TAXONOMIC STUDIES AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF THE OF DISTRICT MANSEHRA

Mazhar-ul-Islam

Ph.D Scholor

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA

2016

TAXONOMIC STUDIES AND DISTRIBUTION DECLARATION PATTERN OF THE MOSSES OF DISTRICT MANSEHRA

The material contained in this thesis entitled “Taxonomic Studies and

Distribution Pattern of the Mosses of District Mansehra” my original work; I have not previously presented any part of this work elsewhere for any degree.

Mazhar-ul-Islam The thesis of Mazhar-ul-Islam is approved as partial fulfilment of the Ph.D Botany requirements for the degree of Ph.D in Botany.

He has completed this thesis as a requirement for the Degree of Ph.D. SUPERVISOR DR. JAN ALAM

Assistant Professor Department of Botany Hazara University-Mansehra

DR. JAN ALAM CO-SUPERVISOR DR. MUHAMMAD FIAZ

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Botany Department of Botany Hazara University-Mansehra Hazara University Mansehra Dated: ____18/05_/2017

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA

2016

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this thesis is written by Mazhar-ul-Islam S/O Muhammad Akhtar titled “Taxonomic Studies and Distribution Pattern of the Mosses of District Mansehra” under my supervision and guidance, the views express those of the author.

He has completed this thesis as a requirement for the Degree of Ph.D in Botany.

DEDICATION

o those who loved by me and by whom I loved,

especially my parents.

T DR. JAN ALAM

Research Supervisor Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra Dated: __18/05/2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.5.7. Climate------7

Title Page No. 1.5.8. Forests Types of Mansehra------8

Acknowledgement------i i. Sub-mountain forests------8 Abstract------iii

ii. Mountain sub-tropical forests------9 Chapter-1------1 iii. Mountain temperate forests------10 INTRODUCTION iv. Sub-alpine forests------11 1.1. Bryophyta------1 v. Alpine scrubs and pastures------12

1.2. Habitat of Mosses------2 vi. Cold deserts------13

Aims and Objectives------14 1.3. Importance of bryophytes ------2 Chapter-2------15

1.3.1. Pollution Indicators------2 REVIEW OF LITTIRATURE

1.3.2. Ecological Roles of Mosses------3 Chapter-3------22

1.3.3. Nitrogen Fixations------3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA------4 3.1. Review of previous literature------22

1.5.1. Location and Administration------4 3.2. Field Plan for Surveys------23

1.5.2. Topography------4 3.3. Field Survey------23 1.5.3. Hydrography------5

3.4. Labeling------23 1.5.4. Lakes of Mansehra------6

1.5.5. Soil------6 3.5. Laboratory work------23

1.5.6. Geology------6 3.5.1. Morphological Studies------24 3.5.2. Anatomical Studies------24 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Details Page No. 3.5.3. Analysis of Substrate pH ------25 Figure 1 Administrative map of the District Mansehra 5

3.5.4. Identification and Documentation------25 Figure 2 Sub-mountain forests, Darband; bank. 11

3.6. Distribution Pattern Studies------26 Figure 3 Sub-mountain forests, Trappi 11 Figure 4 Mountain sub-tropical forests, Karair Game reserve 12 3.7. Phytogeographical Analysis------28 Figure 5 Mountain sub-tropical forests, Mansehra. 12

Figure 6 Moist temperate Pinus willichiana forest, Dhor (Siran Valley) 13 3.8. Deposition of Voucher Specimens------29 Figure 7 Moist temperate Pinus willichiana-Cidrus deodara mix forest, 14 Chapter-4------30 Figure 8 Sub alpine Vibernum sp. Forest, Paya. 14 RESULTS Figure 9 Sub-alpine pasture, Khori (Musa ka Musalla). 15 Figure 10 Cold desert, (ca.17600) 16 A. Taxonomical Aspects------30 Figure 11 Cold desert, ( ca. 17800) 16 Figure 12 Visited localities in the study area: Tehsil (various 32 localities B. B-PLEUROCARPOUS MOSSES RESULTS------123 Figure 13 Family-wise Distribution of the Taxa in the Study Area 36 C. B-DISTRIBUTION PATTERN STUDIES------148 Figure 14 Rhodobryum ontariens 49 Figure 15 Rhodobryum roseum 49 I. Family-wise Distribution of the taxa in the Study Area-----160 Figure 16 Bryum argentium 50 II. THREATS------180 Figure 17 Bryum pseudotriquetrum 50 Chapter-5------185 Figure 18 Oncophorus wahlenbergii. 53 Figure 19 Ditrichum Sp. 58 DISCUSSION Figure 20 Distichium capillaceum 58 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ------188 Figure 21 Funaria hygrometrica 70

Chapter-6------189 Figure 22 Funaria hygrometrica 71 Figure 23 Funaria sp 71 REFFERENCES Figure 24 Entosthodon bolendri 72 Figure 25 Entosthodon planoconcex 72

Figure 26 Entosthodn sp. 73 Figure 27 Physcomitrium eurostomum 73 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Figure 28 Physcomitrium sp 74 Figure 29 Physcomitrium Californicum 74 First of all, I thank to almighty ALLAH, the most merciful and passionate, for Figure 30 Physcomitrium pyriforme 75 providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to proceed Figure 31 Plagiomnium medium 89 successfully. It is the blessing of Almighty ALLAH and His beloved Prophet Figure 32 Mnium alii 90 Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W), which enabled me to achieve this goal. Figure 33 Mnium alii 90 Completion of this Ph.D research was not possible without the support of Figure 34 Mnium spinosum 91 several people. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all of them. Figure 35 Rhyzomnium magnifolium 91 At the very outset, I express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my Figure 36 Encalypta vulgaris A, Habit; B, capsule; C, calyptra 64 research supervisor Dr. Jan Alam, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Figure 37 Encalypta vulgaris: leaf cell, marginal cell left side, tip cell right above, 64 below laminal cell Hazara University Mansehra for his kind supervision at every stage of my

Ph.D on field, in lab. and during write up. He guided me on every stage and Figure 38 Encalypta vulgaris: Habit, Leaf arrangement, Leaf shape, Capsule with 65 moment. dry calyptra, dry capsule, Calyptra. I will also thankful to my co. supervisor Dr. Muhammad Fiaz, Assistant Figure 39 Encalypta vulgaris: A, Leaf shape; B, Marginal cells; C, laminal cells; 65 professor Department of Botany, for their valuable guidance, consistent D, Basal laminal cells. encouragement and supervision that I received throughout the research work.

I am also very thankful to Prof. Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Chairman Department of Botany that provide me lab facilities in the department. Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Associate Professor and Herbarium Incharge, Department of Botany for herbarium facilities and their moral support during research work. I am deeply and strongly obliged to Dr. Abdul Majid, lecturer, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra for his encouragement for his cooperation during field work and data arrangement. I would like to express our especial gratitude to Prof. Dr. Johann Peter Gruber Salzburg-Austria, for providing old literature related to the Bryophytes of . I am thankful to Dr. Neil Bell, Royal Botanical garden Edinburg UK. And Dr. M.A. Bruggeman-Nannenga Netherlands, for their accommodative attitude thought provoking guidance, patience and sympathetic behaviour and valuable suggestions during my research work.

