Environmental Impact Assessment (DRAFT)
November 2019
PRC: Yunnan Sayu River Basin Rural Water Pollution Management and Eco- Compensation Demonstration Project (Part 1)
Prepared by the Zhaotong City Government for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 6 November 2019) Currency unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = US$0.1427 US$1.00 = CNY7.0097
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB - Asian Development Bank IA - implementing agency BOD - biochemical oxygen demand LPMO - local project management office CNY - Chinese yuan LRB Land and Resources Bureau COD - chemical oxygen demand LIC - loan implementation consultant CRVA - climate risk vulnerability assessment MEP - Ministry of Ecology and Environment CS-EMP - construction site environmental management plan MSW - municipal solid waste CSC - construction supervision company mu - Chinese land unit (1 ha = 15 mu) DEIA - domestic environmental impact assessment NDRC - National Development and Reform Commission EA - executing agency NPS - nonpoint source EEB - Ecology and Environmental Bureau OPF - operator of project facility EFMC - eco-compensation fund management committee PIC - project implementation consultant EHS - environmental, health and safety PMO - project management office EIA - environmental impact assessment PRC - People’s Republic of China EMP - environmental management plan REA - rapid environmental assessment EMS - environmental monitoring station SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement EPD - Environmental Protection Department TOR - term of Reference FSR - feasibility study report TRTA - transaction technical assistance GDP - gross domestic product WSCP - water and soil conservation plan GHG - greenhouse gas WSP - water supply plant GPP - garbage pyrolysis plant WWTS - wastewater treatment station GRM - grievance redress mechanism YREB - Yangtze River Economic Belt GTS - garbage transfer station ZCG - Zhaotong City Government
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES oC degree centigrade m2 square meter dB decibel m3/a cubic meter per annum g gram m3 cubic meter ha hectare m3/d cubic meter per day km kilometer m3/s cubic meter per second km2 square kilometer mg/l milligram per liter kW kilowatt mg/m3 milligram per cubic meter L liter Mm millimeter LAeq equivalent continuous A-weighted sound T metric ton MW megawattpressure level t/d metric ton per day m meter t/a ton per annum
NOTE In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars.
This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
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Table of Contents I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 7 A. INTRODUCTION ...... 7 B. BACKGROUND ...... 7 C. PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 8 D. PROJECT BENEFITS AND FEATURES ...... 9 E. BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 10 F. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 13 G. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 14 H. CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 15 I. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ESMS ...... 15 J. RISKS AND ASSURANCES ...... 15 II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 17 A. OVERVIEW ...... 17 B. PRC ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND STANDARDS ...... 17 C. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ...... 23 D. APPLICABLE ADB POLICES AND WORLD BANK’S EHS GUIDELINES ...... 23 E. ASSESSMENT STANDARDS FOR PROPOSED PROJECT COMPONENTS...... 24 F. DOMESTIC EIA PREPARATION AND APPROVAL ...... 31 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 32 A. RATIONALE ...... 32 B. OUTPUTS AND PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 33 C. ASSOCIATED AND EXISTING FACILITIES ...... 56 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE) ...... 59 A. LOCATION AND SETTING ...... 59 B. TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS ...... 60 C. CLIMATE ...... 61 F. HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ...... 62 D. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN YUDONG RESERVOIR BASIN ...... 66 E. ECOLOGICAL VALUES ...... 67 F. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... 85 G. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (BASELINE SAMPLING) ...... 85 a) Surface water quality ...... 86 b) Groundwater quality ...... 90 c) Soil and sediment quality ...... 93 d) Air quality ...... 103 e) Acoustic environment ...... 105 V. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 108 A. PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCE AND SENSITIVE RECEPTORS ...... 108 B. ANTICIPATED PROJECT BENEFITS AND POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 110 C. PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 112 D. CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 112 a) Soil erosion and earthwork balance ...... 113 b) Water quality ...... 116
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c) Air quality ...... 118 d) Noise ...... 119 e) Vibration ...... 121 f) Solid waste ...... 121 g) Ecology ...... 123 h) Community and worker health and safety ...... 125 i) Physical cultural resources ...... 126 E. OPERATION PHASE ...... 127 a) Garbage pyrolysis plants ...... 127 b) Garbage transfer stations ...... 130 c) Longshu WWTP pump stations ...... 131 d) Wastewater treatment stations ...... 132 e) Constructed wetlands, afforestation, and agriculture pilot sites ...... 132 F. INDIRECT, INDUCED AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...... 133 G. CLIMATE CHANGE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ...... 134 H. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ECO-COMPENSATION FUND ...... 140 VI. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ...... 141 VII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 143 A. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 143 B. FIRST ROUND OF CONSULTATION ...... 147 C. SECOND ROUND OF CONSULTATION...... 150 D. THIRD ROUND OF CONSULTATION ...... 154 E. FUTURE CONSULTATION ...... 157 VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 158 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ESMS ...... 159 X. PROJECT ASSURANCES ...... 159 XI. CONCLUSION ...... 162 APPENDIX 1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 164 APPENDIX 2. DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POSITIONS ...... 193 APPENDIX 3. SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE MONITORING ...... 202 APPENDIX 4: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE ECO- COMPENSATION FUND ...... 208
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Map 1 Location of Zhaotong City. The Project Area is located within Zhaoyang District (blue) and Ludian County (green).
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Map 2 Yudong Reservoir Basin. The Yudong Reservoir Basin area encompasses the upstream catchment area of the Sayu River.
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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A. Introduction
1. The Zhaotong City Government (ZCG), of Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China (PRC) has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide investment support and technical assistance for the Yunnan Sayu River Basin Rural Water Pollution Management and Eco-Compensation Demonstration Project (the project). The project will help the ZCG to reduce water pollution in the upper Sayu River Basin through the management of rural wastewater and solid waste; reduction of soil erosion and agriculture-related non-point source (NPS) pollution; and, strengthening of financing mechanisms, capacity, and public awareness for pollution control and water resources management. The project is part of a larger program of support by ADB to the PRC for environmental and economic improvement of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). The ZCG is the executing agency. The Zhaoyang District Government and the Ludian County Government are the implementing agencies.
2. Based on the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) the project is classified as environmental Category A, requiring the preparation of a project environmental impact assessment (EIA). The scope of works involves two approaches: (i) components with clearly defined scope of works and for which feasibility studies have been prepared. This comprises all except one project component; and (ii) activities which will be funded through a “eco- compensation fund” (output 3; see below). The project environmental safeguards are accordingly addressed through two parallel approaches: (i) the preparation of this EIA, including an environmental management plan (EMP). The EMP describes the overall project requirements for environmental safeguards, including mitigation, monitoring, reporting, and training. The EMP is largely focused on outputs 1 and 2, which encompass most of the project civil works; and (ii) an environmental and social management system (ESMS), for activities to be funded under the eco-compensation fund.
3. The EIA, EMP, and ESMS have been prepared in accordance with SPS requirements and the PRC’s related environmental laws, regulations and standards. They are based on information and data from: (i) a domestic EIA (DEIA) prepared by the Lianhe Taihua Environmental Tech Company (hereinafter “DEIA institute”);1 (ii) a feasibility study report (FSR) drafted by Shenzhen Water Planning and Design Co. (FSR institute); (iii) the development master plans of Zhaotong City; and (iv) technical, social, and economic assessments conducted from April to June 2019 by a consultant team from HJI for the transaction technical assistance (TRTA), in cooperation with the FSR institute, DEIA institute, and ZCG.
B. Background
4. The Sayu River is a tertiary tributary of the Yangtze River with a length of 186 kilometers (km) and a basin area of 3,558 square kilometers (km2). It is an important area for ecological protection in the upper Yangtze River Basin and an important drinking water source. It is the main river that goes through Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province. Zhaotong City is the third largest city in Yunnan Province with a population in 2017 of 5.537 million and gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017 of CNY83.245 billion, with an average GDP per capita of CNY15,119.2 The Yudong Reservoir, along the Sayu River, is the primary drinking water source for about 600,000 people in Zhaotong. Water in the Sayu River Basin, including Yudong Reservoir and Sayu River, is polluted due to: (i) agricultural NPS pollution; (ii) discharge of wastewater and solid waste into rivers and streams; and (iii) high sediment runoff due to soil erosion. Water
1 With the national Grade-A EIA study certificate. 2 Zhaotong City Statistics Bureau. 2018. Zhaotong City 2017 Economic and Social Development Statistic Bulletin. 7
quality in sections of the Sayu River passing through urban areas is lower than Class III of the PRC national standard (i.e. unfit for drinking).3 Zhaotong City has one district and 10 counties. All except one county are nationally designated poverty counties. Zhaotong also has 825 poverty-designated villages, with 1.336 million people classified as poor, the largest number in any administrative region of Yunnan. Mean population density in Zahotong City in 2017 was 228 persons/km2. The urbanization rate of Zhaotong in 2018 was 33.38%.
5. The YREB has been earmarked as one of three national growth engines to ensure the PRC’s future economic development. The Yangtze River is the third longest river in the world, covering more than 2 million km2 and accounting for one-fifth of the country geographically. Nine provinces and two specially administered cities (Shanghai and Chongqing) make up the YREB, and which generates 45% of the PRC’s total GDP. Despite these strengths, key issues affecting of the YREB are: (i) limited institutional coordination for strategic planning; (ii) significant regional disparity between the highly developed eastern reaches of the YREB and the central and western reaches; and (iii) increasing environmental pollution and pressure on natural resources. Under the national 13th Five-Year Plan, river protection has been prioritized. The government has also formulated the YREB development plan 2016–2030, 4 which mandates ecological protection and green development to address water pollution and natural resources management.
C. Project Components
6. The project will be aligned with the following impact: pollution and pressure on natural resources in the Yangtze River Basin reduced. The project will have the following outcome: water pollution in the upper reaches of Sayu River Basin reduced. The project has four outputs, as follows.
7. Output 1: Water pollution sources in the Sayu River Basin reduced. This output includes (i) waste management, including centralized wastewater management system, distributed wastewater management system, and animal feces management; (ii) solid waste management, introducing garbage pyrolysis facilities and establishing comprehensive solid waste management from households to plants, including garbage classification; (iii) pilot eco- villages to reduce emission through environmental protection activities, education, and publicity; (iv) wetlands construction to reduce NPS pollution, introducing new artificial wetlands which can be constructed in basic farmlands and combination of artificial facilities and artificial wetlands; (v) establishment of quantifiable soil and water conservation model which will be quite useful to plan afforestation and estimate effects on soil and water conservation; and (vi) promotion of low emission agriculture with innovative technologies (ecological drainage ditches, gridded surface source pollution monitoring platform, measures to estimate at least necessary fertilizer volume and reduce fertilizer use, recycling, etc.) and incentive (establishment of green and organic crop brands).
8. Output 2: Water resources in the Sayu River Basin protected from pollution. This output includes (i) establishment of river protection model using intelligent cloud platform river information management system, in collaboration with the existing river chief system of the PRC; and (ii) establishment of smart water integrated management platform by construction monitoring facilities and integrating them and an existing irrigation area information system, for real-time monitoring and actions in the event of water quality deterioration.
3 As per PRC’s Environmental Water Quality Standard (GB 3838-2002). 4 PRC Government. 2016. Outline of the Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Plan, 2016–2030. Beijing. 8
9. Output 3: Eco-compensation mechanism established for the Sayu River Basin. This output includes (i) implementation of an existing horizontal eco-compensation mechanism between Ludian County and Zhaoyang District, and establishment and implementation of town- and township-level horizontal eco-compensation mechanisms; and (ii) establishment and implementation of an eco-compensation fund which will contribute to sustainable water pollution management during and after the project. Safeguards for this project component will be managed through an ESMS, which will be implemented by an eco-compensation fund management committee (EFMC) and the project management office (PMO) environment officer and PMO social officer, with technical support and training from the loan implementation consultants (LICs).
10. Output 4: Education, capacity, and public awareness on water pollution management strengthened. This output includes (i) capacity development of government staff for rural water pollution management and eco-compensation; (ii) education of students for rural water pollution management and eco-compensation; (iii) public awareness raising; and (iv) dissemination and replication of project initiatives.
D. Project Benefits and Features
11. The project will contribute to the Zhaotong municipal targets for ecological, environmental, and social improvement, as follows.
12. Improved water quality of Yudong Reservoir and its tributaries. The project will contribute to the targets in ZCG’s Special Rehabilitation Plan for Yudong Reservoir for 2015−2020 and its 13th Five-Year Plan for 2016−2020: after completion of the ADB project, the water quality of Yudong Reservoir will be improved from current Grade III-IV to Grade II of the PRC Surface Water Quality Standard of GB-3838-2002; and for small tributaries entering the reservoir, water qualities is expected to improve from Grade IV-V to Grade III. The project designs to achieve these targets which comprise: (i) construction of a comprehensive network of rural sewer collection pipes and wastewater treatment station (WWTS) for virtually all villages located within and upstream of the reservoir, i.e., the primary source of reservoir water pollution due to the discharge of untreated effluent. This is estimated to increase the rate of wastewater collection from 0% to 85%; and specifically reduce the volume of annual pollutant input as follows: chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) – a reduction of 29.41 tons (representing 37.2% of the current discharge volume into the Yudong Reservoir and its tributaries), total nitrogen (TN) – 26.95 tons (19.8%), total phosphorus (TP) – 2.92 tons (27.2%), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) – 1.84 tons (32.3%); (ii) construction of garbage transfer stations (GTSs) and garbage pyrolysis plants (GPPs) and new systems for rural rubbish sorting, transfer, treatment, and disposal. This will increase solid waste collection rates by 56.74% (Dashanbao Town) to 100% (Lejun, Sayu, and Sujia towns) from the current rate of about 20%. This is estimated to reduce the volume of annual pollutant inputs to soil and water as follows: CODCr – 282.9 tons (88%), TN – 32.54 tons (87%), TP – 4.9 tons (88.2%), and NH3-N – 3.9 tons (60%); (iii) the installation of manure collection tanks to collect and treat livestock fecal waste. This is estimated to reduce the volume of annual pollutant inputs to soil and water as follows: CODCr – 304.25 tons, TN – 3.54 tons, TP – 39.03 tons, and NH3-N – 15.19 tons; and (iv) establishment of the constructed wetlands, which is estimated to reduce the pollution loads of CODCr by 117.35 tons, TN by 18.43 tons, TP by 22.52 tons, and NH3-N by 26.08 tons.
13. Improved soil erosion control and flood protection in Yudong Reservoir Basin. The project will contribute to the following targets in the Zhaotong Master Plan: (i) raise the flood protection standard of the Longshu River and other rivers from the current 1-in-2 years to 1-in- 10 years; and (ii) reduce siltation input to the Yudong Reservoir by an estimated 800,000 cubic meters per annum (m3/a) from the current annual soil erosion amount into the reservoir of 1.08
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million m3. The project designs to contribute to these targets include: (i) 445 hectares (ha) of afforestation around water sources; (ii) 41 river embankment works in seven small watersheds with the total length of 98.3 km; and (iii) construction of six wetlands with the total area of 38 ha. These benefits will help reduce flood risks to downstream populations in Zhaotong City, as well to reduced silt load to the downstream catchment area of the Sayu and Yangzi rivers.
14. Long-term integrated basin management. The project will pilot an integrated basin management approach for the Yudong Reservoir and Longshu River system, which will gradually replace the existing approach of many small and fragmented projects in the basin. The national and municipal governments are already moving toward more centralized approaches for river basin management, including the appointment of “river chiefs” (officials accountable for river-related targets for quality and flood control). All of the project works involving the Longshu River and waterways (including minor works along 41 stream sections) will be coordinated by the local river chiefs.5 Through Output 4, the project will help consolidate this approach, by focusing on non-structural measures, including improved government capacity for flood forecasting and warning, monitoring of water quality, improved community involvement in flood management, capacity building for stakeholders, and improved land use planning and internal zoning in the Yudong Reservoir Basin.
15. Contributing to improved practices for design and operation of garbage pyrolysis plants. The application of GPPs is relatively new in the PRC. Many rural GPPs are being (or have recently been) constructed (including an estimated 100 in Yunnan Province and two in Guangxi Province), in response to central government directives to address solid waste management. Many of these GPPs have been constructed quickly, without domestic environmental assessments, and lack clear procedures for operation and maintenance (O&M). The project is adding value to GPP practices in the PRC, through the implementation of a design process that has included a holistic approach (comprising GPP, GTS, and environmental education), EIA and social impact assessment, O&M procedures, and the safe treatment and disposal of flue gas, flue ash, slag, and leachate.
16. Social and economic benefits. The project will directly benefit about 895,000 residents in one district, Zhaoyang; and one county, Ludian, of Zhaotong City, including 563,000 (62.9%) rural residents; 20,718 (2.3%) low-income residents, of which 1,250 (0.14%) are below the PRC poverty line; defined as annual net income per capita of CNY2,300; and 436,000 (48.7%) are female. These benefits comprise: (i) reduced flood risks, resulting in reduced annual loss of life and damage to land and property; (ii) improved sanitation, due to the improved systems for wastewater and solid waste collection and disposal, which will contribute to improved health and reduced medical costs. The project facilities are public services and will have equitable social and gender benefits. The project will also promote the employment of women for project construction and operation, such as for tree planting, landscaping, and/or sanitation services. The project will also indirectly benefit the other 1.91 million residents in the project area.
E. Baseline Environment
17. Project area. The project area is located in the Wumeng Mountain region of southwest PRC. The Yudong Reservoir Basin, with the total area of 709 km2 is in the upstream of Sayu River Basin. The project physical components encompass about 1,864 ha (2.63% of the basin
5 Zhaotong City established the nationally required four-level river-chief management system for its rivers and reservoirs. At municipal level, the mayor and vice mayor are in charge of river-chief and deputy river-chief of the 17 cross-county rivers and three reservoirs (including Yudong Reservoir); and other three levels of county (district), town and village, of which the leaders and the deputy leaders are in charge of the river-chiefs and deputy river-chiefs of the rivers within their own administrative areas. For the rivers located in remote and inaccessible areas, drones (unmanned aircraft) will be used for daily patrol and photography. 10
area). The project areas were defined as: (i) the project construction sites, including 41 river and channel embankment works (total length 98.3 km); (ii) 445 ha of afforestation; (iii) the six constructed wetlands (total area of 38 ha); (iv) 150 ha of pilot farmland sites; and (v) about 414 km of rural sewer pipeline. The existing forest coverage in the reservoir basin is about 30.2%; and the vegetation types in and surrounding the project areas are mainly dry terraces, paddy field, vegetable gardens, and planted forest, as well as small, degraded patches of secondary warm-temperate coniferous forest and shrubs-grasslands. Most of the project areas comprise a modified landscape of farmland and villages, which has been settled and cultivated for many years.
18. The major current environmental weaknesses in the project areas are: (i) water pollution by inadequate waste management: Uncontrolled discharge of rural domestic wastewater and solid waste are polluting the Sayu River and Yudong Reservoir due to inadequate waste collection, treatment, and management. Rural domestic wastewater and solid waste contribute 8 to 27% of CODCr, 9% of TN, 14% of TP, and 22% of NH3-N in the Sayu River. Human and animal fecal wastes contribute to 39% of CODCr, 25% of TN, 52% of TP, and 48% of NH3-N in the Yudong Reservoir Basin;6 (ii) serious soil erosion: The total area of the Yudong Reservoir Basin subject to soil erosion is 410.46 km2, accounting for 57.89% of the total basin area.7 Among them, the strong, moderate, and mild soil erosion areas are 60.2 km2, 218.43 km2, and 131.84 km2, respectively, accounting for 8.49%, 30.81%, and 18.59% of the total basin area; the sediment flow into the reservoir from the soil erosion was up to 1.08 million tons annually; and (iii) water qualities impacted by agricultural NPS pollution due to inadequate waste management and uncontrolled fertilizer and pesticides release, which contribute 45% of TN, 8 21% of TP, and 12% of NH3-N pollution loads in the river and reservoir. This also contributes to climate change through direct and indirect emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This situation may be aggravated by intensified and more frequent rainfall events induced by global climatic changes which contribute to soil erosion and flashing of pollutants to the water system.
19. Environmental baseline in the project areas. Baseline values for surface and groundwater qualities, soil and sediment qualities, and ambient air and noise, were obtained by field sampling in project locations by the Yunnan Huace Testing Co. (a certified environmental monitoring agency). Sampling locations comprised: for surface water quality – the planned sites for the two GPPs and upstream of a reservoir, Maobizi; (ii) groundwater quality – the planned sites for the two GPPs, and, eight springs in the Yudong Reservoir Basin; (iii) soil quality – the planned sites for the two GPPs, WWTS, constructed wetlands, and proposed farmlands; (iv) sediment quality – involved rivers and wetlands construction; (v) ambient air quality – the planned sites for the GPPs, WWTS, and GTSs; and (vi) baseline noise levels – at the planned sites for the GPPs, WWTS, and in villages along river sections planned for project work. Project-specific sampling was supplemented by available baseline data for Zhaotong City undertaken as part of routine environmental monitoring by the Zhaotong City Ecology and Environment Bureau (EEB).
20. Surface water quality. Water quality was sampled at 4 points along the Longshu River (the main tributary flowing into the reservoir) and nearby, smaller tributaries, which will include the project works for small-scale embankments. Sampled points along the Longshu River exceeded Grade III of Surface Water Quality Standard of GB3838-2002 (exceedance was due to a single parameter, TN); and water quality along smaller tributaries (Buchu, Xin, Lan, Diluo, Guazai and Jule) (one point for each river) exceeded Grade II standard, due to parameters DO, CODMn, TN and TP. Surface water bodies near the sites for the two GPPs were also
6 China Urban Construction Research Institute Limited. 2018. Application of ADB Loan: Yunnan Sayu River Eco- Compensation Demonstration Project−Project Proposal. Beijing. 7 The Standard for Classification and Gradation of Soil Erosion (SL180-2007) 8 Yunnan Academy of Environmental Sciences. 2016. Feasibility Study Report on Water Resources Protection and Environmental Protection Comprehensive Rehabilitation Project (Sewage, Garbage) of Yudong Reservoir. 11
sampled. At Sujia GPP site, all 20 sampled parameters met Grade III standard of GB3838- 2002; for the Shuimo GPP site, CODCr and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) exceeded the standard (the other 18 parameters met the standard). For the Maobizi Reservoir (a small reservoir along the upper reaches of Longshu River, upstream of Yudong Reservoir), water quality met the Grade III standard. The reason for exceedance of pollutant standards for the listed parameters is due to agricultural NPS pollution and domestic wastewater discharge from nearby villages.
21. Groundwater quality. Groundwater quality (28 parameters) at the two GPP sites exceeded the Grade III of Groundwater Quality Standard of GB/T14848-2017, due to the parameter of fecal coliform count (the other 27 parameters met the standard). Groundwater quality at six sampling points in the Yudong Reservoir Basin exceeded Grade III Standard due to the parameter of fecal coliform count (the other 27 parameters met the standard). The reason for the exceedance is due to effluent from nearby rural (small-scale) household livestock.
22. Soil quality. i) the soil samples in the GPP sites include surface soil and columnar soil samples in different depths (18 sampling points), all the 47 monitored parameters, at the two GPP sites met the “Soil Quality Standard for Pollution Risk Control on Construction Land” (GB36600-2018) – Grade II, and all the volatile organic pollutants and semi-volatile organic pollutants were below to the detection limits, showing the soil qualities on the proposed sites were not polluted; ii) The baseline soil qualities on the five wetland sites and Longshu wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), (6 sampling points) met the “Grade II standard of GB36600-2018, and all the volatile organic pollutants and semi-volatile organic pollutants were below to the detection limits; iii) the baseline soil qualities monitoring shows that soil quality on the eight (8) farmland sites (a point for each site) exceed the “Soil Quality Standard for Pollution Risk Control on Farmland” – (GB15618-2018), the exceeded pollutants were nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr), showing the soil qualities on the proposed farmlands were polluted by heavy metals.
23. Sediment quality. The baseline monitoring for the sediment qualities on the proposed six wetlands and eight rivers were conducted (14 sampling points). The applicable standard is also the GB15618-2018. The 12 parameters were monitored; and the monitoring results show that the sediment baseline at the Diluo and Heilu rivers met the standard, while those at the rest twelve (12) sampling points exceeded the standard. The exceeded pollutants were Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr, showing the sediment were polluted by heavy metals. There is no history of industrial activity within or upstream of the Yudong Reservoir Basin and no current industrial activity; heavy metal occurrence is natural.
24. Ambient air. (i) According to the “Environmental Quality Report of Zhaotong City in 2018, all the pollutants of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO and O3 met the Grade II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standard of GB3095-2012; (ii) the baseline air quality at the two GPP sites and their downwind areas (6 parameters and 4 sampling points) met the Grade II Standard of GB3095-2012; and (iii) the baseline of odor gases (H2S and NH3) were monitored at the six proposed sites (Longshu WWTP and the 4 GTSs), the monitoring result shows that the monitored parameters at all monitoring points met the applicable “Sanitation Standard for Industrial Enterprise” of TJ36-79.
25. Noise. The noise baseline monitoring includes (i) the baseline noise at the boundary of proposed GPP sites (8 points), (ii) at the proposed wastewater facilities (6 points); iii) the villages along project involved river/channels in the Yudong Reservoir Basin (10 points). The applicable standard for the (i) and (ii) is the Grade II of Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008), while that for the (iii) is the Grade I of GB3096-2008. The monitoring
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results show that the noise baseline at most of points met the standard, and that in some villages slightly exceeded the standard. The reason for the standard exceeding was traffic noise according to the DEIA.
26. Ecological values. For flora, 16 old-growth trees (of unknown but old age) were documented in the Yudong Reservoir Basin; none are in the project area. Two species of national protected trees occur in the basin: Taxus chinensis (National Grade I protected plant; IUCN Red List “Endangered”), 600 meters (m) southwest of the proposed Longxiang constructed wetland site; and 20 stands (about 10,136 trees in total) of Pseudotsuga sinensis (National Grade II protected species; IUCN Red List “Vulnerable”). Five stands of P. sinensis are within 500 m of the project sites, at locations 5-30 m higher upslope than the project areas. None of the individuals of either species are at risk from the project works. For fauna, 119 species of terrestrial vertebrates have been documented in the reservoir basin (9 amphibians, 7 reptiles, 94 birds, 9 mammals, and 16 fish species). None are rare, threatened, or protected species. The nearest protected area to the Yudong Reservoir is the Dashanbao National Nature Reserve, a globally important site for the Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis (IUCN Red List “Vulnerable”). The reserve is 4.13 km from the nearest project work site (Shanqiao Creek – small embankment works).
27. Physical cultural resources. No cultural heritage or archaeological sites are known in the project area.
F. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
28. Key environmental risks assessed focused especially on the operational phase of the project and included: (i) health risks from the inhalation of toxic air emissions and/or ingestion of contaminated crops due to air emissions from the GPPs; (ii) soil and/or water pollution from operation of the WWPs (leachate, slag, fly ash), GTS (leachate), and/or WWTS (sludge or poorly treated effluent discharge); and (iii) odor from GPP emissions and/or GTS.
29. Construction phase. Anticipated risks are: (i) soil erosion during afforestation, sewer pipeline installation, river embankments, and construction of WWTS, GPPs, wastewater pipelines, and constructed wetlands; (ii) temporary noise disturbance to nearby villages; (iii) air pollution (mainly fugitive dust); (iv) inappropriate or uncontrolled solid waste disposal (construction materials and/or worker litter and food waste); and (v) occupational and community health and safety. These risks are assessed to be relatively minor and temporary: (i) the impacts from construction activities are short-term, localized, small-scale and reversible; (ii) the project does not involve dredging, or flow diversions, along rivers; (iii) there are no significant ecological values in the works sites (see below); and (iv) due to the modified nature of most sites, existing vegetation communities are generally widespread species and much is planted and/or secondary regrowth.
30. For flora, the Yudong River Basin supports documented populations of two threatened tree species; however, both are located at least 500 m from the nearest work sites. For fauna, no documented populations of rare, threatened, or protected species are known in the basin; and the habitats of most work sites are modified agricultural sites and/or secondary vegetation. The nearest protected area, Dashanbao National Nature Reserve, is 4.13 km from the nearest project work site (Shanqiao Creek – small embankment works), and the project does not involve any activities in the reserve. Access to the reserve and reservoir involve different road networks, and project vehicle activity will not affect access to the reserve. For physical cultural resources, no documented sites or values are in the reservoir basin, but chance-find procedures have been developed in the event that any values are detected during works.
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31. Mitigation measures to address these impacts and risks are included in the EMP. To protect tributary water quality during the installation of embankments and sewer pipelines, sediment traps and curtains, and restriction on timing of works to avoid the wet season, will be implemented. Procedures for appropriate collection and disposal of construction and worker waste will be established. For dust impacts, mitigation measures include installation of barriers, water spray, covering of onsite stockpiles, and design of haulage routes and schedules. Construction and worker waste will be contained and regularly transported offsite.
32. Operational phase. For the GPPs: (i) health risks to the general public from inhalation of toxic emissions and/or ingestion of contaminated agricultural products was assessed and the risk is tentatively concluded to be low. This is based on air dispersion modeling for each GPP site, both of which will be located over 460 m from the nearest residences, and the GPP designs, which include purification systems to capture and manage flue gas. The modeled results comply with the PRC standard for air emissions from incineration plants (this standard currently applied in the PRC in the absence of standards for GPPs); (ii) health risks to GPP workers are assumed to be higher, due to prolonged close proximity to the flue gas emissions and machinery. This risk has been minimized to the extent possible through the designs (including sealed treatment systems, and an elevated flue gas chimney to disperse the emissions), safety work procedures, response measures in the event of machinery damage or leakage, and routine health checks for workers; (iii) the risk of soil and/or water pollution from flue ash, slag, or leachate has been minimized through GPP designs and O&M procedures, including sealed treatment systems, neutralization, treatment and safe disposal of flue ash in a certified landfill, the use of slag in construction bricks or disposal to landfill, and, capture and disposal of leachate with the solid waste to be gasified, or for treatment at the on-site leachate treatment plant at the Yongfeng and Jiupu Town Landfill; (iv) odors will be minimized through waste storage in sealed rooms, good ventilation, and use of face masks for workers; and (v) noise levels have been confirmed through modeling to meet the relevant standards at the GPP boundaries.
33. For the GTS, the risks of soil and/or water pollution from leachate, and odor disturbance to residents, have been minimized through the design of sealed containers (for waste transport), rooms (for storage) and internal drains (for leachate capture) and procedures for regular cleaning. For the two Longshu WWTP pump stations, noise emissions have been modeled and the projected noise levels at the pump station boundaries meet the relevant standards. For the WWTS, the risk of improper treatment of sewage is assessed to be low, given the project waste lifecycle that comprises sewage treatment through the WWTS, then small constructed wetlands, then filtration through existing agricultural channels, and finally through large constructed wetlands.
34. The project designs and EMP include the preparation of O&M procedures for each facility, training of staff (including worker health and safety), and emergency response procedures in the event of facility failure (e.g., quick response in the event of a small rural power failure to ensure facilities continue operating effectively). For the two GPPs, air and soil quality monitoring programs have been designed to measure air emissions, and soil quality in agricultural lands near the GPPs.
G. Public Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism
35. Three rounds of information disclosure and public consultation were conducted in the project towns, villages, and communities in Zhaoyang District and Ludian County. Feedback from consulted villagers and institutions included project support for improving sanitation conditions, water source protection and livelihoods improvement; and at the same time, concerns over potential water pollution, odors, and air emissions from the GPPs, GTSs, and
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WWTS during construction and/or operation. Mitigation measures to address these concerns have been incorporated in the EMP (Appendix 1) and updated FSR and DEIA. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been developed to address environmental, health, and safety (EHS) and social concerns associated with the project. The GRM was introduced to villagers and residents during the design phase and will be implemented throughout project implementation.
H. Climate Change
36. A climate risk vulnerability assessment (CRVA) for the project area was conducted by the TA consultant to identify the risk climate change presents to project viability, assuming a design life of 30-40 years. Projected changes of annual mean temperature under the modeling RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the 2015–2099 show that there will be substantial warming in the future. The increasing trend for 2015–2099 will be higher than the observed warming trend for 1961–2018, with increases of about 0.37℃/10 years for annual mean temperature, 0.38℃/10a for annual maximum temperature and 0.37℃/10a for annual minimum temperature under RCP8.5. The project will result in an increase of 539.65 ha in new vegetation, comprising 481.71 ha of terrestrial vegetation and 57.97 ha of aquatic vegetation (constructed wetlands). The project tree and shrub planting is estimated to result in annual carbon sequestration of about 1,495 tons of carbon (C) per year (5,482 tons CO2e). Assuming project GHG emissions of 211 tons CO2e (58.7 tons of carbon [C]) per year (Table V-16), the project will result in net carbon sink of 5,270.8 tons CO2e per year. These levels are below ADB’s threshold of concern for GHG emissions (100,000 tons CO2e per year).
