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Fertility Status of Agriculture, Forest and Pasture Lands of District Mansehra

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Fertility Status of Agriculture, Forest and Pasture Lands of District Mansehra Pure Appl. Biol., 10(4):1033-1046, December, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100108 Research Article Fertility status of agriculture, forest and pasture lands of district Mansehra Ayesha Riaz1, Murad Ali2*, Adil Younis4, Rabia Riaz5, Murad Ali3, Johar Raza4, Sidra Zeb5 and Muhammad Adil6 1. Department of Soil Science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan 2. Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan 3. Cereal Crops Research Institute Pirsabak Nowsehra, KP-Pakistan 4. Department of Plant breeding and genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan 5. Hazara Agriculture Station, Abbottabad-Pakistan 6. Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Citation Ayesha Riaz, Murad Ali, Adil Younis, Rabia Riaz, Murad Ali, Johar Raza, Sidra Zeb and Muhammad Adil. Fertility status of agriculture, forest and pasture lands of district Mansehra. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 10, Issue 4, pp1033- 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100108 Received: 19/10/2020 Revised: 18/12/2020 Accepted: 03/01/2020 Online First: 08/01/2021 Abstract Soil management practices vary with soil properties and land uses which in turn guarantee efficient utilization, economic yields and conservation of natural resources. In this context, laboratory investigations were conducted to assess the fertility status of soils distinctive for agriculture, forest and pastures in Mansehra district during 2019. Twenty soils samples from two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) were collected from each representative land use across the district and analyzed for pH, texture, organic matter and macro (NPK) and micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn). The results showed that soils were moderately to strongly calcareous in reaction with mean higher lime in pasture followed by forest and agriculture land. All the three sites had acidic pH with overall mean of 6.4 and were non saline. The soils in these three locations (agriculture, forest and pastures in Mansehra) were dominantly coarse textured with relatively more in pastures than others. Soil organic matter content was relatively more in forest but was in adequate range in all sites. The soil AB-DTPA extractable K, Cu, Fe and Mn were also adequate in all these sites while P and Zn were dominantly deficient in all these areas. Forest soils contained relatively higher P and K but lower Fe and Mn than pasture and agricultural soils whereas there was no difference in Cu and Zn values among land uses. These results concluded that agriculture soil needs application of P and Zn for optimum crop production. Since the soils in the areas are prone to losses, thus such practices like land leveling, contour or minimum tillage, cover crops and application of organic manure are advised for soil conservation and improvement in soil properties. Keywords: Soil fertility; Agriculture lands; Forest; Pasture lands Introduction and the best legacy of a country is its soil. The It is well recognized fact that nation’s natural forests and grasslands that existed economic and social wellbeing is completely before the landscape was modified by dependent upon its natural resources. Among agricultural pursuit bear evidence to the fact all the characteristic assets the genuine riches that all soils throughout the world are capable Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 1033 Riaz et al. of supporting plant, provided the climate and The modern and advanced soil science other factors are favorable [1]. In any case, defines soil fertility as “the capacity of soil to when people established agriculture, the supply the supplement components in the requirement for extra supplements is sums, structures and extents required for unavoidable for the most extreme yield per greatest plant growth” [4]. Most of the hectare. Cultivated crops also have different analysts have concentrated on the evaluation nutrient requirements than the natural plant. of the soil fertility of agricultural soils. Next Many nutrients are removed from the land by to no consideration has been paid to forest the harvesting of crops. In such manner soil and rangeland. The present study is intended fertility plays an important role in crop to assess comparative fertility status of the production to satisfy the needs of our forest, agriculture and grassland soils. This growing population and to provide raw study helps in maintaining fertility status of material for the industrial sector of the these soils, management and improvement of country. Agreement to what it constitutes soil the socio-economic conditions and financial fertility was lacking. To some it is the amount status of the zone. It also forecast the chances of plant nutrients in soil, others measure it by of obtaining a profitable response to yield capacity and still others link it in some fertilizer, give sources for suggestions on the obscure way with the activity of soil micro- amount of fertilizer to apply