SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT REPORT
OF YUNNAN PROVINCE
Written by Gan Kaipeng and Xu Jieming
Translated by WangYunshang and Xu Jieming
THE ADVANTAGE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF YUNNAN PROVINCE
Generally, the basic features of its geography and population in Yunnan Province could be summarized as the following words of ‘frontier, mountainous and multi-nationality’. The area of Yunnan Province covers 394,000sq.km with 94% of the mountainous. From the perspective of its geo-position in China, the east of Yunnan is connecting with the provinces of Guizhou and Guangxi, the north part is connecting with Sichuan Province, and the northwest part is connecting with Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (Region). And from the perspective of its eco-polit-geographic location in Asia, the west part of Yunnan Province is connecting with Myanmar, and the south part is connecting with Lao and Vietnam. The boundary lines between Yunnan Province and these countries are 4060 km, which consists of the 1/5 of the whole frontier line on the land of China. At present, there are more than 20 cross-border highways which connecting Yunnan and its neighboring countries, Myanmar, Lao and Vietnam.
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Picture 1: The On-building Express-highway from Kunming to Bangkok
From the perspective of its natural geographic location, Yunnan still has its advantage. Because of being located to the north part of the Peninsula of Southeast Asia, the subtropical area, as well as connecting with Tibet Plateau, the highest elevation area of the world, Yunnan is influenced by the monsoons from the Southeast Asia, and also affected by the high-frigid climate from Tibet Plateau. So, the natural geography position made Yunnan diversified physical geographies, species and climates. It has very rich natural resources, and on average, the per capita occupancy volume of resources of Yunnanese is 2 times of that in other parts of China. The climate types in Yunnan are vertically distributed, including various kinds which arranging from that of Hainan Island where is the hottest area in China to the one of Heilongjiang where is the most cold area in China. The amount of species of animals and plants in Yunnan cover 1/2 of that of China. Because of its multi-geomorphology, multi-climate, multi-species of animal and plant, and
2 multi-nationality cultures, Yunnan nearly has the largest tourist resources in China. There are various kinds of tourist resources except the oceanic ones. The total water resource reserve is 10 40.0 million kilowatts with more than 90 million kilowatts possible be exploited. Its reserve of mineral ranks the third in Southwest China, and the lead and zinc reserves rank the first in China. There are 16 prefectures (districts) or municipalities, and 129 counties from the perspective of the administrative divisions of Yunnan Province. Among them, there are 8 prefectures and 29 counties belong to the ethnic minority autonomy administratively, and 25 counties located in the bordering areas between China and Lao, Vietnam and Myanmar. There are 5 administrative levels in Yunnan Province, just like all the other areas in China. They are the provincial level, municipal /prefectural level, county/district level, township level and village level. There are 25 minority nationalities of whose each population exceeding 5000. The total population of minority nationalities reaches 14 million, occupying 34% of Yunnan Provincial population. And the resident areas of minority nationalities reach 70% of Yunnan area. Among the minority nationalities, Bai, Dai, Hani, Lisu, Wa, Lahu, Nahsi, Jingpo, Blang, Achang, Nu, Deang, Jino, Pumi, and Dulong are the 15 ones whose populations only resided in Yunnan Province. In addition, there are 16 nationalities whose populations inhabited in the across-border areas. They all have their own distinctive evolution histories, unique customs and life styles. All of these have formed the plentiful, diversified and fantastical cultures of Yunnan Province. At the same time, Yunnan is an overlapping point for mixing Chinese culture and the cultures of Southeast and South Asia, including Indian culture. Yunnan is also one of the provinces whose populations speaking multi-languages and writing multi-characters. Among the minority nationalities in Yunnan, except Hui (Islam), Manchu, and Shui who have already mainly spoke Han (Chinese) language and written Han (Chinese) characters, the other 22 ones are still mainly using their own languages and characters as well as Han’s in part also. Since ancient times, Yunnan has been the important overland passage between
3 China and the Southeast as well as South Asia. That means it was a pivotal position of the Southwest Skill Road from Asia to Europe. Except for its landed borders with Lao, Vietnam and Myanmar of ASEAN, Yunnan is linked to Thailand and Kampuchea by Meigong (Mekongk) River in Southeast Peninsula and Lancang River in China. At the same time, Yunnan is near to South Asian countries, such as India and Bangladesh.
Picture 2: The Lancang-Meigong River Basins
4 So, in fact, it is located in the junction point of three large world markets: Chinese, ASEAN’s
and the Sub-continent of South Asia. It is also located between the two biggest Oceans, the
Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Due to its particular geographical position, Yunnan has
been vital region for China’s participating in the Sub-regional Cooperation along
Lancang-Meigong River, and vital for China to open its door towards the Southeast Asia and to
establish China-ASEAN Free Trade Region.