I. Environmental Management Plan and ESMS
37. As part of this EIA, a project EMP has been developed (Appendix 1), which describes the project requirements and methods for environmental mitigation measures implementation, monitoring, reporting, roles and responsibilities, budget, and the GRM. The EMP will be the key guiding document for environment-related issues for project construction and operation.
38. ESMS. The environmental and social safeguard requirements for activities to be funded under the eco-compensation fund will be subject to the requirements of a project ESMS (Appendix 4). The activities to be supported under the fund will be consistent with the project scope, i.e., to strengthen water resources protection in the Yudong River Basin and support local livelihoods. The ESMS describes the required procedures for safeguard screening, categorization, impact assessment, mitigation, monitoring, and reporting for activities to be funded. It also defines the types of activities which may be supported. Proposed activities which may meet the following risk levels (per ADB’s SPS) will not be supported under the fund: (i) category “A” risk level for environmental impacts; and (ii) category “A” or “B” risk level for social risks related to resettlement and/or indigenous peoples.
39. Semiannual environmental monitoring reports will be provided to ADB to report on implementation progress for the EMP and ESMS.
J. Risks and Assurances
40. The ZCG has no previous experience in ADB safeguard requirements and has low institutional capacity for environmental management. This may result in limited implementation of the project EMP and inadequate operation of the project facilities. These risks have been minimized as follows: (i) appointment of a full-time environment officer in the Zhaotong PMO (PMO) and one environment officer respectively in each of the two local PMOs (one per implementing agency); (ii) inclusion of a loan implementation environment consultant in the 15
loan consulting services; (iii) clear roles and responsibilities of all relevant agencies for EMP and ESMS implementation, including contractors and construction supervision companies (CSCs); (iv) capacity building for EMP and ESMS implementation; (v) the recruitment of an independent certificated agency to conduct the external environmental monitoring described in the EMP. Environmental assurances have been agreed upon (Section X) and are included in the loan and project agreements.
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II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
A. Overview
41. The project is classified as environmental ‘Category A’ under the ADB SPS (2009), requiring the preparation of a project EIA. ADB’s country partnership strategy for the PRC (2016–2020) supports realizing an ‘ecological civilization’ through: environmental sustainability, pollution control, and climate change adaptation measures; achieving GHG emissions commitments ahead of its 2030 target; and, the overarching strategic goal of building a well- off society by focusing on the three strategic pillars of inclusive growth, environmentally sustainable development, and urban–rural integration. Under the PRC EIA regulations, the project is classified as ‘Class-1’ (equivalent to ADB Category A) and preparation of a full DEIA report is required.9 The project is consistent with the PRC and Yunnan Provincial 13th Five- Year Plans.
42. The PRC has a range of laws, regulations, technical guidelines, and standards that govern the way in which environmental protection and EIA for projects must be implemented, including for pollution prevention and control on air, noise, water, ecology and solid waste; and technical guidelines on assessing ambient air, noise, surface water, groundwater, and ecological impacts. The DEIA report upon which this project EIA is largely based was prepared in accordance with the PRC Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (2018 revision); Management Regulation on EIA Categories of Construction Projects (MEP, 2018 revision);10 Guidelines on Public Participation in EIA (MEP, 2019); 11 and Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2-93).12
B. PRC Environmental Laws, Regulations, Guidelines, and Standards
43. The primary national laws and regulations that govern DEIA are in Tables II-1 and II-2. Table II-3 shows the relevant national and provincial laws and regulations.
Table II-1: National Laws and Regulations Relevant to Project Law Year Environmental Protection Law 2015 Urban and Rural Planning Law 2008 Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law 2016 Environmental Impact Assessment Law 2019 Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law 2018 Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law 2018 Noise Pollution Prevention and Control Law 2018 Land Administration Law 2004 Wild Animal Protection Law 2018
9 The PRC’s Directory for the Management of Different Categories of Project Environmental Impact Assessment classifies EIAs into three categories with different reporting requirements: (i) Full EIA Report – for projects with potentially significant environmental impacts; (ii) Tabular Environmental Impact Assessment (TEIA) – for projects with less significant impacts; (iii) EIA Registration Form – for projects with the least environmental impacts. 10 The new name of the Ministry of Environmental Protection or MEP is the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE). 11 Passed in the meeting of MEE on 16 April 2019 and implemented since 1 January 2019. 12 Including: atmosphere (HJ 2.2), surface water (HJ/T 2.3), noise (HJ 2.4), ecology (HJ 19) and biodiversity (HJ 623), groundwater (HJ 610), and invasive species (HJ 624). 17
Water and Soil Conservation Law 2011 Clean Production Promotion Law 2012 Fisheries Law 2013 Energy Conservation Law 2016 Circular Economy Promotion Law 2008 Regulation Year Classification of Construction Project Environmental Protection Management (Ministry of 2018 Environmental Protection [MEP])a Environmental Protection Management for Construction Projects 2017 Circular on National Ecological Environment Conservation Outline issued by the State 2000 Council Interim Provisions on Promoting Industrial Structure Adjustment 2005 Decision on Revision of Category on Industrial Structure Adjustment (2011) (NDRC) 2013 Decision on Implementing Approach of Scientific Development and Strengthening 2005 Environmental Protection Suggestions on Further Strengthening Ecological Environment Protection 2007 Regulation on Implementing PRC Land Administration Law (1999) 2014 Management Regulation on Urban Construction Wastes 2005 Circular on Implementing Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control and Making 2014 Strict Access Approval of EIA Measures on Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment 2018 Ecological Environmental Protection Plan of Yangtze River Economic Belt 2017 National Hazardous Waste List (MEP Order No. 39)a 2016 Circular on Further Strengthening Environmental Impact Assessment Management to 2012 Prevent Environmental Risks (MEP, No. 77)a Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wild Plants 2017 Administrative Measures for Pollution Discharge Permits (Trial) (MEP Order No. 48)a 2018 Catalogue for the Emission Permission Classification of Fixed Pollution Sources (MEP 2017 Order No. 45)a Letter on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan for the 13th Five-Year Plan for 2017 National Wetland Protection (SFA, [2017] No. 40) Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Prevention and Control of Dioxin Pollution (NDRC, 2010 MFA, and MEP)a Notice on Coordination between EIA and Emission Permit System" (MEP, [2017] No. 84) 2017 Notice on Printing and Distributing the Technical Guidelines for Domestic Waste Treatment 2010 (NDRC, MOHURD, MEP)a Interim Measures for Environmental Protection and Acceptance of Construction Project 2017 Completion (MEP, [2017] No. 4)a Regulations on Pollution Prevention and Control of Drinking Water Source Protection Areas 2010 (amended on December 22, 2010); Regulations of the People's Republic of China on River Management 2018 a The new name of the MEP is the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE).
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Table II-2: Local Laws, Regulations and Standards Laws and regulations Year Notice of Yunnan Provincial Government on Issuing the Red Line of Ecological Protection in 2018 Yunnan Province Environment Protection Regulations of Yunnan Province 2004 Agriculture Environment Protection Regulations of Yunnan Province 1997 Measures for Implementation of the PRC’s Law on Soil and Water Conservation in Yunnan 1994 Province Regulation of the Yunnan Provincial Government on Strengthening the Management of 2007 Environmental Impact Assessment Zoning of surface water and water environment in Yunnan Province (2010–2020) 2014 Regulation of Zhaotong Yudong Reservoir Protection in Yunnan Province 2006 "Forwarding the Notice of the State Council on Strengthening the Safety of Drinking Water” 2005 issued by Yunnan Provincial Government Regulation on Soil and Water Conservation of Yunnan Province 2014 Regulation on Agricultural Environmental Protection of Yunnan Province 1997 Work Plan for Red Line Definition of Ecological Protection in Yunnan Province (Office of the 2016 Yunnan Provincial Committee for Ecological Civilization System Reform) Opinions of Yunnan Provincial Environmental Protection Department on Strengthening 2018 Strategic EIA, Planning EIA of Construction Projects (Yunhuanfa [2018] No. 9) Yunnan Provincial EPD and LRD forwarded the Notice of the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) on the EIA of Mineral 2016 Resources Planning (Yunhuan [2016] No. 12)a Catalogue of Construction Projects of EIA Documents under approval of the EPD of Yunnan 2015 Province (Yunhuanfa [2015] No. 66) Yunnan Provincial EPD and Yunnan Provincial Water Resources Department forwarded the notice of the Ministry of Water Resources and MEP on further strengthening the EIA of 2014 water conservancy planning (Yunhuanfa [2014] No.43)a Functional Division of Surface Water and Water Environment in Yunnan Province 2014 (Yunhuanfa [2014] No. 34) Diversity of Surface Water and Water Environment Function in Yunnan Province 2014 (2010~2020) (Yunhuanfa [2014] No. 34) Notice of the Yunnan Provincial EPD on Printing and Distributing the Catalogue of Graded Approval of EIA Documents for Construction Projects in Yunnan Province (2013) (Yunhuanfa [[2013] No. 151) Notice on the Preparation of Environmental Protection Plan for Centralized Drinking Water 2009 Sources in Yunnan Province (Yunhuan [2009] No. 71) Notice of Yunnan Department of Ecology and Environment Forwarding the MEP on the 2018 Management of EIA of Livestock and Poultry Farming Projects (Yunhuan [2018] No. 202)a Notice of the EPD of Yunnan Province on Forwarding the Basic Information Form for EIA 2017 Approval of Construction Projects issued by the MEP [2017] No.131 Guiding Opinions of the Yunnan Provincial Government on the Construction of Beautiful 2019 County Town (Yun Zheng Fa [2019] No. 8) Notice of the General Office of the Yunnan Province on Printing and Distributing the Measures for the Assessment of the Responsibility of Soil and Water Conservation in 2019 Yunnan Province, Yun Zhengfa [2019] No. 1) Notice of the Government of Yunnan Province on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan of the Second National Pollution Source Survey in Yunnan Province, 2017 Yunzheng Office issued [2017] No. 138)
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Implementation Opinions of the Government of Yunnan Province on Implementing the 2017 Wetland Protection and Restoration System Plan (Yun Zheng Ban Fa [2017] No. 131) Notice of the Government of Yunnan Province on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan for the Control of Pollutant Discharge Permit System in Yunnan 2017 Province (Yun Zheng Ban Fa [2017] No. 126) Notice of the Government of Yunnan Province on Printing and Distributing the Overall Plan for the Modernization of Highland Characteristic Agriculture in Yunnan Province (2016-2020) 2017 (Yun Zheng Ban [2017] No. 35) Notice of the Yunnan Provincial Government on Printing and Distributing the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction of the 13th 2017 Five-Year Plan of Yunnan Province (Yun Zheng Fa [2017] No. 31) Notice of the Yunnan Provincial Government on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the 13th Five-Year Plan of Yunnan Province (Yun 2017 Zhengfa [2017] No.16) Main Functional Area Zoning of Yunnan Province (Yun Zhengfa [2014] No. 1, 2014.1.6) 2014 Implementation Opinions of the Government of Yunnan Province on Strengthening the 2019 Protection of Aquatic Organisms in the Yangtze River (Yun Zheng Fa [2019] No. 31) Measures for Quality Assessment of EIA Documents of Construction Projects in Yunnan 2018 Province (Draft for Comment) Audit Measures for Investment and Construction Projects of the Yunnan Provincial 2017 Government (Yunnan Provincial Government Order No. 213) Yunnan Province Ecological Function Zoning (Yunnan Provincial Environmental Protection 2018 Department) Zhaotong City Thirteenth Five-Year Ecological Environmental Protection Planning Mid-term 2018 Evaluation Report Notice of of Zhaotong EPB on Printing and Distributing the Catalogue of EIA Document of 2016 Construction Projects under approval of Zhaotong EPB (Zhao Huan Tong ([2016] No. 7) Notice of the Zhaotong City Government on the Special Plan for the Protection of 2007 Wastewater Treatment (Zhao Zheng Ban Fa [2007] No. 101) The Forest Fire Prevention Order of Zhaotong City Government 2019 Notice of the Government of Zhaotong City on Printing and Distributing the Measures for 2019 Investment Promotion of Green Energy Industry in Zhaotong (Trial) Implementation Opinions of Zhaotong City Government on Strengthening Energy Conservation, Consumption Reduction and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources to 2018 Promote Ecological Civilization Construction Notice of the Government of Zhaotong City on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for 2018 the Protection and Restoration of Wetland in Zhaotong Notice of the Zhaotong City Government on Printing and Distributing the Implementation 2018 Plan for the Control of Pollutant Discharge Permit System in Zhaotong Notice of the Zhaotong City Government on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year 2017 Modern Agriculture Development Plan of Zhaotong Notice of the Zhaotong City Government on Printing and Distributing the Implementation 2016 Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Zhaotong Notice of the Zhaotong City Government Office on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan 2015 for the Red Line of Ecological Protection in Zhaotong Notice of the Zhaotong City Government Office on Printing and Distributing the 2014 Annual 2014 Implementation Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Zhaotong a The new name of the MEP is the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE).
44. Yudong Reservoir—regulatory protection and associated management zones. To strengthen ecological protection in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, promote the 20
protection of water resources in Yudong Reservoir, prevent water pollution, soil erosion and reservoir siltation, and drinking water safety, the Yudong Reservoir Protection Regulation was issued on 26 September 200513 in accordance with the PRC’s Water Law and Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law. The regulation stipulates that the applicable standards for the water quality of Yudong Reservoir are the PRC Surface Water Quality Standard of GB3838- 2002–Grade II and the Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water of GB5749-2006.
45. The catchment area of Yudong Reservoir is 709 km2, which is divided into two protection zones. The primary protection zone of reservoir has an area of 21.47 km2 and includes the reservoir itself, the planned project facilities, and land area within 100 m from the reservoir shore (at the average water level, 1985 m above sea level [ASL]). The secondary protection zone has an area of 687.6 km and comprises the rest of the catchment area other than the primary protection zone and within 3 m each side of the main water release canals. The regulation defines specific protection measures for the reservoir’s protection zones as follows.
Table II-3: Protection Regulation of Yudong Reservoir Regulation for the secondary Regulation for the primary protection zone protection zone The following actions are prohibited in the primary protection The following actions are prohibited in zone: the secondary protection zone:
• Building, rebuilding, or expanding buildings other than • Newly building, rebuilding or environmental protection and water supply engineering; expanding engineering that cause • Discharging and dumping manure, sewage, wastewater, serious pollution to water sources. waste liquid and solid waste into the reservoir water; • Discharging manure, sewage, • Washing vehicles, utensils, washing clothes and wastewater and waste liquid swimming in the water body; directly into rivers, channels and • Blasting, drilling, tomb building, and sand/ earth mining; ditches, dumping solid waste and • Unauthorized shipping; bodies of livestock and poultry, • Reclaiming wasteland, grazing, hunting, large-scale and washing toxic equipment. breeding and slaughtering of livestock and poultry, and • Selling and using highly toxic, discarding the bodies of livestock and poultry. high-residue pesticides and • Selling and using highly toxic, high-residue pesticides phosphorus-containing and phosphorus-containing detergents. detergents. • Moving and destroying boundary stones. • Constructing, blasting, drilling, • Fishing by poison, explosive, electricity and angling, cage tomb-burying, sand-collecting, fish farming and unapproved fishing; releasing fish fry of borrowing, and stacking species that is harmful to water quality. pesticides, fertilizers and solid • Destroying forests and grassland, and digging tree roots. waste within 3 meters on both • Cultivating within 50 meters broad around the surface of sides of the main canal or 10 the reservoir below or of the normal water level of the meters on both sides of the reservoir; the steep slope farming above 25 degrees in Longshu River, the range of 50 to 100 meters away from the surface of • Destroying forests, destroying the reservoir. grass, and digging roots. • Other acts that may pollute the water body or cause soil • Farming on steep slopes above 25 erosion and reservoir siltation. degrees.
46. The implementation of environmental laws and regulations is supported by associated management and technical guidelines. Those applicable to the project are summarized in Table II-4.
13 Passed in the 18th meeting of the Standing Committee, 10th Yunnan Provincial People's Congress, 2005. 21
Table III-4: Applicable Environmental Guidelines Guideline Code/Year Technical Guideline on EIA: for Construction Projects HJ/T 2.1-2016 Technical Guideline on EIA: Atmospheric Environment HJ 2.2-2018 Technical Guideline on EIA: Surface Water Environment HJ/T 2.3-2018 Technical Guideline on EIA: Acoustic Environment HJ 2.4-2009 Technical Guideline on EIA: Ecological Assessment HJ 19-2011 Technical Guideline on EIA: Ground Water Environment HJ610-2016 Standard for the assessment of regional biodiversity HJ623-2011 Technical Guideline for Assessment on Environmental Risk of Alien Species HJ624-2011 Technical Guideline on Environmental Risk Assessment for Construction Project HJ/T169-2018 Technical Specifications for the Collection, Storage and Transportation of HJ2025-2012 Hazardous Waste National List of Hazardous Wastes (MEP, Order No. 39)a 2016 General Provisions-Technical Guidelines for Self-Monitoring of Pollution Emission HJ819-2017 Entities Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment of Hazardous Wastes in 2017 Construction Projects” (MEP, No. 43)a Technical Specifications for Application and Issuance of Pollution Discharge HJ942-2018 Permits Technical Requirements for Environmental Protection for Standardized HJ 773-2015 Construction of Centralized Drinking Water Sources Technical Specifications for Domestic Waste Incineration Treatment Engineering CJJ 90-2009 a The new name of the Ministry of Environmental Protection or MEP is the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE).
47. The national environmental quality standard system that supports/evaluates the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations in the PRC is classified into two categories by function, i.e., pollutant emission/discharge standards and ambient environmental standards. The standards applicable to this project are in Table II-5.
Table III-5: Applicable Environmental Standards Standard Code
Surface Water Quality Standard GB3838-2002
Urban Ambient Acoustic Quality Standard GB3096-2008
Ambient Air Quality Standard GB3095-2012
Groundwater Quality Standard GB/T14848-2017
Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants GB16297-1996
Emission Standard for Odor Pollutant GB 14554-93
Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary GB12348-2008
Soil environmental quality-Risk control standard for soil contamination of GB15618-2018 agricultural land
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Soil environmental quality-Risk control standard for soil contamination of GB36600—2018 development land
Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB8978-1996
Noise Limit for Construction Sites GB12523-2011
Standard on Pollution Control of Storage and Disposal Location for General GB18592-2001 Industrial Waste
Technical Specification on Landfill Treatment of Municipal Waste GB50869-2013
Standard on Pollution Control of Municipal Waste Landfill GB16889-2008
Standards for the Control of Domestic Waste Pyrolysis Pollution GB18485-2014
Identification of Major Hazard Sources of Hazardous Chemicals GB18218-2018
Standard for Grading of Soil Erosion Intensity SL190-2007
Urban Area Environmental Vibration GB10070–88
C. International Agreements
48. The PRC is signatory to major international environmental agreements relevant to the project (Table II-6), dealing with the biodiversity, wetland protection and climate change.
Table II-6: Applicable international agreements Agreement Year Purpose (relevance to project) Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of Prevent encroachment on and loss of wetlands for now 1975 International Importance and the future (project includes the reservoir) Conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity Convention on Biological Diversity 1993 (project includes afforestation) Achieve stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gas United Nations Framework 1994 (GHG) concentrations (project involves GHG emission Convention on Climate Change reduction) Kyoto Protocol to UN Framework 2005 Further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (as above) Convention on Climate Change Montreal Protocol on Substances 1989 Protection of the ozone layer (same as above) That Deplete the Ozone Layer UN Convention to Combat Combat desertification and mitigate effects of drought 1996 Desertification (project involves soil erosion control) Control over transboundary movement of hazardous Basel Convention 1992 wastes
D. Applicable ADB Polices and World Bank’s EHS Guidelines
49. The Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) is ADB’s principal document that prescribes ADB requirements for the design, preparation, and implementation of safeguards for ADB-funded projects. All projects funded by ADB must comply with the SPS (2009), which establishes an environmental review process to ensure that projects undertaken as part of programs funded under ADB loans are environmentally sound, are designed to operate in line with applicable regulatory requirements, and are not likely to cause significant environment, 23
health, social, or safety hazards. The SPS also requires borrowers to follow environmental standards consistent with good international practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. 14 The latter contain discharge effluent, air emissions, and other numerical guidelines and performance indicators as well as prevention and control approaches that are normally acceptable to ADB and are generally considered to be achievable at reasonable costs by existing technology. In the event that national environmental standards of member countries are less stringent than the EHS, the latter will be applied as much as possible. In general, many of the PRC standards are higher than the EHS and are applied for the current project (see previous sections).
50. Compared with PRC EIA requirements, the SPS requires a number of additional considerations for the EIA preparation, including: (i) a project-specific GRM, ; (ii) definition of the project area of influence; (iii) assessment of direct, indirect, induced and cumulative impacts; (iv) due diligence of project-associated facilities; (v) protection of physical cultural resources; (vi) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (vii) occupational and community health and safety requirements (including emergency preparedness and response); (viii) impacts on livelihoods through environmental media; (ix) biodiversity conservation; and (x) ensuring that the EMP includes an implementation schedule and measurable performance indicators. These requirements are usually weak in PRC EIAs. With the assistance of TA consultants, the DEIA has been updated in accordance with SPS by the DEIA Institute to fill in the above gaps and comply with SPS requirements.
E. Assessment Standards for Proposed Project Components
a. Surface Water Quality
51. The determining standard is PRC’s Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002). This defines five categories reflecting different environmental functions: I – highest water quality, for headwaters and national nature reserves; II – drinking water sources in Class I protection areas, habitats for rare aquatic organisms, breeding grounds for fish and crustaceans, and feeding grounds for fish fry; III – drinking water sources in Class II protection areas, wintering grounds for fish and crustaceans, migration routes, water bodies for aquaculture and capture fishery, and swimming; IV – general industrial use and non-contact recreational activities; V – lowest quality, suitable only for agricultural and scenic water uses (Table III-7). The World Bank Group has guidelines on effluent quality standards but not ambient water quality and recognizes the use of local criteria for EHS purpose. The standards relevant to this project are Grade III, IV and V of PRC Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) (Table II-6). The standard includes 24 parameters for regular surface water, and other 68 parameters specific for centralized drinking water sources. Eight of the 24 parameters were selected for sampling (Table II-6) as these are the most relevant to providing meaningful baselines and risk assessment based on the project scope.
Table II-6: Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (Unit: mg/L, except for pH)
Parameter pH CODCr CODMn BOD5 TN NH3-N TP Oil Grade III Standard 6~9 20 6 4 1 1.0 0.2 0.05 Grade IV Standard 6~9 30 10 6 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.5 Grade V Standard 6~9 40 15 10 2 2 0.4 1
CODCr/CODMn = chemical oxygen demand, BOD5 = 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen, TN = total nitrogen, TP = total phosphorus.
14 World Bank Group. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines. 30 April 2007. Washington. 24
b. Ambient Air Quality
52. In the PRC, air quality is categorized in three classes (Ambient Air Quality Standard GB 3095-1996 and amendment in 2000): Class I (highest quality) to Class III (the worst). Ambient air quality in the project area meets the Class II standard. In 2012, a new national standard was issued (GB 3095-2012; effective 1 January 2016) which replaced GB 3095-1996. The new standard combined Classes II and III, and has two classes, I and II. It also introduced PM2.5 standards and relaxed the 1-hour NO2 standard to match the World Health Organization (WHO)15 Air Quality Guideline (AQG) standard. The World Bank Group adopted the WHO standards for its EHS standards for air quality. Recognizing that progressive actions are needed to achieve these standards, the WHO also established interim targets towards achieving the AQG. Table II-7 compares the PRC and World Bank Group’s EHS standards for the specific parameters selected for project sampling. Ambient air quality in the environmental sensitive locations, and the areas outside the construction sites, meets Grade II of PRC Ambient Air Quality Standard GB3095-2016 and EHS guidelines.
Table II-7a: Ambient Air Quality Standard - Grade II (Unit: mg/m3). GB 3096-1996 GB3095-2012 Pollutant Time EHS (Grade II) (Grad II) Annual 0.06 0.06 n/a
SO2 Dailyaverage average 0.15 0.15 0.125-0.05 (0.02 guideline) Hourly average 0.50 0.50 guideline)n/a Annual - 0.035 0.035 PM2.5 Dailyaverage average - 0.075 0.075 Annual 0.10 0.07 0.07-0.03 (0.02 guideline) PM10 Dailyaverage average 0.15 0.15 0.075-0.15 (0.05 guideline) Annual 0.08 0.04 0.04 guideline NO2 Dailyaverage average 0.12 0.08 n/a Hourly average 0.24 0.2 0.20 guideline Daily average 4.0 4.0 n/a CO Hourly average 10.0 10.0 n/a Note: SO2 = sulfuric dioxide; NO2 = nitrogen dioxide; PM10/PM2.5 = particulate matter; CO = carbon monoxide. 53. For the two garbage pyrolysis plants (GPP) to be constructed under the project, due to the recent nature of GPP in the PRC, there is no national standard yet to guide GPP operation and measurement of air emissions. Currently in the PRC, the national standard for domestic rubbish incineration plants is applied to GPPs (Table II-7b). This standard will be applied for the current project until such time that national GPP standards are introduced.
Table II-7b: Pollution Control Standard for Domestic Rubbish Incineration (GB18485-2014) Standard value Pollutant Unit Hourly average Daily average Particulate matter 30 20
NOx 300 250
SO2 100 80 mg/m3 HCl 60 50 CO 100 80 Hg and its compounds 0.05 (average)
15 World Health Organization. 2005. Air quality guidelines global update 2005. Bonn, Germany. 25
Cd and Ti (and their compounds 0.1 (average) Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni (and their compounds) 1.0 (average) ngTEQ Dioxin 0.1 (average) /m3
c. Ambient Acoustic Quality
54. The PRC’s GB 3096-2008 identifies five categories based on tolerance to noise pollution: Category 0 – areas with convalescent facilities (least tolerant to noise; stringent day and night noise standards); 1 – residential areas, hospitals and clinics, educational institutions and research centers; 2 – mixed residential and commercial areas; 3 – areas with industrial production, storage and logistics functions; 4 – areas adjacent to traffic noise sources such as major roads and highways, and is subdivided into 4a (road and marine traffic noise) and 4b (rail noise). Comparison with World Bank Group EHS guidelines show that the EHS guidelines have lower noise limits for residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas but higher noise limits for industrial areas and night-time noise near trunk roads (Table II-8a).
Table II-8a: Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (LAeq: dB) World Bank Group GB 3096-2008 Noise EHS Applicable Area Category Day Night Day Night 06:00- 07:00- 22:00-06:00 22:00-07:00 22:00 22:00 Areas needing extreme quiet e.g. convalescence 0 50 40 areas Areas mainly for residence, hospitals, cultural and 55 45 1 55 45 educational institutions, administration offices 2 Residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas 60 50 3 Industrial areas, warehouses and logistic parks 65 55 70 70 4a Area on both sides of urban trunk road 70 55 Note: Functional Area 4 is divided into 4a for trunk roads and 4b for railway lines.
55. According to Classification of the Suitable Areas for Environmental Noise of Urban Area in Zhaotong, the project areas involve the implementation of Grade I, II, III and 4a of Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB3096-2008), and the applicable World Bank EHS Guideline are the noise guideline for residential and institutional areas and for industrial and commercial areas (Table II-8b). Table II-8b: Environmental Quality Standard and EHS Guideline for Noise Unit: dB(A) Classification Daytime Nighttime Remarks Refer to residential communities, villages, suburb and Grade I Standard 55 45 countryside, hospitals, schools and research institutes Refer to major functions of commercial and market trading use or combination of residential, commercial Grade II Standard 60 50 and industrial which areas need to maintain the quiet environment for the residential area Refer to major functions of industrial manufacturing and Grade III Standard 65 55 warehousing logistic use which areas need to avoid the significant negative effect caused by the industrial noise Refer to the areas along the traffic trunk line, except the Grade 4a Standard 70 55 railway, where need to avoid the significant negative effect caused by the traffic noise EHS 55 45 for residential, institutional area EHS 70 70 for industrial and commercial area
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d. Ground Water Quality
56. In the PRC, this is divided into five categories according to the Quality Standard for Ground Water (GB/T 14848-2017) (Table II-9). Category III or above is suitable as drinking water. Category IV can only be used for drinking water after treatment. For the project, groundwater quality in the project area must comply with the Grade III.
Table II-9: Quality Standard for Groundwater (Unit: mg/L, except pH, total bacteria and total coli. Parameter Grade I Grade Ⅱ Grade Ⅲ Grade Ⅳ Grade V 5.5~6.5 pH 6.5~8.5 <5.5,>9 8.5~9 Ammonia nitrogen ≤0.02 ≤0.10 ≤0.50 ≤1.5 >1.5 (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) ≤50 ≤150 ≤250 ≤350 >350 Sulfate (mg/L) ≤50 ≤150 ≤250 ≤350 >350 Nitrate (in N) (mg/L) ≤2 ≤5 ≤20 ≤30 >30 Nitrite (in N) (mg/L) ≤0.01 ≤0.10 ≤1.00 ≤4.80 >4.80 Fluoride (mg/L) ≤1 ≤1 ≤1 ≤2 >2 Zinc (mg/L) ≤0.05 ≤0.5 ≤1 ≤5 >5 Copper (mg/L) ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤1 ≤1.5 >1.5 Manganese (mg/L) ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 ≤1.5 >1.5 Iron (mg/L) ≤0.1 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤2.0 >2.0 Solubility total solids ≤300 ≤500 ≤1000 ≤2000 >2000 (mg/L) Total hardness (mg/L) ≤150 ≤300 ≤450 ≤650 >650 Permanganate index ≤1 ≤2 ≤3 ≤10 >10 (mg/L) Mercury (mg/L) ≤0.0001 ≤0.0001 ≤0.001 ≤0.002 >0.002 Hexavalent chromium ≤0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 >0.1 (mg/L) Arsenic (mg/L) ≤0.001 ≤0.001 ≤0.01 ≤0.05 >0.05 Lead (mg/L) ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.1 >0.1 Cadmium (mg/L) ≤0.0001 ≤0.001 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 >0.01 Cyanide (mg/L) ≤0.001 ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 >0.1 Volatile phenol (mg/L) ≤0.001 ≤0.001 ≤0.002 ≤0.01 >0.01 Benzene (μg/L) ≤0.5 ≤1 ≤10 ≤120 >120 Toluene (μg/L) ≤0.5 ≤140 ≤700 ≤1400 >1400 Xylene (μg/L) ≤0.5 ≤100 ≤500 ≤1000 >1000 Nickel (mg/L) ≤0.002 ≤0.002 ≤0.02 ≤0.1 >0.1
e. Soil Quality 57. Soil quality in the PRC is divided into three classes according to Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995), with 1 the best and 3 the worst. The PRC does not have quality standards for sediments in waterways (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, the sea), and GB 15618-1995 is commonly applied to assess sediment quality as sediment is often disposed on
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land and used for agriculture or planting. For the preparation of domestic environmental assessments, other standards are applied as necessary to assist the assessment process, including the PRC Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge from Agricultural Use (GB 4284- 84) for assessing sediment quality (the rationale being that river sediment is similar to sludge). GB 15618-1995 standards are more stringent than GB 4284-84 standards. The World Bank Group does not have EHS standards for soil and sediment quality.
58. For the project, the sites for the components of GPPs, GTS and WWTS are subject to Grade II standard of Soil Environmental Quality - Risk Control Standard for Construction Land” (GB36600-2018, Table II-10). Other project sites are subject to the PRC Soil Environmental Quality - Risk Control Standards for Agricultural Land (GB15618-2018, Table II-11). Forty-six parameters under Standard GB366600-2018 (Table III-10) and 11 parameters under Standard GB15618-2018 (Table II-11) were sampled. Table II-10: Grade II, Soil Environmental Quality – Risk Control for Construction Site (mg/kg) No. Pollutant Risk screening valuea Control valueb 1 arsenic 60① 140 2 cadmium 65 172 3 Chromium (hexavalent) 5.7 78 4 copper 18000 36000 5 lead 800 2500 6 Mercury 38 82 7 nickel 900 2000 8 Carbon tetrachloride 2.8 36 9 Chloroform 0.9 10 10 Methyl chloride 37 120 11 1,1-dichloroethane 9 100 12 1,2-dichloroethane 5 21 13 1,1-dichloroethylene 66 200 14 Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 596 2000 15 Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 54 163 16 Dichloromethane 616 2000 17 1,2-dichloropropane 5 47 18 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane 10 100 19 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 6.8 50 20 Tetrachloroethylene 53 183 21 1,1,1-trichloroethane 840 840 22 1,1,2-trichloroethane 2.8 15 23 Trichloroethylene 2.8 20 24 1,2,3-trichloropropane 0.5 5 25 Vinyl chloride 0.43 4.3 26 benzene 4 40 27 chlorobenzene 270 1000 28 1,2-dichlorobenzene 560 560 29 1,4-dichlorobenzene 20 200 30 Ethylbenzene 28 72 31 Styrene 1290 1290 32 Toluene 1200 1200 33 Meta-xylene + p-xylene 570 570 34 O-xylene 640 640
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No. Pollutant Risk screening valuea Control valueb 35 Nitrobenzene 76 760 36 aniline 260 663 37 2-chlorophenol 2256 4500 38 Benz[a]anthracene 15 151 39 Benzo(a)pyrene 1.5 15 40 Benzo[b]fluoranthene 15 151 41 Benzo[k]fluoranthene 151 1500 42 Chrysene 1293 12900 43 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1.5 15 44 Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene 15 151 45 Naphthalene 70 700 46 Dioxins (total toxicity equivalent) 0.00004 0.0004 a Refers to the amount of pollutants in the soil of construction land equal to or lower than the value, which is beneficial to human health under the specific land use mode. Health risks can be ignored; If the value is exceeded, there may be risks to human health, and further detailed investigation and investigation should be carried out risk assessment to determine specific pollution scope and risk level. b Refers to the pollution content in the soil of the construction land exceeds the value under the specific land use mode, which is usually harmful to human health in case of unacceptable risks, risk control or repair measures should be taken.
