DOCSLIB.ORG

Nine Traditional Chinese Herbal Formulas for the Treatment of Depression: an Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nine Traditional Chinese Herbal Formulas for the Treatment of Depression: an Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology Review Journal name: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Article Designation: Review Year: 2016 Volume: 12 Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Dovepress Running head verso: Feng et al Running head recto: Chinese herbal formulas as antidepressants open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S114560 Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Nine traditional Chinese herbal formulas for the treatment of depression: an ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology review Dan-dan Feng Abstract: Depression is a major mental disorder, and is currently recognized as the Tao Tang second-leading cause of disability worldwide. However, the therapeutic effect of antidepressants Xiang-ping Lin remains unsatisfactory. For centuries, Chinese herbal formulas (CHFs) have been widely used in Zhao-yu Yang the treatment of depression, achieving better therapeutic effects than placebo and having fewer Shu Yang side effects than conventional antidepressants. Here, we review the ethnopharmacology, phy- Zi-an Xia tochemistry, and pharmacology studies of nine common CHFs: “banxia houpo” decoction, “chaihu shugansan”, “ganmaidazao” decoction, “kaixinsan”, “shuganjieyu” capsules, “sinisan”, Yun Wang “wuling” capsules, “xiaoyaosan”, and “yueju”. Eight clinical trials and seven meta-analyses have Piao Zheng supported the theory that CHFs are effective treatments for depression, decreasing Hamilton Yang Wang Depression Scale scores and showing few adverse effects. Evidence from 75 preclinical studies Chun-hu Zhang has also elucidated the multitarget and multipathway mechanisms underlying the antidepres- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, sant effect of the nine CHFs. Decoctions, capsules, and pills all showed antidepressant effects, Institute of Integrated Traditional ranked in descending order of efficacy. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, these Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South CHFs have flexible compatibility and mainly act by soothing the liver and relieving depression. University, Changsha, People’s This review highlights the effective treatment choices and candidate compounds for patients, Republic of China practitioners, and researchers in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. In summary, the current evidence supports the efficacy of CHFs in the treatment of depression, but additional large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials and sophisticated pharmacology studies should be performed. Keywords: traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese herbal formula, antidepressant, phytochemistry, pharmacological bioactivity Introduction Depression is a common chronic mental health problem,1–3 with a global prevalence of 4.4%–5%.4 It is characterized by a loss of interest in daily activities and feelings of low self-worth, disappointment, sadness, and hopelessness. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, major depressive disorder (MDD) is the second-leading Correspondence: Yang Wang; 5 Chun-hu Zhang global cause of years lived with disability. The population-attributable risk for depres- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, sion and all-cause death is 12.7%, and for depression and suicide it is 11.2%.6 The Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, economic burden of individuals with MDD in the US increased by 21.5% between Central South University, 87 Xiangya 2005 and 2010 (from $173.2 billion to $210.5 billion, inflation-adjusted).7 A recent Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, meta-analysis of the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults from People’s Republic of China Tel +86 731 8432 7122 1987 to 2012 reported an overall prevalence of 23.6%.8–10 Fax +86 731 8432 8386 Conventional antidepressants, such as selective reuptake inhibitors of serotonin Email [email protected]; [email protected] (5-HT) or norepinephrine (NE), monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2016:12 2387–2402 2387 Dovepress © 2016 Feng et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S114560 hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Feng et al Dovepress or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, fail effective and classical CHFs available to date, which is a to help at least 40% of depressed patients.11 Existing treat- major impediment to the use of CHFs in modern medical ments for MDD usually take several weeks or months to practice. Here, we introduce nine common and important achieve their therapeutic effects.12,13 During this lag period, antidepressant CHFs with regard to their source, composition, patients continue to have depressive symptoms and risk self- chemical constituents, indications, TCM and antidepressant harm.12 Despite this, there has been little notable progress effects, mechanisms, and