5 Picture 3: The Pan-Asia Railway and the 3 Circles
From the late of 1990s, Yunnan is becoming one of the 9 provinces of China that are actively building Pan-Pearl River Delta Cooperation together. Because Yunnan takes an active attitude to multi-lateral coordination, it has built its new and distinctive pattern for multi-level and external-oriented cooperation strategy. It is to develop itself simultaneously as a part of the Pan-Pearl River Delta Co-developmental Area domestically and as a part of the China-ASEAN Free Trade
6 Region internationally.
Picture 4: The Pan-Pearl River Delta Co-development Area
The external-oriented regional cooperation of Yunnan is mainly divided into 2 parts as the following: internally, it participates in the regional cooperation of Pan-Pearl River Delta; externally, it mainly participates in the Sub-regional Cooperation of Lancang –Meigong Basins. These two regional co-operations both form the important part of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. Because of been located in the extreme or say the fountainhead of the Pan-Pearl River Delta and the northeast extreme of Lancang-Meigong River Sub-regional Development Area, Yunnan is in an important position of ‘linking the East Asia and connecting the South one’ with its important passageways for building China-ASEAN Free Trade Area and multi-level cooperation internally and externally. It has very special and strategic functions and excellent geo- advantages in the developments of China and Southeast Asia both.
7 Picture 5: China and the Countries of ASEAN
Picture 6： The Space of Yunnan External-oriented Development and Relevant Co-operation Cycles
A = Economic Development Cycle of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces
B = The Eco－torism Region of ‘Large-Xianggelila’ which cycles Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet
C = The Sub-region Cooperation of ‘the Golden Tetragon’ which cycles Yunnan of China, Myanmar,
Laos and Thailand
8 D＝ The Regional Cooperation of ‘Pan－Pearl River Delta’
E＝ The Southwest China Economic Coordination which covers 7-lateral of 6
provinces/autonomous-prefectures/autonomous municipality;
F = Sub-regional Cooperation along the Lancang River and Meigong River
G = Bangladesh-China-India Regional Cooperation
H = China－SASEAN Free Trade Region
RECENT ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
In general eco-social strategy, Yunnan always focuses on the ‘Three Targets’, namely “building it into a distinctive province in China which with a powerful green economy, rich ethnic-cultures, and a great of international land passageways”. In addition, it is striding forwards following the 4 specific strategic measures, namely “to pay first attention to its sustainable development; to blooming its society and economy by educational and scientific developments; to speed its urbanization; and to enhance its omni-oriented open-door policy”. For its economy, the 5 pillar industries, tobacco and cigarette; bio-resources exploitation; tour industry; electric power generation; and mining industry, have been fostered in order to push Yunnan economic and social developments forwards and up to a new stage. Since the Central Governmental policy on “Exploiting the West China Greatly” has been implemented in the middle of 1990s, the Yunnan has achieved its social and economic developments, especially during the last 5 years. Its achievements are as the followings:
1. Economic aggregation continuously increases, and integrated economic strength obviously enhances 1) The total value of production in the province is keeping very fast growth. The
9 GDP increased from 207.471 billion Yuan in 2001 to 347.234 billion Yuan in 2005 (see Table 1). The overall economy shows a tendency of increasing, although occasionally it is unsteady. The rate of GDP increase was 6.5% in 2001, and reached to 9.0% in 2005. The per capita GDP increased from 4866 Yuan in 2001 to 7833 Yuan in 2005.
Table 1: GDP/ Growth Rate/Value Added of Yunnan 2001-2005 (unit: 100 million)
10000 3472.34 2074.71 2233.32 2465.1 2959.48 1000 546.52 494.19 growth rate 232.97 157.61 100 119.62 GDP value added 10 11.5 6.5 8.2 8.5 9
1 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 growth rate 6.5 8.2 8.5 11.5 9 GDP 2074.71 2233.32 2465.1 2959.48 3472.34 value added 119.62 157.61 232.97 494.19 546.52
2) Overall industrial structure has been further adjusted and optimized. The proportion of value-added of the first (agriculture), second (manufacture) and third (service) industries to GDP separately was 20.4: 43.4: 36.2 in 2001, and changed into 18.4: 41.3: 40.3 in 2005. The adjustment tendency was that the proportion of value-added of first industry to GDP reduced to some extent year by year, the same as that of the second industry, but that of the third industry obviously increased.