Table II-11: Soil Environmental Quality – Risk Control for Farmland (Unit: mg/kg) Items Risk screening value pH pH≤5.5 5.5<pH≤6.5 6.5<pH≤7.5 pH>7.5 Cd Paddy field 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 other 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 Hg Paddy field 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 other 1.3 1.8 2.4 3.4 As Paddy field 30 30 25 20 other 40 40 30 25 Pb Paddy field 80 100 140 240 other 70 90 120 170 Cr Paddy field 250 250 300 350 other 150 150 200 250 Cu Paddy field 150 150 200 200 orchard 50 50 100 100 Ni 60 70 100 190 Zn 200 200 250 300 Total benzenehexachloride 0.10 Total DDT 0.10 Benzo[a]pyrene 0.55
f. Wastewater Discharge Standard
59. Discharge of wastewater from construction sites and supernatant water from dredged sediment disposal sites is regulated under PRC’s Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996). Class I standards apply to discharges into Category III water bodies under GB 3838-2002. Class II standards apply to discharges into Categories IV and V water bodies. Class III standards apply to discharges into municipal sewers going to municipal WWTS with secondary treatment (Table III-8). Under this project, wastewater discharge is required to be of Grade III Surface Water Quality Standard of GB3838-2002 and Grade I of PRC Integrated
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Wastewater Discharge Standards (GB8978-1996). For discharge into the municipal sewage pipeline, Grade III Standard of GB8978-1996 will be applied (Table II-12). The PRC standard includes 56 parameters, most of which are for industrial sewage. The current project does not involve industrial development or existing industrial sites, and only six selected parameters were sampled, focusing on construction and domestic wastewater management. Table II-12: Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards (Unit: mg/L, except for pH)
Parameter pH CODCr BOD5 SS NH3-N Oil Grade I Standard 6~9 100 20 70 15 5 Grade III Standard 6~9 500 300 400 / 20 SS = suspended solids. g. Air Pollutant Emission 60. The PRC’s Air Pollutant Integrated Emission Standard (GB 16297-1996) regulates the emission of particulate matter into the air, with a maximum allowable concentration of 120 mg/m3 at source and for fugitive emission the highest concentration outside site boundary of 1.0 mg/m3. During project construction, levels of on-site fugitive emissions should comply with Grade II of Integrated Emission Standards of Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996) (Table II-13).
Table II-13: Integrated Emission Standards of Air Pollutants Unit: mg/m3 Classification Parameter Fugitive Emission Limit at Monitoring Point
SO2 0.4
Grade II Standard NOx 0.12 PM 1.0
NOx = nitrogen oxides. PM = particulate matter, SO2 = sulfuric dioxide. h. Odor Pollutant Emission 61. The waste gas generated by the two planned GPPs and GTSs mainly consists of methane, ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The concentration of NH3 and H2S at the boundary of the project site shall comply with the Emission Standard for Odor Pollutant (GB14554-93) - Grade II, which details are summarized in Table II-14.
Table II-14: Emission Standard for Odor Pollutant Unit: mg/m3 Parameter Standard Value (existing plant) Code of Standard
NH3 2.0 GB 14554-93 H2S 0.1
i. Noise Levels During Project Construction 62. The construction activities must comply with PRC Noise Limits for Construction Site standard (GB12523-2011). For the operation phase, Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348-2008) was adopted to assess the noise at the boundary of the two GPPs and other construction. The applicable World Bank EHS Guideline for both industrial enterprises and construction site is Noise guideline for industrial and commercial area; (Table II-15 and Table II-16).
Table II-15: Emission Standard of Environment Noise for Boundary of Construction Site Daytime (dB(A)) Nighttime (dB(A)) Code of Standard 70 55 GB12523-2011 70 70 EHS (industrial, commercial area)
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Table II-16: Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary Daytime (dB(A)) Nighttime (dB(A)) Classification 55 45 Grade I Standard 60 50 Grade II Standard 0 70 EHS (industrial, commercial area)
j. Standards for Grading of Soil Erosion Intensity 63. Zhaotong is located in the hinterland of Wumeng Mountain Area. The applicable standard is the Standard for Grading of Soil Erosion Intensity (SL190-2007; Ministry of Water Resources) (Table II-17.)
Table II-17: Standards for Grading of Soil Erosion Intensity Grade Average erosion modulus (t/km2·a) Average erosion thickness(mm/a) Micro <500 <0.37 Light 500~2500 0.37~1.9 Medium 2500~5000 1.9~3.7 Strong 5000~8000 3.7~5.9 Very Strong 8000~15000 5.9~11.1 Extremely strong >15000 >11.1
k. Vibration 64. Construction activities may cause vibration impact and must comply with PRC Standard for Urban Area Environmental Vibration (GB10070–88) (Table II-18).
Table II-18: Vertical (Z) Vibration Standard Value for Various Urban Areas (Unit: dB) Scope of applicable area Day Night Special residential area 65 65 Residential, cultural and educational area 70 67 Mixed area and commercial center 75 72 Industrial centralized area 75 72 Both sides of traffic trunk line 75 72 Both sides of railway main line 80 80
F. Domestic EIA Preparation and Approval
65. The DEIA reports, comprising one summary report and four technical sub-reports are being updated for the project components by the Lianhe Taihua Environmental Tech Co (the national Grade A certificate institute). The Zhaotong City Ecology and Environment Bureau (EEB) is the approval agency for the DEIA. Approval is expected in December 2019. The TA consultant assisted the finalization of the DEIA.
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III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
A. Rationale
66. The PRC has identified the YREB as one of the key engines of social and economic development. The YREB consists of nine provinces and two centrally administered municipalities (Chongqing and Shanghai) which comprise about 20% of the PRC’s total land area; 40% of its population; and about 45% of its economic output. Ecological protection and green development are the top priority for social and economic development within the YREB. The YREB has benefitted from extensive development since 1990s. Yet, economic growth in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Basin is lagging and below its potential capacity. The upper reaches of the Yudong Reservoir Basin still face significant development challenges because of (i) slow transformation for green development and economic diversification; (ii) limited integration of waterways, ports, and intermodal logistics; (iii) increasing pollution and pressure on natural resources; and (iv) weak institutional coordination for strategic planning. The YREB faces a growing imbalance between economic achievements and the quality of the environment. For example, since 1980, water pollution in the Yudong Reservoir Basin has risen by 73% because of the discharge of waste, soil erosion which is critical in small watersheds, and agriculture-related NPS pollution.
67. The PRC 13th Five-Year Plan (FYP) for National Economic and Social Development (2016–2020) sets “ecological protection and green development” as the top priority for development along YREB. In this context “green development” means that areas develop in a manner that is socially responsible and environmentally and economically sustainable. This necessitates an industrial transformation in the city clusters from industries that are heavily resource dependent, low technology based, market irresponsive, and environmentally damaging to industries that are high tech equipped, dynamic and market responsive yet environment-friendly. This kind of transformation reduces environmental damage and promotes social inclusiveness by creating local employment opportunities so that local laborers do not need to travel to coastal areas for jobs.
68. The Sayu River is a tertiary tributary of the Yangtze River, with a length of 186 km and a river basin area of 3,558 km2. The Sayu River is the main river that goes through Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province. Zhaotong City is the third largest city in Yunnan Province with a population of 5.537 million and GDP in 2017 of CNY83.245 billion with average GDP per capita of CNY15,119 (footnote 2). Zhaotong City has one district and 10 counties. All except one county are nationally designated poverty counties. Zhaotong has 825 poverty-classified villages and 1,336,700 poverty-classified people, the largest number in any single administrative region in Yunnan. The Sayu River Basin is an important area for ecological protection in the upper Yangtze River Basin and an important drinking water source. One reservoir, Yudong (located along the Sayu River) is the only centralized drinking water source for about 600,000 people in Zhaotong. Water in the Yudong Reservoir Basin, including Yudong Reservoir, is polluted due to (i) agriculture-related NPS pollution; (ii) discharge of waste in the Sayu River Basin; and (iii) high sediment runoff due to soil erosion. In many locations the water quality is worse than Class III of the PRC national standard which is unfit for drinking.
69. To address these challenges, the PRC Government formulated the YREB Development Plan 2016–2030, which stipulated the prioritization of ecological protection and promotion of green development as the guiding principle for the YREB development (footnote 4). ADB and the PRC government have agreed to adopt a framework approach, providing about $2.0 billion of funding in the YREB during 2018–2020 to strategically program ADB’s lending support for development initiatives in the YREB with priority given to the following four areas: (i) ecosystem restoration, environmental protection, and water resources management; (ii) green and
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inclusive industrial transformation; (iii) construction of an integrated multimodal transport corridor; and (iv) institutional strengthening and policy reform.
70. The current project is part of this larger program of ADB support for the YREB. The project aims to demonstrate effective management of water pollution in the Sayu River Basin. It is consistent with: (i) the PRC’s Thirteenth FYP 2016–2020, which aims to realize “ecological civilization”; (ii) the YREB Development Plan 2016–2030, which emphasizes green development, environment protection, rehabilitation, and management of water resources; (iii) ADB’s Strategy 2030, which emphasizes the importance of environmentally sustainable and inclusive growth; (iv) ADB’s country partnership strategy for the PRC 2016–2020, which aims to improve the PRC’s environment and manage climate change by realizing “ecological civilization”; and (v) ADB’s Water Operational Plan 2011–2020, which emphasizes integrated water resources management.
B. Outputs and Project Components
71. The project will be aligned with the following impact: pollution and pressure on natural resources in the Yangtze River Basin reduced. The project will have the following outcome: water pollution and soil erosion in the upper reaches of Sayu River Basin reduced. The project has four outputs, as follows.
72. Output 1: Water pollution sources in the Sayu River Basin reduced. This output includes (i) waste management, including centralized wastewater management system, distributed wastewater management system, and animal feces management; (ii) solid waste management, introducing garbage pyrolysis facilities and establishing comprehensive solid waste management from households to plants, including garbage classification; (iii) pilot eco- villages to reduce emission through environmental protection activities, education, and publicity; (iv) wetlands construction to reduce NPS pollution, introducing new artificial wetlands which can be constructed in basic farmlands and combination of artificial facilities and artificial wetlands; (v) establishment of quantifiable soil and water conservation model which will be quite useful to plan afforestation and estimate effects on soil and water conservation; and (vi) promotion of low emission agriculture with innovative technologies (ecological drainage ditches, gridded surface source pollution monitoring platform, measures to estimate at least necessary fertilizer volume and reduce fertilizer use, recycling, etc.) and incentive (establishment of green and organic crop brands).
73. Output 2: Water resources in the Sayu River Basin protected from pollution. This output includes (i) establishment of river protection model using intelligent cloud platform river information management system, in collaboration with the existing river chief system of the PRC; and (ii) establishment of smart water integrated management platform by construction monitoring facilities and integrating them and an existing irrigation area information system, for real-time monitoring and actions in the event of water quality deterioration.
74. Output 3: Eco-compensation mechanism established for the Sayu River Basin. This output includes (i) implementation of an existing horizontal eco-compensation mechanism between Ludian County and Zhaoyang District and establishment and implementation of town- and township-level horizontal eco-compensation mechanisms; and (ii) establishment and implementation of an eco-compensation fund which will contribute to sustainable water pollution management during and after the project. Safeguards for this project component will be managed through an ESMS, which will be implemented by an EFMC and the PMO environment officer and PMO social officer, with technical support and training from the LICs.
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75. Output 4: Education, capacity, and public awareness on water pollution management strengthened. This output includes (i) capacity development of government staff for rural water pollution management and eco-compensation; (ii) education of students for rural water pollution management and eco-compensation; (iii) public awareness raising; and (iv) dissemination and replication of project initiatives.
76. Outputs 1 and 2 consist of eight components (Table III-1), which involve construction activities. Output 3 will largely support non-structural measures for funding the O&M of the project facilities, institutional and managerial strengthening for water resources management, and potentially also small civil works for activities relevant to environmental management in the Yudong Reservoir and will be managed under the ESMS. Output 4 comprises institutional and managerial strengthening, including training, workshops, domestic study tours, and overseas study tour for rural water pollution management and eco-compensation, and does not involve any works. This EIA largely focuses on potential environmental risks of the proposed works under outputs 1 and 2 and the design of an ESMS for Output 3.
Table III-1: Summary of Project Components for Outputs 1 and 2 Output Component Component 1-1 - Rural wastewater collection and treatment: construction of 26 rural wastewater treatment stations, with the total capacity of 261 m3/d, 414.67 km sewer pipeline, 12,478 manholes and two pumping stations (total capacity of 1,030 m3/d); and 17,323 septic tanks for treatment of animal fecal wastes. Component 1-2: Solid waste management: construction of (i) two garbage pyrolysis plants, with a total capacity of 90 t/d (70 t/d for Shuimo Town and 20 t/d for Sujia Town); (ii) four garbage transfer stations, with a total capacity of 90 t/d. Conponent 1-3 - Environmental improvement in three villages: (i) domestic waste sorting collection; (ii) construction of sewage interception, rain and sewage diversion system; (iii) 1 afforestation and beautification of rivers outside the village; (iv) reuse of straw compost for agriculture; (v) construction of villagers leisure places, public toilets and reading rooms; and (vi) energy-saving street lamps. The total beneficiaries will be 8,630 households; Component 1-4 - Wetlands construction: 6 constructed wetlands with total area of 38 ha. Component 1-5 – Afforestation around water sources: 445 ha covering 27 plots, including ecological forest (268.45 ha), economic forest (36.72 ha), and perennial herb (139.91 ha) Component 1-6 - Promotion of low emission agriculture: promotion of environment-friendly and climate-smart farmland in four pilot highland areas (total area of 1,300 ha); and control of fertilizer and pesticides release in three pilot areas (200 ha in total). Component 2-1 - Ecological river rehabilitation: small embankment works for 41 river sections with the total length of 98.3 km in seven small watersheds; 2 Output 2-2 - Smart water integrated management platform: construction of 3 water quality monitoring stations, 4 water level monitoring stations, 44 video monitoring stations (360 degree), and 7 rainfall stations
Output 1: Rural waste in the Sayu River Basin managed
77. This output comprises the following six components.
(i) Component 1-1 Rural wastewater collection and treatment
78. The approach adopted by the project to address rural wastewater collection and treatment comprises: (i) infrastructure support (pumps and pipeline network) to complete the
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existing Longshu WWTP; and (ii) the establishment of small, decentralized WWTS to service individual or clusters of villages and townships. This approach is complementary and reflects the size and location of populations within the project area; (iii) the establishment of a small constructed wetland next to each WWTS. This will meet the national requirement that treated effluent cannot be discharged directly into waterways. The treated effluent will flow through the constructed wetland via passive (gravity-fed) surface flow, then into existing small agricultural ditches, draining eventually into the nearest stream or river; and (iv) finally, establishment of six larger constructed wetlands, along larger waterways which drain directly into the Sayu River and Yudong Reservoir, providing a further level of water filtration and wastewater management.
79. Longshu WWTP. This subcomponent will construct two pump-stations with capacities of 334 m3/h and 696 m3/h, respectively, for pumping the sewer from towns of Shuimo and Xinjie to the WWTP, and completion of the pipeline network for the WWTP. The locations of the facilities are shown in Figure III-1. The proposed equipment and process are shown in Figures III-2 to Figure III-4. Sludge will be dewatered and dried onsite and transported by sealed container for disposal at the Shuimo GPP and/or as fertilizer for fields. Due diligence for the WWTP is described in Section III.C.
80. WWTS. A total 44 of WWTS in 44 villages of six towns (Sujia, Sayu, Leju, Shuimo, Longshu, Xinjie), with a combined total capacity of 776 m3/d (Table III-2), will be supported. Of 18 of the 44 systems, the project support will comprise construction of the sewer pipelines only, as these WWTS have already been constructed using domestic funds (the total treatment capacity is 515 m3/d; due diligence for these 18 WWTS is in Section III.C). For the other 26 systems, both the WWTS (261 m3/d in total) and sewer pipes will be constructed. The total length of sewer pipes is 414.67 km with the manholes of 12,478. Two treatment designs were considered for the WWTS, based on cost, projected waste volumes, and locations: (i) Chinese tank (A/O process) – for treatment capacity <2 m3/d; and (ii) integrated equipment (ordinary A2/O process) – for treatment scale ≥2 m3/d. Both options will be adopted for the project, based on individual site conditions. Both designs will achieve treatment to 1A national standard, the highest possible, and which is most appropriate for the project location within and upstream of a reservoir catchment area.
81. The WWTS are designed to be mechanically relatively simple, require limited O&M effort or advanced O&M skills, and be low cost. Operation of the WWTS will require low electricity supply (~1.5 kilowatts [kW]) which will be supplied by an installed solar panel and connection to the local electricity grid. The WWTS are designed to treat effluent to national 1A standard (the highest possible for wastewater treatment). An automated sensor will be installed at the discharge valve, which will measure two parameters (COD, NH3-N). The results will be logged internally and sent by wifi signal to the Yudong Reservoir Administration and local EEB. The treated effluent will be discharged into a small adjacent constructed wetland for further purification, before draining into the nearest river. Discharge volumes will be small (2–5 m3/day) reflecting the small size of the villages being serviced. Small volumes of sludge will be generated and will require emptying of the septic tank every 3–4 years. The sludge will be disposed in nearby fields, as fertilizer, to maximize reuse of materials and avoid transport costs to landfill. The WWTS will be managed by the local town or village administration, with guidance from the EEB and Yudong Reservoir Administration. Standard emergency response procedures will be prepared to ensure that, in the event of (e.g.) a power failure, EEB or local township administration respond and visit the WWTS. In the event that repairs are required, either the town administration or EEB will contract a service engineer, as needed. It is anticipated that such costs will be paid from Output 3 (eco-compensation fund) of the project.
82. The small constructed wetland next to each WWTS will be a simple structure of gravel and finer materials and planted aquatic vegetation which will drain by gravity (i.e., no infrastructure such as subsurface pipes or mats). The design is known as “oxidation pond and 35
constructed wetland” and is characterized relatively by low investment and O&M costs, with the principal work comprising seasonal removal of dead vegetation (necessary, to remove absorbed pollutants stored in the plant matter). Design and operation of the six larger constructed wetlands is described in Section III.B(iv).
Table III-2: Summary of the 44 Rural Sewage Collection and Treatment Systems Town Administrative Treatment No. Villages ADB Project (sewer pipe) Village Capacity Sujia Town Buchu Chestnut garden 1 (Sewer pipe: Majia Liangzi 40m3/d 57.1 km; Guojia Village manholes: Official yard 2 30m3/d 1920) Yangjia Patio Upper press room Pipeline only 3 30 m3/d Press room Lower stone 4 30 m3/d Shangshi Tu Gu 5 Xiaoshongshu Small pine 15m3/d 6 Old house 15 m3/d 7 Small river 5 m3/d Both WWTS and 8 Komatsu Village 10 m3/d pipeline 9 Daijiagou 5 m3/d Xindian Dapingzi Pipeline only Big fire 10 15 m3/d Camp foot Catch the road 11 Yuba Kangjiayuan 15 m3/d 12 Yuba Village 15 m3/d 13 Fishing dam 15 m3/d 14 Liyuan Dapingzi 15 m3/d 15 Xujiagou 5 m3/d Both WWTS and 16 Liyuan Village 5 m3/d pipeline 17 Shenjia bag 5 m3/d 18 Guahai Zhongguazhai 15 m3/d Pipeline only 19 Weijia bag 15 m3/d 20 Yuanjiaying 30 m3/d 21 Campfire 5m3/d Both WWTS and 22 Sujia Sujia 25 m3/d pipeline 23 Cold card 10 m3/d 24 Road on the ping 5 m3/d 25 Road under the ping 5 m3/d Sayu town Jule Haizi Pipeline only 26 (Sewer pipe: New camp 40 m3/d 8.43 km; Yan Jiashan manholes: 27 Period black 30 m3/d 280) Leju Town Xinhe Camp (Sewer pipe: Zhongying 28 9.62 km; Camp 150 m3/d manholes: Pepipo 321) 29 Shuimo Town Big rock 5m³/d Both WWTS and 30 (sewer pipes: Tiechang Woods 1m³/d pipeline 31 82.07 km; Wujiacun 10m³/d manholes: Xinpeng White house natural 32 15m³/d 2378) village 33 Ditch gate 15m³/d
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Town Administrative Treatment No. Villages ADB Project (sewer pipe) Village Capacity 34 Shuimo Small rock foot 5m³/d 35 Aru block 5m³/d 36 Longshu Xinle Luojiawan North 2m³/d 37 Town Luojiawanzhong 5m³/d 38 (sewer pipes: Luojiawan South 5m³/d 39 178.64 km; Jintang Street sub-village 10m³/d manholes: Fengjiawan 40 5588) 5m³/d 41 Xinjie Town Shanqiao Wangjiapingzi Village 10m³/d Pipeline only (Sewer pipe: Flash Bridge Village Both WWTS and 42 10m³/d 78.18 km; South pipeline manholes: Flash Bridge Village 43 1991) 10m³/d North 44 Pingdiying Pingdi Camp 16m³/d i). The WWTS: Total treatment capacity is 776 m3/d (including 18 existing WWTS with the capacity of 515 m3/d; the ADB project includes 26 WWTS Total (261 m3/d); ii). Sewer pipes: Total length 414.67 km with 12,478 manholes. Sources: Domestic environmental impact assessment and feasibility study reports.
Figure III-1: Ordinary solar micro-power Figure III-2 Chinese tank (A/O process) integrated equipment (A2/O process)
Figure III-3 Integrated equipment (ordinary A2/O process)
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Figure III-4 Layout of Rural Sewer Collection and Treatment Facilities
83. Manure collection tanks for livestock waste. The component 1-1 also includes the construction 17,323 manure collection tanks (5 m3 each) for treatment of fecal animal waste for 17,323 households of three towns of Shuimo, Longshu and Xinjie in Zhaoyang District, and the villages within Maobizi Reservoir (Section III.C) area in Ludian County, which accounts or 52.65% of total households in the upper reach of Sayu River Basin. The livestock waste refers to small numbers of pigs, sheep, goats, and/or cattle held by individual households. There is no industrial livestock farm in the project area. See the summary in Table III-3 in detail, and the Figure III-5 for the locations.
Table III-3: Summary of the septic tanks for animal wastes Coverage of septic County/District Towns/townships households population tanks Shuimo 3,134 6,658 47.07% Ludian County Longshu Town 8,386 10,283 81.55% Xinjie Town 2,350 5,494 42.77% Subtotal 1,3870 22435 61.82% Sayu Town 628 866 72.52% 38
Zhaoyang Locke 496 941 52.71% District Sujia Township 2,329 6,331 36.79% Subtotal 3,453 8,138 42.43% Total 17323 30,573 52.65%
Figure III-5 Locations of Septic Tanks for Treatment of Animal Fecal Wastes
(ii) Component 1.2 Rural solid wastes collection and treatment
84. The component will comprise: (i) four GTSs, with a total combined capacity of 90 tons per day (t/d) in the project area; and (ii) construction of two GPPs, with a total treatment capacity of 90 t/d (70 t/d for Shuimo Town and 20 t/d for Sujia Town) (Table III-4). The total service population will be 118,798 (94.08% of the 126,267 villagers living in Yudong Reservoir Basin. The per capita daily garbage production is 0.48 kilograms (kg), and the seasonal fluctuation coefficient is 1.3. Solid waste will be collected and transported by the existing municipal waste collection systems to the GTS and temporarily stockpiled. The waste will then be transported to the two GPPs for disposal in sealed collection containers, to avoid leakage and minimize odors. The service scope of GTS includes Xinjie Town (53 natural villages),
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Longshu Town (27 villages), Shuimo Town (48 villages), Sujia Township (85 villages) and Leju Town (3 villages), Sayu Town (12 villages), Dashanbao Town (19 villages), and Dazhaizi Township (15 villages).
Table III-4: Rural Rubbish Collection and Treatment (t/d) Town/ No. of Max. rubbish Design No. GTS GPP township villages quantity capacity 1 Xinjie Town 49 13.34 Xinjie Town Dazhaizi 2 10 0.67 Waste Transfer Township 20.00 Station Dashanbao Shuimo GPP 3 30 1.30 Town (70 t/d) 4 total 89 15.31 The total area is 0.867 ha, the land is an 5 Longshu Town Longshu Town 27 21.09 abandoned quarry, no 6 waste Transfer Leju Town 3 1.68 35.00 villages or communities 7 Station total 30 22.77 within 600 m around the site, and the vegetation 8 Shuimo Town Shuimo Town 48 10.51 around the site is a few waste Transfer Dashanbao 9 6 0.27 20.00 weeds and shrubs Station Town (rubbish transport 10 total 54 10.78 distance:5-25 km). Directly 11 transport to Shuimo Town 3 0.93 pyrolysis plant Sujia Township Sujia Sujia GPP 12 waste Transfer 71 10.15 Township (20 t/d) Station The total area is 0.728 Directly Sujia 15.00 ha, no villages or communities within 600 13 transport to Township 7 1.85 m around the site; the GPP vegetation on and Directly around site are weeds, shrubs and trees. 14 transport to Sayutown 12 1.67 (rubbish transport GPP distance:5-23 km). Source: Feasibility study report.
Figure III-5.1. Current situation of Shuimo Figure III-5.2. Current situation of Sujia Town Town GPP Site GPP Site
85. Waste sorting and recycling. Sorting of wet waste (food waste, livestock waste) from dry waste (e.g., paper, plastics, wood, concrete) already occurs at the household level at a high rate in the project area, as confirmed by analysis of village garbage content (see below). Under project subcomponent 1.3 (eco-village improvement), environmental education of
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communities and schools will be conducted to promote garbage classification, recycling, reduced resource use, and phasing out of single-use plastics, to replace them with locally sourced, reusable, and compostable products. At the GTS, limited sorting of the dry waste (e.g., to separate glassware from plastic bottles) is anticipated at the current time. This is because (i) the waste volumes in the project area are relatively small due to the small populations; and (ii) there are few facilities for recycling in Zhaotong City at the current time; and (iii) the long distance from the project area to the municipal capital renders transport costs uneconomical. The GPPs are therefore regarded as the key waste solution method at the current time. This will be reassessed in the future as recycling centers are introduced and costs become economical.
86. Lifecycle for solid waste at the GPPs: temporary storage, treatment, and disposal of ash and slag. Solid waste transferred from the GTS will be examined upon arrival at the GPP to ensure materials are suitable for gasification. All solid waste will be stored in storage rooms under cover, to prevent leachate discharge or wetting from rain. The storage rooms will have drains to capture any leachate. The waste will be subject to magnetic filtering, then crushing and sieving at the GPP, then transferred to the gasification chamber. Small pyrolysis gasification will be the primary method for solid waste disposal. This method is recommended by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology for small rural populations.16 The process and GPP layout are shown in Figures III-6 to III-8.
87. The gasification comprises two phases: (i) pyrolysis gasification and combustion in anoxic state, in a gasification chamber; and (ii) excess oxygen combustion. In the first phase, the temperature is controlled at about 600°C–800°C, in order to completely burn non-volatile combustibles in the garbage through a pyrolytic gasification process in the absence of oxygen. A small amount of oil will be required to initiate the gasification process – coal or other combustible materials will not be used. To confirm the effectiveness of these temperatures, the calorific value of the rural garbage was derived by analyzing the composition of sample waste from 4 project villages and 4 towns. Each sample comprised about 30 kg of garbage. Analysis was conducted by the Xi’an Guolian Quality Testing Technology Co. Eleven categories of content were assessed (plastics+rubber, kitchen waste, paper, textile, wood+bamboo, concrete, brick+porcelain, glass, metals, other, mixed). After sorting, the contents were burned to derive the calorific value. As an example, for one town (Shuimo) the three highest categories by volume were: paper (34.37%–39.61%), kitchen waste (20.46%–29.92%) and plastics+rubber (15.10%–21.98%). The lowest categories were wood+bamboo, concrete, brick+porcelain, and other (0%–1.69%). Calorific value (all categories) ranged from 7.52– 15.92 megajoules (MJ)/kg, and was similar for a village (Dahaodi) (7.41–16.63 MJ/kg). In general, waste with higher content of plastics and PVC has a higher calorific value than waste with less plastics and PVC and more paper or wet waste. Rural communities in the project area sort the wet and dry waste prior to rubbish disposal, to utilize organic matter as fertilizer for household agriculture. This implies a high calorific value (low wet content) for the waste to be sent to the GPPs.
88. Phase 1 also generated combustible gases, which provide fuel for phase 2. After phase 1, the combustible volatile gas emitted from the gasification process then enters a second combustion chamber. The temperature is controlled at 850°C-1,000°C, so that the combustible gas sent from the first gasification chamber is mixed with sufficient high-temperature air to form a vortex, in the presence of oxygen. The high-temperature flue gas generated by the full combustion is repeatedly mixed in the flue, to ensure that dioxins and other chemicals are fully decomposed at high temperature, and then remaining particles are allowed to settle. This is sent to a pre-heating area to dry the garbage; then it is sent to a cooling and heat exchange
16 Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Environmental Protection Equipment Manufacturing Industry, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology [2017] No. 250. 41
device to recover its heat for heating. The cooled flue gas is discharged through a chimney after being cleaned and purified. The organic matter produced after the garbage pyrolysis will be re-fired to maintain the high temperature in the GPP. After the flue gas is purified, the emission gas from the chimney will mainly comprise carbon dioxide. The exhaust gas purification process is "the quench tower + neutralization tower + activated carbon injection + bag filter dusting + ozonation + Sodium thiosulfate denitrification”. The purpose of the quench tower (rapid cooling) is so that the flue gas temperature rapidly drops from 850℃ to below 200℃, to prevent the formation of dioxins (which occurs at temperatures of 200-500℃). The neutralization process comprises the addition of alkaline chemicals to neutralize the acid in the flue gas. This overall procedure is designed to meet the PRC Pollution Control Standards for Domestic Garbage Incineration.17
89. In addition to flue gas, these processes will result in two forms of solid waste: flue ash, and slag (residual solid waste that is not fully gasified). All forms of ash generated from commercial and industrial activity are classified as hazardous in the PRC. The GPP design includes a mixing chamber in which the ash will be mixed with a chelator (bonding agent) and cement, to bond the ash particles and render any toxic materials inert. The ash from both GPPs will be compressed into bricks on-site, then transported to the Zhaoyang District Yongfeng and Jiupu Town Landfill (located in Kazi Village; due diligence is in Section III.C). For the slag, the GPP design includes a rotary device at the end of the treatment machinery, which will discharge the slag. The slag from Shuimo GPP (which will process 70 t/d of solid waste) will be used to make construction bricks and sold, thereby increasing the reuse of the waste. For Sujia GPP (which will only process 20 t/d), the slag will be disposed at Zhaoyang District Yongfeng and Jiupu Town Landfill. To ensure safe disposal, slag samples from the nearby existing Longshu GPP (which utilizes the same process to be followed under the project) were sent by the EIA design institute to a national certified company for content analysis (Centre Testing International Group Co., Ltd.; www.huace.cn), focusing especially on heavy metals and hazardous substances, e.g., cyanide. The analysis confirmed that the content was non- hazardous and that heavy metal levels were below the required national limits.
90. Wastewater from the GPPs will be generated from three sources: (i) leachate from the stockpiled waste, (ii) water used for cleaning the GPP machinery and floors, and (iii) domestic wastewater (toilets, showers, dishwashing and laundry) generated by staff. For the leachate, volumes are expected to be small, because the only waste to be received by the GPPs is dry waste (organic matter will not be transported to the GTS or GPP and will instead be disposed in the manure collection tanks for livestock waste (see previous paragraphs). Small volumes of leachate will be disposed with the solid waste by gasification; if large volumes are present, this will be transported by sealed container to the on-site leachate treatment plant at the Zhaoyang District Yongfeng and Jiupu Town Landfill. For the water used for GPP cleaning, this will not come into contact with the flue machinery and therefore will not be at risk from mixing with hazardous residues. Water used for cooling in the operation designs will also not be in contact with the flue gas. The domestic wastewater will be treated within an on-site small wastewater treatment facility to 1A standard and then discharged through subsurface pipes onto the grounds of the GPP for greening.
