honduras Armed Forces. Female personnel Army Navy Air Force 18% EscuelaE de Aviación 20% 4% 8% 2% 30% EscuelaEscue a de SuboSuboﬁ ciales c a es de la a FACH C 32%

Argentina. Cadets in the military schools, by sex, 2016 Men Women Venezuela. Number of cadets in the military academies during 2015 Military Academy 8% 19% 28% 22% 41% 15% 30% 11% 21% Naval School 15% 2% Military Aviation School National Guard School 81% 72% 78% 59% 85% 70% 8% Military Medicine Academy 6% Technical School - Army Technical School - Navy Escuela de Escuela de Escuela de Escuela de Escuela de Escuela de Oficiales Suboficiales Oficiales Suboficiales Oficiales Suboficiales Technical School - Air Force Army Navy Air Force 19% 10% Military Health School

Fuente: Compilation based on the information provided by Ministry of Defence of Argentina, Chile, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Uruguay and Secretariat of National Defence and Navy of Mexico. Memoria 2015 of Ministry of the People´s Power for Defence of Venezuela, listings of the Navy of Brazil and Informe de Gestión del Ejército 20155 of Ecuador. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 62

Main Colleges with a Defence Course Offering Country Institution

* National Defence School * “Teniente General Luis María Campos” War College • University of La Plata Argentina * Intelligence Institute of the Armed Forces • Torcuato Di Tella University * Argentine Joint Peacekeeping Training Center

Bolivia * “Colonel Eduardo Avaroa Hidalgo” National School of Higher Education Studies * Center for Peacekeeping Operations of the Bolivian Army (COMPEBOL)

* Higher War College • Estadual Paulista University, Estadual de Campinas University, Brazil * Joint Center for Peacekeeping Operations in Brazil Pontiﬁ cal Catholic University of São Paulo; Fluminense Federal * University of the Air Force University; University of Brasilia; Rio Grande del Sur Federal University; Sergipe Federal University * Naval War School

* National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies • Pontiﬁ cal Catholic University of Chile * Army War College Chile • University Andrés Bello * Joint Center for Peacekeeping Operations • University of Chile * Naval War Academy • Diego Portales University * Air War Academy

Colombia * War College • Military University Nueva Granada

• “Raul Roa Garía” Institute of Higher International Affairs Studies Cuba * National Defence College • Defence Information Center

* Superior Institute of Defence Dominican Republic * Graduate School of Higher Security and Defence Studies * Graduate School of Human Rights and Humanitarian International Law http://www.resdal.org

* ESPE. University of the Armed Forces Ecuador • Institute of Higher National Studies * The Peacekeeping Unit School “Ecuador” (UEMPE) RESDAL El Salvador * College of Higher Strategic Studies from * Ministry of Defence (with the guarantee of San Carlos University, • Security in Democracy Francisco Marroquín University and Panamerican University) Guatemala • ESTNA Center (Foundation for the In- * Superior Command of Education of the Army stitutional Development of Guatemala) * Regional Center for Peacekeeping Operations Training (CREOMPAZ) Downloaded

Honduras * National Defence College • Honduras Documentation Center (CEDOH)

* Center for Superior Naval Studies Mexico • National Autonomous University of Mexico * National Defence College

Nicaragua * Nicaraguan Army

* Institute of Higher Strategic Studies Paraguay • Metropolitan University of Asuncion * Joint Peacekeeping Operations Training Center.

* Center for Higher National Studies • University Alas Peruanas Peru • Catholic University of Peru * Joint Training Center for Peacekeeping Operations (CECOPAZ) • Federico Villarreal National University

* High National Studies Center Uruguay * Military College of Higher Studies * National Peace Operations School of Uruguay (ENOPU)

Venezuela * Bolivarian Military University of Venezuela * Institute for Higher National Defence Studies

• Public or private institutions that do not fall under the Ministry/Secretariat of Defence, or the Armed Forces. * Institutions that report to, or are related to, the Ministry/Secretariat of Defence or the Armed Forces

Source: Information provided by the institutions mentioned. They refer to institutions with courses open to civilians.