2. Manufacture (industry) increases fast, agriculture develops steadily, and communications/ transportation enhances greatly 1) Industrial production is constantly developing, so its pillar position in the development of Yunnan economy is being obviously strengthened. The industrial value-added of was 120,007 million Yuan in 2005, with increasing over 7.7% than 2004. Among them, the value-added from large-scale industrial sectors is
10 101,807 million Yuan, increasing by 8.4%. In these large-scale industries, the value added from light industry was 53,491 million Yuan, increasing by 5.8%, and the value-added from heavy industry was 48,316 million Yuan, increasing by 11.7% when compared with that of the last year. The outputs of the products in different industrial sectors have increased to different extents (Table 2).
Table 2: Outputs of Yunnan’s Main Industrial and Agricultural Products of 2005 (unit: 10 thousand Ton)
Growth rate Growth rate Products compared with the Products compared with the 2005 2005 Main agricultural ones of 2004 ones of 2004 Main industrial products products （%） （%）
Grain 1514.93 0.4 refined tea 6.04 59.4
Fresh cut flowers 36.0 7.1 Raw coal 6462.14 21.5
Fruits 136.6 18.3 electric energy production 624.2 14.8
Tea 11.6 21.9 Raw steel 513.41 47.0
Rubber 24.0 9.7 Steel product 486.93 38.9
Meats 300.04 8.0 Ten non-ferrous metals 147.44 13.9
Milk 30.9 15.1 Cement 2832.62 22.5
2) The agricultural production develops steadily, so its fundamental position in the development of Yunnan economy is consolidated and strengthened. The gross output value of farming, forestry, husbandry and fishing was steadily increasing in the province. It was 105,000 million Yuan in 2005, increased by 6.3% when compared with that of the last year. The main outputs of various kinds of agricultural products have increased to different extents (Table 2). 3) The communications and transportation is effectively improved, so it plays an advanced role of promoting Yunnan economy and its society. Up to 2005, the volume of goods transport reached 65,649 million ton/kilometer through the various kinds of transportation, which was increasing more 4.5% than that of the last year. The volume of passenger transportation was 33,160 million person/km, increased by 4.4% compared with that of the last year.
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3. Investment of fixed assets expanded, the financial and monetary system ran smoothly It was the faster development period of Yunnan economy from 2001 to 2005. Also were its social fixed assets investment and general investment increasing constantly. 1) The scale of social fixed assets investment is expanding constantly in the province. The total social fixed assets investment reached 174,300 million Yuan in 2005, increased by 31% when compared with that of last year. From 2001 to 2005, the total aggregated social fixed assets investment was 565,828 million Yuan, increased by 16.5% annually (Table 3).
Table 3: Total Amount of Yunnan Fixed Assets and Its Growth Rate 2001-2005 (unit: 100 million)
35 2000 1800 30 1600 25 1400 20 1200 1000 15 800 10 600 400 5 200 0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 growth rate 5.3 12.8 23.2 30.3 31 total amount of 734.81 828.6 1021.18 1330.6 1743 investment per year
growth rate total amount of investment per year
2) Fiscal revenue and expenditure increased steadily, and they guaranteed the needs from institutes operating and governments’ public expenditure. The gross fiscal revenue of the province was 76,600 million Yuan in 2005. From 2001 to 2005, the aggregated fiscal revenue reached 284,092 million Yuan, increased by 12.1% annually. The general and local budgetary revenue of Yunnan was 30,800 million Yuan in 2005 (Table 4).
Table 4: Yunnan Budgetary and Fiscal Revenues 2001-2005 (unit: RMB 100 million Yuan)
12 1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Bugetary revenue of local 191.28 259.25 299 263.3 308 finance Yunnan's total fiscal revenue 432.61 466.01 510 666.3 766
Yunnan's total fiscal revenue Bugetary revenue of local finance
3) The saving deposit and the loan of the financial institutions in the province both increased fast. The saving deposit balance was 509,100 million Yuan in the end of 2005, increased by 14.2% compared with the previous year. From 2001 to 2005, it increased 15.6% annually. The balance of the loan of all the financial institutions was 395,500 million Yuan in 2005, increased by 18.6% compared with the previous year. From 2001 to 2005, it increased 14.8% at an annual average.