17 The examination results for the existing GPPs constructed by the domestic fund showed that the pollutants from the exhaust gas meet the standard of GB18485-2014. Note: currently in the PRC, there are no national standards for GPP emissions, as the industry is new. National standards for incineration plants are currently applied to GPPs. Design of the GPPs was partly based on lessons learned from (i) about 100 existing GPPs in Yunnan Province, most of which were constructed without domestic EIAs; (ii) two GPPs in Guangxi Province (20 t/d, operating since 2018; and 50 t/d, under construction). 42
Figure III-6a: Waste pyrolysis lifecycle: solid waste storage, gasification, and disposal of flue ash and slag.
Figure III-6b: Plan Layout of GPP
Figure III-7+8 Flow Chart of Waste Pyrolysis Process
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Figure III-9: Locations of GPPs and GTSs
(iii) Component 1-3 Environmental improvement in Three Villages
91. This component involves three pilot villages within the Sayu River Basin: (i) Anjisongbao Village (3,430 households) in Xinjie Town. The village is located along Dashanbao Highway leading to Dashanbao Scenic Area; (ii) Liyuan Village (2,460 households) in Longshu Town.; and (iii) Shuimotou Village (2,740 households). Based on the current situation of each villages, the project contents include (i) domestic waste sorting collection; (ii) construction of sewage interception, rain and sewage diversion system; (iii) restoration, afforestation and beautification of rivers outside the village; (iv) the straw composted and be returned to the field to realize the resource utilization of straw; (v) construction of villagers leisure places, public toilets and reading rooms; and (vi) energy-saving street lamps (Figure III-6).
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Sanitation
⚫ Rubbish sorting and collection; ⚫ sewage interception, rain and sewage diversion
Clean river and Channel
Restoration, afforestation and beautification of rivers
Ecological river and Channel
⚫ Native plants ⚫ Biological diversity
Villagers living in harmony with Nature
Figure III-10: Planned Village Designs
(iv) Component 1-4 Wetland construction
92. Based on the classification of the seven sub-basins in the Sayu River Basin and the distribution of pollution sources, this component will establish six constructed wetlands in two sub-basins, with a total wetland surface area of 570 mu (38 ha). Two types will be established: “pond-constructed wetland-ecological ditches” and “planting clean water cash crop”.
Table III-5: Summary of Constructed Wetlands Treatment Constructed Area No. Sub-basin capacity Type of Constructed Wetland Wetland mu (ha) (m³/d) 1 Longshu Dahaizi Wetland 189.03 (12.6) 2,773.07 Planting Clean water cash crop 2 River Zhongheba Wetland 113.76 (7.6) 3,783.49 Pond-constructed wetland-
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ecological ditch 3 Longxiang Wetland 115.02 (7.7) 941.49 Clean water cash crop 4 Longshu Wetland 50.81(3.4) 1,201.33 Clean water cash crop Xiaohebian Pond-constructed wetland- 5 86.92 (5.8) 1,577.97 wetland ecological ditch Pond-constructed wetland- 6 Xin River Xinhe Wetland 14.93 (1) 980.31 ecological ditch Source: FSR and DEIA.
93. The wetlands will receive treated effluent of the rural WWTS. After treatment in the rural WWTS, the water quality will be Grade 1-A. Then, after treatment in the wetlands, the water quality of the wetland effluent will meet the Grade III of the PRC surface Water Quality Standard of GB3838-2002 (Table III-7). This quality is sufficient for subsequent drainage into rivers.
Figure III-11: Design sketch of the Figure III-12: process flow diagram of constructed wetland constructed wetland
Table III-7. Water Qualities of Influent and effluent of the designed Wetlands (mg/L)
Pollutant SS CODCr BOD5 NH3-N TP TN Influent <10 <50 <10 <5 <0.5 <15 Effluent <10 <20 <4 2.5 0.15 <4.5 Pollutant removal rate (%) >60% >60% 50% 70% 70% Standard of GB3838-2002 - Ⅲ — 20 4 1 0.2 1.0 Source: the FSR and DEIA (v) Component 1-5 Afforestation around the water sources
94. The total proposed afforestation area is 6,676.25 mu (445 ha) covering 27 plots in three towns of Shuimo, Longshu and Xinjie, as well as the area nearby Maobizi Reservoir water source. Based on the local weather, topography, slope and soil, the afforestation includes three types of ecological forest (4,026.81 mu/268.45 ha), economic forest (550.83 mu/36.72 ha) and perennial herb (2,098.61 mu/139.91 ha) (Table III-6 and Table III-7). For the ecological afforestation, only native species will be used. For all afforestation and all other project planting activities, including rehabilitation of works sites: (i) no plant species will be used that are classified in the PRC as weeds, as defined by the China National Invasive Plant Database (http://www.agripests.cn; 229 species) and by the MEE and Chinese Academy of Sciences (19 species); (ii) no top-dressing of fertilizer will be applied, to reduce the risk of NPS pollution from runoff after rains. Fertilizer will be applied once at the root base during planting; and (iii) no pesticides classified as restricted-use or hazardous in the PRC and/or by the World Health Organization will be used. These measures are included in the EMP.
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Table III-5: Areas and Species of the Afforestation Forest type Area (mu/ha) Species • Broadleaf forest: red leaf heather, black locust, crape 4,026.81 mu/ 268.45 myrtle, privet; Ecological forest ha • Coniferous: larch, cedar, arborvitae. • Shrub: heather, fire thorn, azalea, green thorn fruit. Economic forest 550.83 mu/ 36.72 ha Chestnut, walnut and prickly ash (local species) 2,098.61 mu/ 139.91 Chinese herbal medicine: Codonopsis and Polyphyllin – for Perennial herbs ha household level livelihoods (use and sale) Sources: Domestic environmental impact assessment and feasibility study reports.
Table III-7 Summary of the Afforestation (mu/ha) Economic Ecological Perennial Town No. Village Total Area forest forest herb 1 Chen Jiahaizi, Pingdiying Village 1,716.59 544.56 2,261.15 2 Shuoyigou, shanqiao Village 191 191 3 Zhongjiaying, shanqiao Village 109.15 109.15 4 Lijiahe, Xinjie Community 145.65 145.65 5 Zhangjiahe, Xinjie Community 49.94 49.94 Xinjie 6 Pingshanding, Pingdiying Village 500.89 352.87 853.76 10 group&11group, Xinjie 7 0 50.81 50.81 Community 8 10 group & 11group, Jiufang Village 0 182.62 182.62 3,844.08 Subtotal 550.83 2,059.17 1,234.08 mu/256.27 ha 1 Jiaoyiwa, Xinle Village 0 65.55 65.55 2 Xiaopo, Xinle Village 0 53.91 44.98 98.89 3 Yijiawan, Xinle Village 0 36.17 36.17 4 Mabuyuanzi, 0 62.15 183.04 245.19 Longshu 5 Shilonghe, Zhaobi Village 0 119.86 261.14 381 6 Jintang Community 0 74.1 74.1 0 900.9 subtotal 664.98 mu/60.06 ha Liangzishang 1, Tiechuang 0 0 1 117.13 117.13 community Liangzishang 2, Tiechuang 0 2 0 130.73 130.73 community Shuimo 3 Dashiyan, Tiechuang community 0 55.2 55.2 4 DapoLiangzi, Tiechuang community 0 127.05 127.05 5 Dushan, Shuimo Village 0 534.5 72.5 607 0 1,037.11 Subtotal 199.55 mu/69.14 ha 1 Pingzishang, Huang Nizhai Village 0 140.93 0 140.93 2 Tuotuo1, Huang Nizhai Village 0 172.56 0 172.56 3 Tuotuo2, Huang Nizhai Village 0 156.33 0 156.33 Area 4 Tuotuo3, Huang Nizhai Village 0 28.2 0 28.2 nearby 5 Tuotuo4, Huang Nizhai Village 0 93.77 0 93.77 Maobizi 6 Sifangbei1, Huangniuzhai Village 0 127.04 0 127.04 Reservoir 7 Sifangbei2, Huangniuzhai Village 0 148.99 0 148.99 8 Sifangbei3, Huangniuzhai Village 0 26.34 0 26.34 894.16 mu/ Subtotal 894.16 59.61 ha 6,676.25 550.83/ 4,026.81/ 2,098.61/ Total mu/445.08 36.72 268.45 1,039.91 ha Sources: Domestic environmental impact assessment and feasibility study reports..
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(vi) Component 1-5 Promotion of low emission agriculture
95. This component will demonstrate agriculture-related NPS pollution reduction in the upper Sayu River Basin, comprising: (i) promotion of high value environment-friendly and climate- smart agriculture in four pilot highland areas (about 1,300 ha in total); and (ii) reduction of fertilizer and pesticides release in three pilot areas (about 200 ha in total). The demonstration construction of high-altitude agricultural industry in the project area is around the development of apple, potato, and vegetable industries and building high standard farmland and cycling agriculture demonstration zones in Zhaoyang District and Ludian County.
96. The four pilot highland areas will be divided into 25 plots: 3 plots with area of 3,812.11 mu (254.14 ha) in Xinjie Town; 10 plots with area of 7,531.36 mu (502.09 ha) in Longshu Town; 7 plots with area of 4,325.83 mu (321.72 ha) in Shuimo Town; 4 plots with area of 1,727.75 mu (81.85 ha) in Sujia Township; and 1 plot with area of 564.18 mu (37.61 ha) in Sayu Town. The three pilot areas for fertilizer release will be divided into five sections: Wangjiayingpan, Sujia Village, Sujia Towns (total area 545.5 mu/36.37 ha); Wangjiatun, Jinqiao Village, and Xinjia Towns (442.81 mu/29.52 ha); Malishulin and Jiufang villages (778.9 mu/51.93 ha); Xiaoliangshan (1,000 mu/) in Zhaobi Village, Longshu Town; and 1,000 mu in Shulinbian and Tiechang villages of Shuimo Town. All pilot plots except at Xiaoliangshan partly overlap with the pilot highland areas. The locations are shown in the following figure:
Table III-8 Summary of Highland Agriculture Pilots NPS pollution control Pilot highland agriculture pilot Town/ No. Village Area omposting Fertilizer township Agricultural c Constructed content control technology fermentation pit land Shanqiao 442.81 mu Pumping station, pool, 442.81 mu 1 (Wangjiadian) (29.5 ha) and irrigation network (29.5 ha) Land leveling, machine- 2,590.4 mu cultivated road, pumping 2 Muzhuqi, Xinjie (172.7 ha) station, pool and irrigation network Xinjie Self-pressing water tank, Malizishulin, 778.9 mu water supply, water 778.9 mu 3 15 Jiafang (51.9 ha) distribution network and (51.9 ha) machine-cultivated 3,812.11 Subtotal mu (254.1 ha) 2,050.03 Ditches for drainage and Longsu, 1 mu (136.7 irrigation, machine- Longxiang ha) cultivated Ditches for drainage and 1,272.9 mu Longxiang irrigation, machine- (84.9 ha) cultivated Crop variety test, soil Longshu testing and Town of 2 fertilization, Ditches for drainage and Ludian 865 mu various Guzai irrigation, machine- County (57.7 ha) irrigation cultivated road methods and water/fertilizer integration demonstration Drainage diches, Irrigation Li Jiayakou, 637.98 mu and drainage integrated 3 Zhaobi (42.5 ha) channel and machine- cultivated road
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NPS pollution control Pilot highland agriculture pilot Town/ No. Village Area omposting Fertilizer township Agricultural c Constructed content control technology fermentation pit land Drainage diches, Irrigation Luojiawanzi, 367.19 mu and drainage integrated 4 Xinle (24.5 ha) channel and machine- cultivated road Drainage diches, Irrigation 5 Xiaopo, Xinle 623.05/41.5 and drainage integrated channel 190.26 mu Construction of drainage 6 Fujiawan, Xinle (12.7 ha) ditch 243.18 mu Construction of drainage 7 Xinfa, Xinle (16.2 ha) ditch 1,043.77 Construction machine 8 Dazhaizi, Jintang mu (69.6 road, pool ha) 238 mu Construction machine 9 Fujiawan 2, Xinle (15.9 ha) road, pool, drip irrigation Xiaoliangshan, 1,000 mu 1,000 mu 10 Zhaobi (66.7 ha) (66.7 ha) 8,531.36 Subtotal mu (568.8 ha) Huahongyuan 262.59 mu 1 Xinpengzi, Drainage ditch (17.5 ha) Xinpeng Dalaobaobaifang 349.48 mu Drainage ditch and 2 zi, Xinpeng (23.3 ha) machined road Nahechu, 132.77 mu 3 New drainage ditch Xinpeng (8.9 ha) 1,855.88 Lujiawan, Alu Newly built drainage ditch, 4 mu (123.7 Block, Shuimo machined road ha) Application of organic Yangchanggou, 294.11 mu 5 fertilizer and Shuimo Shuimu (19.6 ha) soil improvement New photovoltaic Shulinbiang, 1,000 mu pumping station, pool, 1,000 mu 6 Tiechang (66.7 ha) water delivery and (66.7 ha) distribution network Application of Sanjiacun 431 mu organic 7 wachuang, (28.7 ha) fertilizer, soil Shuimo improvement 4,325.83 Subtotal mu (288.4 ha) 259.27 mu 1 Guojia, Buchu Machine cultivating roads (17.3 ha) Pumping station, pool, Millet Chong, 284.94 mu 2 water supply pipe and Guazhai (19 ha) Sujia machine-grown road Township Newly built machine, the in water comes from the Circulating Zhaoyang Wang Jiaying 545.5 mu pressure water pool, agriculture 3 District Pan, Sujia (36.4 ha) water supply, water and various supply and water planting distribution network Hongyan Camp, 638.04 mu 4 Sujiacun (42.5 ha)
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NPS pollution control Pilot highland agriculture pilot Town/ No. Village Area omposting Fertilizer township Agricultural c Constructed content control technology fermentation pit land 1,727.75 Subtotal mu (115.2 ha) New pumping station, Water and 564.18mu pool, water supply and fertilizer 1 Xinyingpan (37.6 ha) distribution network, integration for Sayu machine road apple tree 564.18 mu Subtotal (37.6 ha) 18,961.23 Total mu (1264.1 ha) Source: Feasibility study report.
Figure III-13: Location of Highland Agriculture Pilots
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97. The agricultural NPS pollution control projects in the project area mainly include five type works: source control technical measures, fertilizer reduction, pesticide reduction, ecological drainage ditches and NPS pollution control monitoring systems.
Hight quality grain , fruits and vegetables Hight quality meats
Hight quality fodder Animal waste
Farming Straw
Farmland Organic fertilizer
Figure III-14: Schematic diagram of the Highland Agriculture Pilots
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Table III-9: Summary of Highland Agriculture NPP Control Demonstration Source control Fertilizer reduction Corn & NPP Intercropping of potato Soil Organic & Eco- Potato Control- 1 monitor Town No. Village potato + winter N- cross ridge sampling & specific Composting ditch intercropping release system catch demon farming testing fertilizer tank (each) (m) demon (mu) fertilizer(mu) (set) (mu) demon. (point) (mu (mu) 1 Shanqiao Village 473.25 1 473.25 2 Muzhuqi,(Wangjiadian) Xinjie 2,751.08 5 2,751.08 Xinjie 3 Malizishulin,community Jiafang 850.50 2 850.50 Subtotalvillage 2,751.08 850.50 473.25 8 2,751.08 1,323.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 Longsu, Longxiang 1,932.64 4 1,932.64 2 CommunityLongxiang 4 1,077.17 2,691.00 3 GuzaiCommunity Community 9 1,028.10 15.00 1,112.00 1.00 4 Li Jiayakou, Zhaobi 686.66 1 686.66 807.50 Longshu 5 Luojiawanzi,Village Xinle 361.55 1 361.55 1,146.10 Town of 6 Xiaopo,Village Xinle Village 584.55 1 584.55 Ludian 7 Fujiawan, Xinle 193.34 1 193.34 County 8 Xinfa, VillageXinle Village 236.30 1 236.30 9 Dazhaizi, Jintang 986.30 2 986.30 10 FujiawanCommunity 2, Xinle 1 256.92 11 Xiaoliangshan,Village 1,000.00 2 1,000.00 ZhaobiSubtotal Village 2,362.04 0.00 3,619.30 27 7,343.53 1,000.00 15.00 5,756.60 1.00 1 Huahongyuan 1 275.39 2 Xinpengzi,Dalaobaobaifangzi, Xinpeng 1 348.34 3 Nahechu,XinpengVillage XinpengVillage 1 137.24 4 Lujiawan,Village Alu Block, 1,889.65 3 1,889.65 Shuimo 5 Yangchanggou,Shuimo Village 316.68 1 316.68 6 ShuimuShulinbiang, Village 1,000.00 2 1,000.00 7 SanjiacunTiechang Communitywachuang, 416.88 1 416.88 ShuimoSubtotal village 3,306.53 316.68 0.00 1 3,384.18 1,000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sujia 1 Guojia Village, Buchu 268.55 1 268.55 Township in SVillageubtotal 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 564.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zhaoyang District Total 8,419.65 2,605.81 4,092.55 50 15,765.59 3,323.75 15.00 5,756.60 1.00 1 Designed for water treatment (not flood control): contains layers of gravel, soil, and plants. Water filters slowly through the ditch. Source: Feasibility study report.
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(vii) Emergency response procedures
98. For the GPP, WWTS, GTS, and constructed wetland project components, a framework emergency response plan has been prepared. This provides generalized guidance on O&M issues and responses. Detailed emergency response plans for each component will be prepared as part of the detailed engineering designs. O&M costs have also been identified for all project components. The eco-compensation fund (Output 3) is proposed as the principal funding source.
Output 2: Soil erosion in the Sayu River Basin reduced
(viii) Component 2-1 River rehabiltation
99. This component involves small embankment works along 41 sections of stream and river channel in seven small watersheds (Longshu River Basin, Yanjiashan River, Guazihai River, Lan River, Buchu River, Xin River and other rivers directly flowing into Yudong Reservoir). The total length of embankment works is 98.3 km, comprising 58.1 km (58%) in Ludian County and 40.9 km (42%) in Zhaoyang District. The 41 sections of channel are located in the eight towns of Shuimo, Longshu, Xinjie Town in Ludian County, and Sujia, Leju, Shayu and Dazaizi in Zhaoyang District. The designed flood control standard of the rivers and channels to be achieved by the works is once in 10 years (increased from the current 1-in-2 years flood standard). This will improve flood protection for about 5,179 people and 12,800 mu (853.33 ha) of farmland.
100. The structure of embankment. the lower structure of river revetment adopts Gabion- stone cages, while the upper structure adopts slope embankment and grass + weeping willow embankment, for the river sections with narrow bank space, stone masonry rectangular embankment with weeping willow protection have been designed. The construction contents are listed in Table III-10, and the cross-section of embankment shapes are in Figure III-15 and Figure III-16
Table III-10: Summary of River and Channel Embankment Works (41 sections) Total Small Vegetation Vegetation Rehabilitation No. River/channel length Structure watershed type area(m²) length(m) (m) 1 Tangfang River 6741.18 25262.83 613 2 Anjia Channel 734.11 4376.15 M7.5 gravity 93 masonry 3 Baishuiyan Channel 2604.5 5887.13 embankment 291 4 Niujiaying Channel 2614.98 21680.04 166 5 Miaozi Channel 640.98 Grass slope 1941.98 198 6 Dazhaizi Channel 1880.56 protection + 4546.13 233 Guzai-shenjia weeping willows 7 3455.29 610 Channel 8 Gengjiawan Channel 1719.11 7546 / Longshu 9 Liyuan Channel 1428.88 2589.87 191 River 10 Muguachong River 5801.01 37006.2 220 Yangchanggou Weeping M7.5 gravity 11 500 / Channel willows masonry Grass slope embankment 12 Miaozai Small River 2650 protection + 3488.8 / weeping willows Banbianjie Small Weeping 13 2160 - / River willows + alder 14 Naheicu Small River 1730 Grass slope 4556.42 790.28 protection + 15 Lujiawan Channel 633 weeping willows 576.8 /
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16 Changyuan Channel 400 - / Weeping 17 Xinpengzi Channel 700 202.09 willows 18 Shulinbian Channel 340 364.23 Weeping 19 Xiaohe Channel 1110 17205.9 / willows + alder Grass slope 20 Heilu Small River 5870 protection + 21104.55 658.24 weeping willows 21 Jiufang Channel 1250 7308 700 22 Miaozi Channel 870 4094.3 200 Jiufang-Longjiaying 23 758 3844.2 310 Channel Shanqiao- Persian 24 Longjiaying Small 1135 chrysanthemum 8688.82 50 River slope protection + weeping 25 Xiaosongbao River 1700 - 300 willow 26 Muzhuqi Channel 2530 9448.76 180 27 Xinjie Small River 2873 - 100 Shanqiao-Tiejiang 28 1000 4982.25 / Channel 29 Daijia Channel 5509 870.73 Lan River Mucaochong 30 1891.37 / Channel Grass slope Guazai 31 Guazai River protection + - 864.89 River 32 Guihua River weeping willows 7726.25 Buchu 33 Zhafang Channel 5425.77 / River 34 Dazaizi-Yufen River 7740 7308 / Yanjiashan 35 Leju River 1840 Grass slope 2169.43 53.12 River protection + 36 Xinhe Small River 5698.54 weeping willows 3168.09 916 37 Feijiachong Channel 880 Persian 7141.1 480 Xin River chrysanthemum slope protection 38 Shangying Channel 1100 + weeping - 210 willow 39 Gutuogu Channel 5610.3 / Grass slope Other 40 HuangjiawanChannel 1915.66 / protection + rivers Zhaizi-Shang 41 2100 weeping willows 9110.346 67.47 Channel Total Source: Feasibility study report.
河堤中线 种树 种树 种树 种树
河堤路 种树 种树 生态植草护坡
治理左导线 设计中心线 治理左导线 生态植草护坡 土方填筑 土方填筑 排水沟 排水沟 河 床
河堤中线 治理后河床面
格宾石笼 格宾石笼
Figure III-15 Cross Section of Slope Embankment
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种树 种树
设计中心线 植草 治理左导线 植草 治理左导线
河 床 排水孔 排水孔 土方回填 反滤包 治理后河床面 开挖线
M7.5浆砌石 M7.5浆砌石
Figure III-16 Cross Section of Rectangular Embankment
Figure III-17: design sketch of Rectangular Figure III-18: design sketch of Slope Embankment Embankment
(ix) Component 2-2 Smart Integrated Watersheds Mangment system
101. Establishment of smart water integrated management platform: the component includes the construction of 3 water quality monitoring stations, 4 water quality monitoring stations, 44 video monitoring stations (360 degree), and 7 rainfall stations.
Output 3: Eco-compensation mechanism established for the Sayu River Basin
102. This fund will be used for: (i) O&M costs for the project facilities, including the WWTS, GTS, eco-villages, constructed wetlands, and afforestation areas; and (ii) grants (compensations and subsidies for vegetation, afforestation, eco-agriculture, river monitoring, education, etc.). Specific examples include: sewage treatment facility operating costs; village garbage collection and treatment; eco-village operation and management; ecological river wardens; educational subsidies; ecological education and capacity-building activities; organic fertilizer industry development; fertilizer reduction experimental growing areas; pesticide reduction experimental growing areas; intercropping systems experimental growing areas; initial subsidy support to catalyze cultivation of high-value perennial herbs; riparian area sloping and marginal land afforestation subsidies; and, riparian area artificial wetlands construction and management. The fund will not be used for giving loans. The ESMS to guide the safeguard management of these activities is given in Appendix 4.
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C. Associated and Existing Facilities
103. The project due diligence considered two types of facilities per ADB’s SPS: (i) associated facilities – those which are not funded by the project but whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the project and whose operation and services are essential for successful operation of the project; and (ii) existing facilities – those which are already established and operating and which the project will help upgrade or rehabilitate. Due diligence was also conducted for existing facilities which will be necessary for the project operations, but which are not part of the project scope and will not be subject to any ADB-funded construction, operation, upgrade, rehabilitation, or other activities
104. The “associated facilities” of this project comprise 2 WWTP and 18 rural WWTS, for which the project will complete the sewage network so that both plants can become operational. There are no “existing facilities” to be supported under the project. For thoroughness, due diligence was also conducted for other facilities the project will be linked with: Ludian County Domestic Waste Landfill (which will receive the construction workers' domestic rubbish), Zhaoyang District Yongfeng and Jiupu Town Landfill (which will receive the project leachate and any excess sludge), and Yudong Reservoir.
105. Wastewater treatment plants. There are two centralized WWTPs in the project area. These have a total design capacity of 2,200 m3/d, and will be connected with the project-funded sewer pipelines and two pumping stations. This will enable the plant sewage collection and treatment systems to become fully operational. The designed effluent standards of the two plants are Grade I-A (Table III-11). The DEIAs for both plants were approved by Ludian County Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB). No due diligence issues were documented.
106. WWTS. Eighteen of the 26 rural WWTS to be supported by the project have already been constructed. These 18 WWTS have a total treatment capacity of 525 m3/d. The treatment process is “solar integrated system” and the effluent standard is Grade I-A (Table III-12). The due diligence confirmed that DEIAs were prepared for all 18 WWTS and approved by Zhaoyang District EPB. No due diligence issues were documented.
Table III-11: Existing Centralized Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Project Area Design Length of Treatment Effluent Service Name capacity Status sewer pipeline process standard scope (m3/d) (km) Biological Longshu Longshu contact Grade I-A 2,000 Test running 18 Town WWTP Town oxidation Under construction; to be Xinjie Town Xinjie A2/O Grade I-A 200 completed before Dec. 10 WWTP Town 2019 Source: Feasibility study report.
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Figure III-19: Top view of existing Longshu Figure III-20: The existing small rural WWTS WWTP
Table III-12: Eighteen Existing WWTS in the project area. All are recently constructed; none are operational, pending connection with the sewerage networks under the current project. Design Treatment Effluent No. Service scope capacity process standard (m3/d) 1 Three villages of Banliyuan, Majialiangzi and Guojia 40 Solar Grade I- 2 Two Villages of Guanjiayuanzi and Yangjiatianjing 30 integrated A 3 Two villages of Shangzhafang and Xiazhafang 30 equipment 4 Two villages of Xiashituogu and Shangshituogu 30 5 Xiaosongshu Village 15 6 Jiufangji Village 15 7 Four villages of Dapingzi, Dahuodi, Yingjiao and Ganchanglu 15 8 Kangjiayuanzi Village 15 9 Yuba Village (1) 15 10 Yuba Village (2) 15 11 Dapingzi Village 15 12 Zhonggua Village 15 13 Weijiabao Village 15 14 Yuanjiaying Village 30 15 Three villages of Haizi, Xinyingpan and Yanjiashan 40 16 Qimihei Village 30 17 Shangying Village 150 18 Wangjiapingzi Village 10 Total 525 Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment institute.
107. Ludian County Domestic Waste Landfill. Domestic waste during project construction and operation will be disposed at the Ludian County Domestic Waste Landfill (located in Zahojiahai Village of Xiaozai Town, Ludian County). The landfill was completed in November 2017, to national standard. It has a total area of 116 mu (7.73 ha), landfill capacity of 580,000 m3, designed daily capacity of 90 m3/d, and projected service life of 17 years. By June 2019, the landfilled had received 412,500 tons and the remaining capacity was 167,500 m3. The DEIA of the landfill was approved by Zhaotong City EEB in 2010. The landfill has high density polyethylene (HDPE) lining to prevent leachate and a network of drainage channels and collection pipes to capture the leachate. Leachate is treated in an on-site plant, to 1A standard. The treated leachate is used for greening of the land within the landfill property. There is no discharge of leachate to soil outside the landfill property or to any waterways.
108. Zhaoyang District Yongfeng and Jiupu Town Landfill (located at Group 6, Kazi Village, Shouwang Township, Zhaoyang District, Zhaotong City; operated and maintained by a contractor under the Zhaoyang District Housing and Urban Rural Construction Bureau). This 57
landfill will receive only: (i) leachate from the GTS and leachate from the two GPPs (if the GPPs cannot gasify the leachate along with the solid waste); and (ii) any excess sludge from the Longshu WWTP, which cannot be disposed as fertilizer for local greening and agriculture (e.g., if there is inadequate demand when sludge emptying and disposal is required). The landfill was completed in December 2017 to national standard. It has a total area of 120 mu (8 ha), landfill capacity of 600,000 m3, designed daily capacity of 100 t/d, and projected service life of 11 years. As of October 2019, the landfill has a remaining storage capacity of 420,000 m3. It services two towns (Yongfeng, Jiupu) and three villages (Taiping, Longquan, Shuijingwan). The landfill is located 42–62 km from the four GTS to be established under the project (Longshu GTS–42 km, transport time 0.75 hours; Xinjie GTS–53 km, 0.75–1 hour; Shuimo GTS–59 km, 1.5 hours; Sujia GTS–62 km, 2.5 hours). The expected project volumes of leachate and sludge that cannot be disposed on-site and must be disposed at landfill are small, and such transport will be intermittent, at low intervals, i.e., will be cost efficient. For the project solid waste, more regular transport will be required, which will be too expensive to this landfill. For this reason, the Ludian County Domestic Waste Landfill will receive the project solid waste.
109. Yudong Reservoir. Yudong Reservoir is the primary water source for multiple downstream uses, including drinking water, irrigation, power generation, and flood control, for about 0.6 million residents in Zhaoyang District. The “Environmental Impact Assessment of the Yudong Reservoir Construction Project” was approved by Yunnan Provincial Environment Protection Commission (EPC) in 1989 (approval document No. of Yunnan_Env_010_1989). Construction began in 1992 and operation began in 1996. The design capacity of Yudong Reservoir is 364 million m3. The reservoir is located at the upstream of Sayu River with a catchment area of 709 square meters (m2). The reservoir area includes the northwestern part of Zhaoyang District, Ludian County, and part of Yongshan County. The reservoir is the water source for 600,000 residents in Zhaoyang District (the urban area of Zhaotong City). The annual average water distribution for domestic water supply, industrial water and agriculture are 18 million m3, 62 million m3 and 132 million m3, respectively. The reservoir irrigates 7,000 mu (467 ha) of farmland, and compared with rain-fed agriculture, enables an increase in annual net grain and cash crop production by 110,000 tons and 630,000 tons, respectively (Table IV- 14).
Table IV-14: Summary of Yudong Reservoir No. Item Data 1 Total basin area (km2) 709 2 Mean water level (m ASL) 1985 3 Total water surface area(km2) 13.57 4 Total storage (million m3) 364 5 Average depth (m) 40 6 Max. depth(m) 84.39 7 Perimeter of the reservoir (km) 157 8 Length of the reservoir (km) 16.9 9 Width of the reservoir (km) 11.94 10 Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 822 11 Dam structure Concrete gravity Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
110. The project due diligence confirmed that there are no non-compliance issues for the facilities. All were constructed in accordance with domestic requirements and have the necessary approvals 58
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE)
A. Location and Setting
111. The project area is located in Zhaoyang District and Ludian County of Zhaotong City. Zhaotong is a prefecture-level city located in the northeast corner of the PRC’s Yunnan Province, bordering Guizhou Province in the south and southeast and Sichuan Province in the northeast, north, and west. Zhaotong is located between Kunming, Guiyang, Chengdu and Chongqing, the four major central cities in the PRC’s southwest. The total area of the city is 23,000 km2. It has a 1,482 km municipal border, of which 1,354 km is shared with 12 counties (Ningnan, Huidong, Jinyang, Butuo, Leibo, Pingshan, Yibin, Gaoxian, Qilian, Qixian, Xingwen, Xuyon) of Sichuan Province, and three counties (Bijie, Hezhang, Weining) of Guizhou Province.
112. The Zhaotong City Government (ZCG) is located in Zhaotong District It neighbors Weining County, Guizhou in the east; Ludian County in the south; Jinsha County in Sichuan in the west; and Yongshan, Daguan and Yanliang counties in the north. The total area of the district is 2167 km2, the mountain area accounts for 64.3%, and the plain area accounts for 33.6%. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, the highest elevation point is 3,364 m ASL, and the lowest point is 480 m ABL, and the urban area is 1,920 m2. It is one of the historical areas in Yunnan Province.
113. Ludian County is located in the northeastern part of Yunnan Province, 103°09′ to 103°40’ east longitude and 26°59’ to 27°32’ north latitude, with a total area of 1,489 km2. The county covers 12 townships/towns, 84 village committees, and 1,641 villager groups. The northeast is bordered by Zhaoyang District, the southeast is adjacent to Weining County of Guizhou Province, and the south and west are opposite to Huize and Qiaojia counties of Zhaotong City across the Niulan River. The project area includes seven towns/townships in Zhaoyang District and Ludian County, including Sujia. Sayuhe, Dazhazi and Leju of Zhaoyang District and Shuimo, Longshu and Xinjie of Ludian County.