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I also thankful to D.G. Pakistan Museum of Natural History , Dr ABSTRACT M.K Laghari for providing Specimens of some specimens of mosses of the Current study is concerned with the taxonomic and Distribution Pattern area for comparison and analysis. studies of the Mosses (Bryophyta) of District Mansehra, Dr. Muhammad Ismail, Associate Curator, Botanical Science Division, province, Pakistan. Extensive field surveys were conducted from October Pakistan Museum of natural History Islamabad for his kind cooperation and 2012 to December 2014. About 800 specimens were collected during field guides me during my Ph.D work. surveys along thorough relevant data. In addition, previously, collected I am also thankful to my all friends and friends especially Mr. Ashfaq Ali, Mr. specimens hosted at Pakistan Museum of Natural History (PMNH) were also Suhail Karim, Mr. Danish Hayat, Mr. Imran Ahmad, Mr Said Muhammad for consulted. Keys (at generic and specific level), description, general their good company during field trips, friendly attitude and in sorting of distribution, threats and foot notes have been provided. specimens and lab work. This dissertation reports occurrence of 143 taxa under 69 genera and 27 Last but not the least, I really grant and offer my heartiest appreciation to all families of mosses in the study area including 39 new records. Among these members of my family especially , parents, brothers, for their huge give up, new records, 7 are new record for science and 32 for Pakistan. decent support, assistance, back-up, patience , tolerance and prayers for my Brachytheciaceae was the largest family with 5 genera and 15 species, health and success which enabled me to achieve this excellent goal. Above all, followed by Amblystegiaceae with 9 genera 11 species and Fissidentaceae I survive obligated it all to Almighty Allah for granting me the wisdom, with 1 genus and 11 species. health and strength to undertake this research task and enabling me to its The dominant life form was with 63 taxa (44%) Distribution within the study completion. area, 30 taxa (21%) in Matt, 28 taxa (19%) in cushion form, 18 taxa in weft Mazhar-ul-Islam (13%) and the remaining 4 taxa (3%) were grown in Fen form. Substrate-wise, sixty six taxa (66; 50%) were restricted to soil, 35 to rocks (35%), 4 taxa in water (3%), 3 taxa epiphytes (2%) and 25 taxa were growing

on soil and rocks (19%). Altitude-wise 32 taxa (17.98%) were recorded at range between 450-999 m, 27 taxa (15.16%) 1000-2000 m, 83 taxa (46.63%) in 2001-300 m,13 taxa (7.3%) 3001-4000 m and the 18 taxa (10.11%) were seen between 4001-5000 m. 1000- 2000 m range found to be the richest zone with respect to diversity of taxa,

while the 4001-5000 m with lowest diversity of taxa. In this zone 18 taxa found to occur, which constitute 10.11% of total taxa reported from study area. Phytogeographicaly, Circumboreal elements were dominant with 66 (46.15%)

taxa, followed by Eurasian elements with 45 (31.46%), 13 (9.09%) were cosmopolitan, 12 (8.39%) Paleotropical region, 6 (4.19%) East Asian-North

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American and the remaining 2 two species (1.39%) were members of Chapter-1 Pantropical region. Abundance-wise, 2 taxa (1.39%) were very common, 3 (2.09%) common, 3 INTRODUCTION (2.09%) infrequent, 23 (16.08%) rare and 112 (78.32%) were extremely rare. As in past, very little attention has been paid in connection to the bryophyte Bryophyte is a Greek word which means the bulge up after taxa of Pakistan and the study area as well. Therefore, in present a first assimilation of water (Crum, 2001). They are lower and non flowering plants attempt to fill this lacuna. This investigation, hopefully, will be fruitful in also called cryptogams. They are placed between the algae and pteridophtes. order to draw a clear picture of the bryophyte magnitude of the study area in Bryophytes are divided into three divisions i.e. Anthocerophyta (Hornworts), particular and Pakistan in general. Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) and Bryophyta (Musci/Mosses). The Bryophyta seems to occupy an intermediate position; their origin predates the divergence of the ancestor to the hornworts and vascular plants but evolved from a common ancestor with liverworts (Qiu et al., 2006). Bryophytes have broad geographic range that generally spans more than one continent. Some are cosmopolitan, distributed throughout the world, thus bryophytes tends to show wider distribution than vascular plants. About 43% species distributed in North America and also in Europe, while 70% of the species found in Europe also found in North America (Frahm, 2003). On the other hand, 48% of the genera, but only 6.5% of the species are common between North America and Europe vascular plants flora (Qian, 1999). In Pakistan, Bryophytes are distributed mostly in northern parts (Hazara, Malakand, Chitral and Gilgit-Biltistan), Kashmir, Sothern Pinjab and Capital area. Sindh and Balochistan areas are unexplored (Gruber & Peer, 2012).

1.1. Bryophyta (Mosses) Mosses (Bryophyta) are small plants limited to moist habitats, avoid to direct contact of sunlight. The regions where short growing seasons bound plants growth, mosses take over the vegetation (Vanderpooten & Goffinet, 2009). They constitute a major group in Bryophyta and there are more than 22,000 members around the world and this figure represents about 5.5% of species occurring throughout the world (Zinsmeister & Mues, 1987). These grow on a variety of substrates and ranging from aquatic to dry stones. In

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most cases, species are restricted to a particular substrate. Among moss, SO2 level, he noted that some species are injured by exposure of 10-40 h at 0.8

many species are growing on stony substrates and this particular group is ppm of SO2, while some species are injured at 20-80 h at 0.4 ppm. known as Epipetric mosses. These are also termed as epilithic and Mosses play very important role in erosion control. Erosion is due to loose lithophytic mosses (Bill & Malcolm, 2000). There are about 165 bryophytes soil where plants are absent, move with water. When rain fall or water passes families, 1,473 genera and 15,344 accepted species names till now.There are through the loose soil, the soil is crushed by rain fall and water, move it, further 13,194 scientific names of infraspecific rank for the Bryophytes (The bryophyte plant develop mats on the loose soil, on a bare rocks or areas plant list, 2016). prevent erosion. Conard (1935), sown spores and vegetative fragments of bryophytes on bare areas or rocks help to prevent erosion. He noted the 1.2. Habitat of Mosses Bryum, Barbula, and Weissea spps act as pioneer on new bank road. They Mosses are most abundant and conspicuous in moist habitats, but are also controlled the erosion before the higher plants established. The adult found in grasslands and deserts where they endure prolonged dry periods. bryophytes and spores developed into mature mosses and developed into They are small terrestrial plants that grow closely packed together in mats or mat form binded the substrates and controlling on the erosion. cushions on a variety of substrates (Choyal & Sharma, 2011). These form a significant component of vegetation especially in the temperate biome. They 1.3.2. Ecological roles of Mosses are able to grow on variety of habitats on the upper part of the ground In temperate and tropical rain forests, mosses create lush epiphytic containing humus under the forest, on soil, on rocks (Lithophytes), in communities that play an important ecological role in water and nutrient flow crevices, on tree barks (Epiphytes), dead logs and on the branches of trees (Vanderpooten & Goffinet, 2009). Mosses use as food and shelter, they are (Epiphytes). They are adapted to survive on such surfaces, which have least shelter for small living organism likes as large variety of micro-organism and amount of humus. The bryophytes play an important role in the ecosystem, as mycomycetes, and it is shelter for invertebrate’s aphids, nematodes, rotifers, they fill the gaps and maintain the moisture (Bahuguna et al., 2012). and tardigrades (Merrifield & Ingham, 1998). In terrestrial environment it provides buffer temperature and humidity to 1.3. Importance of Bryophytes condition. In aquatic environment the bryophytes reduce the velocity of water Bryophytes have economic and environmental significance. Some major and trapped the water born particles and detritus. They act as shelter for significance is: small micro organisms where they lay eggs and larva (Parker et al., 2000; Glime, 2007). 1.3.1. Pollution Indicators Mosses are used for pollution studies; they are used for monitoring the 1.3.4. Nitrogen fixation pollution. According to Glime (2007), a Japanies scientists developed a Nitrogen is important for plant rowth, bryophytes crust endowed with bryometer which is used to check the pollution in environment, bryometer is nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are involved in nitrogen fixing a bag of mosses, he used a variety of mosses and exposed them to variety of and they associated with the anthoceros symbiotically taking nitrogen from the atmosphere converting into ammonia and amino acids. Large amount of