4. Market prospered, commodity price stabled, and living standard of urban and rural residents improved 1) The market was prosperous and stable, and the total volume of the retail sales of the social consumer goods increased year by year. It was 103,440 million Yuan in 2005, increased by 13% when compared with the previous year. From 2001 to 2005, the total aggregated volume of the retail sales of social consume goods was 408,412 million Yuan, so the average percent of the increase for this five years was 12.1%. The total index of the social commodities’ retail price in the province was 100.1 in 2005, increased at an annual average of 0.2% from 2001 to 2005. The index of resident's consumer price was 101.4 in 2005, increased at an annual average of 1.5% from 2001 to 2005.
2）Living standard of urban and rural residents improved and life quality upgraded.
13 All the per capita annual disposable income, per capita net income of rural residents, the year-end balance of urban and rural residents’ savings account, and the annual average cash wage of the employed in urban areas increased steadily (Table 5), with the increase rates respectively of 4.3%, 6%, 17.5% and 9.6%.
But the problem is still the big difference between the residents in urban areas and rural areas,
for example, in 2004 the per capital disposable income for urban residents was 8871 Yuan, but
that for rural residents only reached 1890 Yuan.
Table5: Indicators of Living Standard of Urban & Rural Residents
in Yunnan 2001- 2005 (unit: Yuan)
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
per-capital annual income of town residents per-capital annual income of rural residents
amount of saving deposits of urban and rural residents average wage per year of urban employees (YN)
3) The pace of opening to the world was accelerated and foreign trade increased very fast. From 2001 to 2005, Yunnan Province was actively pushing its trade cooperation with the surrounding countries. At the same time, it consolidated and developed its shares in the markets of the Southeast Asia and East Asia, and continuously improved its positions in the markets of America, Europe, as well as of the South Asia and Africa. It improved and strengthened bilateral or multilateral trade cooperation. The gross volume of its import and export, and the
14 total volume of export and import separately in Yunnan Province were all lasting growth (Table 6).
Table 6: Total Export & Import Volume in Yunnan (unit: 100 million Yuan)
50 47 45 40 37.5 35 30 26.68 26 25 22.26 22.4 19.89 21 20 16.77 14.29 15.1 15 12.44 9.91 10 7.45 7.97 5 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Yunnan's total export & import volume Yunnan's total export volume Yunnan's total import volume
5. The legal corporations and NGOs developed rapidly
1) From the perspective of the number of the corporations, there were 97219 legal
corporations and 161228 units of industry activities，according to the general survey
at the end of 2003 by the Provincial Statistics Bureau . From the perspective of their distribution geographically in the province, at the end of 2003 the top five municipal /prefectural areas where with more corporations in proper order were Kunming, Honghe, Qujing, Yuxi, and Dali, with 59.36% of the whole corporations in the province. The top five districts with more industry activities units were Kunming, Qujing, Honghe, Dali and Chuxiong, with the 55.70% of all the units in the province
(Table 7).
Table 7: Location of Legal Corporations and Industrial Activities Units in 2003
Number of Number of Number
Location Location Industry corporations –of-Industry
15 Number of activity units activity units
corporations
Kunming 25573 36109 Simao 5223 8640
Qujing 8315 15521 Xishuangbanna 2642 4240
Yuxi 7896 10690 Dali 7135 12114
Baoshan 3929 7961 Dehong 3652 6041
Zhaotong 4942 9990 Lijiang 2460 3915
Chuxiong 5939 11359 Nujiang 1301 2052
Honghe 8791 14701 Diqing 1080 1599
Wenshan 4231 8233 Lincang 4110 8063
2) Looking from the enterprise ownership structure, at the end of 2003 the state and collective-owned enterprises still occupied the leading position. At the same time, the private-ownership enterprises developed very fast, and the foreign-ownership enterprises increased to some extent. So, the enterprises’ ownership structure displayed a trend of diversification (Table 8).
Table 8：Number, Output Value and Relevant Percentage
of Enterprises by Ownership Catalogues in 2003
Number Industrial output value
Index Absolute Proportion Absolute Proportion
number (%) number (%)
State-owned enterprise 629 0.40 7457305 34.26
Collective-owned enterprise 2127 1.34 1050425 4.83
Joint shares enterprise 499 0.31 239875 1.10
Coordinated enterprise 56 0.04 107831 0.50
Limited liability company 400 0.25 3113840 14.31
16 Limited joint stock company 116 0.07 1717589 7.89
Private enterprise 8434 5.29 3013914 13.85
Other enterprise 3319 2.08 470574 2.16
Foreign/Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macro 209 0.13 964654 4.43 enterprise
Self-employed enterprise 143581 90.09 3627977 16.67
IN SUM
Rural industrial enterprise 132380 83.06 6961818 31.99
Light industrial enterprise 107690 67.57 10147043 46.12
Heavy industrial enterprise 51680 32.43 11616940 53.38
Total enterprises in Yunnan 159370 100.00 21763983 100.00
3) From the perspective of the scale structure of the enterprises, at the end of 2003, the total amount of units and the gross output value of legal enterprises have all made further progress in the province, which made the enterprise scale structure further rationalized in Yunnan province. But, while viewing the scale structure of the enterprises from different located areas, the large and middle-sized enterprises still concentrated on Kunming and its periphery (Table 9). There were 19 large-scale enterprises in Kunming, Qujing and Yuxi, which were 73.08% of large-scale enterprises in the whole province.