Figure IV-1: The Project Area in Zhaotong - Zhaoyang District and Ludian County
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B. Topography, Geology, and Soils
114. Topography. Zhaotong City has a mountainous terrain of high mountains and deep valleys typical of large areas of the southwestern PRC. The altitude difference is large in this region. The highest altitude is 4,040 m (Yao Mountain in Qiaojia County) and the lowest altitude is 267 m (Guankan Dam in Shuifu County). The average altitude of Zhaotong City is 1,685 m. There are two major mountain systems in the upper reaches of the Sayu River Basin, including the extension of the Wumeng Mountains formed by the Devonian Caledonian Movement and the Wulian Peak of the Yuanliangshan Mountains on the eastern edge of the Hengduan Mountains formed by the Cenozoic Yanshan Mountains. The highest point of the Yudong Reservoir Basin is located at Choushuiliangzi in Dripshui Village, Tiechang Town, with an elevation of 3,111.4 m. The lowest is the water surface of the Yudong Reservoir Basin, with an elevation of 1,985 m. The average elevation of the river basin is 2,465 m and the relative height difference is 600–800 m.
115. Landforms and geology. The landform is controlled by geological structures, and the rivers, mountains and ridges are mostly distributed along the tectonic lines. The folds are very well developed in the area; the terrain is steep and the mountains are crisscrossing. The overall terrain is a typical highland mountainous landform with high in southwest, low in northeast, and a northward slope. There are complete formation structures, from Cambrian to Quaternary. Most of the Zhaotong Basin are covered by Quaternary and Tertiary. Magmatic rocks in the city are Ermei Mountain basalt of early Last Permian. It is mainly Lava and some volcanic rock. Outcrop area of these rocks takes up one third of the city. The tectonic position locates in west Diandong platform fold bundle of Yangtze Para-platform. This structure is based on fold and rupture. The tectonic line is north–south trending and west–east trending.
116. Due to the incision of rivers and gullies, the topography and landforms in the river basin are complex and diverse. They can be divided into two categories. One is the surrounding areas of the Sayu River Basin, as represented by Sujia Township in Zhaoyang District. The lower slope is generally gentle while the upward slope gradually becomes steeper. The soil layer is thin, and the corrosion resistance is weak. The other category is represented by Dashanbao Town, Dazhaizi Township of Zhaoyang District, Shuimo Iron and Steel Plant of Ludian County, and Makou Town of Yongshan. It is a hilly mountainous area at the top of the highland. The slope is relatively gentle, mostly gray-soiled, light in weight and easy for wind and rain erosion. The upper reaches of Sayu River Basin include Dashu Township, Xinjie Township and Shuimu Township, with an area of 60.57 km2 and an altitude about 2,200 m. It is a tectonic erosion basin and is widened by the axial erosion of the river. The mountain on the east side is steep and the west side is gently inclined. Agricultural development was earlier; and there were large areas of farmland, of which paddy fields were concentrated.
117. Soil. The soil types in the Yudong Reservoir Basin mainly include yellow loam, purple soil and brown soil, with the areas of 187.47 km2 (28.1%), 184.30 km2 (26.0%), 156.47 km2 (22.1%) and 120.58 km2 (17.0%) respectively; In addition, the Yudong Reservoir Basin is also partially distributed with lime soil and paddy soil, with an area of 25.02 km2 and 23.51 km2 respectively, accounting for about 6.8% of the total basin area.
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Figure IV-2 Topography of the Yudong Reservoir Basin
C. Climate
118. The upper reach of Sayu River Basin belongs to the north subtropical highland monsoon climate. Its main climatic characteristics are cold in winter, not very hot in summer, rainy and hot season at the same time, distinct dry and wet seasons; more precipitation in summer and autumn, concentrated rainfall, and less precipitation and drought in winter and spring. The runoff area has a variable climate and is vulnerable to cold air in the north. The main severe weather in the region includes drought, cold spell in later spring and low temperature in August.
119. The spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the upper reaches of the Sayu River is uneven. The precipitation is concentrated from May to October, accounting for 87% of the annual precipitation with the average maximum daily precipitation of 50–75 mm and the runoff depth of 50–500 mm.
Table VI-1: Climate factors in Sayu River Basin No. Climate parameter Zhaoyang District Ludian County 1 Annual average temperature (℃) 11.6 12.2 2 Annual maximum temperature (℃) 36.5 36 3 Annual minimum temperature (℃) -13.3 -11.5
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4 Annual average humidity (%) 74 74 5 Annual sunshine hours 1902.2 1930.8 6 mean annual precipitation (mm) 721.4 893.3 7 Annual average evaporation (mm) 1969.1 1843.9 8 Annual average frost-free day 220 229 Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
F. Hydrology and Water Resources
120. Sayu River is a first tributary of the Jinsha River, which is the first tributary of the Yangtze River. Sayu River originates from Dahaizi area in Shuimo Town, Ludian County of Zhaotong City. The upper reach of Sayu River is also locally known as the Longshu River. It flows from west to east through the Maobizi Reservoir and then turns north. After flowing through the four towns, it flows into the Yudong Reservoir in the southeast of the Tiaoshi Power Station in Sujia Town. Below the reservoir dam is the Yudong Hydrological Power Station. The area of Sayu River Basin is 3,558 km2, and the length of the river is 186 km, with an average gradient of 14.44%.
121. More than 30 small rivers/channels are in the Yudong Reservoir Basin, including the Xiaosongshu, Guazihai, Jule, Sayu, Xin, Buchu, Yuba, Longshu, Heilujiang, Tiechang, Dishui, Daqiao, Shilong, Yangwozi, and Toudao rivers; Gongjia, Shenjia, and Liyuansha channels; and Muguachong, Tangfang, Laoying, and Majia creeks. The Longshu River is the largest. The gradient of rivers in the Yudong Reservoir Basin ranges from 1.73% (Longshu River) to 9.17% (Diluo River) (Table IV-2).
Table IV-2 Rivers flowing into Yudong Reservoir Length of Width of Runoff length Gradient No. River basin basin area(km2) (km) (%) (km) (km) 1 Xin River 22.656 6.85 7.94 6.439 3.519 2 Buchu River 12.4 5.694 9.04 5.678 2.184 3 Yanjiashan River (Leju 6.984 3.231 6.65 2.982 2.342 River) 4 Guazhai River 20.081 5.779 5.45 6.724 2.986 5 Diluogou 4.61 3.653 9.17 3.96 1.164 6 Lan River (Xiaosongshu 29.592 8.648 5.03 7.095 4.171 River) 7 Longshu River 532.65 56.384 1.73 40.627 12.78 Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
122. Longshu River (an upper reach of Sayu River) originates from Maoshan–Dahaizi in Tiechang Village of Shuimo Town. It flows from south to north through 15 villages in four towns, with the catchment area of 532.65 km2, accounting for 75.1% of the total area of the Yudong Reservoir Basin, of which 69% belongs to Ludian County and 31% belongs to Zhaoyang District. The topography is dominated by mountainous terrain. The mountain slope is steep, and the underlying surface is mostly the highly weathered basalt area with stratigraphic structure. The topsoil is mostly loose residual slope layered clay. The Longshu River is 56 km long and 15–30 m wide with an average slope of 1.73%. It is prone to terrain rain and thunder- shows in the Yudong Reservoir Basin. The annual rainstorms occur frequently from May to October in the flood season. With poor permeability of soil and rock strata, mountain floods are easy to form, the flood river rises and falls sharply with large flow. The peak flood flow once in 50 years is 130 m3/second (s), and the annual average flow is 6.13 m3/s. The lowest recorded flow was 0.43 m3/s.
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123. Project rivers and channels. The river and channel embankment works component involves 41 sections of the rivers and channel in Longshu River Basin and other six small watersheds of Yanjiashan River, Guazihai River, Lan River, Buchuhe River, Xin River and other rivers directly flow into Yudong Reservoir, the total length of the embankment works is 98.3 km. A vegetation and habitat survey along the project sections of rivers and channels was conducted between 20 July to 18 August 2019 (Table IV-3) by the DEIA Institute.
Table IV-3: Summary of the rivers/channels to be rehabilitated (m) Length of River / Existing Vegetation on Surrounding the Watershed No. Length (m) project channel Riparian area section (m) Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 1 Tangfang River 6741.18 613 shrubs, vegetable gardens, dry farmland, paddy field and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 2 Anjia Channel 734.11 93 shrubs, Vegetable garden, dry land, plantation and planted forest. Warm-temperate shrubs, vegetable Baishuiyan 3 2604.5 291 garden, dry land, paddy field and planted Channel forest. Niujiaying Warm-temperate coniferous forests, dry 4 2614.98 166 Channel farmland, paddy field and planted forest. Warm-temperate shrubs, dry farmland, 5 Miaozi Channel 640.98 198 paddy field and planted forest. Dazhaizi vegetable garden, dry land and planted 6 1880.56 233 Channel forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Guzai-shenjia 7 3455.29 610 shrubs, grassland, vegetable gardens, dry Channel farmland, paddy field and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests Gengjiawan 8 1719.11 / vegetable gardens, dry farmland, paddy Channel field and planted forest Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 9 Liyuan Channel 1428.88 191 shrubs, vegetable gardens, dry farmland, paddy field and planted forest Longshu Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Muguachong River 10 5801.01 220 shrubs, grassland, vegetable gardens, dry River farmland, paddy field and planted forest Yangchanggou Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 11 500 / Channel shrubs, and dry farmland Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 12 Miaozai River 2650 / shrubs and dry farmland Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Banbianjie 13 2160 / shrubs, grassland, vegetable gardens, dry River farmland, paddy field and planted forest Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 14 Naheicu River 1730 790.28 shrubs, grassland, vegetable gardens, dry farmland, paddy field and planted forest Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Lujiawan 15 633 / shrubs, grassland, vegetable gardens and Channel dry farmland. Changyuan Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 16 400 / Channel shrubs, dry farmland and planted forest Xinpengzi Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 17 700 202.09 Channel shrubs, dry farmland and planted forest Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Shulinbian 18 340 364.23 shrubs, grassland, dry farmland, paddy Channel field and planted forest Xiaohe Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 19 1110 / Channel shrubs, dry farmland and planted forest 20 Heilu River 5870 658.24 Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 63
Length of River / Existing Vegetation on Surrounding the Watershed No. Length (m) project channel Riparian area section (m) shrubs-grassland, vegetable gardens, dry farmland, paddy field and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Jiufang 21 1250 700 shrubs-grassland vegetable gardens, dry Channel farmland and planted forest vegetable gardens, dry farmland, paddy 22 Miaozi Channel 870 200 field and planted forest. Jiufang- Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 23 Longjiaying 758 310 shrubs, grassland vegetable gardens, dry Channel farmland, paddy field and planted forest. Shanqiao- Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 24 Longjiaying 1135 50 shrubs, grassland, vegetable gardens, dry River farmland and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Xiaosongbao 25 1700 300 shrubs-grassland vegetable gardens, dry River farmland and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Muzhuqi 26 2530 180 shrubs, grassland, vegetable gardens, dry Channel farmland, paddy field and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 27 Xinjie River 2873 100 shrubs, grassland, vegetable gardens, dry farmland and planted forest. Shanqiao- Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 28 Tiejiang 1000 / shrubs-grassland vegetable gardens, dry Channel farmland and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and shrubs-grassland, Cold temperate shrub, 29 Daijia Channel 7740 870.73 vegetable gardens, dry farmland and planted forest. Mucaochong Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 30 / Channel shrubs-grassland, and dry farmland Warm-temperate deciduous forest, 31 Guazai River 864.89 coniferous forests, vegetable gardens, dry farmland and planted forest. Lan River Warm-temperate deciduous forest, 32 Guihua River coniferous forests and shrubs, grassland, dry farmland and planted forest. Warm-temperate deciduous forest, Guazai Zhafang 33 / coniferous forests and shrubs, grassland, River Channel dry farmland and planted forest. Dazaizi-Yufen Dry farmland, paddy fields, vegetable Buchu River 34 / River gardens and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Yanjiashan 35 Leju River 1840 53.12 shrubs-grassland vegetable gardens, dry River farmland and planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and 36 Xinhe River 5698.54 916 shrubs-grassland, dry farmland and paddy fields. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Feijiachong Xin River 37 880 480 shrubs-grassland, dry farmland and Channel planted forest. Warm-temperate coniferous forests and Shangying 38 1100 210 shrubs-grassland, vegetable gardens, dry Channel farmland and planted forest. Small Warm-temperate deciduous forest, watersheds Gutuogu coniferous forests and shrubs, grassland, 39 / of other Channel vegetable gardens, dry farmland and rivers planted forest.
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Length of River / Existing Vegetation on Surrounding the Watershed No. Length (m) project channel Riparian area section (m) Warm-temperate coniferous forests and HuangjiawanC 40 / shrubs-grassland, dry farmland and hannel planted forest. Warm-temperate deciduous forest, Zhaizi-Shang 41 2100 67.47 coniferous forests and shrubs, dry farmland Channel and planted forest. Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
Yudong Reservoir
Longshu River
Figure IV-3 Map of Yudong Reservoir and Rivers in Sayu River Basin
124. Reservoirs. The Yudong Reservoir Basin is large (Section III.C) and four smaller reservoirs are located along tributaries within the overall basin. These smaller reservoirs have a total storage of 23.49 million m3 and total catchment area of 56.9 km2 (Table IV-4). All have a dam structure described as “homogeneity earth”. 65
Table IV-4: Small Reservoirs Within the Yudong Reservoir Basin Reservoir Maobizi Dishuihaizi Yanmaidi Xiaohaizi Total Built year 1960 1958 1972 1959 - Total storage (million m3) 5.336 15.0 2.67 0.484 23.49 Usable storage (million m3) 4.646 11.25 2.547 0.4263 18.87 Dam height (m) 40.2 4 30 19.5 - Catchment area (km2) 25.6 15.6 15.6 0.1 56.9 Annual average runoff 12.544 - 10.71 - - (million m3) Main function Irrigation Irrigation irrigation Irrigation Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
D. Environmental Issues in Yudong Reservoir Basin 125. Inadequate waste management. Rural domestic wastewater, solid waste, and human and animal fecal waste in the reservoir basin pollute the water due to inadequate waste management. Rural domestic wastewater and solid waste contribute to 27% of COD, 9% of TN, 14% of TP, and 22% of NH3-N in the Sayu River. Human and animal wastes contribute to 39% of COD, 25% of TN, 52% of TP, and 48% of NH3-N in the Upper Sayu River (footnote 6).
126. High sediment runoff caused by soil erosion currently contributes 34% of COD, 21% of TN, 11% of TP, and 18% of NH3-N in the Sayu River. Water in the Yudong Reservoir Basin is further affected by agriculture-related NPS pollution due to inadequate waste management systems, uncontrolled fertilizer release, and outdated production systems. Agriculture-related NPS pollution (e.g., farmland solid waste and fertilizer) contribute 45% of TN, 21% of TP, and 12% of NH3-N in the Sayu River (footnote 7). 127. Soil erosion and pollutant loads in Yudong Reservoir Basin. Topsoil in the Yudong Reservoir Basin comprises loose residual slope deposit clay, which is prone to soil erosion, and remaining forest cover in the reservoir basin is about 30.2%, as most land was historically cleared for farming. Due to these issues, soil erosion is widespread. The total area of the basin subject to soil erosion is 410.46 km2 (57.89% of the basin area), (footnote 7). Strong, moderate and mild soil erosion areas encompass 60.2 km2, 218.43 km2 and 131.84 km2, respectively, accounting for 8.49%, 30.81% and 18.59% of the basin area. An estimated 1.08 million tons of soil per year is lost due to erosion, according to surveys by the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Environmental Science. Annual pollution inputs of CODCr, TN, TP and NH3-N into Yudong Reservoir due to soil erosion, are 706.89 tons (34%), 116.13 tons (21%), 7.52 tons (11%) and 23.05 tons (18%), respectively (Table IV-5).18
Table IV-5: Pollution Loads from Soil Erosion into Yudong Reservoir (t/a)
County/District Town CODCr TN TP NH3-N Xinjie 150.55 24.71 1.6 4.91 Longshu 203.52 36.12 2.37 7.61 Ludian County Shuimo 204.08 35.74 2.26 7.55 Subtotal 558.15 96.57 6.23 20.07 Xinjie 113.29 13.92 0.98 1.83 Longshu 9 1.1 0.07 0.15 Zhaoyang District Shuimo 26.45 4.54 0.24 1 Subtotal 148.74 19.56 1.29 2.98 Total 706.89 116.13 7.52 23.05 Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment and feasibility study reports.
18 Yunnan Provincial Institute of Environmental Sciences. 66
Prime 57.04 Farmland 42.58 <15° 36.66 2 35.09 Strong erosion Non-prime Km 23.84 farmland < 9.55 Middle erosion 9.67 15° 2.93 1.06 Light erosion 15°-20°
20°-25°
Figure IV-4 Soil Erosion Areas in Sayu River Figure IV-5 Slope Farmland in the Yudong Basin Reservoir Basin
Figure IV-6 Soil Erosion Status in Sayu River Basin
E. Ecological Values
128. Ecological surveys were conducted by the DEIA Institute and Animal Science College of Yunnan Agricultural University, between 28 April and 28 May 2019, to assess the presence of important habitats, rare, threatened, and/or protected flora and fauna, and protected areas. Surveys focused mainly on the proposed project sites for physical works i.e. the GPPs, WWTS, afforestation, river embankment works, and constructed wetlands. For the assessment of habitats along the proposed easements for the river embankments and sewage pipe installation, assessment focused on 100 m either side of the routes. The assessment comprised on-site investigation, literature review and consultation with local academic specialists.
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(a) Flora and vegetation communities
129. Land types in the project area. Land use in the Yudong Reservoir Basin is broadly categorized in 10 categories (Table IV-6). The largest is dry farmland (48.88%) followed by secondary forest (30.18%).
Table IV-6 Land Categories for the Yudong Reservoir Basin No. Land type Area(km2) Percentage(%) 1 Forest land 213.99 30.18 2 Shrub 34.26 4.83 3 Sparse woodland 38.05 5.37 4 Grassland 15.38 2.17 5 Dry land 346.58 48.88 6 Paddy field 17.49 2.47 7 Garden 22.47 3.17 8 Residential land 6.6 0.93 9 Water area 14.13 1.99 10 Unutilized land 0.11 0.02 Total 709.06 100 Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
Figure IV-7: Forest resources in the Yudong Figure IV-8: Vegetation of the Yudong Reservoir Basin Reservoir Basin
130. Method for the flora survey. The investigation of flora was carried out by means of field linear survey, sampling survey and data collection. The plant species recorded in the existing survey reports are copied and analyzed; samples of plants were taken for confirmation of species identification as needed. The quantities of protected plants and ancient trees were documented by GPS. The types and distribution of alien invasive plants are also studied. The literature review included the books and papers of “Chinese Flora” and “Yunnan Flora”. The sampling areas (quadrat) of vegetation are: 20 m × 20 m for primary natural tree community; 10 m ×10 m for secondary vegetation; 5 m × 5 m for shrub community and 1 m ×1 m for Grass
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and wetland communities. All species in the sample area were recorded. All plant species were scored according to Braun-Blanquet (multiple degree of goodness - clustering) by site recording, and the location of the site was determined by GPS. In the survey, a total of 24 plant community plots were set and 90 GPS points were recorded.
131. Literature reviewed and retrieved includes “Zhaotong Local Chronicles”, “Flora Survey Report of the Zhaotong Natural reserve” and “investigation reports of forestry resources in Zhaotong Area” as well as “Flora of Yunnan Province” and “Flora of China”.
132. The elevation of the basin is between 1,985 m and 3,250 m ASL. According to the zoning in Yunnan Vegetation (1980), field survey and remote sensing satellite imagery interpretation, natural flora identified in the Yudong Reservoir Basin includes 5 vegetation types, 7 subtypes, 11 groups and 19 communities; and the artificial vegetation includes plantation, cash forest, paddy fields and dry farmlands (Table IV-7).
Table IV-7: Flora types in the Yudong Reservoir Basin Flora type Subtypes Groups Community Distribution Deciduous Deciduous oak Slope land on 栓皮栎林 broad- forest 栓皮栎群落 Quercus the north side of Quercus variabilis leaved variabilis community the Yudong forest forest Reservoir Basin Alnus Widespread 旱冬瓜林 Alnus 旱冬瓜群落 Alnus cremastogyne forest 杞木林 nepalensis Forest nepalensis community Warm Warm temperate 云南松群落 Pinus Widespread coniferous coniferous forest yunnanensis community forest Slopes and 云南松、矮高山栎群落 valleys at the 云南松林 Pinus Pinus yunnanensis and junction of Sujia yunnanensis Quercus monimotricha Township and forest communities Sayu Town Slope land on 云南松、胡颓子群落 the north side of Pinus yunnanensis and the Yudong Elaeagnus communities Reservoir Basin 华山松群落 Pinus widespread Natural armandii community Flora 华山松、小叶栒子群落 widespread Pinus armandii and Cotoneaster 华山松林 Pinus microphylla armandii forest communities Slopes and 华山松、刺槐群落 Pinus valleys at the armandii and Robinia junction of Sujia pseudoacacia Township and communities Sayu Town 黄杉、凤尾蕨群落 Along reservoir Pseudotsuga Phyllostachys chinensis near Guazhai sinensis forest 黄 and Pteris cretica var. Village nervosa communities 杉林 黄杉群落 Phyllostachys Surrounding chinensis communities Xindianzi Village Shrub Warm temperate Lower part of 马桑灌丛 Coriaria 马桑群落 Coriaria thicket valley and nepalensis shrub nepalensis community mountain body
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Flora type Subtypes Groups Community Distribution 滇榛灌丛 Corylus widespread 滇榛群落 Corylus yunnanensis yunnanensis community shrub 胡颓子、峨眉蔷薇群落 widespread 胡颓子灌丛 Community of Elaeagnus shrub Elaeagnus and Rosa omeiensis Cold temperate 映山红、野八角群落 shrub Near Yulin River Rhododendron simsii Bridge 杜鹃灌丛 and Illicium simonsii Rhododendron 碎米花杜鹃、华山松群 bush 落 Rhododendron Highland slopes spiciferum and Pinus in the North armandii communities Sparse Warm temperate Around the shrub shrub grass sloping farmland 含醉鱼草的低草草 醉鱼草、甘青蒿群落 in the West and 丛 Buddleia low Buddleja and Artemisia north of the grass tangutica community Yudong Reservoir Basin Meadow Swamp meadow 狗牙根群落 Cynodon Longshu dactylon community Riverbanks 灯芯草群落 Juncus Longshu 杂类草沼泽化草甸 effuses community Riverbanks Weedy swampy 披散问荆、白花三叶草 meadow 群落 Equisetum Longshu diffusum and Trifolium Riverbanks repense community Subalpine 牛毛毡、小灯芯草、钟 meadow 花蓼群落 Eleocharis 杂类草亚高山草甸 Near Neilezhai Subalpine yokoscensis, Juncus Reservoir in meadow with bufonius and Dashanbao weeds Polygonum Nature Reserve campanulatum community
vegetation Artificial Artificial forest Chinese fir, cypress, Near Villages Slope land near Cash woods Chinese prickly ash, walnut, apple, chestnut villages Longshu River
paddy field rice, vegetables Banks dry farmland corn, wheat, buckwheat widespread
Vegetation area free Many roads inside the Land for Transportation Yudong Reservoir Basin 4 towns and Urban land use many villages Mining land 10 quaries Rivers and water reservoirs Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
133. The typical flora types in the Yudong Reservoir Basin are shown below.
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Community of Quercus variabilis (栓皮栎群落) Community of Alnus nepalensis (旱冬瓜群落)
Community of Pinus yunnanensis (云南松群落) Community of Pinus armandii (华山松群落)
Community of Pseudotsuga sinensis (黄杉群落) Community of Coriaria nepalensis (马桑群落)
Community of Elaeagnus pungens and Rosa Community of Corylus yunnanensis (滇榛群落) omeiensis (胡颓子和峨眉蔷薇群落)
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Community of Rhododendron simsii 、 Illicium Community of Rhododendron spiciferum and simonsii (映山红和野八角群落) Pinus armandii(碎米花杜鹃和华山松群落)
Community of Buddleja lindleyana and Artemisia Community of Cynodon dactylon (狗牙根群落) tangutica (醉鱼草和甘青蒿群落)
(披散问荆和白 Community of Juncus effusus(灯芯草群落) Community of Juncus effusus 花三叶草群落) Figure IV-9: Typical flora types in Yudong Reservoir Basin
134. Based on the field survey, the vascular plants in the project area include 125 families, 387 genera and 516 species including ferns of 15 families, 24 genera and 28 species; 4 families, 10 genera and 11 species of gymnosperms and), and 116 families, 353 genera and 477 species of angiosperm (Table IV-8).
Table IV-8: Summary of vascular plants in the Yudong Reservoir Basin Plant group Family Genera Species Ferns 蕨类植物 15 24 28 gymnosperms 裸子植物 4 10 11 Seed plant Dicotyledons 103 282 380 angiosperms 被子植物 Monocotyledons 13 71 97
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Plant group Family Genera Species Subtotal 116 353 477 Subtotal of seed plant 120 363 488 Total 135 387 516 Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
135. Ancient trees and national protected species. A total of 16 ancient trees were investigated in Yudong Reservoir Basin during the DEIA study, and 6 trees within 500 m scope around the project areas (Table IV-9).
Table IV-9: The Ancient trees within the Yudong Reservoir Basin The nearest Longitude & Elevation Tree- No. Tree species Village Status distance to latitude (m ASL) age project site Sujia Town Tree height: 25 1375 m north of m; Diameter at Huangjiawan Quercus Yuba Village 103°28'46.14"E 1 2,061 200 breast height: 1.5 Channel acutissima (Jian hill) 27°27'24.46"N m; Crown embankment diameter: 20 m works Tree height: 16 At 1688 m north m; Diameter at of Huangjiawan Quercus Yuba Village 103°29'13.96"E 2 2021 120 breast height: 1.0 embankment acutissima (Baogu Vellay) 27°27'52.18"N m; Crown works diameter: 15 m Tree height: 22 At 2546 m north m; Diameter at of Huangjiawan Oriental white 103°28'51.58"E 3 Yuba Village 2050 180 breast height: 1.2 embankment oak 27°28'14.64"N m; Crown works diameter: 18 m Tree height: 20 At 2547 m north m; Diameter at of Huangjiawan Oriental white 103°28'51.46"E 4 Yuba Village 2050 180 breast height: 1.3 embankment oak 27°28'14.52"N m; Crown works diameter: 16 m Tree height: 10 At 150 m south m; Diameter at of the end point Guazai River (by 103°32'29.23"E 5 Walnut tree 1996 120 breast height: 1.2 of Guazai River the wetland) 27°28'51.00"N m; Crown embankment diameter: 10 m works Tree height: 16 At 50 m south of m; Diameter at Guazai River 103°33'2.60"E 6 Walnut tree Guazai Village 2013 130 breast height: 1.5 embankment 27°29'6.29"N m; Crown works diameter: 15 m Tree height: 15 120 m south of m; Diameter at the state point 103°34'56.85"E 7 Walnut tree Baizhishu Village 2173m 100 breast height: 1.2 of Gauzai River 27°29'0.36"N m; Crown embankment diameter: 18 m works Shuimo Town Tree height: 18 At 130 m north m; Diameter at of Xiaohe 103°22'41.53"E、 8 Walnut tree Xinpeng Village 2380 150 breast height: 1.3 embankment 27°12'11.32"N m; Crown works diameter: 16 m Tree height: 18 2800 m m; Diameter at northwest of Quercus Xiaolaingshan 103°23'59.28"E、 9 2415 800 breast height: 1.8 Miaozai River semicarpifolia Village 27°19'49.91" N m; Crown embankment diameter: 19 m works Longshu Town 73
位于龙翔湿地 At Tree height: 13.5 m; Diameter at 600 m Taxus 103°27'23.39"E、 10 Longshu Village 2176 350 breast height: 1.0 southwest of chinensis 27°18'41.77"N m; Crown Longxiang diameter: 8 m. Constructed Wetland Tree height: 12 610 m south of m; Diameter at Shenjia Sabina 103°27'36.62"E、 11 Guzai Village 2166 220 breast height: 1.0 embankment chinensis 27°20'52.81"N m; Crown works diameter: 8 m Tree height: 14 615 m south of m; Diameter at Shenjia Sabina 103°27'36.41"E、 12 Guzai Village 2169 220 breast height: 1.2 embankment chinensis 27°20'53.24"N m; Crown works diameter: 8 m Tree height: 14.5 597 m south of m; Diameter at Shenjia Sabina Guzai Primary 103°27'40.03"E、 13 2198 220 breast height: 1.1 embankment chinensis School 27°20'58.10"N m; Crown works diameter: 9 m Tree height: 13 490 m south of m; Diameter at Shenjia Sabina Guzai Primary 103°27'40.10"E、 14 2193 220 breast height: 1.2 embankment chinensis School 27°20'54.71"N m; Crown works diameter: 13 m Xinjie Town Tree height: 15 At 2155 m east Magnolia m; Diameter at of Shanqiao 103°27'49.15"E、 15 denudata Shanqiao Village 2203 320 breast height: 1.5 Tiejiang Desr 27°28'26.03"N m; Crown embankment diameter: 23 m works Tree height: 22 400 m north of m; Diameter at Xinjie Xiao Quercus Darudi 103°27'13.63"E、 16 2221 380 breast height: 1.6 embankment semicarpifolia Community 27°26'27.78"N m; Crown works diameter: 19 m
136. Protected species. Two species of protected flora were documented during the surveys, as listed under the PRC National Key Protected Wild Plants List (Volume I, 1999), Chinese Plant Red Paper - Rare and Endangered Plants (Volume I, 1992), and the First Batch of Key Protected Wild Plants List in Yunnan Province (1989): (i) Taxus Chinensis (National Grade I protected plant; IUCN Red List “Endangered”). Individuals are located 600 m southwest of the proposed Longxiang constructed wetland (Table IV-10a); and (ii) 20 tree- groups, about 10,136 trees in total, of Pseudotsuga sinensis (National Grade II protected species; IUCN Red List “Vulnerable”), of which five tree-groups are located within 500 m of project work sites, although at elevations 5~30 m higher than the work sites (Table IV-10b and Table IV-10c). Locations of protected trees are shown in Figure IV-15.
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Table IV-10a: The Protected Taxus chinensis within the Yudong Reservoir Basin The nearest Location No. Field photo Status distance to project site
Tree height 13.5 m; Longshu Diameter at breast Village, height of 0.8 m; At 600 m 103°27'23.39" located at the southwest of and 1 roadside of the the Longxiang 27°18'41.77" village and constructed Elevation protection board on wetland 2176m. the tree, general growth.
Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
Table IV-10b: The protected Pseudotsuga sinensis within 500 m scope of project sites The nearest No. Location Qty. Field photos Status distance to project site The southern Tree height 8 At 25 m south slope of the m; DBH 0.5 m; of the Guazai road from Located under River Dunhuozhai the Alnus embankment Village to nepalensis works 1 Guazhai 1 forest on the Village, 103° steep slope 33'50.40', 27° along the 29'1.26'. highway, and Elevation the health is 2083m Ok.
The southern Tree height 8- At 50 m slope of the 15m; DBH southeast of road from average 0.8m; Guazai River Dunhuozhai to located on the embankment Guazhai steep slope works Village, 103° about ridge beside 2 33'32.34 ", 27° 500 the highway, 28'59.26". mixed with 2065m Alnus nepalensis, the health is
general. The eastern Tree height At 50 m slope of 12-16m; DBH southwest of Guazhai Village 0.6m; Located River 103° 33'11.58', on the side of embankment 27° 29'3.81'. Guazhai works about 3 2033m Village 200 Highway, it is a small pure forest with general health.
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The nearest No. Location Qty. Field photos Status distance to project site Xiaosongshu Tree height is At 260 m Village, 103° about 12-16 south of the 29'48.42","27° m; DBH is 0.7 Xiaosongshu 30'4.08" m on average; River Elevation it is located on embankment 4 2047m 50 the steep works hillside beside Xiaosongshu River and grows well.
Zhang Tree height is At 495 m Jialiangzi, 103° about 10 m; southwest of 28'55.55","27° DBH is 0.4 m the Sujia GTS 29'26.63" on average; Elevation longer than 5 2080m 8 Pinus yunnanensis forest, growing better.