2 3 fixed nitrogen is release from bacteria to substrate which is taken by other north. The northern part of and its adjacent areas in the organism (Harper & Marble, 1988). west north and east are occupied by mountains of great height. In the north along its boundary with Kohistan district, lies the great Himalayan range. The INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA famous is situated in this range on the north-eastern boundary 1.5.1. Location and administration of the district. The Nanga Parbat Mountain situated about 40 km. from the The district Mansehra consists of three tehsils i.e. Oghi, Mansehra and north eastern boundary of the district Mansehra (Anon., 1998). Balakot. The district falls in 34-14 to 35-11 north latitudes and 72-49 to 74-08 The general direction of the mountain ranges in the district is from north-east east longitude at the altitude of 400-5200 m with total area of 4579 km2. to south-west. These are two important mountain ranges. One range flanks It is situated on the north by Kohistan and Batagram districts. On the east by the right bank of Kunhar and Jhelum rivers and terminates in the hills of Muzaffarabad and Neelum, south by Abbottbad and Haripur and on the west Murree. At the northern end its peak attains a height of 4500 m. in this range by Tor Ghar distract (Anon., 1998). the Musa ka Musalla 4078 m. above sea level (Anon., 1998). The other range flanks the left bank of the and forms part of the boundary between Mansehra and . It has the highest peak in the district namely Malika-Parbat, which is over 5000 m above sea level (Anon., 1998). There are a few level tracts and fertile valleys in between the mountains. The most important of these tracts is Pakhal Plain which is about 15 km. in length as well as width. The plain lies at an altitude of about 1000 m above sea level. At the southern edge of the Pakhal Plain is the Mangal tract which is about 8 km. in length and 5 km. in width. The most important valley is that of Kaghan which is drained by the famous Kunhar River. The valley is about 150 km from Balakot to Babusar (Anon., 1998).

1.5.3. Hydrography The Indus River strikes the district on the west for about 50 km. The Siran River rises in the north of Siran Valley in the mountains between Mansehra Figure 1. Administrative map of the district Mansehra and Batagram. It flows through the Bhogarmang and western portion of the Pakhal Plain and then into the Tanawal hills and then falls into Indus River at 1.5.2. Topography Darband. The total length of Siran is 113-129 km. Several streams join the The topography of Mansehra is dominated by the high mountains varying in Siran on either side. The Kunhar River rises from Lulu Sar Lake at the head of elevation from 2000 m in the south to over 5200 m above sea level in the and after a fairly turbulent course of about 180 km joins the

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Jhelum River. It flows through deep mountain gorges from its source up to occurs near Mansehra, Khaki, Biotile grade near Shinkiari and Staurolit grade Balakot from where it enters a broader valley up to Garhi Habib Ullah (Anon., near Battal (Husain & Ilahi, 1991). 1998). Another part of Mansehra is Tanawal formation which has an extension in the east and west as isolated patches. The Tanawal formation composed of 1.5.4. Lakes of Mansehra quartzites, quartzitic schist’s, quartzitic sandstomes with interbedded Lakes are confined to the upper mountainous ranges of Kaghan Valley. The arenaceous Phyllitic slates and conglomerates with introduced acid and basic three world famous lakes are , Dudipat and Saiful Malook. Lulusar is igneous rocks. Among the arenaceous rocks, arkosic wacke, subarkose, an irregular crescent shaped lake about 2.5 km long and 274 m wide, located arcinates and quartz arenites are differentiated. Epidioritic paraphysitic 16 km west of Babusar Pass at an elevation of 3384 m. Dudipat is a circuler microtonalite, dacite, rhyodacite, Pegmatile and quartz veins are minor lake about half a kilometer in distance from Lalusar at the elevation of 3636 m intrusions. Tanawal formation is of Pre-cambrian age (Husain & Ilahi, 1991). high. Saif-ul-Malook located 10 km east from . It is approximately ½ km The Mansehra granites are augen gneisses, foliated gneisses and normal long and 457 m broad at the height of 3248 m (Husain & Ilahi, 1991). homogeneous granites. The first category of course, dull grey to yellowish white sub-equigranular with abundant mica including vermiculite. They are 1.5.5. Soil found around Ogi. The homogeneous granites are white to light grey medium The weathering of rocks results to the formation of soil. In lesser to course and sub-equiangular to prophyritic. They are rich in feldspars and there is a tremendous variability in altitude, vegetation type, geology and quartz (Husain & Ilahi, 1991). related environmental factors (Husain & Ilahi, 1991). Champion et al. (1965) stated that no survey of the forests soils has been done in Pakistan. They 1.5.7. Climate however gave ten different major soil types in Pakistan. The climate of the district is warm in summer and cold in winter. However The soil of Mansehra is composed of metamorphic rocks and silts of main the northern part of the district i.e. Kaghan Valley is cold in summer and very granite. The analysis of eight different forests sites show that the soils are clay cold in winter and receives heavy snowfall on the mountains. May-August is loam, silty-clay, silty-clay-loam and sandy-loam in texture with pH level the summer months. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures between 5.2-7.3 while phosphorus fluctuates from 1.4-34 ppm and potassium during the month of June are about 35 °C and 21 °C respectively. January is lies within a range of 110-430 ppm. There are poor nitrogen and high calcium the coldest month with mean maximum and minimum temperatures of about contents (Husain & Ilahi, 1991). 14-2 °C respectively. Rainfall is less in the northern portioning i.e. Kaghan Valley as compared to 1.5.6. Geology the Agror, Konsh and Siran Valleys. The annual rainfall according to Mansehra may be described geologically as a section of the earth crust coming Metrology Department is about 1500 mm (Anon., 1998). well within the area of the Himalayan distribution. It is composed of Phyllits and Phyllitic schist’s being dominant with calcareous and siliceous partings. It also contains para-ignesses, amphibolites and megmatites. Granet grade

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1.5.8. Forests types of Mansehra Although the vegetation of Mansehra region is mainly falls in the sub- tropical, temperate, sub-alpine and alpine zones (Husain & Ilahi, 1991). The classification of vegetation is based on the ecosystem, by the Champion et al., (1965) and Beg (1975). The identification of major forest types is based upon the dominant vegetation and climatic conditions which are modified at places by the edaphic, topographic and biotic factors within the major climatic types. The change in the major vegitational types is because of the increase in the altitude from the plains and foothills to alpine regions. This change is always associated with a variation in the amount of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and so many factors (Husain & Ilahi, 1991). The major forests types Figure 2. Sub-mountain forests, Darband; Indus River bank. of Mansehra are categorized into six types (Muhammad, 1975; Naqvi, 1976). i. Sub-mountain forests ii. Mountain sub-tropical forests iii. Mountain temperate forests iv. Sub-alpine forests v. Alpine scrubs and pastures vi. Cold deserts i. Sub-mountain forests These are limited to plains, and area extended above 757 m. The areas under this type are Darband and Mansehra Tanawal part. Major plant taxa are Olea,

Dodonea, Accacia, Justicia, Otostegia, Periploca etc. Figure 3. Sub-mountain forests, Trappi.

ii. Mountain sub-tropical forests The major plant species in this type of forests major plants taxa are Olea, Accacia, Pinus roxbergii, Dodonea, Piticia etc. the areas falling under this type are Dhodial, Garhi Habib Ullah, Balakot, Barrasi, Shnkiari, Tanawal, Ogi etc. the area extend between 1000-1900 m.