side effects from a review of ethno- in the development of drugs to treat depression over the last pharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology studies. few decades.14 Scientists are seeking new, improved thera- peutic approaches to deal with depression, and the drive to Materials and methods develop next-generation drugs with improved safety profiles Available references that recorded the use of the nine CHFs has intensified.15,16 in depression were analyzed via PubMed and Web of Science Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is attracting increas- (from inception to June 2, 2016). Further comprehensive ing attention as a method for meeting the demands for higher resources were searched for each CHF in PubMed, Web remission rate, faster onset, persistent antidepressant action, of Science, Science Direct, China National Knowledge and fewer adverse effects.17,18 TCM is one of the oldest Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Chinese Scientific Journals medical systems in the world, and includes Chinese herbal Full-Text Database, and Google Scholar. Relevant TCM medicine, acupuncture, and massage. Herbal medicine has information was from http://www.tcmwiki.com/w/TCM_ been used for the treatment of depression in People’s Repub- Wiki and the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of lic of China for centuries, and is becoming more frequently China (2015). used in Western countries. “Yuzheng”, meaning “depression Database searches included the following keywords: syndrome”, first appeared in the Ming Dynasty Tuan Yu’s (“depression” or “depressive disorder” or “antidepres- Yi Xue Zheng Zhuan, although discussions about depression sant”) and (“Chinese prescription” or “Chinese formula” or can be traced back to Huangdi Neijing (The Inner Canon of “Chinese decoction” or “Chinese herbal formula” or each Huangdi).19 Then, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jingui Yaolue CHF by name). The keywords were modified for use with (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber) first different databases. Full-text articles in English or Chinese described the symptoms of lily disease, globus hystericus, and were included. “zangzao” syndrome, which are thought to belong to depres- sion syndrome; this document also recorded “banxia houpo” Results decoction (BHD) and “ganmaidazao” decoction (GMDZD), The source, TCM effects, and syndromes of the nine most both used very frequently for depression.20 commonly prescribed CHFs for treating depression are pro- Interestingly, modern TCM for the treatment of depres- vided in Table 1. Photographs of each formula are presented sion has started to be integrated into evidence-based medi- in Figure 1. All correspond to the typical principles of TCM cine. A PubMed search revealed that the first randomized treatment of yuzheng according to their effects and Chinese- controlled trial (RCT) of Chinese herbal formulas (CHFs) syndrome patterns, including soothing the liver, relieving in depression investigated “gengnianle”, a defined formula depression, promoting the circulation of chi, and resolving of Chinese medicinal herbs for the relief of perimenopausal phlegm. Importantly, we found a considerable amount of depression.21 The earliest herbal pharmacology study evidence-based research for most of the CHFs we examined, investigated BHD.22 A systematic review of the treatment meaning the results can be used to guide clinical practice and of menopausal symptoms started with the study of “erxian” research in related fields. decoction,23 and the first meta-analysis was conducted on the clinical effects of “chaihu shugansan” (CSS).24 Further Banxia houpo decoction studies showed that liver depression and chi stagnation were Composition the main syndromes,25 and that the main treatment principle is Banxia (Pinellia rhizome) 12 g, “fuling” (Poria) 12 g, houpo the regulation of chi, relief of depression, and empathy.26 (Magnolia officinalis cortex) 9 g, “shengjiang” (Zingiber Following Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden officinale rhizome) 9 g, “suye” (Perilla folium) 6 g. Chamber, numerous antidepressant CHFs were recorded in ancient books. Although some systematic reviews
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thesis of Potentially Sweet Dihydrochalcone Glycosides
    University of Bath PHD The synthesis of potentially sweet dihydrochalcone glycosides. Noble, Christopher Michael Award date: 1974 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 THE SYNTHESIS OF POTBTTIALLY SWEET DIHYDROCHALCOITB GLYCOSIDES submitted by CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL NOBLE for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Bath. 1974 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author.This copy of the the­ sis has been supplied on condition that anyone who con­ sults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be pub­ lished without the prior written consent of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • The Web That Has No Weaver