Table IV-10c: The protected Pseudotsuga sinensis (黄杉) beyond 500 m scope of project sites The southern Tree height At 1355 m slope of 18-20 m, DBH southwest of Xiaguazhai 0.8 m, pure Guazai Reservoir Area, forest with wetland 103° 31'51.06', good health about 6 27° 28'1.39'. Elevation 2004 1000 m
The southern Tree height is At 1440 m slope of 10-15 m, DBH southwest of Xiaguazhai is 0.4 m on Guazai Reservoir Area average, and it wetland 103° 31'47.75 is a large pure about 7 ", 27° forest with 27'59.32". 800 good growth Elevation potential. 2039m
The southern Tree height 30 At 1462 m slope of m; DBH 1.3 m; southwest of Xiaguazhai Single tree, Guazai Reservoir Area located in wetland 103° 31'47.10 abandoned 8 ", 27° 28'0.56". 1 wasteland, Elevation growing well. 2018m
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The nearest No. Location Qty. Field photos Status distance to project site The southern Tree height At 1638 m slope of 15-18 m, DBH southwest of Xiaguazhai 0.6 m, above Guazai Reservoir Area the wetland 103° 31'37.26', submerged 27° 27'60.00'. about line of the 9 Elevation 150 reservoir, 2003m mixed with Pinus yunnanensis. The health is
good. The southern Tree height At 1656 m slope of 13-16m, DBH southwest of Xiaguazhai 0.7m, above Guazai Reservoir Area the wetland 103° 31'33.97 submerged ", 27° 28'2.06". line of the 10 5 Elevation reservoir, 2001m mixed with Pinus yunnanensis. The health is
good. The southern Tree height At 1734 m slope of 12-18 m, DBH southwest of Xiaguazhai 0.8 m, above Guazai Reservoir Area the wetland 103° 31'29.81', submerged about 11 27° 28'2.53'. line of the Elevation 80 reservoir, 2007m mixed with Pinus yunnanensis, grew well.
The southeast Tree height is At 2204 m slope of Catch- about 13 m; southwest of up Road- DBH is 0.5 m Guazai Yingjiao on average; it wetland Highway, 103° is located on 12 31'26.31 ", 27° 6 the steep 29'35.04" hillside behind Elevation the village, 2145m and its growth is normal.
The southeast Tree height is At 2219 m slope of Catch- about 12 m; southwest of up Road to DBH is 0.6 m Guazai Yingjiao on average; it wetland Highway, 103° is located on 13 31'21.42 ", 27° 3 the steep 29'32.13" hillside behind Elevation the village, 2089m and the health is good.
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The nearest No. Location Qty. Field photos Status distance to project site The northwest Tree height is At 2300 m slope of 10-18 m; DBH south east of Xindianzi is 0.6 m on Xiaosongshu Village, 103° average; it is River 29'56.82 ", 27° located on the embankment 14 29'0.00" 3000 shady slope of works Elevation the north side 2136m of the ridge and grows well.
The northwest Tree height is At 2385 m slope of 15-18 m, DBH south east of Xindianzi is 0.7 m, and it Xiaosongshu Village, 103, is located on River 29, 52.13, 27, the shady embankment 15 28, 57.43. 2500 slope of the works Elevation north side of 2105m the ridge, growing well.
The northwest Tree height is At 2027 m slope of 16-20 m, DBH south east of Xindianzi is 0.8 m, and it Xiaosongshu Village, 103, is located on River 29, 56.11, 27, the shady embankment 16 29, 9.27. 1800 slope of the works Elevation north side of 2078m the ridge, growing well.
Xindianzi Tree height is At 2369 m Village-Sujia about 13 m; south east of Township DBH is 0.6 m Xiaosongshu Highway, 103° on average; it River 30'5.70 ", 27° is located in embankment 17 28'59.44" 4 the dry land works Elevation beside the 2090m highway and grows well.
Xindianzi Tree height is At 2494 m Village-Sujia about 10-15 south east of Township m; DBH is 0.6 Xiaosongshu Highway, 103° m on average; River 29'44.12 ", 27° it is located on embankment 18 28'54.26" 10 the steep works Elevation hillside 2015m opposite the highway and grows well.
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The nearest No. Location Qty. Field photos Status distance to project site On the south Tree height is At 1645 m side of Baogu about 15-18 north of Valley, 103° m, DBH is 0.8 Huangjiawan 29'26.00', 27° m, which is Channel 27'50.48'. located in the embankment 19 Elevation 16 ditch and works 2028m grows well.
On the north Tree height is At 2010 m side of Baogu about 18 m; north of Valley, 103° DBH is 0.8 m Huangjiawan 29'25.41 ", 27° on average; it Channel 28'2.91". is located on embankment 20 2000m 2 the steep works slope of reservoir bank and grows well.
Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
137. Ancient trees. The field survey confirmed that there are 16 ancient/old trees distributed in the Yudong Reservoir Basin, of which 7 are in Sujia Township, 2 are in Shuimu Town and 7 are in Longshu Town. The locations of ancient trees are shown in Figure IV-16
Figure IV-10: The locations of 16 Figure IV-11: The locations of Protected Ancient Trees Trees
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(b) Fauna
138. Survey methods. Field work comprised searching for traces of animal activities, such as feces, footprints, and feeding. Five fish survey sites were set up in the upstream river and wetland of the Yudong Reservoir, including four rivers of Longshu, Xinhe, Yuyu, Xiaosongshu and the Shanhechang wetland. Birds were surveyed by transect counts and incidental observations. Reptiles and amphibians survey were based on route counting and sampling at night by the rivers. The literature review included the books and papers of "Chinese Mammal Distribution", "Chinese Mammalian and Subspecies Classification and Distribution", "Chinese Birds", "Yunnan Birds", "China's Amphibian and Reptile Identification Manual", "Yunnan Reptile Fauna", "Chinese Reptile illustrated handbook", "Yunnan Amphibious", "Chinese Amphibian Fauna" and "Chinese Fauna". The ecological survey team also consulted officials from the Zhaotong Forestry Bureau and local fishermen, and a market survey in Zhaoyang District and Ludian County, for information of local fauna and flora species.
139. Results. A total of 119 species of terrestrial vertebrates have been documented in the Yudong Reservoir Basin, comprising 9 species of amphibians belonging to 5 genera, 5 families and 1 order; 7 species of reptiles belonging to 7 genera, 4 families and 2 orders; 94 species of birds belonging to 67 genera, 28 families and 12 orders; and 9 species of mammals belonging to 9 genera, 9 families and 4 orders. The information of families and genera of species are shown in table IV-11.
140. Amphibians and reptiles. Few amphibian species were documented in the construction area and occupied area. In the proposed project sites such as wetlands, swamp ponds and river remediation, there are records of Bufo andrewsi, Rana limnocharis and Rana pleuraden. Reptiles detected in the project sites were lizards and snakes (Japalura splendida, Hebius octolineatum, Plestiodon elegans) and were common and widespread species. Among the 9 amphibians and 10 reptiles documented in the watershed, no national or provincial key protected animal is identified, no species is listed in the Red Book of Endangered Animals in China, and no endemic species were found in the area.
141. Birds. Ninety-five species of birds are documented from the Yudong Reservoir Basin, although this is probably an under-estimate given the basin size and diversity of habitats. Most are common and widespread species. One species is listed as national Grade I protected species and five are listed as Grade II protected birds (Table IV-12). The Grade I species is Black-necked Crane (IUCN Red List “Vulnerable”). This species is a winter visitor Dashanbao National Nature Reserve (see below), near the Yudong Reservoir, which is outside the project scope. It is possible that cranes sometimes visit the reservoir basin, but the basin does not support the wetland habitats required by the species and does not constitute important foraging habitat.
142. Mammals in the Yudong Reservoir Basin are mainly small size species: rodents, including squirrels, mice, and rats. Species diversity is relatively poor. Larger mammals are hard to be found because of frequent human activity in the Yudong Reservoir Basin. Among the 10 species of mammals, one species, Leopard Cat, is listed as "vulnerable" species in the Red Paper on Endangered Animals of China (Table IV-12). The species may be widespread in secondary forest habitats in the basin.
Table IV-11: Summary of wild terrestrial fauna in the Yudong Reservoir Basin Orders Families Genera Species 两栖纲 AMPHIBIA 蟾蜍科 Bufonidae 1 2 无尾目 ANURA 姬蛙科 Microhylidae 1 1
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Orders Families Genera Species 蛙科 Ranidae 1 4 雨蛙科 Hylidae 1 1 树蛙科 Rhacophoridae 1 1 Subtotal 5 9 爬行纲 REPTILIA 壁虎科 Gekkonidae 1 1 蜥蜴目 LACERTIFORMES 鬣蜥科 Agamidae 1 1 石龙子科 Scincidae 1 1 蛇目 SERPENTIFORMES 游蛇科 Colubridae 4 4 Subtotal 7 7 鸟纲 AVES 䴙䴘目 PODICIPEDIFORMES 䴙䴘科 Podicipedidae 1 1 鹳形目 CICONIIFORMES 鹭科 Ardeidae 6 6 雁形目 ANSERIFORMES 鸭科 Anatidae 4 6 鹰科 Accipitridae 2 3 隼形目 FALCONIFORMES 隼科 Falconidae 1 1 鸡形目 GALLIFORMES 雉科 Phasianidae 4 5 鹤形目 GRUIFORMES 鹤科 Gruidae 1 1 鸽形目 COLUMBIFORMES 鸠鸽科 Columbidae 1 2 鹃形目 CUCULIFORMES 杜鹃科 Cuculidae 1 3 雨燕目 APODIFORMES 雨燕科 Apodidiae 1 1 佛法僧目 CORACIIFORMES 戴胜科 Upupidae 1 1 䴕形目 PICIFORMES 啄木鸟科 Picidae 2 4 鹡鸰科 Motacillidae 2 3 山椒鸟科 Campephagidae 1 2 䴓科 Sittidae 1 1 百灵科 Alaudidae 1 1 鹎科 Pycnontidae 2 2 伯劳科 Laniidae 1 2 黄鹂科 Oriolidea 1 1 卷尾科 Dicruridae 1 2 雀科 Frinfillidea 2 5 山雀科 Paridae 2 3 雀形目 PASSERIFORMES 文鸟科 Ploceidae 1 2 鹟科 Muscicapidae 18 25 1.鸫亚科 Turdinae (8) (9) 2.画鹛亚科 Timaliinae (4) (7) 3.莺亚科 Sylviinae (2) (5) 4.鹟亚科 Muscicapinae (4) (4) 绣眼鸟科 Zosteropidae 1 2 鸦科 Corvidae 5 6 岩鹨科 Prunellidea 1 1 燕科 Hirundinidae 2 2 Subtotal 67 94 哺乳纲 MAMMALIA 犬科 Canidae 1 1 鼬科 Mustelidae 2 2 食肉目 CARNIVORA 灵猫科 Viverridae 1 1 猫科 Felidae 1 1 81
Orders Families Genera Species 猪科 Suidae 1 1 偶蹄目 ARTIODACTYLA 鹿科 Cervidae 1 1 兔形目 LAGOMORPHA 兔科 Leporidae 1 1 松鼠科 Sciuridae 1 1 啮齿目 RODENTIA 鼠科 Muridae 1 1 Subtotal 9 9 Total 88 119 Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
Table IV-12: The protected animals in the Yudong Reservoir Basin No. Latin (Chinese) name Protection grade Information source 1 Accipiter gentilis (苍鹰) National Grade II Investigation, reference 2 Accipiter virgatus (松雀鹰) National Grade II Reference, interview 3 Milvus migrans (黑鸢) National Grade II Survey, reference, interview 4 Falco tinnunculus (红隼) National Grade II Survey, reference, interview National Grade II and 5 Chrysolophus amherstiae(白腹锦鸡) Reference, interview vulnerable National Grade I and 6 Grus nigricollis (黑颈鹤) Reference, interview endangered 7 Prionailurus bengalensis (豹猫) vulnerable Reference, interview Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 143. Fish. Fifteen fish species have been recorded in the Yudong Reservoir and its tributaries (Table IV-13). This inventory is based on two surveys, in 2016 and 2017, and a survey in 2019 for the current project. The 2019 survey documented two species (Ancherythroculter wangi and Micropercops swinhonis) not recorded in the previous surveys. The fish fauna of the basin is highly modified due to the introduction of exotic and/or economically important species for fish stocking for recreational fishing. Table IV-13: The fishes in the Yudong Reservoir Basin No Family Chinese Latin Name Note name 1 鲤科 Cyprinidae 䱗 Hemiculter leucisculus Dominant species 2 鲢 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Important species 3 鳙 Aristichthys nobilis Common species 4 鲫 Carassius auratus Common species 5 鲤 Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus Important species 6 草鱼 Ctenopharyngodon idellus Occasional species 7 麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora parva Common species 8 高体鰟鮍 R. ocellatus Common species 9 短臀近红鲌 Ancherythroculter wangi Occasional species 10 银鱼科 Salangidae 太湖新银鱼 Neosalanx taihuensis Common species 11 鰕虎鱼科 Gobiidae 子陵吻鰕虎鱼 Rhinogobius giurinus Common species 12 鰟鮍亚科 Acheil Common species 中华鰟鮍 Rhodeus siensis ognathinae 13 塘鳢科 Eleotridae 黄鮋 Hypseleotris swinhonis Occasional species 14 鲇科 Siluridae 抚仙鲇 Silurus grahami Occasional species 15 沙塘鳢科 Occasional species 小黄黝鱼 Micropercops swinhonis Odontobutidae Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
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Figure IV-12. The DEIA Team is Conducting the Fish Survey in the Yudong Reservoir Basin Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 144. Summary of potential ecological Impact from project activities: The project area is located in the northeastern Yunnan, and in the subtropical climate area, widespread secondary vegetation supports simple ecosystem structure and poor biodiversity. The project impact to the ecological environment could be summarized as the followings:
Chrysolophus amherstiae(白腹锦鸡) Falco tinnunculus (红隼)
Milvus migrans(黑鸢) 松雀鹰 Accipiter virgatus Figure IV-13. The Grade II Protected birds in the Yudong Reservoir Basin 83
i). The Yudong Reservoir Basin is next to Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve and the Dashanbao international important wetlands in Yunnan. The closest project engineering sites is located outside the reserve and the Important Wetland. Moreover, the altitude of the Important Wetland is 260 m higher than the closest project sites. ii). There are two types of vegetation in the Yudong Reservoir Basin: natural vegetation and artificial vegetation. Natural vegetation types include deciduous broad-leaved forest, warm-temperate coniferous forest, warm-temperate shrub, cold-temperate shrub, warm- temperate sparse shrub, swampy meadow and sub-alpine meadow, among which warm- temperate coniferous forest is widely distributed. Artificial vegetation includes artificial forest, cash forest, dry farmland and paddy field, and dry farmland is the largest vegetation type. Many villages and townships are distributed within Yudong Reservoir Basin and human activities are main stresses to the ecological environment. The disturbed vegetation types impacted by this project include warm coniferous forest, warm shrub and swampy meadow, but the impacted area is not large. iii). Total 516 species (387 genera and 125 families) of wild vascular plants are distributed in the Yudong Reservoir Basin. Composita, Rosaceae and Poaceae are the most abundant families. No endemic plants were found in the Yudong Reservoir Basin. Taxus chinensis, a national Grade I protected plant, is located in Longshu Village. About 20 plots of Pseudotsuga sinensis, a national Grade II protected plant, are found near the reservoir area of Sujia Township, with more than 10,000 plants. The above protected plants are all outside the engineering sites of this project. There are 16 historic/old trees (including 1 Taxus chinensis) distributed in the Yudong Reservoir Basin, including 7 in Sujia Township, 2 in Shuimo Township and 7 in Longshu Township. Most of them are located around villages and the implementation of this project does not impact them. iv). Habitat for wild animals is poor and wildlife in the watershed is not abundant. A total of 119 species of vertebrates were recorded, among which there are 1 species of national grade I protected bird, Grus nigricollis; 5 species of national grade II protected birds: Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter virgatus, Milvus migrans, Falco tinnunculus, Chrysolophus amherse; 1 species listed in the Red Book of Endangered Animals in China Species distribution: Prionailurus bengalensis. The five species of birds are widely distributed across forest habitats in the PRC, and the mammal (Leopard Cat) is likely to occur at low densities in the reservoir basin. The basis does not constitute critical habitat for these species nor supports documented breeding or seasonal populations of regional significance. The project activities impose no impact to the protected animals as well as the common species. v). Fish resources in Yudong Reservoir Basin are all common freshwater fishes. There are 16 species belonging to 15 genera and 7 families of which no protected, rare and endangered fish is found out in the Yudong Reservoir Basin. There are not wintering, spawning, and bait grounds recorded and no fish migration route in the Yudong Reservoir Basin.
145. Dashanbao National Nature Reserve: Located in the west of Zhaoyang District of Zhaotong City, the Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve was upgraded to the national nature reserve in January 2003, with a total area of 19,200 ha. The nature reserve is the one with the largest number of black-necked cranes per unit area in the PRC, and its main protection object is the sub-alpine swampy highland meadow wetland ecosystem of the wintering habitat of black-necked cranes.
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F. Social and Economic Conditions
146. Zhaotong City comprises one district and 10 counties: Zhaoyang District, Ludian County, Qiaojia County, Yanjin County, Daguan County, Yongshan County, Suijiang County, Shuifu County, Zhenxiong County, Yiliang County, and Weixin County. The project will be implemented in Zhaoyang District and Ludian County of Zhaotong City. The construction of the project components will be conducted in 5 towns (Sujia, Sayu, Leju, Dazhaizi and Dashanbao) in Zhaoyang District and 3 towns (Shuimo, Longshu and Xinjie) of Ludian County. The population of Yunnan Province, Zhaotong City, Zhaoyang District and Ludian County as well as the eight project towns are summarized in Table IV-13.
Table IV-13: Summary of Population in 2018 (millions) Total Male Female Urban Rural Administrative Region Population population population Population Residents Yunnan Province 47.705 24.609 23.096 22.114 25.591 Zhaotong City 5.537 2.908 2.629 1.848 3.689 Zhaoyang District 0.8452 0.4383 0.4069 0.4065 0.4387 Five project towns in 0.1522 0.0816 0.0706 0.0002 0.1519 Zhaoyang District Ludian county 0.4187 0.2179 0.2008 0.1181 0.3006 Three project towns in 0.1135 0.0591 0.0544 0.0094 0.1041 Ludian County Subtotal of Zhaoyang District and Ludian 1.2639 0.6562 0.6077 0.5246 0.7393 County Subtotal of 8 Directly 0.2657 0.1406 0.1251 0.0096 0.2561 Affected Towns Source: Zhaotong Statistical Yearbook 2018.
147. Gross domestic product (GDP), average income and expenditure are shown below.
Table IV-14 Summary of GDPs and Incomes in 2018 (CNY) Administrative GDP (billion GDP per Urban Income per Rural Income per Region CNY) Capita Capita Capita PRC 90,030.90 64,644 39,251 14,617 Yunnan 1,788.12 37,136 33,488 10,768 Zhaotong City 88.954 15,910 27,632 9,474 Zhaoyang District 27.326 30,544 31,870 10,520 Ludian County 6.090 13,559 26,299 9,553
148. The total poor population in the eight project towns is 13,867, accounting for 5.19% of the total population. G. Environmental quality (baseline sampling) 149. The environmental monitoring include the environmental baseline qualities of (i) surface water qualities of the rivers/channels within the Yudong Reservoir Basin, the surface water bodies nearby the proposed GPPs, and the up-reach of Maobizi Reservoir; (ii) groundwater at the proposed two GPP sites, and from 8 springs in the Yudong Reservoir Basin; (iii) the soil baseline at the GPP sites, the WWTS sites, the wetland areas, and proposed farmlands; (iv) the sediment baseline at the project involved rivers and wetlands; (v) the ambient air baseline in the project area, and odor gases at the WWTS and GTSs; and (vi) baseline noise at the boundaries of GPPs, the WWTS, and the villages along or nearby the rivers and channels to be rehabilitated.
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a) Surface water quality
150. Baseline data was derived from municipal monitoring by the Zhaotong Municipal EEB in and around the Yudong Reservoir Basin. This comprises the published results (available on EEB website) for the annual average concentrations in 2018 of nine parameters (Table IV-15). These data indicate: (i) all sections of Longshu River exceeded the Grade III of Surface Water Quality Standard of GB3838-2002, due to TN, which exceeded the standard; (ii) water quality at the sections of Xinhe, Lanhe, Diluo, Guazai and Jule rivers exceeded Grade II – GB3838- 2001, due to DO, CODMn, TN and TP. The EEB report concluded that the reason for the exceedances was agricultural NPS pollution and domestic wastewater discharge from villages.
151. Surface water baseline near the GPP locations. Surface water was sampled by the Yunnan Huace Testing Co. (subcontracted by the DEIA institute) on 19-20 May 2019. Two sampling points were selected, and 20 parameters were monitored. The monitoring results show that the CODCr and BOD5 for the No.1 point on 20 May 2019 exceeded the standard of Grade III of GB3838-2002, and all the other parameters met the standard (Table IV-16).
152. Surface water baseline in Maobizi Reservoir (a small reservoir located within the Yudong Reservoir catchment): one point was sampled, for 10 parameters. The result shows that the water quality met the Grade III standard of GB3838-2002 (Table IV-17).
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Table IV-15: Surface Water Baseline of the rivers in the Yudong Reservoir Basin (unit: mg/L, except pH) River Section Item pH DO CODMn BOD5 NH3-N TP TN NO3-N Fe Concentration 7.14~8.35 6.0~10.4 1.5~2.8 0.6~3.9 0.107~0.670 0.018~0.091 0.63~2.20 0.310~1.760 0.03~0.059 range Crossing average value / 7.8 2.2 1.6 0.256 0.042 1.28 0.834 0.034 point of standard Longshu 6~9 ≥5 ≤6 ≤4 ≤1.0 ≤0.2 ≤1.0 ≤10 0.3 value and Shuimo Standard meet meet meet meet meet meet exceeded meet meet compliance Concentration 7.27~8.28 6.2~10.1 1.5~2.9 1.2~2.4 0.088~0.440 0.021~0.111 0.73~1.84 0.254~1.470 0.03~0.146 range Shaojia average value / 7.6 2.1 1.7 0.225 0.056 1.11 0.726 0.050 Village, standard Longshu 6~9 ≥5 ≤6 ≤4 ≤1.0 ≤0.2 ≤1.0 ≤10 0.3 value Town Standard Longshu meet meet meet meet meet meet exceeded meet meet compliance River Concentration 7.28~8.8 5.7~10.1 1.4~3.5 1.3~2.9 0.024~0.480 0.031~0.115 0.74~1.85 0.390~1.370 0.03~0.154 range Shanqiao, average value / 7.5 2.3 2.0 0.231 0.054 1.19 0.801 0.054 Shanqiao standard village, 6~9 ≥5 ≤6 ≤4 ≤1.0 ≤0.2 ≤1.0 ≤10 0.3 value Xinjei Town Standard meet meet meet meet meet meet exceeded meet meet compliance Concentration 7.04~8.56 6.9~10.4 1.3~2.5 0.5~1.9 0.032~0.327 0.005~0.179 0.64~1.59 0.396~1.180 0.03~0.069 range Tiaoshi average value / 8.0 1.8 1.1 0.159 0.055 0.98 0.662 0.036 Hydrological standard 6~9 ≥5 ≤6 ≤4 ≤1.0 ≤0.2 ≤1.0 ≤10 0.3 Station value Standard meet meet meet meet meet meet exceeded meet meet compliance Concentration 7.03~8.53 5.0~9.9 1.1~3.4 0.6~2.0 0.080~0.309 0.022~0.110 0.76~3.15 0.463~2.870 0.03~0.619 range average value / 7.4 2.2 1.2 0.179 0.051 1.42 1.117 0.090 Xin Xinhe standard River Village 6~9 ≥6 ≤4 ≤3 ≤0.5 ≤0.1 ≤0.5 ≤10 0.3 value Standard meet meet meet meet meet meet exceeded meet meet compliance Buchu Buchu Concentration 6.97~8.2 4.9~10.2 1.4~3.4 0.8~1.9 0.124~0.321 0.025~0.209 0.86~2.36 0.506~1.870 0.03~0.655 87
River Section Item pH DO CODMn BOD5 NH3-N TP TN NO3-N Fe River Village range average value / 7.3 2.4 1.4 0.230 0.065 1.29 0.931 0.103 standard 6~9 ≥6 ≤4 ≤3 ≤0.5 ≤0.1 ≤0.5 ≤10 0.3 value Standard meet exceed meet meet meet exceed exceed meet meet compliance Concentration 7.28~8.80 6.4~9.8 1.3~3.5 0.5~2.9 0.028~0.252 0.015~0.061 0.69~2.93 0.242~2.720 0.03~0.197 range average value / 7.6 2.6 1.5 0.151 0.035 1.36 1.039 0.050 Lan Lanhe standard River Bridge 6~9 ≥6 ≤4 ≤3 ≤0.5 ≤0.1 ≤0.5 ≤10 0.3 value Standard meet meet meet meet meet meet exceeded meet meet compliance Concentration 7.15~8.24 4.9~7.7 1.4~2.9 0.5~1.8 0.099~0.314 0.018~0.179 0.53~3.39 0.420~3.110 0.03~0.092 range average value / 6.5 2.2 1.1 0.166 0.077 1.85 1.650 0.026 Xindian Dilo Rier standard Village 6~9 ≥6 ≤4 ≤3 ≤0.5 ≤0.1 ≤0.5 ≤10 0.3 value Standard meet exceed meet meet meet exceed exceed meet meet compliance Concentration 7.02~8.37 5.1~10.3 1.5~4.9 1.0~2.5 0.038~0.254 0.034~0.100 0.94~8.15 0.660~7.810 0.03~0.121 range Guazhai average value / 7.3 2.5 1.7 0.142 0.062 3.90 3.547 0.041 Guazhai standard River Village 6~9 ≥6 ≤4 ≤3 ≤0.5 ≤0.1 ≤0.5 ≤10 0.3 value Standard meet exceed exceed meet meet meet exceed meet meet compliance Concentration 7.26~8.45 4.7~10.2 1.1~5.4 0.8~2.8 0.064~0.293 0.022~0.130 0.93~8.97 0.566~8.640 0.03~0.106 range Jule average value / 7.1 3.1 1.8 0.144 0.056 1.98 1.638 0.028 Jule Village standard River 6~9 ≥6 ≤4 ≤3 ≤0.5 ≤0.1 ≤0.5 ≤10 0.3 value Standard meet exceed exceed meet meet exceed exceed meet meet compliance Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
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Table IV-16. Surface Water Baseline surrounding the GPPs (Unit: mg/L, except Temperature (°C), pH and fecal coli. (cfu/L)) No.1 - the river at 420 m west to Shuimo Town GPP No. 2 - the river at 2.2 km north to Sujia Town GPP
Parameter 20 May 2019 21 May 2019 20 May 2019 21 May 2019 Standard Standard Standard Standard Results Standard Results Standard Results Standard Results Standard compliance compliance compliance compliance Temp. 19.2 / / 18.4 / / 19.1 / / 18.0 / / pH 7.30 6~9 meet 7.09 6~9 meet 7.83 6~9 reached 7.80 6~9 meet BOD5 6.6 ≤4 exceed 3.7 ≤4 meet 2.4 ≤4 reached 2.6 ≤4 meet CODCr 32 ≤20 exceed 10 ≤20 meet 15 ≤20 reached 4 ≤20 meet NH3-N 0.088 ≤1.0 meet 0.094 ≤1.0 meet 0.067 ≤1.0 reached 0.046 ≤1.0 meet TP 0.06 ≤0.2 meet 0.09 ≤0.2 meet 0.02 ≤0.2 reached 0.06 ≤0.2 meet TN 0.70 ≤1.0 meet 0.72 ≤1.0 meet 0.85 ≤1.0 reached 0.78 ≤1.0 meet S 0.005L ≤0.2 meet 0.005L ≤0.2 meet 0.005L ≤0.2 reached 0.005L ≤0.2 meet Petroleum 0.01L ≤0.05 meet 0.01L ≤0.05 meet 0.01L ≤0.05 reached 0.01L ≤0.05 meet Volatile meet meet reached meet 0.0003L ≤0.005 0.0003L ≤0.005 0.0003L ≤0.005 0.0003L ≤0.005 phenol F 0.057 ≤1.0 meet 0.091 ≤1.0 meet 0.068 ≤1.0 reached 0.123 ≤1.0 meet Fecal coliform 1300 ≤10000 meet 1300 ≤10000 meet 20 ≤10000 reached 330 ≤10000 meet Cu 0.00048 ≤1.0 meet 0.00051 ≤1.0 meet 0.00062 ≤1.0 reached 0.00059 ≤1.0 meet zinc 0.0564 ≤1.0 meet 0.00983 ≤1.0 meet 0.0104 ≤1.0 reached 0.00626 ≤1.0 meet selenium 0.00021 ≤0.01 meet 0.00046 ≤0.01 meet 0.00009L ≤0.01 reached 0.00009L ≤0.01 meet AS 0.00009L ≤0.05 meet 0.00009L ≤0.05 meet 0.00009L ≤0.05 reached 0.00009L ≤0.05 meet Hg 0.00004L ≤0.0001 meet 0.00004L ≤0.0001 meet 0.00004L ≤0.0001 reached 0.00004L ≤0.0001 meet Cd 0.00006L ≤0.005 meet 0.00006L ≤0.005 meet 0.00008 ≤0.005 reached 0.00006L ≤0.005 meet Pb 0.00007L ≤0.05 meet 0.00007L ≤0.05 meet 0.00228 ≤0.05 reached 0.00007L ≤0.05 meet Cr6 0.004L ≤0.05 meet 0.004L ≤0.05 meet 0.004L ≤0.05 reached 0.004L ≤0.05 meet Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
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Table IV-17: Surface Water Baseline in Up-reach of Maobizi Reservoir (Unit: mg/L, except Temperature (°C), pH and fecal coli. (cfu/L)) 20 May 2019 21 May 2019 Parameter Standard Standard Standard Standard Results Results value Compliance value Compliance Temp. 17.9 / / 15.3 / / DO 6.32 ≥5 meet 6.39 ≥5 meet pH 7.75 6~9 meet 7.80 6~9 meet BOD5 1.5 ≤4 meet 3.8 ≤4 meet CODCr 8 ≤20 meet 12 ≤20 meet NH3-N 0.050 ≤1.0 meet 0.076 ≤1.0 meet TP 0.03 ≤0.2 meet 0.04 ≤0.2 meet TN 0.88 ≤1.0 meet 0.83 ≤1.0 meet Fecal coliform 5400 ≤10000 meet 5400 ≤10000 meet Anionic surfactant 0.05L ≤0.2 meet 0.05L ≤0.2 meet Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
b) Groundwater quality
153. The groundwater baseline at the sites of GPPs. The groundwater qualities at the two GPP sites (4 sampling points) were monitored by the Huace Testing Co. on 19-20 May 2019, with the monitoring parameters of 28. The monitoring results show the groundwater qualities exceeded the Grade III of Groundwater Quality Standard of GB/T14848-2017, with the standard-exceeded pollutant of fecal coliform. The reason for the standard exceeding is pollution from nearby animal farms according to the monitoring report (Table IV-18).
Table IV-18: Groundwater Baseline at the Garbage pyrolysis plant Sites (Unit: mg/L, except Temperature (°C), pH and fecal coli. (cfu/L)) No. 1 – Shuimo Town GPP No. 2 – Sujia Town GPP Parameter Standard Standard Standard Standard Result Results value compliance values compliance pH 7.14 6.5~8.5 meet 7.34 6.5~8.5 meet TDS Total 50 ≤1000 meet 72 ≤1000 meet dissolved solids CODMn 1.9 / / 3.0 / / Total coliform 103.3 times 350 times 340 ≤3 exceed the 1100 ≤3 exceed standard standard Total bacterial 31 ≤100 meet 47 ≤100 meet Cyanide 0.004L ≤0.05 meet 0.004L ≤0.05 meet Total Hardness 13 ≤450 meet 15 ≤450 meet (in CaCO3) NH3-N 0.061 ≤0.50 meet 0.070 ≤0.50 meet Volatile phenols 0.0003L ≤0.002 meet 0.0003L ≤0.002 meet Hg mercury 0.00004L ≤0.001 meet 0.00004L ≤0.001 meet As 0.00012 ≤0.01 meet 0.00011 ≤0.01 meet Cr6 0.004L ≤0.05 meet 0.004L ≤0.05 meet Fluoride 0.045 ≤1.0 meet 0.080 ≤1.0 meet
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No. 1 – Shuimo Town GPP No. 2 – Sujia Town GPP Parameter Standard Standard Standard Standard Result Results value compliance values compliance Chloride 1.80 / / 1.02 / / NO2-N 0.123 ≤20.0 meet 0.059 ≤20.0 meet NO3-N 0.004L ≤1.00 meet 0.004L ≤1.00 meet Sulfate 5.58 ≤250 meet 0.451 ≤250 meet Cd 0.00006L ≤0.005 meet 0.00006L ≤0.005 meet Fe 0.0009L ≤0.3 meet 0.0820 ≤0.3 meet Mn 0.00006L ≤0.10 meet 0.0692 ≤0.10 meet Pb 0.00007L ≤0.01 meet 0.00008 ≤0.01 meet K 0.468 / / 0.290 / / Na 1.02 ≤200 meet 0.982 ≤200 meet Ca 0.799 / / 0.876 / / Mg 1.55 / / 1.89 / / CaCO3) 0.00 / / 0.00 / / Bicarbonate 23.4 / / 30.4 / / Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
154. The groundwater baseline at the Sayu River Basin. The groundwater qualities at the six sites within the Yudong Reservoir Basin were monitored by the Huace Testing Co. on 19-20 May 2019. The monitoring results, with 28 monitoring parameters, show that the groundwater qualities at the six points all exceeded the Grade III of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-2017), with the standard-exceeded pollutant of fecal coliform. The reason for the standard exceeding is pollution from nearby rural livestock activity (Table IV-19).