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Figure 4. Mountain sub-tropical forests, Karair game reserve.

Figure 6. Moist temperate Pinus willichiana forest, Dhor (Siran Valley).

Figure 5. Mountain sub-tropical forests, Mansehra. iii. Mountain temperate forests Figure 7. Moist temperate Pinus willichiana-Cidrus deodara mix forest, Shogran. These forests extend between 1450-3500 m depending upon the aspect, habitat and soil conditions. They merge with sub-tropical forests below and sub- iv. Sub-alpine forests alpine forests in upper zones. Major plant taxa are Taxus willichiana, Querqus These forests found at upper habitats in the area. They extend between the belout, Cidrus deodara, Pinus willichiana, Pyrus picia, Juglans regia, Prunus elevations of 3182-3788 m. The major plants taxa are; Salix, Betula utilus, armenica, Rhododendron harboratum, Asculus indica, Papulus cilliata, Alnus nitida Rhododendron harboratum, Pyrus picia, Vibernum caudata, Juniper exelsa and and Ulmus willichiana etc. The areas fall under this type are; Kaghan, Jared, Ephedra girardiana etc. The areas fall under this type are; Kaghan, Batakundi, Naran, Shogran, Mandagucha, Bhonja, Sachan, Batal and Manoor etc. Musa ka Musala, Lalazar Near Batakundi, Paya and Shogran upper areas etc.

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vi. Cold Deserts This type falls in North-east part of Mansehra, extend above 4546 m (15000 ft) elevation. In general there is no plant taxa found. The edges of these snow deserts develop spatial habitat, which provide a chance to grow plant in very short duration when ice melts. The major plant taxa are; Sibaldia, Primila denticulata, Sedum, Oxyria, Potentila, Oxytropis and Thilaspia species etc. The areas fall under this type are; Malika Parbat, Manoor Gali, Ratti Gali, area above Ansoo Lake.

Figure 8. Sub-alpine Vibernum sp. forest, Paya. v. Alpine scrubs and Pastures These forests found above the sub-alpine brich zone. This is the generally the last category of forests, extend between 3789-4546 m. The major plants taxa are; Rhododendron, Cotoneaster, Polygonum, Sibbaldia, Buplurum, Salix and Juniperus communus etc. The areas fall under this type are; Batakundi, Saif ul Malook, Musa ka Musala, etc.

Figure 10. Cold desert, Malika Parbat (17600 ft).

Figure 9. Sub-alpine pasture, Khori (Musa ka Musalla).

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Chapter-2

REVIEW OF LITTIRATURE

The bryological history of Pakistan is vast and expended over last 118 years. However this period is fragmented and few workers have been involved in exploration of the taxa. Initially, few Europeans workers became active and have mad collections from the Northern Areas of Pakistan including Kashmir (Brotherus, 1898a; Brotherus, 1898b; 1929; Dixon, 1926; 1929; 1930; 1942; Blatter & Fernandez, 1929; Herzog, 1938; Stromer, 1954; Bartram, 1955;

Froehlich, 1964; Robinson, 1965; Karczmarz, 1980). Later on, a Japanese team was made remarkable collection form Kashmir, Hazara Division and Gilgit- Figure 11. Cold desert, Ansoo Lake (5393 m) . Baltistan (Noguchi, 1959; Higuchi, 1992; Nishimura & Higuchi, 1993; 1994; Nishimura et al., 1993a; Nishimura et al., 1993b; Townsend, 1993; 1994; Hasegawa, 1993; Mizutani et al., 1994; Higuchi & Nishimura, 2003). After Aims and Objectives Japanese, few European researchers again became active and further collected  Flora of Musci To prepare the (Mosses) of the proposed study and added in the number of species (Schafer-Verwimp & Gruber, 2002; Maier, area 2002; Sollman, 2008; Gruber & Peer, 2012).  To investigate distribution patterns of the species Details regarding the above contributors have been given as below:  To highlight various threats (if any) in order to protect them Brotherus (1898a) seems to be the first contributor for Pakistan. He published from extinction a checklist of mosses titled “The Bryological Flora of North West Himalaya” based on specimens collected by Duthie (1892-95) from Hindukush (Chitral),

North West Himalaya (Nepal, India, Kashmir and Pakistan) and Karakuram

(Gilgit, Astor, Baltistan) mountain ranges. Based on this material, he reported 21 moss species belonging to 18 genera and 11 families. Brotherus (1898b) again seems to the second contributor for the country. He published a checklist based on collections of Duthei in 1895 during an exploration “In Botany Chitral Relief Expedition”. During this expedition, Duthei focused the Tirch Mir Valley and collected remarkable sample of bryophytes. Based on this material he recognized 54 moss species. These taxa are belonging to 18 families and 38 genera. He reported Molendoa duthiei

