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Biodiversity, Ethnobotany and Conservation Status of the Flora of Kaghan Valley Mansehra, Nwfp

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Biodiversity, Ethnobotany and Conservation Status of the Flora of Kaghan Valley Mansehra, Nwfp BIODIVERSITY, ETHNOBOTANY AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE FLORA OF KAGHAN VALLEY MANSEHRA, NWFP. PAKISTAN. BY ZAFAR JAMAL Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2009 BIODIVERSITY, ETHNOBOTANY AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE FLORA OF KAGHAN VALLEY MANSEHRA, NWFP. PAKISTAN. A Thesis Submitted to the Quaid-i-Azam University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Plant Sciences Plant Taxonomy (Biodiversity, Ethnobotany) By ZAFAR JAMAL Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2009 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL. i “He laid out the earth for His creatures, with all its fruits and palms having sheathed cluster, and grain with husk and scented herbs. So, O jinn and men, which of your Rabb’s favors will both of you deny?” Al.Quran. (Sura Rahman, Ayat: 9-13) ii Dedicated to My Loving Father and Mother (Mr. & Mrs. Ameer Hussain Abbasi). iii CERTIFICATE This thesis submitted by Mr. Zafar Jamal is accepted in its present form by the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Sciences (Plant Taxonomy). 1. Internal Examiner __________________ (Supervisor) (Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan) Dean, Faculty of Biological Sciences. 2. External Examiner __________________ 3. External Examiner __________________ 4. Chairman __________________ (Department of Plant Sciences) Dated: - ___________________ iv CONTENTS. TITLE Page no. Acknowledgements x Abstract xii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Kaghan Valley 1 1.1.1 Local Government 2 1.1.2 District Government 2 1.1.3 Zilla Nazim 2 1.1.4 District Coordination Officer 2 1.1.5 Strength of Elected Members of District Government 3 1.1.6 Union Councils in the District 3 1.1.7 Mansehra in Historical Perspective 3 1.1.7.1 Topography 4 1.1.7.2 Climate 4 1.1.7.3 Area Land and Land Use 4 1.1.7.4 Land Use (1999-2000) 4 1.1.7.5 Uncultivated Area (1999-2005 in Hectares) 5 1.1.7.6 Farming 5 1.1.7.7 Crop Production (Kg/ Hectares) 6 1.1.7.8 Population 6 1.1.7.9 Age Groups 7 1.1.7.10 Population 7 1.1.7.11 Population (Age wise) 7 1.1.7.12 Health Department 8 1.1.7.13 Education Department 8 1.1.7.14 Enrolment 9 1.1.7.15 Education (Establishment Strength) 9 1.1.7.16 Strengths 9 1.1.7.17 Weaknesses 10 1.1.8 The Kaghan Valley 10 1.1.8.1 Geology rock and soil 10 1.1.8.2 Climate 10 1.1.9 Vegetational Zones of Kaghan Valley 14 1.1.9.1 Pure Blue Pine Forests. (Alt: 1370m to 2590m) 14 1.1.9.2 Pure Deodar Forests (Alt. 1520m to 2430m) 14 1.1.9.3 Pure Silver Fir/Spruce Forests: (Alt 2130m to 3190m) 15 1.1.9.4 Mixed Deodar, Kail / Fir / Spruce Forests. (Alt: 1320m to 3000m).15 v 1.1.10 Forests Area 15 1.1.11 Floods 16 1.1.12 Earthquake 2005 17 1.1.13 Water Supply 17 1.1.14 Lakes 17 1.1.15 Socio – Economic Conditions 17 1.1.16 Tribes/Castes, Languages 22 1.1.17 Population of main villages 22 1.1.18 Education 24 1.2 Biodiversity 24 1.2.1 Importance of Biodiversity 25 1.2.2 Biodiversity of N.W.F.P. Pakistan 26 1.2.3 Global Estimates of Biological Diversity 29 1.2.4 Depletion of Biodiversity 30 1.3 Ethnobotany 31 1.3.1 History of Medicinal Plants 33 1.3.2 Ethnobotany in Pakistan 34 1.4 Conservation 36 1.4.1 The most frequently recorded direct threats to plants at sites selected as global centers of plant diversity 37 1.4.2 Conservation implications of medicinal plant trade 38 1.4.3 International policy and regulation 39 1.4.4 The Chiang Mai Declaration 40 1.4.5 List of Protected Areas of Pakistan 41 1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Present Study 42 Chapter 2: MATERIALS & METHODS 2.1 Field Work 43 2.1.1 Observations 43 2.1.2 Interviews 43 2.2 Floristic diversity 44 2.3 Ethnobotany 44 2.3.1 Market Assessment 50 2.4 Plant Conservation 50 2.4.1 Assessment criteria 50 2.4.2 Data collection Pertinent to Conservation Status Assignment 50 2.4.3 Criteria developed for Conservation Status Assessment 52 2.4.4 Development of a Conservation Status Scale 53 2.4.5 Documentation of the research data 53 2.4.6 Chemical Analysis of Soil 54 vi Chapter 3: RESULTS 3.1 Soil Analysis 55 3.2 Floristic Diversity of Kaghan Valley 57 3.3 Ethnobotany of Kaghan Valley 87 3.3.1 Medicinal