and show the organisms. [2] Was the first person who put differences in fertility status among the soils forth the view of soil fertility that plants take of three different lands. up simple minerals and vaporous substances Materials and Methods and out of them manufacture complex Site description organic compound. He likewise proclaimed The selected sampling site is located in that soil fertility should be maintained after District Mansehra of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. the removal of nutrients from the soil by the The climate of Mansehra is temperate which application of manures and fertilizer. has great influence on crop production and Liebig’s mineral theory of plant nutrition had vegetation. The mean annual temperature a profound effect on agricultural thoughts 18.5 °C and mean annual rainfall 1445 mm. and till 1884, soil fertility continued to be It is one of richest districts as for as forest interpreted in terms of abundance of wealth of Pakistan, comprising many large chemical nutrient elements. As the and small forests distributed all over the area. knowledge of soil science developed These woodlands also provide clean supply majority of the workers agree that soil of water, wildlife, recreation and healthy fertility along with the combine effect of environment. These forests are main source several favorable factors, including good of constructional timber, large quantities of tillage, sufficient water, aeration, soil firewood and oleoresin. Furthermore they reaction adequate organic matter, beneficial keep up the grazing requirements of millions micro-organisms, available plant nutrients of cattle, goats, sheep and camels. Pinus and crop rotation account for soil roxburghii, Poplar and Deodar are the main productivity. The area use frameworks forest trees. Farmland is in form of terraced including crops, tree, and pastures plays an fields on slopes of hill as well as plain area essential part in enhancing fertility and near the river. Wheat, rice, corn, legumes, quality of soil in a so many ways [3]. Soil vegetables, plum, apple, apricot, walnuts are fertility demonstrates the relationship the main agricultural products of region. between the soil and crop growth. A soil may Pasture lands are under tremendous pressure be fertile for one harvest and not for other. 1034 Pure Appl. Biol., 10(4):1033-1046, December, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100108 of overgrazing that interns results in soil Upon cooling of mixture, distilled water (200 erosion. ml) was added into it followed by filtration Soil sampling and preparation and addition of Orthophenopthalene Soil testing was used as an approach for indicator (2 or 3 drops). The filtrate was then evaluating the fertility status of the soils titrated against 0.5N FeSO4.7H2O solution. which involves sampling and analysis. Titration was stopped until the appearance of Twenty samples were collected from each maroon color [7]. AB-DTPA Extractable site i.e agriculture, forest and pasture lands of Phosphorous The soil Phosphorous District Mansehra. These soil samples were concentration was determined by extracting it collected with help of auger from 0-15 and in solution. Ten gram sample along with 20 15-30 cm depth. The collected samples of ml ammonium bicarbonate- soil were brought to soil testing laboratory of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid solution the department of Soil and Environmental was taken in flask .The mixture was then Sciences, The University of Agriculture shaken on mechanical shaker for 15 -20 Peshawar. These samples were air dried, minutes followed by filtration with the help grinded with wooden mallet and sieved from of Watt man no 42 filter paper. One ml filtrate 2mm sieve. Each sample was stored in a and 3 ml distilled water were added into plastic bag which was properly labeled and volumetric flask for phosphorus was analyzed for physicochemical properties. determination. After that ascorbic acid mixed Analytical procedures indicator (5 ml) was added and made volume The different procedures were used for up to mark. Then 25 ml flask was kept in dark analytical purpose. For soil texture 50 gm soil for color development (blue).Along with sample (air dried) and distilled water was blank and standards P was analyzed by taken in a dispersion cup. Then 10 ml of 1 N spectrophotometer. AB-DTPA Extractable Na2CO3 was added to it. The dispersion cup Potassium The Potassium content in soil was was then placed on the stirrer for 5-10 extracted in solution as done by [8] and was minutes. The dispersion cup contents were measured by flame photometer. AB-DTPA then transferred to a 1000 ml cylinder. Extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu Readings were noted with hydrometer after Micronutrients like copper, iron, manganese 40 seconds and 2 hour for silt + clay and clay and zinc were extracted through method respectively. Soil texture was calculated and described by [8]. Then they were analyzed determined by the textural triangle [5]. Ten with help of AAS (Perkin Elmer 2138) using gram soil along with 50 milliliter distilled acetylene gas and particular element cathode water was taken for soil pH in flask and lamps.
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