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(Broth.) Broth. and Brachythecieum falcatum (Grout) Stoermer (1954) listed 28 moss taxa from Tirch Mir Valley, Chitral State (Now H.A. Crum. as species nov. Chitral State is known as District Chitral, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwah), based on Muthar (1925) reported Trematodon brevicalyx Dix. in Journal of Indian the collections made in the supervision of Professor Arne Nass and Mr. Hans Botanical Society, this specimen was collected by Prof. Kashyap, who was a Chr. Bugge, the Norwegian exploration to Tirch Mir in the 1950. These taxa reknown bryologist of subcontinent. were distributed in 20 genera and 13 families. He reported Fissidense Dixon (1926) was the first bryologist who listed the moss taxa from Mansehra chitralensis P. de la Varde as a new record for science from the study area. district, Pakistan. He listed 33 moss taxa from Gilgit and in the vicinity areas, Bartram (1955) published a list of 70 moss taxa from Northwestern Himalaya among these, 25 taxa were reported from Mansehra district. These specimens (Changla Gali, Muree, Rawalpindi, Attock) Karakuram (Astor, Shigar, were collected by R.R Stewert, from 1912-1924. These species are belonging to Sakarddu, Rama, Gilgit) and Kashmir (Gulmarg, Kulu, Pulga, Pahalgam, 16 genera and 8 families. Among these taxa, he reported 7 taxa as new to Aliabad, Burzil Chowki) belonging to 52 genera and 20 families, he reported science i.e. Fissidens perplexans Dix., Brachythecium obsoletinerve Dix., Barbula two new records for science i.e. Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. and javanica Hedw. var. robusta Dix., Brachythecium waziriensis Dix., Hydrogonium Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce from his study area belonging to 2 obscurissimum J. Fröhlich, Tortula lilliei Dix. and Brachythecium indico-populeum families. The duplicate specimens were deposited at herbarium of Newyork Dix. These new taxa were distributed in 4 genera and 4 families. Botanical Garden. Dixon (1929) also published a checklist about the mosses of Waziristan. These Noguchi (1956) reported 54 moss species from the North West Himalaya collections were made by Ferrnandz in 1927 during his journey to Waziristan. (Chagla Gali, Abbottabad, Rawalpindi, Attock and Murree), Karakuram He recognized 28 moss taxa belonging to 11 families and 21 genera. He listed (Baltistan, Astor, Shigar, Rama, Satpura and Gilgit) and Kashmir (Gulmerg, 3 taxa as new species to science i.e. Timmiala subintegra Dix., Grimmia apocarpa Kulu, Pulga, Parbatti, Pahalgam and Burzil Cowki), belonging to 20 families var. subpelucida Dix. and Hydrogonium indicaum Dix. and 42 genera. He reported 2 new records for science i.e. Astomum crispum Blater and Fernandenz (1931) gave a checklist of moss taxa of Waziristan. (Hedw.) Hampe. and Grimmia ahmadianum Noguchi from the area. These collections were made in 1929. Their report was comprised of 45 taxa Asghar (1957) presented the first checklist of mosses of Pakistan, this checklist belonging to 45 genera and 15 families. Among these, they reported two taxa was based on his own collections and previously published literature. His as species nov. i.e. Brachythecium microsericeum Balt. & Farnd. and checklist comprises of 131 taxa under 67 genera and 23 families. Brachythecium laevi Balt. & Farnd. from the area. Noguchi (1959) listed 52 species from Changla Gali, Muree, Rawalpindi and Herzog (1938) visited the Hindukush region of Pakistan (Chitral) and Kashmir areas belonging to 19 families and 40 genera. These collections were Afghanistan. He reported 11 species of mosses from the area belonging to 9 made by Shmid during 1953-54. genera and 11 families. Noguchi (1964) recognized 37 taxa from Kashmir (Shekh Bela, Sharda, Kel, Dixon (1942) reported 2 new records for science i.e. Orthotrichum suburrigerum Rampur, Muzaffarrabad and Chita Katha Lake), Hindukush (Chitral, Shogo, Dix. and Anodon indicum Dix. of Acrocarpous mosses from North West and Yarkhun), Gilgit Baltistan (Baltit, Chumarkhan Pass, Gilgit, Surgun, and Himalyan region based on specimens collected by R.R. Stewart during 1912- Yasin) and the North West Himalaya of Pakistan (Mansehra; Kaghan Valley, 24. Saif ul Malook, Gitidas, Besal). These species were belonging to 14 families

16 17 and 8 genera. Among these 10 taxa have been reported from Mansehra 1973, from Murre, Margalla Hills, Jehlum, Wah, Kahuta and Abbottabad. The district, belonging to 8 genera and 6 families. specimens hosted in the harberium of Natural History Museum of London. Froiehlich (1964) listed 32 taxa from Afghanistan and the North West Townsend (1994) reported 40 taxa from Kaghan Valley. Among these 9 new Himalaya (Swat: Kalam, Utror and Darghai area) of Pakistan, these taxa were records for Pakistan. These collections were also made by R.R. Stewert in belonging to 19 genera and 12 families. These collections were made by K.H. 1973. Rechingerin 1962. Alfons and Gruber (2002) surveyed the Northern areas of Pakistan. They Robinson (1965) recognized 45 taxa of mosses from Kashmir and Gilgit, reported 8 species of the genus Orthotrichum including new records for the Baltistan, belonging to 31 genera and 14 families. He reported 2 new records country. for science i.e. Hydrogonium heterophyllum J. Fröhlich and Funaria brotheusii Maier (2002) studied the Himalayan region from Nepal to Pakistan; She Robins. from the area. These collections were made by Websterr and Nasir in reported 25 species of Grimmiaceae in his survey, based on her own 1955. collections and other collections, she listed six species for Pakistan and one Karczmarz (1980) reported 23 species belonging to 18 genera and 14 families. species of Grimmia throughout from Mansehra district. These collections were made during a visit of Western Jamu & Kashmir (all Higuchi and Nishimura (2003) compiled a thorough checklist of mosses of the collections were made from Gulmerg Pass west of Sirinagar) in 1974. Pakistan; they presented 339 taxa in their checklist belonging to 124 genera Higuchi (1992) reported 68 taxa from Pakistan (Kasmir, Swat, Abbottabad, and 33 families. Murree, Islamabad) belonging to 32 genera and 14 families, among these 41 Sollman (2005) visited the Himalaya and reported 21 species from the region, taxa had reported from Mansehra (Kaghan Valley) belonging to 24 genera but none of these from Pakistan. and 7 families. Sollman (2008) identified many specimens collected by various workers from Nishimura et al. (1993a) reported 57 Acrocarpous moss taxa from Pakistan Pakistan. He also re-examined rectified some specimens identified by others. (Kasmir, Swat, Abbottabad, Murree, Islamabad) belonging to 31 genera and After a detailed investigation he reported sixteen new moss taxa. All of these 15 families, among these, 27 taxa have been reported from Mansehra (Kaghan were member of Pottiaceae. Valley) belonging to 20 genera and 14 families. Gruber and Peer (2012) reported 76 species distributed in 32 genera and 22 Nishimura et al. (1993 b) also reported 41 Pleurocarpous mosses from Pakistan families. These specimens were collected by the author under a protected (Kasmir, Swat, Abbottabad, Murree, Islamabad) belonging to 29 genera and “Highland Steppes in the Hindukush and Karakuram mountain ranges” 12 families, among these, 24 taxa have been reported from Mansehra District conducted in 1998-99. They added four taxa for the Bryoflora of Pakistan i.e. (Kaghan Valley) belonging to 15 genera and 8 families. Grimmia sudetica Spreng. ex Schkuhr, Pseudoleskeella tectorum (Funck ex Brid.) Nishimura et al. (1993) presented a checklist of mosses of Pakistan based on Kindb. ex Broth. Orthotrichum crenulatum Mitt. and Orthotrichum rupestere previously published literature and their own observations. This checklist Schleich. ex Schwägr. was comprises of 324 taxa belonging to 119 genera and 32 families. Islam et al. (2015) conducted a detailed taxonomic study on Bartramiaceae Townsend (1993) reported 40 taxa of mosses from Pakistan, in which 6 were from district Mansehra and documented 6 species falling in 2 genera with new records for the country.These collections, were made by R.R. Stewert

18 19 detailed taxonomic description of family, genus and species level along To date, about 359 moss species have been reported from Pakistan and Azad diagnostic keys. Kashmir (Higuchi & Nishimura 2003; Sollman, 2008; Gruber & Peer, 2012). Later on Islam et al. (2016a) presented a checklist of lithophytic mosses from However, major portion of the country is under collected, therefore, there is Mansehra district with life form distribution and altitude. still huge gap regarding the bryoflora of Pakistan. Islam et al. (2016b) presented another checklist of Mosses of Mansehra District which include all the known moss flora of the Mansehra district. This checklist comprises of 105 taxa belonging to 65 genera and 26 families. Islam et al. (2016c) conducted a research on five moss families from Mansehra district. They provided a detailed taxanomic description and identification keys, distribution and other relevant feature, among these 5 taxa, 1 is new record for study area. All these efforts collectively contribute only ca. 359 moss taxa. In addition, these workers mostly visited or explored the Himalyan region of Pakistan and maximum portion of the country is still entirely virgin. Furthermore, previously explored localities lack detailed taxonomic information about the taxa and provide just a checklist, a thorough exploration is necessary in order to know a clear picture of taxonomic position and distribution pattern of the taxa. Moreover, as species extinction phenomenon become a serious matter for human being worldwide. Hens, current status of the taxa should be known. Keeping in mind these facts, the current study was taken into account and the District Mansehra has been chosen for detailed study regarding the and distribution pattern of the moss flora. As this district has a wide range in terms of altitude (400-5393 m) and three geographical zones i.e. Tropical, Sub- tropical, Temperate and Alpine are located here. In the result, it is home land for a diverse flora including mosses. Moreover, ca. 24% previously known moss taxa for Pakistan have been reported form this district. Current work is further aiming to provide the detailed taxonomic attributes of the bryophyts of Pakistan with special reference to mosses. There is need for thorough exploration of the moss Flora of the region and complete taxonomic description of the species reported from the area.