Table 9: Number, Gross Output Value, Size and Location
of Yunnan Industrial Enterprises in 2003
Medium-sized Large-scale enterprises Small enterprises enterprises
Location Gross Gross Gross Number-of- Number-of- Number-of output output output enterprises enterprises -enterprises value value value
Kunming 12 2792295 110 1566069 561 1450036
17 Qujing 5 811148 47 984942 147 399994
Yuxi 2 1604760 39 498702 198 581953
Baoshan -- -- 13 102457 44 63457
Zhaotong 1 172628 6 167863 55 56982
Chuxiong 2 425249 11 147217 87 144296
Honghe 4 347601 35 1245045 97 234949
Wenshan -- -- 11 149860 67 114789
Simao -- -- 15 129544 82 91997
Xishuangbanaa -- -- 1 21578 35 44750
Dali -- -- 20 476670 71 157722
Dehong -- -- 9 126354 77 66023
Lijiang -- -- 3 21051 37 63493
Nujiang -- -- 3 36981 19 37009
Diqing -- -- 1 6061 18 30118
Lincang -- -- 15 158366 34 41702
Other ------1 --
In sum 26 6153682 339 5838762 1630 3579268
4) According to the statistics of Yunanan Civil Affairs Bureau, the NGOs of Yunnan province developed very rapidly. NGOs, such as non-profit social organizations, foundations, non-governmental and non-commercial units reached nearly 1000 in 2004. According to the statistics of Yunnan Association for International and Civil Organizational Cooperation, in present, there are at least 21 international NGOs registered in Yunnan with 45 membership associations. Only in 2005, these 21 NGOs and the NGOs from Hong Kong and Macao gathered 86 million Yuan foreign funds for developing education, heath and care, women improvement, environmental protection and social relief in Yunnan. There is saying, “as long as the NGO exists in China, it absolutely exists in Yunnan whatever it is.”
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6. The development of population, employment and social protection 1) There is a great achievement on the control of population growth in Yunnan. In
2005, the birthrate was 14.72‰, death rate was 6.75‰, the natural rate of
population growth was 7.97‰, which drops by 1.03‰ when compared with that
of 2004. The total population in the province was 44.504 million by the end of 2005, increasing 352 thousand when compared with that of 2004. Among the total population, there are 13.129 million urban residents and 31.375 million rural residents. The relevant proportion is: 29.50% (urbanite) and 70.49% (rural). 3) Situation of employment is becoming better and the resolution of re-employment problem has achieved effect. Of the laid-off workers from the state-owned enterprises in Yunnan Province, 107.1 thousand have been re-employed by the end of 2005. The new-increased employees are 194.1 thousand, but still there are 129.7 thousand who are registered as the unemployment in fact, and the unemployment rate is 4.2% in urban area. As the situation in the other areas in China, the employment of the graduates from higher education is one of the biggest problems. Because the too fast pace of the evolution from the “elite higher education” to the “mass higher education” in Yunnan, much many graduates who entered higher education at the beginning of the 21th century wish better employment. It is and will be the biggest problem in recent and recent future. And, in Yunnan there are still another employment problems, such as the the employment of the spare population from rural areas or say from agriculture, the employment of the older population. They are not presented on the official statistics, but still problems.
4) Social welfare is being developed constantly, and the social security is strengthened also. There are 20,300 welfare berths for philanthropic hospitalization in the province, adopting 10,700 person/time in the year of 2005. There are 723,000 people who gained the allowance for the minimum
19 living-standard guarantee. There are 2.5869 million people who participated in basic aged-pension insurance, among them the number of the employed is 1.7679
million, and the retired is 819,000.
But the biggest problem is that in tradition the social protection only covers the urban residents to some extent, not including rural residents. For the people who haven’t been registered in the towns or cities, their benefits from items of the public social protection offered by governments almost zero. Even there are some kinds of collective cooperation or mutual aids in rural areas, they are not enough to cover so large population there. So, the population living in rural areas still face the risks of lacking medicine and health-care, unemployment allowance, older pension and so on.
