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Investigation of China's Yunnan Pharmaceutical Industry Derived from Two Ethnomedicines, Yi Medicine and Dai Medicine

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Investigation of China's Yunnan Pharmaceutical Industry Derived from Two Ethnomedicines, Yi Medicine and Dai Medicine Investigation of China’s Yunnan pharmaceutical industry derived from two ethnomedicines, Yi medicine and Dai medicine Zhiyong Li Kunming University of Science and Technology Caifeng Li Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xiaobo Zhang China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shihuan Tang China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Xiulan Huang Minzu University of China Hongjun Yang China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Xiuming Cui Kunming University of Science and Technology Luqi Huang ( [email protected] ) Research Keywords: Ethnomedicine; Dai patent medicine; Yi patent medicine; Ethnic Pharmaceutical Industry; Traditional knowledge Posted Date: January 22nd, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.21598/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/21 Abstract Background: Yunnan Province is a multi-ethnic area located in the southwest of China, and she also is rich in Chinese matiera medica resources, known as the ‘kingdom of plants’. There is abundant of ethnomedicine resources in Yunnan province and many ethnic minorities inherit and retain numerous knowledge of traditional medicine. The biomedicine and big health industry have been the pillar industry of Yunnan since 2016, which is the important pharmaceutical industrial base for Dai Medicine and Yi Medicine in China, for example Yunnan Baiyao with “amazing ecacy” and originating from a Yi medical formula. Yi medicine and Dai medicine of Yunnan Province were investigated in this work focusing on the basic information of Dai patent medicine (DPM) and Yi patent medicine (YPM), including the clinical indications, herbal resources and their sources of traditional knowledge. Methods: The data and information were collected from the published literatures and some public service websites, and the data base of DPM and YPM was established including the information about manufacturer, approval number, clinical indication, prescription composition, dosage form of drug, etc. We investigated the references and literatures including the publicly available pharmaceutical instructions ensuring the authenticity and reliability of the investigation. Results: The results showed that there were 28 varieties of DPMs and 73 varieties of YPMs approved to use in clinical according to the drug regulatory laws of China. In the DPMs and YPMs, about 109 and 197 herbal medicines are recorded in China Pharmacopoeia, 18 and 52 herbs are recorded in Standards for Chinese medicinal materials in Yunnan Province respectively. Nearly 20 herbs have not any quality standard. Among these herbal medicines, there are 10 herbs considered as Dai Medicine and 30 herbs as Yi Medicine. In order to produce these DPMs and YPMs, about 16 animal medicines and 17 rare and endangered medicinal materials would be collected and used. Conclusions: The investigation would provide a more detailed report on Yunnan ethnic medicine industry, and it should be believed reasonably that the ethnomedicine of Yunnan Province will give more choices for human health through scientic experiments and dealing with the sustainable utilization of medicine resources. Background Fossil records date human use of plants as medicines at least to the Middle Paleolithic age some 60,000 years ago[1]. Through the long and slow clinical trial and error-based use of botanicals and other biomaterials in history [2], Individuals in different civilization in the world had built their traditional medical knowledge systems based on local medicinal resources, and varieties of traditional medical systems had been formed. Until now, herbal medicines serve the health needs of about 80% of the world’s population, especially for millions of people in the vast rural areas of developing countries, according to the reports of the world health organization (WHO)[3]. The Chinese are known to have one of the oldest and distinct medical systems in the world, named Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), spanning a written history of nearly 3000 years, widely accepted in China [4]. China is a multi-racial country with 56 nationalities, of which 55 in over 18 provinces are ocially recognized as ethnic minorities. Every ethnic minority has its own traditional medicine and there are many medical traditions practiced by Tibetan, Mongol, Uygur, Dai, Yi, Miao, and other ethnic minorities in China that differ slightly in theory and in practice from TCM. Yunnan Province is located in the southwest of China and she belongs to a multinational area. According to statistics, apart from the Han nationality, there are 25 ethnic minorities with a population of more than 