20 21

Chapter-3 Nomenclatures of the taxa included in the thesis were confirmed through the TROPICOS database (2016). A modified classification scheme of Goffinet et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS (2009) has been used.

This study was conducted in a systematic manner. Various phases involved 3.2. Field plan for surveys during the study are as below: After careful examination of available pre-examined specimens and reviewed of literature, some fruitful findings were obtained especially regarding precise 3.1. Review of previous literature location, altitude, habitat, capsulation period. Based on these findings, a At initial stage, available literature was thoroughly reviewed related to the comprehensive field plan was designed. About 96 spots were chosen in bryophytes of Pakistan and adjacent areas specially India, China, Kashmir, different habitats and ecological zones at various altitudes. In these spots, Himalayan range. For this purpose, used different sources i.e. Floras, books both previously explored and new spots were selected. A gridded map of and research papers. As the flora regarding the mosses of Pakistan is still not study area was used for this purpose (Anon., 2005). written. Due to this reason, other Floras of different regions were consulted: Bryophytes Flora of North America (Zander, 2007; 2014, Vol. 27-28); 3.3. Field survey Cryptogamic Flora of Pakistan (Nakikae & Malik, 1992-93; Vol. 1, 2); Moss Regular field surveys were conducted on monthly basis throughout the year Flora of Russia (Ignatov, 1992-2016; Vol. 1-25); Moss Flora of Central Europe in the study area for the collection of specimens and field observation. The (Fraham, 1983-2012; Vol. 1-22); Moss Flora of China (Sho, 2014; Vol. 1-2); Flora field work was carried out from November 2012 to June 2015. Global of Ibarian Peninsula; Moss Flora of UK (Smith, 2004); Bryophytes Flora of Positioning System (GPS) values and elevation for each specimen were Australia (Michelon, 2015; Vol. 1-51); Mosses of West Himalaya and Adjacent recorded. Extensive specimens were collected in each spot at different Plains (Chopra & Kumar, 1986). Other Book resources like, Introduction to altitudes (i.e. 400 m to 5394 m in the area) and from various habitats/micro Bryology (Schofield, 1988); Introduction to Bryophytes (Vanderpoorten & habitats or substrates. Various attributes of the taxa were documented in field Goffinet, 2009); Mannual of bryology (Fraham, 2012); Economic and Ethnic notebook on the spot and for each specimen; a separate collection number uses of Bryophytes (Glime, 2009). For classification at the rank of genus and was given. About 1000 specimens were collected during these surveys. A little above, followed Goffinet (2009) and Buck & Shaw (2008). Other many quantity (5-30 g) of substrate of the respective specimen was also taken in research articles were also reviewed during this research work. plastic zip beg to analyze pH value. Besides literature survey, previously collected available specimens were also examined in order to get an idea about the precise location, substrate, altitude 3.4. Labeling etc. Duplicates specimens collected by Nishimura (1990-91) were examined. The collected specimens were dried and packed in 4x6 inches paper envelops. These specimens hosted at Pakistan Museum of Natural History (PMNH). The basic important data of each specimen was typed on an already designed For physiographic, geographical, flora and fauna, various relevant literature label and pasted on each specimen envelopes sources were used in order to get information of the study area. 3.5. Laboratory work

22 23

Collected specimens were examined in laboratory, morphological and To calibrate ocular micrometer with a stage micrometer, aligned the zero line anatomical characteristics were examined. Various parts of gametophyte and of the stage micrometer with the zero line of the ocular micrometer. Then sporophytes were fully studied. Macro characters were examined through eye carefully examined over until seen the lines line up again. Then used a simple lens (MG 21011) and stereoscope (HT Company, SZM 405) and minute details ratio to determine the value that each line represents in ocular meter. were examined through compounded microscope (Optica SZM-1; HT Initially, the object was examined with the lowest power objective of the Company, H300M; Olympus, H12602). microscope (4x). The scale on the stage micrometre was aligned with the scale of the ocular meter and then a reading was taken from the scales. These 3.5.1. Morphological studies readings were then used to calculate the calibration factor for the objective Before examined under stereoscope, the specimen was dipped into water in lens in use. petridishes and left for 5-10 min to attain their normal shape. Leaves were Size, shape, length and width of spores were taken. Size was taken at 100x separated from gametophyte by using needles. Size of different parts was and in some cases at 40x. The spore images were also taken and the number noted using ruler. Capsules were examined in some cases under stereoscope was noted in the notebook for further proper documentation. Maximum to observe either spore are present or not, first capsule was placed on slide specimens of each species were examined in order to get an entire range of then few drops solution of methanol (50% water and 50% methanol) was variation of the taxon. added on slide through a small syringe (5 cc), then capsules were broken by using needle, when liquid solution of methanol color usually changes to 3.5.3. Analysis of substrate pH brown, dark brown, its indicate the presence of spores in drops. Then spores Initially, collected substrate sample was completely dried in simple electric were covered by a cover slip, before covering they spores, a drop of glycerin oven. Hard samples viz., rock/stone, dad logs and bark were crushed into was also added at the edge of cover slip in order to stop the diffusion, spore powder form with hand grinder (Langri and Batta). Ten (10) mm distil water was examined through a microscope. Qualitative morphological characters was taken in a 100 mm baker. Later on, 1 g substrate put in this baker and were examined using stereoscope and were described using standard mixed with starrer and left it 4-5 hr. pH was analyzed with the help of digital terminologies. pH meter (HI-2211-pH/ORP) at Physiology Lab., Hazara University- Mansehra. 3.5.2. Anatomical studies For anatomical feature description, leaves were separated for slide 3.5.4. Identification and documentation preparation and were directly put on slides and were treated with acetic acid Each collected specimen was thoroughly examined and the whole range of and alcohol along with lectophenol. After staining; cover slips were fixed on variation was investigated. Each specimen was properly identified by using specimen. Apical, marginal, median laminal, basal and alar cells were diagnostic characters/keys in various relevant available floras like Moss Flora analyzed under microscope. In some cases micrometer was also used for of China, Bryophytes Flora of North America, Flora of UK, Flora of Australia measurement of cells size. and Flora of Russia. These specimens were identified by following diagnostic

24 25 keys at different taxonomic level. In critical cases, international experts of the respective family were also consulted. Taxonomic attributes viz., description, distribution and other information of each species was compiled after identification process as per taxonomic rule. Field and lab images of the taxa were also given under the respective taxon.