    THE WEB THAT HAS NO WEAVER Understanding Chinese Medicine “The Web That Has No Weaver opens the great door of understanding to the profoundness of Chinese medicine.” —People’s Daily, Beijing, China “The Web That Has No Weaver with its manifold merits … is a successful introduction to Chinese medicine. We recommend it to our colleagues in China.” —Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China “Ted Kaptchuk’s book [has] something for practically everyone . Kaptchuk, himself an extraordinary combination of elements, is a thinker whose writing is more accessible than that of Joseph Needham or Manfred Porkert with no less scholarship. There is more here to think about, chew over, ponder or reflect upon than you are liable to find elsewhere. This may sound like a rave review: it is.” —Journal of Traditional Acupuncture “The Web That Has No Weaver is an encyclopedia of how to tell from the Eastern perspective ‘what is wrong.’” —Larry Dossey, author of Space, Time, and Medicine “Valuable as a compendium of traditional Chinese medical doctrine.” —Joseph Needham, author of Science and Civilization in China “The only approximation for authenticity is The Barefoot Doctor’s Manual, and this will take readers much further.” —The Kirkus Reviews “Kaptchuk has become a lyricist for the art of healing. And the more he tells us about traditional Chinese medicine, the more clearly we see the link between philosophy, art, and the physician’s craft.” —Houston Chronicle “Ted Kaptchuk’s book was inspirational in the development of my acupuncture practice and gave me a deep understanding of traditional Chinese medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment Protocol Copyright © 2018 Kostoff Et Al
    Prevention and reversal of Alzheimer's disease: treatment protocol Copyright © 2018 Kostoff et al PREVENTION AND REVERSAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: TREATMENT PROTOCOL by Ronald N. Kostoffa, Alan L. Porterb, Henry. A. Buchtelc (a) Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA (b) Professor Emeritus, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA (c) Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, USA KEYWORDS Alzheimer's Disease; Dementia; Text Mining; Literature-Based Discovery; Information Technology; Treatments Prevention and reversal of Alzheimer's disease: treatment protocol Copyright © 2018 Kostoff et al CITATION TO MONOGRAPH Kostoff RN, Porter AL, Buchtel HA. Prevention and reversal of Alzheimer's disease: treatment protocol. Georgia Institute of Technology. 2018. PDF. https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/59311 COPYRIGHT AND CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2018 by Ronald N. Kostoff, Alan L. Porter, Henry A. Buchtel Printed in the United States of America; First Printing, 2018 CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE This work can be copied and redistributed in any medium or format provided that credit is given to the original author. For more details on the CC BY license, see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>. DISCLAIMERS The views in this monograph are solely those of the authors, and do not represent the views of the Georgia Institute of Technology or the University of Michigan. This monograph is not intended as a substitute for the medical advice of physicians. The reader should regularly consult a physician in matters relating to his/her health and particularly with respect to any symptoms that may require diagnosis or medical attention.
    [Show full text]
  • In Chemistry, Glycosides Are Certain Molecules in Which a Sugar Part Is
    GLYCOSIDES Glycosides may be defined as the organic compounds from plants or animal sources, which on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis give one or more sugar moieties along with non- sugar moiety. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store important chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides; if these chemicals are needed, the glycosides are brought in contact with water and an enzyme, and the sugar part is broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals (including humans), poisons are often bound to sugar molecules in order to remove them from the body. Formally, a glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its carbon atom to another group via an O-glycosidic bond or an S-glycosidic bond; glycosides involving the latter are also called thioglycosides. The sugar group is then known as the glycone and the non-sugar group as the aglycone or genin part of the glycoside. The glycone can consist of a single sugar group (monosaccharide) or several sugar groups (oligosaccharide). Classification Classification based on linkages Based on the linkage of sugar moiety to aglycone part 1. O-Glycoside:-Here the sugar is combined with alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl function of aglycone.eg:-digitalis. 2. N-glycosides:-Here nitrogen of amino group is condensed with a sugar ,eg- Nucleoside 3. S-glycoside:-Here sugar is combined with sulphur of aglycone,eg- isothiocyanate glycosides. 4. C-glycosides:-By condensation of a sugar with a cabon atom, eg-Cascaroside, aloin. Glycosides can be classified by the glycone, by the type of glycosidic bond, and by the aglycone.