6,000, including Yi, Hani, Bai, Dai, Zhuang, Miao, Hui, Tibetan and other ethnic minorities, and the population of ethnic minorities has reached 16.0337 million, 33.4% of the total population of Yunnan Province. Dai Medicine, Yi Medicine and Tibetan Medicine are the representatives of ethnomedicine in Yunnan, which are accepted by the common people and own their traditional medical theories and independent hospitals. Except Tibetan Medicine in Shangri-La, which will be reported specially in another paper, Yunnan Province is the important pharmaceutical industrial base for Dai Medicine and Yi Medicine in China. For example, the most famous drug named as Yunnan Baiyao, a Yi medical formula with “amazing ecacy”, is well known worldwide [5]. According to report, the biomedicine and big health industry have been the pillar industry of Yunnan since 2016. There are more than 2000 ethnic medicinal resources and more than 10,000 folk prescriptions in Yunnan [6], and taking Dai Medicine and Yi Medicine as representatives, ethnic medicine will be the innovative development path for modern Chinese Medicine and modern medicine from natural products. In a previous studies,the investigation on Ethnic patent medicine (EPM) in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition) shows that some herbal medicine (here, herbal medicines refer to not only plants but also animals and minerals with effects of treatments) composed in EPMs are lack of national quality standards. There are 71 herbs not collected in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which are used in 39 EPMs [7]. This phenomenon is called ‘standard upside down’, which will affect the safety of Chinese patent medicine (CPM) and healthy development of Chinese pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it is necessary to have a more comprehensive understanding of ethnic medicine. On the other hand, the fourth national survey on Chinese matiera medica resources is in progress in China, and the main tasks of which are to master the basic situation of Chinese matiera medica resources and to explore fully the modern value of herbal medicine knowledge including ethnic medicine and folk medicine, strengthening the construction of Chinese materia medica resources [8]. Yunnan is rich in Chinese matiera medica resources, known as the ‘kingdom of plants’. In view of this, this paper will focus on the ethnic medicine industry and investigate Yi medicine and Dai medicine of Yunnan Province; it includes the basic information of Dai patent medicine (DPM) and Yi patent medicine (YPM), the quality standards of the constituent herbal medicines and the use of rare and endangered resources, toxic herbs and other aspects. Methods Data sources This study focused on the development status of ethnic pharmaceutical industry, especially Yi Medicine and Dai Medicine in Yunnan Province. The review work was dependent on the published literatures (Table 1) and some medical information from public service websites (Table 2). These contents were of interest to us, which include: (1) quantities of CPM from Yi Medicine and Dai Medicine produced by pharmaceutical companies in Yunnan Province; (2) the disease types that these CPM could be used to prevent or treat; (3) the pharmaceutical dosage forms characteristics. (4) The quality standard of medicinal Page 2/21 materials used in DPM and YPM; (5) the utilization of toxic herbal medicine and the rare and endangered herbal medicine in Yunnan ethnic pharmaceutical industry. Table 1 Published medical literatures used in the study Name of work Contributors Publisher Publication lang. Year Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of Chinese Pharmacopoeia The Medicine Science and 2015 CHS\EN China(Chinese Pharmacopoeia) Commission Technology Press of China Ethnic medicine Formula preparation of China Song Minxian People’s Medical Publishing House 2014 CHS Standards for Chinese medicinal materials in Yunnan Yunnan Medical Products Yunnan Science and Technology 2005 CHS Province(SYNP) Administration Press Table 2 Website information used in the study Website Name Website Site category State Administration of Traditional http://www.satcm.gov.cn Government Information Portal Chinese Medicine of China National Medical Products http://www.nmpa.gov.cn Government Information Portal Administration of China Endangered Species Scientic http://www.cites.org.cn Scientic research institution of China performing for Convention on Commission,P.R.C International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Yaozh Network https://db.yaozh.com Medical Technology Information Service Platform in China China wild plant conservation https://www.wpca.org.cn Associations Information Portal association Subject Database of China Plant http://www.plant.csdb.cn/ Plant Information Service Platform in China Information System of Chinese Rare http://www.iplant.cn Rare and Endangered Plant Information Service Platform in China and
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