3.6. Distribution pattern studies Distribution pattern (s) of the respective taxa in the study area was also analysed. Different parameters viz., number of localities, altitude and habitat/ substrate, distribution within the study area, distribution in Pakistan and at the world level were taken into account. Global positioning coordinates were carefully noted during field visits in different locations of the study area. Detailed map of visited localities has been given under (Fig. 12).

Figure 12. Visited localities in the study area: Tehsil Balakot (various localities Naran, Kaghan and Balakot proper from 1-21); Tehsil Mansehra (22-49, 57-59); Tehsil Ogi (50-56).

For proper mapping, initially, obtained GPS coordinates during field surveys were organized using Microsoft Excel. In the next step, map of the study was georeferenced and GPS values were plotted using Arc GIS software (Esri). Small families (with single species) were plotted on single map, while for large families; a separate map was developed for each family. Abundance of the taxa was also estimated. For this purpose, the following criteria were used: Abundance Condition (s) Very common If a taxon is distributed within 5 or more than 5 localities in the study area

26 27

Common If a taxon is distributed within 3-4 localities in the study 3.8. Deposition of voucher specimens area At the end of research activities, voucher specimens were deposited in Infrequent If a taxon is distributed within 2 localities in the study Cryptogamic Lab., Hazara University Herbarium (HUP), Hazara University area. for future reference. Rare If a taxon is distributed within single locality in the study area or endemic to Pakistan. Extremely rare If a taxon is distributed within single sub locality/single site of any single locality in the study area or endemic to the study area only.

For altitude-wise distribution, distribution of the taxa along the altitudinal gradient was investigated. Entire altitudinal range in the study area was categorized into the following classes: 450-999 m ; 1000-2099 m; 2100-3099 m; 3100-4099 m; 4100-5000 m. For world-wide distribution of the taxa, various floras and the TROPICOS data base were used. For substrate-wise distribution of the taxa, substrate of each taxon was observed and documented during field visits (i.e. Lihtophyte, Hdrophyte, Epiphyte and mosses growing on soil). For life form-wise distribution of species (i.e. Tuft, Cushions, Weft, Matt etc.), lifeform of each taxon was determined with the help of authentic literature (Frahm, 2012). Than total numbers of the taxa for each lifeform were enumerated and plotted on the graph.

3.7. Phytogeographical analysis For phytogeographical distribution pattern of the taxa, distribution with in the study area and general distribution of the taxa was considered.

28 29

Chapter-4 The results include keys at family, generic and species level, description of each family, genus and species, distribution within the various localities of the RESULTS area, details regarding voucher specimens, habitat, substrate information and critical notes have been provided. Initially, diagonostic key was prepared for Principally, the results have been categorized into two portions i.e. acrocarpic and plerocarpic mosses separatly: taxonomical aspects and distribution patterns. Key to the life form A. Taxonomical aspects 1+ Plants erect or drooping not prostrate; Leaves with single costa; Total 143 taxa were recognized from the study area distributed in 69 genera Sporophyte appears on main stem or on the apex------1.Acrocarpous and 27 families. These taxa were grown at different altitudes. Acrocarps - Plants not erect, usually prostrate; Leaves ecostate, or with sigle or mosses were dominant with 85 species (59.44%) distributed in 15 families and double costa; Sporophyte appears on leteral braches, not on apex------40 genera. Fifty eight (58) species (40.56%) were pleurocarps with 12 families ------2.Pleurocarpous and 25 genera (Fig. 13). Generic index showed the high diversity value i.e. 2.07 Brachetheciaceae was the largest family with 15 species (10.48%), followed by A: Acrocarpous mosses and Pottiaceae with 12 species (8.39%) and Fissidentaceae with and Thirteen (13) families were recohnised fro this growth fom. Details for each 11 (7.69%) species (Fig. 13). Like-wise for genera, Fissidens was the largest family are as below. genus with 11 species. Brachethecium come to next having 10 species. Among 143 species, 39 were new records for Pakistan. Key to the acrocarpous moss families 1+ Capsule completely covered by long persistent calyptras------1.Enclyptaceae - Capsules not completely covered by long persistent calyptra------2 2+ Leaves in all species have an excurrent costa; Seta bent at top such that the capsule is pointing downwards------2.Bryaceae - Plants not as above ------3 3+ Stem densly tomentose at base; Leaves narowly long and lenceolate, thin, often broken at tip------3.Dicrinaceae - Plants not as above------4 4+ Leaves linear to liniear-lenceolate; Costa excurrent, occupying 1/4-1/3 width of leaf ------4.Ditrichaceae

- Plant not as above------5 Figure 13. Family-wise distribution of the taxa in the study area

30 31

5+ Seta single; Capsules globose, asymmetric with furrows------2. BRYACEAE

------5.Bartramiaceae Plants scattered, in dense turfs or cushions, silver, green, white, golden or - Seta single or double; Capsule not globose, symmetric------6 red. Stems unbranched to sparingly branched by subfloral innovations, stolons 6+ Stems stiff, erect, mostly unbranched; Leaves lanceolate to long– absent or present (Rhodobryum); Rhizoids smooth to papillose, micronemata and lanceolate------6.Timmiaceae macronemata generally present. Leaves imbricate to contorted or twisted as dry, - Plants not as above ------7 erect to erect spreading as moist, generally lenceolate, ovate, obovate, ovate- 7+ Plants with reduced stem; Leaves broad, forming rosette------lanceolate or spathulate; Base straight or rounded at insertion; Margins flat, ------7.Funariaceae recurved or revolute, 1-2-stratose, sometime multistratose, limbidium present or - Plants with prominent stem; Leaves broad, not forming rosette------8 absent; Apex rounded to acuminate or acute; Costa percurrent, subpercurrent or 8+ Leaves margin denticulate; Cell isodiametric, grows in wet habitats--- excurrent; alar cells generally alike to juxtacostal cells; Laminal cells ------8.Mniaceae comparatively identical or faintly to markedly heterogeneous; Proximal cells - Plants not as above ------9 generally quadrate, short- or long-rectangular; medial cells generally similar to 9+ Plants dark green to blackish; Leaves with clear hair points ------distal cells; Distal cells short to long, hexagonal to rhomboidal, sometimes ------9.Grimmiaceae vermicular. Asexual reproduction common. Sexually dioicous, monoicous or - Plant dark green to blackish brown; Leaves not with hair point------10 polyoicous; perigonia and perichaetia terminal or lateral; Perichaetial leaves 10+ Plants hygroscopic; Leaves margin entire, seta short, capsule immersed, same like vegetative leaves, rarely forming rosette, inner leaves usually highly striate------10.Orthotrichaceae differentiated; Costa weak. Seta single, sometimes multiple. Capsule erect, - Plants not hygroscopic; Seta long; Capsules niether immersed nor inclined or nutant, ovate, spheric, cylindric or pyriform; Hypophysis striate------11 differentiated; Annulus usually present; Operculum convex, conical, rarely 11+ Plants mostly grows in xerophytic habitats, not hygroscopic, capsules rostrate; Peristome diplolepidous-alternate or absent. Calyptra cucullate, cylindrical; Calyptra calculate------11.Pottiaceae smooth. Spores smooth to papillose - Plants not as above ------12 There are 15 genera ca. 500 species distributed worldwide, 5 genera, 29 species 12+ Leaves arranged in 2 rows, cunduplicate------12.Fissideataceae reported from Pakistan and 4 genera 9 species from the study area. - Leavess not as above------13