    [Show full text]
  • View PDF Version
    RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Comparative intestinal bacteria-associated pharmacokinetics of 16 components of Shengjiang Cite this: RSC Adv.,2017,7,43621 Xiexin decoction between normal rats and rats with irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11)-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in vitro using salting-out sample preparation and LC-MS/MS† Huanyu Guan, ab Xiaoming Wang,a Shiping Wang,b Yang He,a Jiajing Yue,a Shanggao Liao,b Yuanda Huanga and Yue Shi*a Shengjiang Xiexin decoction (SXD) exerts protective effects against gastrointestinal injury induced by irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11). The intestinal bacteria-associated in vitro pharmacokinetics of 16 components of SXD in normal rats and those with CPT-11-induced gastrointestinal toxicity were Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. compared in this study. A sensitive and reproducible ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of 16 components of SXD in a rat intestinal bacteria incubation system, using naringin, naringenin and tetrahydropalmatine as internal standards (ISs). The samples were prepared via salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) with NaCl to reduce matrix effects. Chromatographic separation was performed on a sub-2 mm analytical column with acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid as mobile phase. All of the analyzed components and ISs were detected via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning with electrospray ionization. The proposed method was successfully applied for the in vitro This article is licensed under a pharmacokinetic analysis of the multiple components of a complex mixture consisting of a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and an intestinal bacterial incubation system.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of China's Yunnan Pharmaceutical Industry Derived from Two Ethnomedicines, Yi Medicine and Dai Medicine
    Investigation of China’s Yunnan pharmaceutical industry derived from two ethnomedicines, Yi medicine and Dai medicine Zhiyong Li Kunming University of Science and Technology Caifeng Li Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xiaobo Zhang China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shihuan Tang China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Xiulan Huang Minzu University of China Hongjun Yang China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Xiuming Cui Kunming University of Science and Technology Luqi Huang ( [email protected] ) Research Keywords: Ethnomedicine; Dai patent medicine; Yi patent medicine; Ethnic Pharmaceutical Industry; Traditional knowledge Posted Date: January 22nd, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.21598/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/21 Abstract Background: Yunnan Province is a multi-ethnic area located in the southwest of China, and she also is rich in Chinese matiera medica resources, known as the ‘kingdom of plants’. There is abundant of ethnomedicine resources in Yunnan province and many ethnic minorities inherit and retain numerous knowledge of traditional medicine. The biomedicine and big health industry have been the pillar industry of Yunnan since 2016, which is the important pharmaceutical industrial base for Dai Medicine and Yi Medicine in China, for example Yunnan Baiyao with “amazing ecacy” and originating from a Yi medical formula. Yi medicine and Dai medicine of Yunnan Province were investigated in this work focusing on the basic information of Dai patent medicine (DPM) and Yi patent medicine (YPM), including the clinical indications, herbal resources and their sources of traditional knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • SC62 Doc. 47.2, Annex (Rev
    SC62 Doc. 47.2 Annex (Rev. 2) Species trade and conservation Rhinoceroses Assessment of Rhino Horn as a Traditional Medicine A report prepared for the CITES Secretariat by Kristin Nowell on behalf of TRAFFIC* April 2012 Executive Summary Pursuant to CITES Project No. S-389, the Secretariat concluded a contract with TRAFFIC in March 2012 to produce an overview report summarizing relevant information on the current usages of rhinoceros horn. This work was completed in April 2012 for consideration at the 62nd meeting of the Standing Committee (SC62). This report was supported by funding from DEFRA- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs-UK. This report is based on a literature review and information collected by non-governmental organizations (particularly TRAFFIC offices in East and Southeast Asia), and focuses on five historical consumer markets where both domestic and international trade in rhino horn is prohibited or controlled: China, Taiwan (Province of China), Japan, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam. These five were selected based on a preliminary evaluation of available information as having strong traditions of medicinal use of rhino horn and varying experiences under existing rhino horn trade controls. Structure and composition of rhino horn Rhino horn grows in layers from specialized skin cells in layers, which are keratinized (invaded by keratin proteins) and become hard and inert, with all cellular function ceasing. Rhino horn lacks a bony core and is composed entirely of hard keratin proteins, of a type (the alpha keratins) common to most mammals. Rhino horn is similar, but not identical, in chemical composition to water buffalo, cattle and yak horns, which are frequently used to substitute for rhino horn in traditional medicinal formulas.