7. Education on different levels developed very fast
1) Both the total amount of educational institutions and the enrolments at different levels from primary schools to higher education, have increased by a large scale (see Table 11). Schooling attendance rate of the school-age children is up to 96.3%, and the relevant rate of the graduated from primary schools is up to 92.2% also. There are 143,500 illiterates become into the literates in the year of 2005. Even though these progress above, on average, the population in the province still only receives education which lasting 6.61-year. That means they haven’t finished the 9-year compulsion education in China. It is due to the big gap of educational institution and installment or say facility between the rural areas and urban areas.
Table 10: The number of educational institutes and relevant data
of 2005 in Yunnan Province
Number of Enrollment Rate of Schooling Rate of
education (unit: increase attendance increase
institutes 10,000) (%) (Unit: 10,000) (%)
20 University and college 44 8.45 12.6 25.47 17.7
Vocational middle 386 11.36 16.4 29.49 8.6 school
Senior middle school 443 19 13.6 48.31 15.1
Junior middle school 1814 63.31 -0.1 19.58 -1.3
Primary school 18747 73.34 0.1 441.23 0.1
Adult's higher education 5 -- -- 13.11 6.4 institute
2) Cultural Industry and health-care are developed further. The coverage rate of broadcast and television are up to 91.0% and 92.5% separately in 2005. There are 10110 medicine and health care institutions. Among them, there are 648 hospitals with 74,700 berths totally. The staff of medicine and health-care is 65,200, among them the number of the doctor is 26,200 and the nurse is 26,300. But the problem still is that they too concentrated on cities and counties. Anyway, some problems still exist in the economic and social developments of Yunnan Province. For example, the agricultural infrastructure is still weaker, and it is not developed enough to resist natural calamity or famine. The 'bottlenecks' of the energy, traffic have not been overcome at all. The cost of the running of agricultural production still keeps higher. The pressures of employment and social protection are much more enlarged. The contradictions between social development and economic development, as well as between the overall sustainable development and the resources and environment problems is still obvious. At the same time, the problems of old-age society, too high proportion of the family expenditure on the education for the children and teenage, the gap of social and economic development between developed areas and underdevelopment ones are springing up.
SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN YUNNAN PROVINCE According to the data that Yunnan Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau
21 (YPEPB) website offered, the environmental protection direct investment in 2005 is 4,916 million Yuan, increasing by 33.7% when compared with that of 2004, and it accounts for 1.4% of GDP of Yunnan Province. Among them, the investment on improving the environmental protection infrastructure in urban areas is 3,149 million Yuan, on industrial pollution prevention and management is 1,767 million Yuan. From 2002 to 2005, the accumulative and directive investment on the environmental protection in Yunnan Province has been reached 17,100 million Yuan. On average it equals 1.27% of the GDP of Yunnan Province in these 5 years (Table 11).
Table 11: Investment on environmental governance in Yunnan
(2001-2005, unit: A hundred million Yuan)
Direct Infrastructure Industrial pollutio Proportion of Year Investment in urban area control GDP (%)
2000 15.34 ------
2001 24.80 16.44 8.36 1.19
2002 25.48 17.48 8.0 1.14
2003 34.80 27.15 7.65 1.40
2004 36.76 24.75 12.01 1.20
2005 49.16 31.49 17.67 1.40
Total 171.00 117.31 53.69 --
The development of the environmental protection of Yunnan Province made greater progresses in the following several aspects:
1. Develop environmental management programmes and international cooperation
For this 5 years, there are 5,713 items of environmental impact reports, forms/tables, registration records and so on all that are about the environmental impacts of the construction projects in Yunnan have been approved by the environmental authorities in different levels of Yunnan Province. They involved in the construction projects with total investment of 1,222.06 million Yuan. The relevant estimated total investment on environmental management is up to 7,940 million Yuan and the rate of the implementations of the environmental assessment on these construction projects reach
22 96.4%. The environmental management authorities have organized 1,136 items of environmental checks or say evaluations when the construction projects have been delivered, which completely concerned the total project investment of 18,410 million Yuan, Out of these project investment, the total investment on actual environmental protection was 1,090 million Yuan, their qualified rate is 99.3%. While the Yunnan economy is developing very fast, the disposal and emission of new-generated pollutants have been effectively controlled to some extent. At the same time, the YPEPB organized the applications for the Special Fund for the Environmental Management Projects issued by the National Government. There are 2 projects on the comprehensive environmental pollution management in Yunnan main basins or say 9-lake areas, 2 demonstration and dissemination projects on pollution-prevention of the newly metallurgical technique and art, and 4 projects about environmental monitoring capacity-building have been granted with 26,500,000 Yuan totally from SFEMP of Central Government. At the same time, from 2000 to 2005, YPEPB (the Yunnan Provincial Environment Protection Bureau) has successfully applied for 20 international collaborative projects with the grant of nearly 121 million Yuan, favorable-loan of over 20 million Yuan, and hard currency loan of 2,400 million Yuan. Its cooperative partners include Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank (WB), and the relevant institutes from Britain, Holland, Sweden, as well as the NGOs such as World Nature Fund..