Table IV-19: Groundwater Baseline in the Yudong Reservoir Basin (Unit: mg/L, except Temperature (°C), pH and fecal coli. (cfu/L)) No. 1 Spring No.2 Spring Parameter Standard Standard Standard Standard Result Result value compliance value compliance pH 7.70 6.5~8.5 reached 7.08 6.5~8.5 reached TDS 68 ≤1000 reached 47 ≤1000 reached CODMn 0.9 / / 3.1 / / Total coliform 116 times 20L ≤30 reached 3500 ≤30 exceeded standard Total bacterial 44 ≤100 reached 32 ≤100 reached Cyanide 0.004L ≤0.05 reached 0.004L ≤0.05 reached Total Hardness 13 ≤450 reached 7 ≤450 reached NH3-N 0.040 ≤0.50 reached 0.088 ≤0.50 reached Volatile phenols 0.0003L ≤0.002 reached 0.0003L ≤0.002 reached Hg 0.00004L ≤0.001 reached 0.00004L ≤0.001 reached As 0.00009L ≤0.01 reached 0.00014 ≤0.01 reached Cr6 0.004L ≤0.05 reached 0.004L ≤0.05 reached Fluoride 0.020 ≤1.0 reached 0.013 ≤1.0 reached
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Chloride 1.20 / / 1.21 / / NO2-N 0.133 ≤20.0 reached 0.051 ≤20.0 reached NO3-N 0.004L ≤1.00 reached 0.004L ≤1.00 reached Sulfate 2.00 ≤250 reached 0.787 ≤250 reached Cd 0.00006L ≤0.005 reached 0.00006L ≤0.005 reached Fe 0.0009L ≤0.3 reached 0.160 ≤0.3 reached Mn 0.00052 ≤0.10 reached 0.0657 ≤0.10 reached Pb 0.00007L ≤0.01 reached 0.00007L ≤0.01 reached K 0.190 / / 0.178 / / Na 1.18 ≤200 reached 0.290 ≤200 reached Ca 0.614 / / 0.523 / / Mg 1.28 / / 0.630 / / Carbonate 0.00 / / 0.00 / / Bicarbonate 22.8 / / 16.3 / / No.3 Spring No.4 Spring Items Standard Standard Standard Standard Result Result value compliance value compliance pH 7.19 6.5~8.5 reached 7.91 6.5~8.5 reached TDS 30 ≤1000 reached 87 ≤1000 reached CODMn 1.3 / / 0.7 / / Total coliform 532 times 532 times 16000 ≤30 over 16000 ≤30 exceeded standard standard Total bacterial 3.4 times 6 times 440 ≤100 over 700 ≤100 exceeded standard standard Cyanide 0.004L ≤0.05 reached 0.004L ≤0.05 reached Total Hardness 5 ≤450 reached 14 ≤450 reached NH3-N 0.073 ≤0.50 reached 0.043 ≤0.50 reached Volatile phenols 0.0003L ≤0.002 reached 0.0003L ≤0.002 reached Hg 0.00004L ≤0.001 reached 0.00004L ≤0.001 reached As 0.00009L ≤0.01 reached 0.00009L ≤0.01 reached Cr6 0.004L ≤0.05 reached 0.004L ≤0.05 reached Fluoride 0.040 ≤1.0 reached 0.098 ≤1.0 reached Chloride 1.47 / / 1.32 / / NO2-N 0.329 ≤20.0 reached 0.848 ≤20.0 reached NO3-N 0.004L ≤1.00 reached 0.004L ≤1.00 reached Sulfate 1.25 ≤250 reached 0.566 ≤250 reached Cd 0.00006L ≤0.005 reached 0.00006L ≤0.005 reached Fe 0.0009L ≤0.3 reached 0.0278 ≤0.3 reached Mn 0.00030 ≤0.10 reached 0.00346 ≤0.10 reached Pb 0.00007L ≤0.01 reached 0.00007L ≤0.01 reached K 0.318 / / 0.423 / /
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Na 0.869 ≤200 reached 1.69 ≤200 reached Ca 0.351 / / 0.652 / / Mg 0.807 / / 1.66 / / Carbonate 0.00 / / 0.00 / / Bicarbonate 15.5 / / 28.9 / / No.5 Spring No.6 Spring Items Standard Standard Standard Standard Result Result value compliance value compliance pH 7.39 6.5~8.5 reached 7.19 6.5~8.5 reached TDS 35 ≤1000 reached 350 ≤1000 reached CODMn 1.4 / / 1.2 / / Total coliform 532 times 8 times 16000 ≤30 exceeded 270 ≤30 exceeded standard standard Total bacterial 5 times over 600 ≤100 20 ≤100 reached standard Cyanide 0.004L ≤0.05 reached 0.004L ≤0.05 reached Total Hardness 3 ≤450 reached 195 ≤450 reached NH3-N 0.046 ≤0.50 reached 0.094 ≤0.50 reached Volatile phenols 0.0003L ≤0.002 reached 0.0003L ≤0.002 reached Hg 0.00004L ≤0.001 reached 0.00004L ≤0.001 reached As 0.00009L ≤0.01 reached 0.00009L ≤0.01 reached Cr6 0.004L ≤0.05 reached 0.004 ≤0.05 reached Fluoride 0.050 ≤1.0 reached 0.029 ≤1.0 reached Chloride 1.58 / / 3.29 / / NO2-N 0.400 ≤20.0 reached 0.152 ≤20.0 reached NO3-N 0.004L ≤1.00 reached 0.004L ≤1.00 reached Sulfate 1.62 ≤250 reached 41.1 ≤250 reached Cd 0.00006L ≤0.005 reached 0.00006L ≤0.005 reached Fe 0.0022 ≤0.3 reached 0.0343 ≤0.3 reached Mn 0.00038 ≤0.10 reached 0.00587 ≤0.10 reached Pb 0.00017 ≤0.01 reached 0.00007 ≤0.01 reached K 0.305 / / 1.54 / / Na 0.865 ≤200 reached 2.53 ≤200 reached Ca 0.370 / / 9.13 / / Mg 0.813 / / 10.0 / / Carbonate 0.00 / / 0.00 / / Bicarbonate 15.5 / / 150 / / Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. Note: “L” means the monitoring result is lower than the detection limit.
c) Soil and sediment quality
155. Soil quality was sampled at sites for the Longshu WWTP as well the planned sites for the
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GPPs, constructed wetland sites, pilot farmlands, and river embankments, by the Yunnan Huace Testing Co. during 23–30 May 2019 (for heavy metals) and 4–16 June 2019 (for dioxin). The applicable PRC standards are the Soil Quality Standard for Pollution Risk Control on Construction Land of GB36600-2018 and Soil Quality Standard for Pollution Risk Control on Farmland of GB15618-2018.
156. Baseline soil quality within the GPP sites. Only the site of Sujia Town GPP was sampled (Table IV-20) as the site for Shuimo GPP was previously a quarry and there is little surface soil. Four sampling sites were selected including a surface soil and three columnar samples, each including 3 samples of different depths. The applicable standard is the PRC Soil Quality Standard for Risk Control of Pollution on Construction Land–Grade II (GB36600-2018).
157. Baseline of Dioxin. Waste pyrolysis process may generate dioxins, which are dangerous chemicals of persistent organic pollutants. Dioxins can damage a variety of human organs and systems. Once they enter the human body, because they are chemically stable and easy to be absorbed by adipose tissue, they accumulate in the body for a long time and may cause cancer through indirect physiological pathways. For monitoring the dioxin baseline at the proposed GPP sites, four sampling points were selected by the Huace Testing Co. within the two GPP sites during 4–16 June 2019 (Table IV-21). Results show that the Dioxin baselines at two GPPs meet the standard, the monitored concentrations of Dioxin are far below the standard value.
Table IV-20: Soil Sampling Points within the Planned Locations for the Two Garbage pyrolysis plants GPP Sampling No. Remark Sujia Town S-Surface Surface soil (0-0.2 m) GPP S-colum1-1 No.1 columnar sample in the GPP(0-0.5m) S-colum1-2 No.1 columnar sample in the GPP(0.5-1.5m) S-colum1-3 No.1 columnar sample in the GPP(1.5-3.0m) S-colum-2-1 No.2 columnar sample in the GPP(0-0.5m) S-colum-2-2 No.2 columnar sample in the GPP(0.5-1.5m) S-colum-2-3 No.2 columnar sample in the GPP(1.5-3.0m) S-colum-3-1 No.3 columnar sample in the GPP(0-0.5m) S-colum-3-2 No.3 columnar sample in the GPP(0.5-1.5m) S-colum-3-3 No.3 columnar sample in the GPP(1.5-3.0m) S-Dioxin (20 cm) Sample for Dioxin in the GPP (20 cm) S-Dioxin (100 cm) Sample for Dioxin in the GPP (100 cm) Shuimo Town Sh-Dioxin (20 cm) Sample for Dioxin in the GPP (20 cm) GPP Sh-Dioxin (100 cm) Sample for Dioxin in the GPP (100 cm) Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
Table IV-21: The Baseline Monitoring Results of Soil within the Planned Locations for the Two Garbage pyrolysis plants (mg/kg) S-Surface(0-0.2m) S-colum1-1(0-0.5m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Cr6 ND 5.7 meet ND 5.7 meet Ni 56 900 meet 65 900 meet As 8.0 60 meet 7.0 60 meet Cu 241 18000 meet 244 18000 meet Hg 0.126 38 meet 0.067 38 meet Pb 47.9 800 meet 23.8 800 meet
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Cd 1.67 65 meet 0.16 65 meet Petroleum 218 4500 meet ND 4500 meet (C10-C40) S-colum1-2(0.5-1.5m) S-colum1-3(1.5-3.0m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Cr6 ND 5.7 meet ND 5.7 meet Ni 64 900 meet 67 900 meet As 6.7 60 meet 6.9 60 meet Cu 266 18000 meet 251 18000 meet Hg 0.067 38 meet 0.116 38 meet Pb 23.3 800 meet 20.5 800 meet Cd 0.24 65 meet 0.09 65 meet Petroleum 74 4500 meet ND 4500 meet (C10-C40) S-colum-2-1(0-0.5m) S-colum-2-2(0.5-1.5m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Cr6 ND 5.7 meet ND 5.7 meet Ni 71 900 meet 67 900 meet As 7.4 60 meet 6.1 60 meet Cu 230 18000 meet 268 18000 meet Hg 0.059 38 meet 0.062 38 meet Pb 24.9 800 meet 21.4 800 meet Cd 0.11 65 meet 0.21 65 meet Petroleum 31 4500 meet 21 4500 meet (C10-C40) S-colum-2-3(1.5-3.0m) S-colum-3-1(0-0.5m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Cr6 ND 5.7 meet ND 5.7 meet Ni 68 900 meet 65 900 meet As 7.9 60 meet 7.7 60 meet Cu 226 18000 meet 251 18000 meet Hg 0.071 38 meet 0.091 38 meet Pb 35.3 800 meet 24.2 800 meet Cd 0.12 65 meet 0.16 65 meet Petroleum ND 4500 meet ND 4500 meet (C10-C40) S-colum-3-2(0.5-1.5m) S-colum-3-3(1.5-3.0m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Cr6 ND 5.7 meet ND 5.7 meet Ni 68 900 meet 69 900 meet As 4.2 60 meet 7.8 60 meet Cu 271 18000 meet 231 18000 meet Hg 0.054 38 meet 0.057 38 meet Pb 16.2 800 meet 23.7 800 meet Cd 0.10 65 meet 0.11 65 meet Petroleum ND 4500 meet ND 4500 meet (C10-C40) Sh-Dioxin (20cm) Sh-Dioxin GPP (100cm) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance
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Dioxin 2.2×10-7 4×10-5 meet 2×10-7 4×10-5 meet S-Dioxin (20cm) S-Dioxin (100cm) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Dioxin 1.7×10-7 4×10-5 meet 1.6×10-7 4×10-5 meet Note 1: ND- not detected (below the detection limit) Note 2: the following 38 parameters were not detected: chloroform, methyl chloride, 1, 1 - dichloroethane, 1, 2 - dichloroethane, 1, 1-2 vinyl chloride, shun - 1, 1-2 vinyl chloride, anti - 1, 1-2 vinyl chloride, methylene chloride, 1, 2 - dichloro propane, say - tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1 - trichloroethane, 1,1,2 - trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and 1, 2, 3 - chemical propane, vinyl chloride, benzene, chlorobenzene, 1, 2 - dichlorobenzene, 1, 4 - dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, toluene, Meta-xylene + p-xylene, o-xylene, nitrobenzene, aniline, 2 - chlorophenol, benzo [a] anthracene, benzo [a] pyrene and benzo [a] fluoranthene, benzo [k] fluoranthene, chrysene, diphenyl and [a, h] anthracene, indene and [1, 2, 3 - CD] pyrene, naphthalene. Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report.
158. Based on these sampling results, soil quality of the 47 monitored parameters in both GPP sites was confirmed to currently meet the Grade II Soil Quality Standard for Pollution Risk Control on Construction Land” (GB36600-2018). Volatile organic pollutants and semi-volatile organic pollutants were not detected (below to the detection limits), showing the soil qualities on the proposed sites were not polluted.
159. Baseline soil quality outside the GPPs. Four sampling points, two for each GPP, were selected by the Huace Testing Co. during 23–30 May 2019, 9 parameters were monitored, the applicable standard is Soil Environmental Quality Standard for Farmland (GB15618-2018). The monitoring result shows that the soil qualities outside the two GPPs exceeded the standard, the exceeded standard pollutants at the points outside the Shuimo GPP and Sujia GPP were Ni, Cu, Cd, and Cu, Cd, respectively. These exceedances appear to be due to naturally occurring heavy metals in the soil, as the sites and nearby areas do not (nor have) supported industries or mining.
Table IV-22: Baseline Soil Monitoring Results at the Planned Locations for two Garbage pyrolysis plants (mg/kg) SM-outside GPP-1(0-0.2m) S-outside GPP-2(0-0.2m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance pH 7.05 6.5 96 Ni 60 100 meet 57 60 meet As 6.3 30 meet 8.6 40 meet Exceed Exceed Cu 211 100 standard by 200 50 standard by 3.0 1.11 time times Hg 0.059 2.4 meet 0.219 1.3 meet Pb 50.6 120 meet 45.3 70 meet Exceed Cd 0.16 0.3 meet 0.32 0.3 standard by 0.07 time Cr 55 200 meet 63 150 meet Zn 164 250 meet 161 200 meet Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 160. Baseline soil quality in the WWTS and wetlands. The baseline monitoring for the soil qualities in the sites of Longshu WWTP and the five wetlands sites were conducted by the Huace Testing Co. during 23–30 May 2019 (Table IV-23). The applicable standard is also the Grade II Standard of GB36600-2018. Results are in Table IV-24. Table IV-23: Soil Sampling Points within the Planned Locations for the Wetlands and Longshu WWTP Code of sampling Location Remark S-W1 Sanhechang Constructed Wetlanda Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-W2 Xiaohebian Constructed Wetlanda Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-W3 Baifangzi Constructed Wetlanda Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-W4 Zhongheba Constructed Wetlanda Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-W5 Dahaizi Constructed Wetlanda Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-WWTS Longshu WWTP Surface soil(0-0.2m) a To be built under the project. Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. Table IV-24: The Baseline Monitoring Results of Soil for the planned locations of the rural wastewater treatment stations and constructed wetlands (mg/kg) S-W1(0-0.2m) S-W2(0-0.2m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Cr6 ND 5.7 meet ND 5.7 meet Ni 68 900 meet 75 900 meet As 4.9 60 meet 5.3 60 meet Cu 184 18000 meet 134 18000 meet Hg 0.077 38 meet 0.085 38 meet Pb 31.9 800 meet 35.1 800 meet Cd 0.40 65 meet 0.20 65 meet Petroleum 96 4500 meet 21 4500 meet (C10-C40) S-W3(0-0.2m) S-W4(0-0.2m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Cr6 ND 5.7 meet ND 5.7 meet Ni 67 900 meet 64 900 meet As 9.7 60 meet 4.2 60 meet Cu 204 18000 meet 234 18000 meet Hg 0.206 38 meet 0.157 38 meet 97 Pb 32.7 800 meet 18.2 800 meet Cd 0.29 65 meet 0.26 65 meet Petroleum 69 4500 meet ND 4500 meet (C10-C40) S-W5(0-0.2m) S-WWTS(0-0.2m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance Cr6 ND 5.7 meet ND 5.7 meet Ni 68 900 meet 98 900 meet As 6.7 60 meet 2.3 60 meet Cu 188 18000 meet 126 18000 meet Hg 0.155 38 meet 0.047 38 meet Pb 28.9 800 meet 14.9 800 meet Cd 0.43 65 meet 0.16 65 meet Petroleum 122 4500 meet 56 4500 meet (C10-C40) Note 1: ND- not detected; Note 2: the following 38 parameters are not detected: including: chloroform, methyl chloride, 1, 1 - dichloroethane, 1, 2 - dichloroethane, 1, 1-2 vinyl chloride, shun - 1, 1-2 vinyl chloride, anti - 1, 1-2 vinyl chloride, methylene chloride, 1, 2 - dichloro propane, say - tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1 - trichloroethane, 1,1,2 - trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and 1, 2, 3 - chemical propane, vinyl chloride, benzene, chlorobenzene, 1, 2 - dichlorobenzene, 1, 4 - dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, toluene, Meta-xylene + p-xylene, o-xylene, nitrobenzene, aniline, 2 - chlorophenol, benzo [a] anthracene, benzo [a] pyrene and benzo [a] fluoranthene, benzo [k] fluoranthene, chrysene, diphenyl and [a, h] anthracene, indene and [1, 2, 3 - CD] pyrene, naphthalene. Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 161. The results show that soil quality on the five wetland sites and Longshu WWTP meet the “Grade II Soil Quality Standard for Pollution Risk Control on Construction Land” (GB36600-2018). Volatile organic pollutants and semi-volatile organic pollutants were not detected (below to the detection limits), showing the soil qualities on the proposed sites were not polluted. 162. Baseline soil quality on the proposed farmland. The baseline monitoring for the soil qualities on the proposed farmlands were conducted (Table IV-25). The applicable standard is the “Soil Quality Standard for Pollution Risk Control on Farmland” – (GB15618-2018). Results are in Table IV-26. Table IV-25: Soil Sampling Points for the proposed Farmlands Code of sampling Location Remark S-FL1 Shuimo Town farm plot Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-FL2 Baifangzi farm plot Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-FL3 Fangzi farm plot? Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-FL 4 Xinle Village farm plot Surface soil(0-0.2m) Fertilizer control area on the S-FL 5 Surface soil(0-0.2m) southwest of Xiaoliang Hill S-FL 6 Pojiao Village farm plot Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-FL 7 Wachang farm plot Surface soil(0-0.2m) S-FL 8 Shiyakou farm plot Surface soil(0-0.2m) 98 Table IV-26: The Baseline Monitoring Results of Soil on the proposed Farmlands (mg/kg) S-FL1(0-0.2m) S-FL 2(0-0.2m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance pH 7.11 6.5 99 standard standard Cr 89 150 meet 74 150 meet Zn 188 200 meet 192 200 meet Benzo [a] ND 0.55 meet ND 0.55 meet pyrene Total - ND 0.10 meet ND 0.10 meet C6H6Cl6 Total-DDT ND 0.10 meet ND 0.10 meet S-FL 7(0-0.2m) S-FL 8(0-0.2m) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance pH 5.24 5.5 163. The results show that soil quality in eight farmland sites exceed the “Soil Quality Standard for Pollution Risk Control on Farmland” – (GB15618-2018) for four parameters, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Cr. The reason for exceeding standard was high heavy metals background in the areas because there is no any industries and mines nearby the sites according to the DEIA. 164. Baseline sediment quality on the rivers and wetlands. Baseline monitoring for sediment quality in the project six wetlands and eight rivers was conducted (Table IV-27). The applicable standard is also the GB15618-2018. The results are n Table IV-28. Table IV-27: Soil Sampling Points for the Wetland and Rivers Code of sampling Location Sd-1 Yanjiashan Wetland Sd-2 Yudong Reservoir (Tail Area Sd-3 Shanqiao Wetland Sd-4 Zhongheba Wetland Sd 5 Xiaohebian Wetland Sd-6 Xinhexiaohe Wetland Sd-7 Lujiawan Channel Sd-8 Luodi River Sd-9 Heilu River Sd-10 Xinjiexiao River Sd-11 Muzhuqi Channel Sd-12 Tangfang River Sd-13 Shituogu Channel Sd-14 Guzai-Shejia Channel 100 Table IV-28: The Baseline Monitoring Results of Sediment at the Planned Locations of the Constructed Wetlands and Sites for River Embankments (mg/kg) Sd-1 (Yanjiashan Wetland) Sd-2 (tail area Yudong Reservoir) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance pH 6.49 5.5 101 standard 0.005 time Zn 201 300 meet 201 200 exceeded standard 1.328 time Cr 582 250 83 150 meet exceeded standard Total - 7.4×10-5 0.10 meet 6×10-4 0.10 meet C6H6Cl6 Total-DDT 1.4×10-4 0.10 meet ND 0.10 meet Benzo [a] ND 0.55 meet ND 0.55 meet pyrene Sd-7 (Lujiawan Channel) Luodi River Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance pH 6.88 6.5 102 0.68 time exceeded 1.09 times Cu 168 100 209 100 standard exceeded standard Pb 28.8 120 meet 22.6 120 meet Hg 0.127 2.4 meet 0.116 2.4 meet Ni 88.9 100 meet 90.9 100 meet Zn 240 250 meet 250 250 meet 0.74 times 0.27 times Cr 348 200 254 200 exceeded standard exceeded standard Total - 2.6×10-4 0.10 meet 1.0×10-4 0.10 meet C6H6Cl6 Total-DDT ND 0.10 meet ND 0.10 meet Benzo [a] ND 0.55 meet ND 0.55 meet pyrene Sd-13 (Shituogu Channel) Sd-14 (Guzai-Shejia Channel) Parameter Baseline Standard Standard Baseline Standard Standard Result value Compliance Result value Compliance pH 6.49 5.5 165. The results show that the sediment baseline at the Diluo River and Heilu River meet the standard of GB15618-2018, while those at the other 12 sampling points exceed the standard. The exceeded pollutants were Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr, showing the high heavy metal background in soil/sediment in the areas. In the survey jointly conducted by the DEIA Institute and TA consultant, no pollution sources were founded within 5 km range from the sampling sites. The conclusion in the updated DEIA report for the exceedances of these heavy metals is due to naturally occurrance. d) Air quality 166. Annual average ambient air quality in the project area in 2018. According to the “Environmental Quality Report of Zhaotong City in 2018, the pollutants PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO and O3 met the Grade II of the PRC Ambient Air Quality Standard of GB3095-2012 (Table IV-33). The data are cited from the ambient air on-line monitoring systems of Zhaotong EEB (19.84 km to the project site), Zhaoyang District EEB (18.32 km to the site) and Ludian County EEB (11.96 km to the site). The PRC’s Technical Guideline of Environmental Impact Assessment - Ambient air (HJ2.2- 2018) stipulates that “in an EIA study, data from regional automatic monitoring points that with similar geographical location, topography and climatic conditions of the project area can be used in the EIA." The annual average monitoring data from the local auto monitoring systems conform to the provisions of HJ664 Guideline. However, due to the distance of these monitoring stations from the project area, project-specific sampling was also undertaken, and is described below. 103 Table IV-29: Ambient Air Quality in Project Area in 2018 (mg/m3) Monitoring results (annual average) District/county SO2 NO2 CO O3 PM10 PM2.5 Zhaoyang District 15 18 0.7 89 46 21 Ludian County 16 11 0.9 84 40 23 Grade II Standard value of GB3095-2012 150 80 4 160 150 75 Standard compliance meet meet meet meet meet meet Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 167. The air baseline at the GPP sites. Air quality at the two GPP sites and downwind was sampled during 23–30 May 2019 at four sampling points. Six parameters (TSP, Pb, Cd, As, fluoride, dioxin) were monitored. The results show that the air qualities at the four points meet the Grade II Standard of GB3095-2012. These parameters were selected specifically reflecting the range of potential hazardous emissions from the GPPs. Table IV-30 The baseline of Air at the GPP Sites(Daily average, µg/m3) Standard Standard Sampling point Pollutant Monitoring result value compliance TSP 300 2.85~293 meet Pb / 0.00611 ~ 0.0618 / No. 1 Suimo Town Cd / 0.000879 ~ 0.0154 / GPP As / 0.0007L ~ 0.0831 / fluoride 7 0.79 ~ 1.22 meet Dioxin / 0.0078~0.016 / TSP 300 10.6 ~ 138 meet No. 2 Qingjiaogou Pb / 0.00133 ~ 0.0896 / Village (2.15 km Cd / 0.000895 ~ 0.0094 / downwind of Suimo As / 0.0007L ~ 0.161 / Town GPP) fluoride 7 0.81 ~ 1.27 meet Dioxin / 0.007~0.014 / TSP 300 18.6 ~ 113 meet Pb / 0.00545 ~ 0.0163 / No.3 Sujia Town Cd / 0.000461 ~ 0.00359 / GPP As / 0.0018 ~ 0.187 / fluoride 7 0.70 ~ 1.20 meet Dioxin / 0.0067~0.019 / TSP 300 9.02 ~ 126 meet No.4 Laoshuqing Pb / 0.00748 ~ 0.018 / Village (2.4 km Cd / 0.00024 ~ 0.00348 / downwind of Sujia As / 0.00179 ~ 0.153 / Town GPP) fluoride 7 0.79 ~ 1.22 meet Dioxin / 0.0071~0.017 / Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 168. Baseline of odor gases: The specific air quality baseline monitoring includes (i) air quality at the proposed sites of WWTS and GTSs with the monitored parameters of H2S and NH3 (odor gases), the sampling frequency was four times per day for 7 days. the applicable standard is Sanitation Standard for Industrial Enterprise Design of TJ36-79. The six sampling points (1 WWTS and 5 GTSs) were monitored; all parameters met the standard (Table IV-31). Table IV-31: Air Quality (Odor Gases) in the WWTS and GTSs (µg/m3, hourly Concentration) Site Pollutants Monitoring Range Standard µg/m3 No.1 - WWTS site of Sujia Town H2S 2~8 10 104 NH3 10~190 200 H S 3~10 10 No. 2 – GTS site of Xinjie Town 2 NH3 70~160 200 H S 3~10 10 No. 3 - GTS site of Longshu Town 2 NH3 80~180 200 H S 2~8 10 No. 4 - GTS site of Shuimo Town 2 NH3 70~170 200 H S 3~9 10 No. 5 - GTS site of Wayaoshang Village 2 NH3 90~180 200 H S 2~9 10 No. 6 - GTS site of Wayaoshang Village 2 NH3 70~190 200 Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. e) Acoustic environment 169. The noise baseline monitoring, conducted by the Huace Testing Co. during 19–23 May 2019, includes (i) the baseline noise at the boundary of proposed GPP sites (8 points), (ii) the noise at the proposed wastewater facilities (6 points); (iii) the villages along river/channels in the Yudong Reservoir Basin (10 points). The applicable standard for (i) and (ii) is Grade II of Environmental quality standard for noise (GB3096-2008), while the applicable standard for the iii) and Grade I of Environmental quality standard for noise (GB3096-2008). The results in Tables IV-32 to Table IV-35 show that noise baseline at most of points met the standard, and that in some villages slightly exceeded the standard. The reason for the exceeding was traffic noise according to the DEIA. Table IV-32: The Noise baseline at the Boundaries of GPPs [Unit: dB(A)] Standard Standard GPP Date Sites Time Result value compliance Day 57.7 60 reached Eastern boundary Night 40.0 50 reached Day 51.8 60 reached Southern boundary 22 May Night 42.2 50 reached 2019 Day 51.1 60 reached Western boundary Night 41.6 50 reached Day 55.4 60 reached Northern boundary Shuimo Town Night 46.0 50 reached GPP Day 51.8 60 reached Eastern boundary Night 42.9 50 reached Day 54.9 60 reached Southern boundary 22 May Night 45.7 50 reached 2019 Day 53.6 60 reached Western boundary Night 43.6 50 reached Day 57.8 60 reached Northern boundary Night 43.2 50 reached Day 43.3 60 reached Eastern boundary Night 39.2 50 reached Day 44.2 60 reached Southern boundary 19 May Night 38.5 50 reached 2019 Day 44.7 60 reached Sujia Town Western boundary Night 36.6 50 reached GPP Day 42.6 60 reached Northern boundary Night 39.0 50 reached Day 43.2 60 reached 20 May Eastern boundary Night 41.1 50 reached 2019 Southern boundary Day 42.8 60 reached 105 Night 41.3 50 reached Day 44.8 60 reached Western boundary Night 38.1 50 reached Day 40.6 60 reached Northern boundary Night 36.5 50 reached Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. Table IV-33: The Noise baseline at the GTSs [Unit: dB(A)] Standard Standard Sites Date Time Result value Compliance Day 53.5 60 reached 20 May 2019 Night 44.4 50 reached Guazhai Village Day 54.2 60 reached 21 May 2019 Night 42.8 50 reached Day 53.7 60 reached 20 May 2019 Night 43.4 50 reached Yingjiao Village Day 54.7 60 reached 21 May 2019 Night 43.4 50 reached Day 53.3 60 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 45.5 50 reached Shuimo Town Day 55.3 60 reached 21-22 May 2019 Night 44.6 50 reached Day 53.7 60 reached 21-22 May 2019 Night 44.5 50 reached Xinpeng Village Day 53.0 60 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 42.6 50 reached Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. Table IV-34: Noise baseline at Wastewater Collection and Treatment System [Unit: dB(A)] Sites Date Time Result Standard Value Standard Compliance East of Sujia Town Day 53.1 60 reached 20 May 2019 Government Night 45.2 50 reached Day 47.6 60 reached 21 May 2019 Night 42.4 50 reached The WWTS Day 55.6 60 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 43.5 50 reached Day 54.5 60 reached 21 May 2019 Night 44.5 50 reached Shuimo Town Day 54.4 60 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 43.9 50 reached Day 53.4 60 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 43.1 50 reached South of Xinjie Town Day 51.2 60 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 43.9 50 reached Day 48.8 60 reached 21 May 2019 Night 43.6 50 reached South of Longshu Town Day 54.7 60 reached 22 May 2019 Night 43.3 50 reached Day 53.0 60 reached 23 May 2019 Night 43.9 50 reached Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 106 Table IV-35: Noise baseline in the villages along the rivers/channels [Unit: dB(A)] Sites Date Time Result Standard Value Standard Compliance ChenJiahaizi Day 51.9 55 reached 20 May 2019 Night 43.1 45 reached Day 51.7 55 reached 21 May 2019 Night 44.1 45 reached Xiaosongshulin Day 53.1 55 reached 20 May 2019 Night 45.2 45 reached Day 54.5 55 reached 21 May 2019 Night 43.1 45 reached Xinyingpan Day 53.1 55 reached 20 May 2019 Night 44.5 45 reached Day 55.6 55 Exceeded 21 May 2019 Night 42.6 45 reached Xiaohebian Day 55.1 55 exceeded 20 May 2019 Night 42.9 45 reached Day 53.6 55 reached 21 May 2019 Night 42.0 45 reached Tangfang Village Day 49.6 55 reached 20 May 2019 Night 43.3 45 reached Day 47.2 55 reached 21 May 2019 Night 40.2 45 reached Machang Day 50.5 55 reached 20 May 2019 Night 44.6 45 reached Day 53.6 55 reached 21 May 2019 Night 42.3 45 reached xinhe village Day 49.4 55 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 40.6 45 reached Day 48.6 55 reached 21 May 2019 Night 42.5 45 reached Sujiaqing Day 48.4 55 reached 20 May 2019 Night 45.1 45 reached Day 55.2 55 exceeded 21 May 2019 Night 44.0 45 reached Banbianjie Day 53.6 55 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 45.3 45 reached Day 53.4 55 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 42.8 45 reached Liangshanzi Day 52.0 55 reached 20-21 May 2019 Night 41.7 45 reached Day 52.9 55 reached 21-22 May 2019 Night 43.6 45 reached Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 107 V. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES A. Project Area of Influence and Sensitive Receptors 170. To define the geographic scope of the impact assessment, the “project area of influence” and “sensitive receptors” were identified. The project area of influence was defined as the total area which might be subject to adverse impacts of the project. This was based on the locations of sensitive receptors, defined as settlements and/or environmental values that might be affected by the project construction and/or operation. The receptors (Tables V-1) comprise: (i) villages and communities potentially subject to construction or operational noise, air pollution, altered water quality, and/or environment-related social impacts; (ii) public service facilities vulnerable to disturbance or pollution; (iii) vegetation, fauna habitats, and agricultural lands within 200 m of the water bodies targeted for construction works, including the Longshu River and other rivers/creeks and their riverbank habitats; and (iv) the habitats around the proposed locations for the constructed wetlands. 171. The following distances were applied to identify the sensitive receptors: (i) for construction and/or operational noise – receptors within 200 m of the noise-generating source; (ii) for construction-related air quality impacts – receptors within 200 m of the source; (iii) for local ecological environment, both the surface water area and the land area within 100 m; and the entire areas of other subcomponent. These distances, combined with the direct construction sites, were assumed to encompass the total project area of influence. 172. Based on the characteristics of the proposed subcomponents, the environmental features of each project site were investigated by the DEIA Institute. The sensitive receptors related to the project are identified and summarized in Table V-1. Table V-1: Environmentally Sensitive Receptors Sensitive Receptor Classified Objective of Impact Sensitive Environ- Range Description the classified Receptor mental function Function The river catchment area: 519.2 Longshu River km2; length: 56.38 km; width: 15-30 m; average gradient: 1.73% The river catchment area: 4.61 km2; Guazhai River length: 3.65 km; width: 2.9 m; average gradient: 5.45% The river catchment area: 4.61 km2; Xiaosongshu length: 3.653 km; width: 3.52 m; River average gradient: 9.17% Class III surface Grade III - The river catchment area: 22.656 Surface Water 5-200 m on both 2 water Xin River km ; length: 5.694 km; width: 4.2 m; Quality sides quality,and average gradient: 7.94% Standard The catchment area: 12.4 km2; irrigation (GB3838-2002) Surface Buchu River length: 8.65 km; width: 2.2 m; water water average gradient: 9.04% The river catchment area: 29.6 km2; Sayu River (in length: 8.65 km; width: 4.2 m; project area) average gradient: 5.03%。 The river catchment area: 6.984 Leju River km2; length: 3.23 km; width: 2.34 m; average gradient: 6.65%。 