    [Show full text]
  • Liu Wei Di Huang
    Chinese Herbal Formulas and Applications Section 4 補陰劑 — Yin-Tonifying Formulas Liù Wèi Dì Huáng Wán (Six-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia) 六味地黃丸 六味地黃丸 8 Pinyin Name: Liu Wei Di Huang Wan Literal Name: Six-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia Alternate Names: Liu Wei Ti Huang Wan, Di Huang Wan, Six-Flavour Rehmannia Pill, Rehmannia Bolus with Six Herbs, Rehmannia Six Pill, Rehmannia Six Formula Original Source: Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue (Craft of Medicinal Treatment for Childhood Disease Patterns) by Qian Yi in 1119 TONIC FORMULAS COMPOSITION Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) 240g [24g] Shan Zhu Yu (Fructus Corni) 120g [12g] Shan Yao (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) 120g [12g] Ze Xie (Rhizoma Alismatis) 90g [9g] Mu Dan Pi (Cortex Moutan) 90g [9g] Fu Ling (Poria) 90g [9g] DOSAGE / PREPARATION / ADMINISTRATION 2. Yin-deficient heat: steaming bones sensations, heat sensa- Grind the ingredients into powder and form into small tions in the palm and soles, tidal fever, thirst, toothache, pills with honey. The pills should resemble the size of Wu a dry mouth and throat, a red tongue body with a scanty Tong Zi (Semen Firmianae), a small seed approximately tongue coating, and a fine, rapid pulse. Can also be used 5 mm in diameter. Take the pills on an empty stomach for xiao ke (wasting and thirsting) syndrome. three times daily with warm water. Today, it is usually prepared in pill form by mixing the powdered herbs with CLINICAL APPLICATIONS honey. Each pill should weigh approximately 15g. Take 1 Diabetes mellitus, menopause, coronary heart disease, pill three times daily on an empty stomach with warm, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid boiled water.
    [Show full text]
  • Ratio (%) Saposhnikoviae Ra
    Table S1. Composition of CSBPT Herbal medicine Scientific name Family Using part Origin Amount (g) Ratio (%) Saposhnikoviae Radix Saposhnikovia divaricate Schischkin Umbelliferae Root China 500.7 10.0 Angelicae Dahuricae Angelica dahurica Bentham et Umbelliferae Root Yeongyang, Korea 546.2 10.9 Radix Hooker F. Forsythiae Fructus Forsythia viridissima Lindley Oleaceae Fruit Uiseong, Korea 546.2 10.9 Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Platycodonis Radix Campanulaceae Root Yeongju, Korea 546.2 10.9 Candolle Scutellariae Radix Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Labiatae Root Yeosu, Korea 477.1 9.6 Cnidii Rhizoma Cnidium officinale Makino Umbelliferae Rhizome Yeongyang, Korea 477.1 9.6 Schizonepetae Spica Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet Labiatae Spike Yeongcheon, Korea 340.5 6.8 Gardeniae Fructus Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Rubiaceae Fruit Imsil, Korea 340.5 6.8 Coptidis Rhizoma Coptis japonica Makino Ranunculaceae Rhizome China 340.5 6.8 Aurantii Fructus Citrus aurantium Linné Rutaceae Fruit China 340.5 6.8 Immaturus Mentha arvensis Linné var. Menthae Herba Labiatae Aerial part Uiseong, Korea 340.5 6.8 piperascens Malinvaud ex Holmes Glycyrrhizae Radix et Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer Leguminosae Root and rhizome China 204.0 4.1 Rhizoma Total 5000.0 100.0 1 Table 2. Chromatographic conditions for simultaneous quantification of compounds 1–18 in CSBPT. Chromatographic parameter Column SunFire C18 analytical column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Detector PDA (235, 250, 280, 310, and 345 nm) Flow rate (mL/min) 1.0 Injection volume (μL) 10.0 Column temperature (°C) 40.0 A: 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid Mobile phase B: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile Time (min) A (%) B (%) 0 95 5 40 40 60 Gradient elution 50 5 95 55 5 95 60 95 5 70 95 5 2 Table S3.