2. The constructions of ecological environment monitoring, environmental management information system and the environmental legislation have been enhanced Yunnan Province takes the lead position in launching the pilot projects in ecological environmental monitoring in China. There have 4 national-level pilots which respectively located in Wenham, Dali, Yimen and Binchuan, been built for monitoring nature reservation zone, mineral exploitation and process zone, rural ecological environment management zone and so on. Through the researches and practical works in these monitoring-sites, some new conceptions and methodologies that effectively restricted
23 pollution, ecological environment damage, and the illegal anti-environmental actions, have been formed. From 2001 to 2005, 5 Environmental Information Centers, such as the Provincial Environmental Information Centre, and those of Kunming Municipality, Yuxi Municipality, Dali Municipality, Honghe Prefecture, Zhaotong County, have been established. The official LAN (local area net), satellite news report system, optical cable transmitting system and the video-conference system of YPEPB have been built also. They make official routines between YPEPB and the other sectors of Yunnan Government, between YPEPB and the EPBs in the other provinces of China, and especially the official routines between YPEPB and the National Environmental Protection Ministry e-mailed by internets. So does the official document transmitting between YPEPB and NEPM. The websites of YPEPB, as well as those of 14 prefectures / municipalities in Yunnan Province also have been built. From 2001 to 2005, 4 local regulations on environmental protection, such as " The Environmental Protection Regulation of Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Xishuangbanna” "The Environmental Pollution Prevention Statute of Lahu Autonomous County of Lancang", "The Environmental Pollution Prevention Regulation of Hani-Yi Autonomous County of Pu'er " and " The Protection Regulation of Dumu Reservoir in Qujing” have been published. Another 2 pieces of local governmental law, "The Regulation of Environmental Protection Management for Construction Projects in Yunnan Province", and "The Prohibitive Regulation of Production, Sale, and Usage of the Non-melted Plastic Bag in Kunming” also have been published. Through the Special Actions of Environmental Protection from 2003 to 2005, there have 1,263 illegal emission enterprises been punished, and 1,386 enterprises that processed zinc and coal by the indigenous anti-environmental protection methods have been banned. Only in 2005, the administrative authorities, which are responsible for environmental protection at different levels, have implemented 2,178 items of administrative penalty, with punishing fund of 4,163,700 Yuan. At the same time, they have held 39 hearing meetings for environmental administrative penalty, dealt with 3 cases of relevant administrative reconsideration and 1 case of administrative litigation.
24 By these actions, they have effectively investigated, prosecuted and contained the problems of environmental pollution.
3. The environmental education, the scientific and technological standardization of environmental protection and management, the cleaner production and environmental economy have been advocated In Yunnan Province, there is a special Forum on “Environment Protection and Sustainable Development", and different propaganda activities have been held on every World Environment Day. Meanwhile, the actions for establishing " Green Series " in various ranks of the province have been developed, more than 1,300 “Green Schools” at different levels, 30 "Green Communities " also have been built. There 4 scientific research fruits achieved by the environmental protection institutes been awarded the Progressive Prizes of Sciences and Technologies (provincial/ ministerial level) during the 5 years. There are another 4 results obtained the patent-right certifications. There 7,907.65 ten thousand Yuan as R/D fund been invested for the scientific research. Among these scientific research activities, the provincial environmental management institutes have undertook 144 items with research expenditure 1,882.6 ten thousand Yuan, and their 2 scientific and technical results awarded the PPST at provincial/ministerial level only in 2005. In 2005, after investigation and evaluation, Yunnan Government decided to establish 3 trial sites for developing recycle economy. They are industrial zone in Kaiyuan, agricultural zone in Eryuan and tourist zone in Puzehei district of Qiubei. Meanwhile, through online monitoring, out of the 44 enterprises that were evaluated as the first batch of seriously polluted companies in Yunnan, 16 have finished their cleaner production reformations under the forced mandatory, and passed the relevant authorities’ verifications by the end of 2005. In October of 2005, another 50 seriously polluted enterprises have been listed and published as the second batch of the companies which will be forced reforming on schedule, and the relevant mandatory requests to force them changing into cleaner production regularly following the environmental protection law have been issued. In March of 2005, YPEPB approved 8 Environmental Protection
25 Bureaus located in the cities such as Kunming, to establish 9 pilot organizations for verifying cleaner production in Yunnan. In sum, the building of the center of the on-line monitoring system for environmental protection in Yunnan, and the initial test of its relevant soft-ware system have been finished. 76 enterprises with the emission license issued by Yunnan Government already installed or are installing 41 sets of instruments for operating monitoring and controlling, and 140 sets of online monitoring devices. In 2005, Yunnan Aluminum Industry Limited Company passed through the on-spot examination by The National Environmental Protection Bureau and become the first one who winning the title of "THE NATIONAL EXCELLENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENTERPRISE” out of all the Chinese electrolytic aluminum companies. It also becomes first one who winning this title in Yunnan Province as well as in west China.