5-200 m on reservoir Grade II Surface area: 13.57 km2, catchment Grade II - shore surface area: 709 km2, average elevation: Surface Water water quality, Yudong Reservoir 2465 m, max. depth: 84.39 m, Quality sources of average depth: 40.0 m, the total Standard drinking, storage capacity: 364 million m3 (GB3838-2002) irrigation and 108 industries Sensitive receptor Impact Applicable Impact Site Range Village household standard (persons) Shuimo Town Grade II - Sifangdi Village 124 (496) WWTS Ambient Air Longshu Town Quality Lijiayakou Village 434 (1736) WWTP Standard Ambient air Xinjie Town Within 200 m range (GB3095- and noise wastewater around the site Pingdiying Village 151(604) 2012); and treatment point Grade II - Maobizi Water Environmental Sanchanghe Village 116 (463) Source WWTS quality Sujia Town WWTS Xujiagou Village 66(265) standard for Flora and Zhaizishang Creek 3 m on right side Zhaizishang Village 8(32) noise (GB3096- fauna, 3 m on both sides Haizi Village (Jule River) 6 (24) 2008) Jule River ambient 5 m on left side Xinyingpan Village 20(80) air, noise 5 on both sides Bohuo Village 30(120) 2 m right side Guazhai Village 25(100) Guazhai River, 3 m on both sides Sunjiaying Village 16(64) 2 m left side Hulukou Village 120(480) 15 m on both sides Shangying Village 25(100) 15 m on both sides Xinhe Village 20(80) Xinhe Creek (150 115 m on right side Leju Xinhe Primary School students) Gutuogu Creek 5 m on both sides Gutuogu Village 20(80) Zhafang River 25 m on both sides Zhafang Village 18(72) 5 m on both sides Zongjiaying Village 25(100) Mucaochong River 8 m on both sides Mucaochong Village 3(12) Guihua River 15 m on both sides Wenjiahaizi Village 60(240) Xiaosongbao 40 m on both sides Chenjiahaizi Village 25(100) River Shanqiao-Tiejiang 8 m on both sides Tiejianggou Village 5(20) Creek Shanqiao 10 m on both sides Longjiaying Village 25(100) Longjiaying Creek 10 m on right side Dasongdi Village 40(120) Xinjie Creek 5 m on both sides Lijiahebian Village 18(72) 6 m on both sides Muzhuqi Village 22(88) Muzhuqi Creek 10 m on both sides Zhangjiahebian Village 5(20) Longjiaying Creek 3 m on both sides Longjiaying Village 35(140) Miaozigou Creek 10 m on both sides Longjiaying Village 35(140) 10 m on both sides Lijia Village 25(100) 10 m on both sides Wujia Village 15(60) Tangfang River 3 m on both sides Tangfang Village 40(120) 12 m on light side Zhatangtou Village 15(60) 6 m on both sides Luojia Village 25(100) Dazhaizi Creek 6 m on both sides Dazhaizi Village 25(100) Baishuiyan Creek 4 m on both sides Dalaobao Village 23(92) 65 m on right side Niujiaying Village 18(72) Niujiaying Creek 10 m on right side Shanbeihou Village 15(60) Jiufang Creek 6 m on both sides Xiaohebian Village 25(100) Miaozigou Creek 11 m on both sides Lijiayatou Village 20(80) Muguachong 5 m on left side Muguachong Village 30(120) River Anjia Gou 5 m on both sides Luojiawanzi Village 10(40) Lijia Gou 13 m on both sides Lijia Gou Village 3 (12) Guzhai Shanjia 25 m on right side Lijia Gou Village 15(60) Creek 5 m on both sides Machang Village 25(100) Liyuan Creek 7 m on left side Hetaoshu Village 50(200) 109 Dijiawan Creek 5 m on both sides Dijiawan Village 20(80) Majiawan Creek 3 m on both sides Caishenmiao Village 20(80) Miaozhao Creek 5 m on both sides Goutou Village 10(40) 55 m on left side Banbianjie Village 45(180) Banbianjie Creek (300stude 145 m on left side Ludian Shuimo Middle School nt) Yangchanggou 8 m on both sides Yangchanggou Village 15(60) Creek Lujiawan Creek 15 m on both sides Lujiawan Village 15(60) 25 m on both sides Heilu Village Village 40(160) 20 m on both sides Zhongheba Village 8(32) Heilu Creek 7 m on right side Hongshiyan Village 20(80) 20 m on right side Wachang Village 15(60) 35 m on right side Sanjia Village Village 5(20) Xinpeng Creek 7 m on right side Xinpengzi Village 10(40) 40 m on left side Naheicu Village 30(120) Naheicu Creek Dashitou Village 9(36) Shulinbian Creek 10 m on both sides Shulinbian Village 15(60) Xiahe Creek 10 m on both sides Xiaohe Village 10(40) 2123(8492 villagers) Total and 450 students Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. B. Anticipated Project Benefits and Positive Impacts 173. The project will contribute to the Zhaotong municipal targets for ecological, environmental, and social improvement, as follows. 174. Improved water quality of Yudong Reservoir and its tributaries. The project will contribute to the targets in ZCG’s Special Rehabilitation Plan for Yudong Reservoir for 2015−2020 and its 13th Five-Year Plan for 2016−2020: after completion of the ADB project, the water quality of Yudong Reservoir will be improved from current Grade III-IV to Grade II of the PRC Surface Water Quality Standard of GB-3838-2002; for small tributaries entering the reservoir, water qualities is expected to improve from Grade IV-V to Grade III. The project designs to achieve these targets comprise: (i) construction of a comprehensive network of rural sewer collection pipes and WWTS for virtually all villages located within and upstream of the reservoir, i.e., the primary source of reservoir water pollution due to the discharge of untreated effluent. This is estimated to increase the rate of wastewater collection from 0% to 85%; and specifically reduce the volume of annual pollutant input as follows: CODCr – a reduction of 29.41 tons (representing 37.2% of the current discharge volume into the Yudong Reservoir and its tributaries), TN – 26.95 tons (19.8%), TP – 2.92 tons (27.2%), and NH3-N – 1.84 tons (32.3%); (ii) construction of GTS and GPP, and new systems for rural rubbish sorting, transfer, treatment and disposal. This will increase solid waste collection rates by 56.74% (Dashanbao Town) to 100% (Lejun, Sayu and Sujia towns), from the current rate of about 20%. This is estimated to reduce the volume of annual pollutant inputs to soil and water as follows: CODCr – 282.9 tons (88%), TN – 32.54 tons (87%), TP – 4.9 tons (88.2%), and NH3-N – 3.9 tons (60%); (iii) the installation of manure collection tanks to collect and treat livestock fecal waste. This is estimated to reduce the volume of annual pollutant inputs to soil and water as follows: CODCr – 304.25 tons, TN – 3.54 tons, TP – 39.03 tons, and NH3-N – 15.19 tons; and (iv) establishment of the constructed wetlands, which is estimated to reduce the pollution loads of CODCr by 117.35 tons, TN by 18.43 tons, TP by 22.52 tons, and NH3-N by 26.08 tons. 110 Table V-2. Summary of Pollution Reduction by the proposed Components(t/a) Reduction of Pollution load into Yudong Reservoir Project Component CODCr TN TP NH3-N WWTS and sewer pipeline 29.41 26.95 2.92 1.84 GPPs and GTSs 282.92 32.54 4.93 3.93 Septic tanks for animal wastes 304.25 3.54 39.03 15.19 Constructed wetland 117.35 18.43 22.52 5.12 Total reduction 733.93 81.46 69.40 26.08 Total pollution load into the reservoir 1549.58 185.36 300.53 73.33 Percentage of reduction 47.4% 43.9% 23.1% 35.6% Sources: Domestic environmental impact assessment and feasibility study reports/institutes. 175. Improved soil erosion control and flood protection in Yudong Reservoir Basin. The project will contribute to the following targets in the Zhaotong Master Plan: (i) raise the flood protection standard of the Longshu River and other rivers from the current 1-in-2 years, to 1-in-10 years; and (ii) reduce siltation input to the Yudong Reservoir by an estimated 800,000 m3/a, from the current annual soil erosion load entering the reservoir of 1.08 million m3. The project designs to contribute to these targets include: (i) 445 ha of afforestation around water sources; (ii) river embankment works (98.3 km along 41 sections of rivers and streams); and (iii) six constructed wetlands (38 ha). These works will help reduce flood risks to downstream populations in Zhaotong City and reduce silt load to the Sayu and Yangtze rivers. 176. Long-term integrated basin management. The project will pilot an integrated basin management approach for the Longshu River, which will gradually replace the existing approach of many small projects in the basin. The national and municipal governments are already moving toward more centralized approaches for river basin management, including the appointment of “river chiefs” (officials accountable for river-related targets for quality and flood control). The seven small watersheds in which the planned minor embankment works for 41 river sections will be implemented are under the management of river chiefs, who will oversee the project works (footnote 5). Through output 4, the project will help consolidate this approach, by focusing on non-structural measures, including improved government capacity for flood forecasting and warning, monitoring of water quality, improved community involvement in flood management, capacity building for stakeholders, and improved land use planning and internal zoning in the Yudong Reservoir Basin. Overall, the project will contribute to the targets of the ZCG Master Plan and the Yudong Reservoir Water Resource Protection Plan 2016–2020 for water pollution and security, which will improve the reservoir water quality to meet the Grade II or higher of the PRC Surface Water Quality Standard. 177. Social and economic benefits. The project will directly benefit about 895,000 residents in one district (Zhaoyang) and one county (Ludian), including 563,000 (62.9%) rural residents; 20,718 (2.3%) low-income residents, of which 1,250 (0.14%) are below the PRC poverty line; defined as annual net income per capita of CNY2,300; and 436,000 (48.7%) are female. These benefits comprise: (i) reduced flood risks, resulting in reduced annual loss of life and damage to land and property; (ii) improved sanitation, due to the improved systems for wastewater and solid waste collection and disposal, which will contribute to improved health and reduced medical costs. The project facilities are public services and will have equitable social and gender benefits. The project will also promote the employment of women for project construction and operation, such as for tree planting, landscaping, and/or sanitation services. The project will also indirectly benefit the other 1.91 million residents in the project area. 111 C. Pre-construction Phase 178. The following measures will be implemented in the engineering design and pre-construction phase to ensure the project’s environmental management readiness. (i) Institutional strengthening. (a) The Zhaotong PMO will appoint at least one full-time and qualified environment officer in the PMO team. This officer will lead the coordination of the EMP; (b) the implementing agencies will each assign one full-time, qualified environment officer as part of the three local PMO (LPMO) teams; and (c) under the loan consulting services, the PMO will hire a loan implementation environment specialist (LIEC) to provide external support. (ii) Updating the EMP. In case of any changes in the project detailed design, the EMP will be updated as needed, including the mitigation measures and monitoring plan. This will be the responsibility of the PMO, LPMOs, and LIEC. (iii) Training in environmental management. The LIEC and personnel from Zhaotong EEB will give training in implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to contractors and the CSCs. (iv) Grievance redress mechanism. The PMO and LPMOs will implement the project GRM at least 2 months before the start of construction, to ensure that the related residential communities, villages, schools and hospitals are well informed and have opportunity to discuss any concerns. This is further to the public consultations already conducted during project preparation (Section VII). (v) Bidding documents and contract documents. The project EMP (Appendix 1) will be included in all the bidding documents and contracts for procurement of civil works, goods and services. All contractors and subcontractors will be required to comply with the EMP. (vi) Contractor obligations. All contractors, in their bids, will respond to the environmental clauses in the bidding documents for EMP requirements. Prior to construction, each contractor will develop its site EMP, based on the project EMP (Appendix 1), and assign at least a specific person responsible for the EHS. The site EMP shall at least include the following: (a) surface water and ecosystem protection (in particular for protection of water quality of Sayu River, Longshu River and Yudong Reservoir, and the old trees in the reservoir basin); (b) spill control and management; (c) site drainage and soil erosion protection; (d) temporary traffic management; (e) construction site access control; (f) health and safety; (g) all site-specific mitigation measures listed in the project EMP; and (h) contractor performance targets, which are listed in the EMP, to strengthen the implementation of the mitigation measures. The site EMPs will be submitted to the PMO environment officer and LPMO environment officers for approval, with the support from the EEBs of Zhaotong City, Zhaoyang District, and Ludian County. (vii) Environmental management on construction sites. Ensure that during construction, the PMO and LPMO environment officers, together with environmental supervision engineers from CSCs, will be responsible for enhancing site supervision, management, and appraisal, for timely identification and resolving of any issues. Intermittent follow-up training during construction will be conducted. D. Construction Phase 179. Key environmental risks anticipated due to construction include: (i) increased soil erosion, in particular during afforestation and sewage pipeline laying along the rivers, as well as the construction of WWTS, GPPs, wastewater pipeline, and constructed wetlands; (ii) temporary noise disturbance 112 to nearby villages; (iii) air pollution (mainly fugitive dust); (iv) inappropriate or uncontrolled solid waste disposal, both construction waste and domestic waste from workers; and (v) occupational and community health and safety. a) Soil erosion and earthwork balance 180. The project areas are located in upland areas subject to soil erosion. Without management, the construction works may cause soil erosion, from unprotected stockpiles of soil and spoil, and exposed surfaces from the afforestation along rivers, constructed wetland, river embankments, building foundations for the GPPs, GTS and WWTS, sewer pipeline laying, and farmland leveling for the highland demonstration agriculture component. Erosion could also occur after completion of construction where site restoration is inadequate. Soil contamination could result from inappropriate transfer, storage, and/or disposal of chemicals, (e.g., gasoline, diesel and lubricant), and solid wastes. 181. Soil erosion. The natural soil erosion intensities in the project areas are 385.52–1,644.18 tons per square kilometer per year (t/km2.a) (DEIA; FSR). Erosion rates are expected to increase during construction when the banks and sites near waterbodies are disturbed and surface vegetation and soil are damaged or disturbed. The most vulnerable soil erosion areas for the project are the banks of rivers and channels, river embankment works, and the wetland construction, spoil sites, temporary construction roads, and other areas where surface soil is disturbed, especially on rainy days. Soil erosion amounts during the periods of construction and recovery (generally 1-2 years after the construction completed) were estimated based on the following formula: 2 n W = (Fji M ji Tji ) j =1 2 i=1 n △ △ W = (Fji M ji Tji ) j =1 i=1 Where W is soil erosion amount (t); △W is newly increased soil erosion amount (t), Fji is the predicted area at certain period and unit (km2); Mji is the soil erosion intensity at certain period and unit (t/km2.a); △Mji is newly increased soil erosion intensity at certain period and unit (t/km2.a); Tji is the prediction period for a certain unit (a); j is the prediction period (j = 1, 2, 3, including the construction and recovery periods; and i is prediction period (i=1, 2, 3, n). 182. Soil erosion intensities before and after soil disturbance. Current (baseline) and projected (during construction) soil erosion rates were estimated for the planned sites for the GPPs and GTS, river embankment works, constructed wetlands, sewer pipelines and WWTPs, based on existing soil erosion data for the reservoir basin and comparison with construction in other hilly areas in Yunnan Province. Soil erosion factors of the project components were compared, and a correction coefficient applied to estimate soil erosion intensities during both the construction and recovery periods were determined (Table V-3). Baseline soil erosion rates were estimated to be: GPPs and GTS – 385.52 t/(km2.a; river embankment works – 878.52 t/(km2.a); constructed wetlands – 1,644.18 t/(km2.a); and sewer pipelines and WWTPs – 1,644.18 t/(km2.a) (Table V-3). During construction, total soil disturbance area in the project areas is estimated to be 794 ha. The increased soil erosion amount during about 4 years of construction period with mitigation measures will be 27,068 tons, which is categorized as a “medium soil erosion impact” in comparison with other similar projects in Yunnan Province. 113 Table V-3 Estimated Soil Erosion Volumes for the Project Physical Works h. i. j. g. Estimated Estimated Increased a. b. Erosion c Erosion f. Baseline Increased d. Area of e. erosion erosion erosion Baseline modulus modulus erosion erosion soil Erosion amount after amount with amount Component Period erosion after with amount (t) amount disturbance period disturbance measures without modulus disturbance measures (aⅹd/100 with (ha) (a) (t) (bⅹd/100 (t) measures (t/km2·a) (t/km2·a) (t/km2·a) ⅹe)a measures ⅹe) (cⅹd/100ⅹ (t) (t) (h-f) e) (g-f) Construction 385.52 3000 1000 1.59 1 6.13 47.7 15.9 41.5 35.37 GPPs, GTS Recovery 385.52 / 300 1.59 2 12.26 / 9.54 / / River Construction 878.94 6000 3800 274.6 0.5 1206.78 8238 5217.4 7458.48 1492.26 embankment / 600 274.6 2 4604.38 / 3295.2 / / works Recovery 878.94 Constructed Construction 1644.18 8500 3000 38.03 0.5 312.65 1616.34 570.47 1303.69 257.82 wetland Recovery 1644.18 / 600 38.03 2 1250.56 / 456.36 / / WWTS, Construction 1644.18 8500 3400 480 3 23676.19 122400 48960 98723.81 25283.1 sewer / 600 480 2 15784.13 / 5760 / / pipeline Recovery 1644.18 Construction 794.22 5 25201.8 132302 54763.8 107527 27068.6 Total Recovery 794.22 8 21651.3 / 9521.1 / / Total 27068.6 GTS = garbage transfer station, GPP = garbage pyrolysis plant, WWTS = wastewater treatment station. a 1 km2 = 100 ha. Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 114 183. Earthworks. The early draft FSR included a surplus of about 1.2 million m3 spoil with no clear disposal mechanism. Following discussions among the TA consultant, FSR and DEIA institutes, the excavation plans were improved and the surplus earth was reduced to 0.693 million m3 (Table V-4). The surplus earth will be reused within or surrounding the sites for filling the flood-prone farmland and small rural roads nearby the sites, and for building islands in the wetlands. 3 Table V-4 Earth Balance for Each Subcomponent (Unit: m ) Surplus Sub- Excavation Filling Borrow Transport earth and Use of surplus earth component Earth Earth earth out earth spoil for site levelling, the earth GPPs, GTS 16,000 16,000 0 0 0 self-balanced within the site for Plant slope protection River (160,000 m3), and for 1,439,000 1.084,000 32,000 0 388,000 embankment filling the flood-prone farmland (228,000 m3) Constructed for building islands in 383,612 198,555 0 0 185,057 wetlands and filling the wetlands flood-prone farmland WWTS and for filling the small rural 981,400 861,500 0 0 119,900 sewer pipeline roads nearby the sites Total 2,820,012 1,076,055 32000 0 692,957 GTS = garbage transfer station, GPP = garbage pyrolysis plant, WWTS = wastewater treatment station. Source: Domestic environmental impact assessment report. 184. The following mitigation measures for soil erosion and contamination will be adopted. (i) All project earthworks located within 50 m of rivers and channels, will only be conducted between the calendar months of October to April (the dry season) (ii) Plan and implement construction in staged sections (≤500 m), with one section completed and stabilized before beginning the next. (iii) Define spoil disposal sites and borrow pit locations, in the construction tender documents. (iv) Construct intercepting channels to prevent construction runoff entering waterways. (v) Divert runoff from sites to sedimentation ponds or existing drainage. (vi) Limit construction and material handling, particularly for the river embankment works, during rain (rainy season is May to September) and high winds (April to May). (vii) Minimize open excavation areas and trenches, including for pipeline works and embankments to <300 m sections of active works. Use appropriate compaction techniques for pipe trenches (sewer pipelaying). (viii) Properly store petroleum products, hazardous materials and wastes on impermeable surfaces in secured and covered areas. (ix) Stabilize all cut slopes, river and wetland banks, tree pits and planting areas, and other soil erosion-prone working areas, through terraces, silt barriers, sediment traps, and other measures as needed. (x) Strip and stockpile topsoil, and cover (by geotechnical cloth) or seed temporary soil stockpiles. (xi) Provide temporary detention ponds or containment to control silt runoff. (xii) Stabilize earthwork areas within 15 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites. (xiii) Rehabilitate all sediment, and spoil disposal sites, embankments, and revetments, after completion. Properly slope or re-vegetate disturbed surfaces e.g. pipeline trenches and cut banks. Use only native species for embankment works and landscaping. (xiv) Situate construction camps and storage areas to minimize land area required. (xv) Remove construction wastes from the site to the approved disposal sites. (xvi) Establish emergency preparedness and response plan for spills including clean-up 115 equipment at each construction site and training in emergency spill response procedures. (xvii) Train contractors and crews in emergency spill response procedures. (xviii) Conduct site inspections and monitoring for soil erosion and contamination. 185. Measures to avoid soil pollution from works. To reduce the risk of soil contamination from construction machinery, contractors will do the following. (i) Store petroleum products, hazardous materials and wastes on impermeable surfaces in secured and covered areas, >500 m from waterways. (ii) Remove all construction wastes from the site to approved waste disposal sites. Construction waste will be regularly transported off-site by the contractor, for disposal at two designated “Green Building Material Factories” (Table V-9; Section V.D.f), where the construction spoil (waste concrete, waste bricks and other solid waste) will be used for manufacturing building materials (permeable bricks and hollow wall material). (iii) Establish emergency preparedness and response actions. (iv) Provide spill cleanup measures and equipment at each construction site. (v) Train contractors and crews in emergency spill response procedures. 186. Inspection and monitoring. Site inspections and monitoring will be conducted by the contractors, CSCs, PMO, LIEC, and external environmental monitoring agency (Appendix 1). b) Water quality 187. Water quality and wastewater management. The planned river embankments, afforestation and wetland construction is likely to result in soil runoff to rivers and Yudong Reservoir; while inappropriate storage and handling of fuel, accidental spills, domestic wastewater discharge from construction camps, and wash-down water for machinery and vehicles, could contaminate waterbodies. Construction wastewater will come from washing aggregates, pouring and curing concrete, cleaning of construction sites, machineries and vehicles, and human wastes. 188. Construction wastewater. Construction wastewater will be produced from the maintenance and cleaning of mechanical equipment and vehicles, water from mixing and curing concrete, and lost water and soil during the construction period which is discharged as pollutants. During construction there will be a total of 71 construction sites, over 4 years. Each site will generate an estimated 0.5-2.0 m3/d construction wastewater depending on their construction contents, with suspended solids (SS) (about 300 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) and petroleum (20 mg/L) (based on rates applied in the DEIA). If discharged in an improper manner, this has the potential to impact the existing water bodies. Construction wastewater will not be discharged onto the surrounding soil or into the surface water bodies in the Yudong River Basin. Sedimentation tanks will be held on site and, after settling out of solids, the upper clear liquid will be recycled for concrete mixing and spraying the construction site for dust control, and the waste residue in the tank will be cleared and transported to the construction spoil disposal sites. Oily wastewater will require the installation of oil-water separators before the sedimentation tank. After site treatment, construction wastewater will comply with the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). The standard provides the limit for pollutant concentrations and the total allowed wastewater discharge from industries and construction sites. 189. Domestic wastewater from construction workers. The average work forces are estimated to be 2,142 workers in the project area (although the project scale is small, but the construction sites are numerous and scattered). Daily domestic wastewater discharge production is estimated as 0.06 116 3 m per worker per day. The pollutant concentrations of CODCr, BOD5 and NH3-N in the domestic wastewater from the construction workers are assumed to be 200 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 20 mg/L respectively. Estimated volumes of construction and domestic wastewater are shown in Table V-5. According to the DEIA, about 90% of the workers will live in rented rooms in nearby villages, therefore the majority of domestic sewage will be discharged through the existing sewer network after the proposed WWTS and sewer pipes putting into operation, before that, due to the workers live in, there will be a small increase in the village's sewage discharge. For the 10% of workers that will reside in worker camps, camp management will include wastewater management system. All the domestic wastewater will be delivered to the WWTS through the sewer network (Table V-7 and Table V-8). Therefore, the domestic wastewater generated by construction workers will not cause any new water pollution. Table V-5 Wastewater Generated during Construction River Constructed WWTS, Subcomponent GPP, GTS embankment Total wetlands pipelines works No. of construction sites 2 4 21 44 71 Construction wastewater generated 4 8 21 22 55 (m3/d) Pollutant generation from construction 1.2 2.4 6.3 6.6 16.5 wastewater (SS kg/d) Pollutant generation from construction 0.08 0.16 0.42 0.44 1.1 wastewater (petroleum kg/d) No. of worker at average construction 100 480 1050 512 2142 Wastewater discharge(m3/d) 6 28.8 63 30.72 128.52 Pollutant generation from domestic 1.2 5.76 12.6 6.144 25.704 wastewater (CODCr, kg/d) Pollutant generation from domestic 0.6 2.88 6.3 3.072 12.852 wastewater (BOD5, kg/d) Pollutant generation from domestic 0.12 0.576 1.26 0.6144 2.5704 wastewater (NH3-N, kg/d) GTS = garbage transfer station, GPP = garbage pyrolysis plant, WWTS = wastewater treatment station. Sources: Domestic environmental impact assessment and TA consultant reports. 190. The following measures will be implemented to minimize the water pollution. (i) During the river embankment works, wetland construction and afforestation, contractors will pump the slurry to the shore and properly re-use the excavation soil, as well as the appropriate disposal of other spoil to reduce the impact to water qualities of the rivers and the reservoir. (ii) Contractors will develop relevant measures on controlling the oil and other chemicals as part of their site EMPs. (iii) Wastewater from construction activities will be collected in sedimentation tanks, retention ponds, and filter tanks to remove silts and oil. (iv) All areas where construction equipment and vehicles are to be washed, will be equipped with water collection basins and sediment traps. (v) Fuel storage, machinery maintenance workshop and vehicle cleaning areas must be located at least 500 m away from the surface waterbody. (vi) Storage facilities for fuels, oil, and other hazardous materials will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces and provided with sorbent mats and clean-up installations. (vii) Contractors’ fuel suppliers must be properly licensed, who shall follow proper protocol for 117 transferring fuel and the PRC standard of JT618-2004 (Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods. revised). (viii) Earthworks along the river and wetland will be accompanied by measures on minimizing the sediment runoff into the water bodies, including sediment traps. (ix) For afforestation and landscaping along the riverside, wetland and reservoir, the base fertilizer will be fully applied to each plant, and application of top fertilizer is prohibited to avoid the N and P pollution to the surface waterbody via surface runoff. (x) Portable toilets and on-site wastewater pre-treatment systems will be installed at construction camps with proper maintenance protocols. (xi) Water quality will be monitored by local environmental monitoring agencies during construction as per the EMP. (xii) River embankment works shall be constructed only in the dry season (late September–April). Construction during the high-flow season (May to September) is prohibited. c) Air quality 191. Air pollution sources include: (i) dust from earth excavation, filling, loading, hauling, bare earth surfaces, uncovered construction areas, and vehicle movements on unpaved roads, especially in windy days; (ii) aggregate preparation and concrete-mixing; (iii) vehicle and machinery emissions (gaseous CO, hydrocarbon and NO2) during works, including repaving roads with asphalt concrete after pipe laying (only about 350 mⅹ5 m asphalt roads). During the asphalt heating and mixing process, the fuel burning will produce smoke, and the asphalt will produce flue gas. Modern asphalt mixing equipment in the PRC releases typical flue gas emission concentrations of 30 mg/m3, which complies with discharge requirements of 80-150 mg/m3 of the PRC Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Standard (GB16297-1996) and PRC Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012), which limits the concentration of benzopyrene at 0.0025 µg/m3 (daily average, at 100 m downwind from the asphalt mixing station). 192. The quantity of dust generated will depend on wind, humidity of the material and earth, and state of site. For the project area it was estimated that under general on-site conditions (average wind speed 1.7 m/s, and average humidity of 74%) dispersion distance is 70 m downwind. For dust generated by transporting earth and other construction materials, the impact zone may exceed 50 m each side of the route. Based on the locations of sensitive receptors (Section V.A), about 52 villages (1,247 households with 4,988 persons) occur within 50 m of the construction sites and may be subject to dust-related disturbance. 193. Mitigation measures to reduce impacts on air quality are as follows. (i) Spraying water daily on construction sites where fugitive dust is being generated. (ii) Locating asphalt plants and mixers >500 m downwind from the nearest residential areas and other sensitive receptors. (iii) Dust suppression near sensitive receptors, e.g., schools, villages and residential areas. (iv) Storing petroleum or other harmful materials in appropriate places and covering to minimize fugitive dust and emission. (v) Covering materials during truck transportation, particularly fine material, to avoid spillage or dust generation. (vi) Ensure vehicle and machinery emissions comply with PRC standards of GB18352-2005, 118 GB17691-2005, GB11340-2005, and GB18285-2005. (vii) Timely monitoring of air quality and inspections during construction, as defined in the project EMP (EMP). 194. The potential impacts of disturbance related to air quality is considered to be low, due to: (i) the local weather regime, which is generally rainy rather than windy, with high relative humidity (average annual relative humidity of 74%); (ii) the annual average wind speed is only 1.7 m/s due to located on Wumeng Mountain area; (iii) high ground soil moisture and high vegetation coverage, which result in reduction of fugitive dust impact; and (iv) since January 2017, the PRC has implemented increased controls on vehicle/machinery emissions, to protect ambient air quality: all vehicles and construction machinery must comply with the PRC Grade V or higher emission standard. d) Noise 195. The construction phase will result in increased noise levels and sudden and discontinuous vibration impacts. Construction will involve excavators, bulldozers, graders, concrete-mixers, rollers, and other heavy machinery. Construction noise will be temporary and localized. Estimated construction noise values (at 5 m distance from the machineries and vehicles) are in Table V-6. Table V-6: Testing Values of Construction Machinery Noise No. Machine Type Maximum Sound Level Lmax (B) 1 Excavator 85-95 2 Concrete mixer 86 3 Bulldozer (100 horse-power) 78-96 4 Scraper 85-95 5 Heavy truck 88-93 (speed up), 84-89 (steady speed) 6 Medium-duty truck 85-91 (speed up), 79-85(steady speed) 7 Drilling machine 96 8 Wheel loader 85-92 9 Vibrating roller 86 10 Two-wheeled two-vibrating roller 81 11 Asphalt concrete paver 82 12 Generating set 88-92 196. Estimation of noise levels. The construction equipment generates the noise as a point source. The predictive model applied in this project is: Ri Li = L0 − 20lg − L R0 Where, Li and L0 are equipment noise levels at Ri and R0 respectively. ΔL is additional diffusion attenuation produced by barriers, vegetation and air. 197. As for the impact of multiple construction machineries on a certain future position, superposition of the sound level is needed: 0.1Li L =10 lg 10 119