    [Show full text]
  • Simultaneous Determination of Nine Bioactive
    Accepted Manuscript Title: Simultaneous determination of nine bioactive compounds in Yijin-tang via high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry Author: Hye Jin Yang Nam-Hui Yim Kwang Jin Lee Min Jung Gu Bohyoung Lee Youn-Hwan Hwang Jin Yeul Ma PII: S2213-4220(16)30030-0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.imr.2016.04.005 Reference: IMR 200 To appear in: Received date: 14-10-2015 Revised date: 30-3-2016 Accepted date: 7-4-2016 Please cite this article as: Hye Jin YangNam-Hui YimKwang Jin LeeMin Jung GuBohyoung LeeYoun-Hwan HwangJin Yeul Ma Simultaneous determination of nine bioactive compounds in Yijin-tang via high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2016.04.005 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 Original Article 2 3 Simultaneous determination of nine bioactive compounds in Yijin-tang via high- 4 performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-electrospray 5 ionization-mass spectrometry 6 7 Hye Jin Yang, Nam-Hui Yim, Kwang Jin Lee, Min Jung Gu, Bohyoung Lee, Youn-Hwan * * 8 Hwang and Jin Yeul Ma 9 10 KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 11 70 Cheomdanro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea 12 13 Running title: Simultaneous determination of Yijin-tang via HPLC-DAD and LC/MS 14 * 15 Address for co-corresponding author 16 Youn-Hwan Hwang, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical and Metabolic Profiling of Si-Ni Decoction Analogous Formulae
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Chemical and Metabolic Profiling of Si-Ni Decoction Analogous Formulae by High performance Received: 03 October 2014 Accepted: 26 May 2015 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Published: 29 June 2015 Spectrometry Qian Chen, Shun Xiao, Zhenhao Li, Ni Ai & Xiaohui Fan Along with an indispensable role in healthcare system of China for centuries, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) shows increasing usages as complementary therapy in western countries. To improve our understanding on their therapeutic effects, it’s critical to unveil chemical compositions of TCM formula, the predominant form of therapy in TCM. However, intrinsic chemical complexity makes it a challenging task to perform analysis on each individual TCM formula even with most current state-of- art analytic techniques available. In this work we approached this question by focusing on analogous formulae, a unique category of TCM formulae grouped together based on shared herbs and/or similar TCM syndromes. Systematic chemical profiling on five Si-Ni decoctions (SNs) for cardiovascular diseases was performed by multistage MS and high-resolution MS (HR-MS) experiments. A total of 83 compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, ginsenosides, bile acids and triterpenoids, were described. Analysis on SNs-treated rats detected 55 prototype compounds and 39 metabolites in the systemic circulation in vivo, which may contribute directly to their observed clinical efficacies. This approach offers great advantage to speed up identification of chemical compositions of formula and reveal the difference among these analogous formulae that may be related to diverse clinical effects. For centuries Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been widely used to prevent and treat many common diseases in China and other Asian countries.
    [Show full text]
  • View a Copy of This Licence, Visit
    Yu et al. The Journal of Headache and Pain (2020) 21:53 The Journal of Headache https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01117-2 and Pain RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Migraine treatment and healthcare costs: retrospective analysis of the China Health Insurance Research Association (CHIRA) database Shengyuan Yu1, Yanlei Zhang2*, Yuan Yao2 and Haijun Cao2 Abstract Background: Adult migraine remains underdiagnosed and undertreated, despite significant negative effects on physical and emotional functioning. Information on prescribing patterns and treatment costs of migraine in China is limited. Methods: This retrospective analysis of the China Health Insurance Research Association (CHIRA) medical insurance claims database in 2016 to 2017 evaluated treatment patterns, direct medical costs, and healthcare resource utilization among adults with migraine in mainland China. Results: Of 108,375 patients with headache-related outpatient visits, 10,652 were adults with migraine (mean age 51.4 years, 55.4% female). Common comorbidities were major depressive disorder (4.1%), insomnia (3.8%), and anxiety (2.3%). Migraine patients were prescribed acute medication (26.4%), preventive medication (15.0%), and Chinese patent and herbal medicines (24.5% and 11.7%, respectively). Of patients prescribed acute medication, 68.8% received non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 7.1% received opioids, while only 3.3% received triptans. Mean annual outpatient costs per patient were 46.5 United States dollars (USD), with mean (standard deviation) 1.8 (2.0) outpatient visits per year. Medication costs for traditional Chinese medicine (22.4 USD per patient) were higher than for Western medicine (13.5 USD). Conclusion: Among migraine patients in China, NSAIDs were commonly prescribed as acute medication, while utilization of migraine-specific triptans and preventive medications was low.
    [Show full text]