4. The Developments of the environmental industry, the special action of environment and the environmental safety inspection have been launched By 2005, in the whole province, there are 513 enterprises with employees of 61,674 have been engaged in the environmental industry. They made 8,497 million Yuan of annual output value from sale, and earned gross income of 7,795 million Yuan, as well as created an annual profit of 542 million Yuan. In the Special Actions of Environmental Protection, there are 20,979 personnel as inspectors involved in, 8,700 enterprises have been checked and investigated, among them 800 enterprises have been prosecuted legally, and 391 of the cases have been settled. Meanwhile, according to requests from Central Government, the environmental safety inspection launched within the range of the whole province, with 4,748 inspectors involved and 1,251 enterprises checked, among them 201 accident potential enterprises have been verified, and 126 of these enterprises have been mandated to be regulated and reformed on schedule because of being polluted and polluting. From the perspective of the construction and relevant planning of the environmental protection organizations and their personnel, the total staff of specific environmental management institutes in Yunnan is up to 3,642 persons in 2005. There is independent
26 environmental protection agency existed in 97 counties, cities and districts in the province. Among these agencies, The Environmental Protection Agency of Dali Prefecture; The Environmental Protection Agency of Xishuangbanna Prefecture;
The Environmental Protection Agency of Shilin County；
and Yunnan Provincial Environmental Information Centre are awarded to “THE ADVANCED INSTITUTE” by the National Environmental Protection Ministry. At the same time, the Yunnan Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau has worked out "Yunnan Environmental Management Programme from 2006 to 2010 "; " The Programme of Proventing and Controlling Water Pollution in Yunnan Basins along Pearl River ". Meanwhile, "The Programme for Preventing and Controlling Water Pollution in Reservoir Area of Three Gorges and its Upper (Fountain) Area " has been continuously written. Some of the local environmental management programs, such as those in Baoshan, Dali, Zhaotong, Chuxiong have been written and compiled also. In the aspect of the emission fee collection, 194.153,2 million Yuan have been collected in 2005 , among them 80.358,1 million Yuan have been handed in Provincial
Treasury，94.447,8 million Yuan in the Treasuries of Prefectures and Counties in Yunnan.
Compared with 2004, the levy of the emission fee increases greatly with 40.64 million Yuan, the increasing rate is up to 26%. In which, there is 59.822,4 million Yuan directly levied by the authorities in the province level, increasing by 13.29 million Yuan, and the increasing rate is up to 29%; The emission fee which handed in the provincial treasury is 80.358,1 million Yuan, increasing by 18.81 million Yuan, and increasing rate is 31%.
Anyway, there are still some problems should be paid attention to and dealt with, such as how to get more and more Yunnan population to participate in the development of the environmental protection in Yunnan Province, especially those from the heavy-polluted industrial enterprises, how to measure the environmental management system and relevant activities in the private-ownership enterprises, especially those in the
27 mining and raw mineral product process because in Yunnan many SEM in this rank exist and their producing custom and indigenous methods are backward in environmental management, maybe some ones without any environmental management system. On one hand, the needs for enhancing the propagandas of environmental protection, environmental management system, even the environmental management accounting system in order to make the public strengthen their environmental consciousness, to support the development of environmental protection actively and to practice the environmental management and to have specific environmental management skills really exist. On the other hand, all enterprises and institutions of Yunnan Province should be awareness of the environmental management system and relevant specific environmental management accounting system through step by step environmental education training, and pay special attention to the comprehensive technological transformation from the developed or say western countries, especially pay attention to those models from EU, so as to promote the environmental management capacities of enterprises, to reduce the discharge of pollution.
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