Plants 88 3.3.2 Plant Species used against animal bites 88 3.3.3 Fodder 88 3.3.4 Food 89 3.3.5 Fuel Wood 90 3.3.6 Timber 91 3.3.7 Veterinary Medicines 91 3.4 Fish Farming in Kaghan Valley 92 3.5 Bee Keeping in Kaghan Valley 92 3.6 Mushrooms of Kaghan Valley 92 3.7 Medicinal Plant Collectors in Kaghan Valley 95 3.8 Traditional uses of Plants of Kaghan Valley 109 3.9 Common Folk Medicinal Recipes of Kaghan Valley 189 3.10 Conservation Status of Important Plants of Kaghan Valley 200 3.10.1 Natural Causes 201 3.10.2 Human Causes 201 3.10.2.1 Removal of fuel wood 201 3.10.2.2 Illicit cutting of timber 201 3.10.2.3 Encroachment on forest lands 202 3.10.2.4 Lopping for fodder 202 3.10.2.5 Torch wood 202 3.10.2.6 Tourism 202 3.10.2.7 Commercial exploitation of Medicinal Plants 202 3.11 Conservation of Floristic Diversity 215 3.11.1 Ex – Situ Conservation 215 vii Chapter 4: DISCUSSION 4.1 People and Plants 216 4.2 Analysis of Soil from Different Localities 217 4.3 Ethnobotanical Findings 218 4.3.1 Plant Species used Against Animal Bites 220 4.3.2 Fodder Species of Kaghan Valley 221 4.3.3 Plant Species Used as Food 222 4.3.4 Timber and Fuel Wood Consumption 222 4.3.5 Ethnoveterinary Medicines 223 4.3.6 Miscellaneous Uses of Plant Species 224 4.4 Folk Medicinal Recipes of Kaghan Valley 225 4.5 Medicinal Plant Conservation Issues 226 Chapter 5: REFERENCES REFERENCES 232 ANNEXURE ANNEXURE – 1-6 239-244 viii LIST OF TABLES CONTENTS Page No. 1.1 Forests Types 16 3.1 Soil Analysis Report. 56 3.2 Generalized guidelines for interpretation of Soil Analysis data. 56 3.3 Floristic diversity of Kaghan Valley. 57 3.4 Livestock population of Mansehra District. 89 3.5 Detail of Crops. 90 3.6 Pakistan’s Major Exports of Medicinal Herbs. 96 3.7 Whole Sale Markets of Medicinal Herbs in Pakistan. 100 3.8 Crude Drugs Exported from Pakistan. 101 3.9 Market Survey 108 3.10 Medicinal Plants of Kaghan Valley. 177 3.11 Medicinal Plants used against Animal Bites. 180 3.12 Medicinal Plants used as Fodder. 181 3.13 Medicinal Plants used as Food. 182 3.14 Medicinal Plants used as Fuel Wood. 183 3.15 Medicinal Plants used as Timber. 184 3.16 Medicinal Plants used as Veterinary Medicine. 184 3.17 Conservation Status of some Plants of Kaghan Valley. 213 List of Figures 1 Index Map of Pakistan showing location of Kaghan Valley. xiii 1.1 Generalized Map of Study Area. xiv 1.2 Map of Kaghan Valley. xv 1.3 Area under Cultivation. 5 1.4 Land Use 6 1.5 Crop Production 6 1.6 Population (Age wise). 8 1.7 Education (Establishment Strength) 9 1.8 Monthly Total Rainfall 11 1.9 Monthly Mean Min. Temp. 12 1.10 Monthly Mean Max. Temp. 12 1.11 Humidity at 08:00 am 13 1.12 Humidity at 05:00 pm. 13 1.13 Forest types and land area of Pakistan. 16 2.1 IUCN. Structure for defining the status of Plant Species. 51 3.1 Medicinal Plant Collectors. 95 3.2 Marketing Chain of Medicinal Plants. 96 3.3 Trade Chain. 102 3.4 Threatened Flora of Kaghan Valley. 215 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I offer innumerable thanks from the core of my heart to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, who is merciful and compassionate, who enabled me to complete this project and all respects are for His last Prophet, HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (Peace be Upon Him), who is forever a source of knowledge and guidance for entire humanity. I am highly grateful to my research supervisor, Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan (Dean, Faculty of Biological Sciences) for his guidance, affectionate and encouraging behavior throughout this research project. I am highly obliged to Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fayyaz Chaudhary (Microbiology Department) for his encouragement, interest and support. Words are lacking to express my thanks and appreciation to Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Chairman, Department of Botany, GPGC, Abbottabad. He has played a significant role in the completion of this project. Special thanks to him for providing useful company during the field trips and guidance throughout this research project. He always remained a source of inspiration for me during this study. I wish to express my deep gratitude and thanks to my friend and colleague, Dr.Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Department of Botany, GPGC, Abbottabad, for his help especially in identification of plants and providing some relevant literature.
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