13+ Plants erect, with long seta, leaves with multilamilae-13.Polytichaceae Key to genera

1+ Plants large; Stolons present; Leaves form rosette at base------1.ENCLYPTACEAE ------1.Rhodobryum

Manuscript of the family has already been published by the auther. For details - Plants not so large; Stolons absent; Leaves not forming rosette------2 see Apendex 1. 2+ Basal laminal cells quadrate to rectangular; Capsules erect to suberect;

Endostome reduced------2.Brachymenium

32 33

- Plant not as above------3 II: 346. 1897. (Fig. 14)

3+ Plants pale green to yellow-green; Stem stringlike; Capsules ovate- Plants 8-43 mm tall, unbranched. Stem leaves 4-8 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, 20-38 cylindrical or ovate-pyriform------3. Anomobryum in rosettes; Margins robustly revolute to above mid leaf, often nearly to apex, apex acute to cuspidate; Costa percurrent to excurrent into a hairpoint; Distal - Plants white, green, silver-green or yellow-green; Stems rounded; and median laminal cells hexagonal, 27-32×52-73 µm, proximal cells long, ca. 92 Capsules ovate or clavate------4.Bryum µm, rectangular. Inner perichaetial leaves with costa strong, long-excurrent in

denticulate hairpoint. Sporophyte not seen. 1.Rhodobryum Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar-ul- Plants large, dark green to olive-green, rarely with red tints. Stems erect, arising Islam & Ashfaq Ali 231 (HUP). from stoloniferous, primary stems unbranched; Rhizoids sparse to Habitat: Along streams banks on moist cliff faces and humus; pH 6.8. abundant. Leaves scale-like proximally, enlarged distally and crowded in a General Distribution: North America, South America Europe, Africa and Asia terminal rosette, strongly twisted and shrunken as dry, erect-spreading as (India & Pakistan). moist; Margins bordered or rarely weak or absent, strongly serrate from mid leaf to apex; Distal and median laminal cells hexagonal to rhomboidal, proximal 2. Rhodobryum roseum (Hedwig) Limpricht, Laubm. Deutschl. 2(20): 445 laminal cells rectangular, alar cells undifferentiated; Costa broad, subpercurrent 1892. (Fig. 15) to percurrent or excurrent. Sexually dioicous; Inner perichaetial leaves fairly Stems 12-28 mm tall. Stem leaves comparatively few in rosettes, 20-22 in differentiated, smaller and narrower than surrounding rosette leaves; Inner number; 3-6.5 mm long and 1-1.8 mm wide; Margins revolute to mid leaf or less; perigonial leaves small, broad. Seta 1-8 per perichaetium, long- Apex acute; Costa in median rosette leaves percurrent to short-excurrent, exserted. Capsule inclined to nutant, oblong to cylindrical; Operculum low- apiculus or hair-point small. Perichaetial inner leaves with costa subpercurrent, conical; Peristome double; Spores finely papillose. hair-point smooth to weakly denticulate. Sporophytes not seen. There are ca. 25 species worldwide, 2 from Pakistan and the study area. Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar-ul- Rhodobryum is characterized by comparatively large plants with rosette leaves Islam & Ashfaq Ali 231 (HUP). distinct and stoloniferous primary stems. Habitat: On soil, litter, humus in shrubs; pH 6.9. General Distribution: Eurasia, Europe; Asia, India, Pakistan and Japan. Key to species 1+ Rosette leaves 18-55; Leaf margins robustly revolute------2.Brachymenium ------1.Rhodobryum ontariense Previously, a member of this genus i.e. Brachymenium indicum (Dozy & Molk.) - Rosette leaves 15-21; Leaf margins weakly recurved------Bosch & Sande Lac., was reported from Kaghan by Nishimura-9553 (1992). ------2.Rhodobryum roseum However, in current study, inspite of many field attempts, I could not be able to

collect this species from any part of the study area. This species seems to highly 1. Rhodobryum ontariense (Kindberg) Kindberg, Spec. Eur. N. Amer. Bryin.

34 35 rare or is eradicated from the area. Habitat: Along streams banks, on moist stone; pH 6.8.

General Distribution: North America, Europe; India and Pakistan. 3. Anomobryum 4.Bryum Plants in mats or gregarious, pale to yellow-green. Stems generally stringlike; Rhizoids only some. Leaves imbricate as dry, erect as fresh, largely ovate or Plants gregarious or in mats, rarely cushions, silver-green, white, olive, yellow- ovate-lanceolate; Margins recurved proximally, plane distally or generally plane green or yellow-brown. Stems weakly or strongly rounded julaceous or short- all over, entire, limbidium absent; Apex largely acute; Costa pecurent or short- gemmiform. Leaves imbricate as dry, erect to erect-spreading as fresh, ovate- excurrent; Alar cells not differentiated from basal cells; Medial and distal lanceolate to ovate; Margins plane distally, recurved proximally or generally laminal cells elongate-rhomboidal to elongate-vermicular. Asexual plane throughout or slightly entire, elimbidium; Apex rounded to acute or reproduction absent or through leaf axil bulbils. Sexually dioicous; Perichaetia sometime acuminate; Costa not percurent or excurrent, Apiculus rarely present and perigonia terminal, leaves same as vegetative leaves or larger, inner leaves if costa not reaching the apex; Alar cells not or slightly differentiated from basal little differentiated. Seta single. Capsule inclined-erect, ovate-cylindric or ovate- cells, generally shorter; Proximal laminal cells quadrate or rectangular; Medial pyriform; Hypophysis present; Operculum slightly convex, short-conical; and distal laminal cells short-rhomboidal to hexagonal or vermicular. Asexual peristome single, double or sometime absent. Spores finely papillose. reproduction by leaf axil bulbils or absent. Sexually dioicous; Perichaetia and There are ca. 30 species nearly worldwide. Previously, 4 species reported Perigonia terminal, leaves same as vegetative Pakistan and 1 from study area. leaves. Seta single. Capsule inclined to pendent, ovate or pyriform, hypophysis Anomobryum is closely related to Bryum. This taxon can often be distinguished differentiated or not; Operculum weakly convex, short-conical; Peristome from Bryum by the elongate, very slender stems and extremely long distal double. Spores finely papillose. laminal cells. Plants of Anomobryum have brown to orange stems. There are ca. 40 distributed worldwide. Previously, 20 species are reported from Pakistan and 5 from the study area.

Anomobryum filiforme var. juliforme (Solms) Husn. Muscol. Gall. 222 1888. Bryum in the strict sense is a genus of small julaceous plants, morphologically Plants small, slender, julaceous or yellowish to pale-green, generally whitish similar to Anomobryum. green, in dense shiny tufts or gregarious, shoots with reddish stems. Leaves 1-

1.8×0.4-0.9 mm, ovate or oblong-ovate not decurrent, with linear-vermicular Key to species thick-walled distal laminal cells, proximal laminal cells are broadly rectangular, 1+ Plants silver-green to white-green; Costae not reaching decurrent------thin-walled and generally bulging. The apex is toothed at tip. Sexually diocious. ------1.Bryum argenteum Seta single 20 mm long; Capsule oblong-ovate; Peristome double, endostome - Plants not as above------2 with appendiculate cilia. Spores ca. 10-13 µm. Specimens examined: Shinkiari, 1000 m, 28.11.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Jan Alam 2+ Distal laminal cells linear-vermicular to elongate-hexagonal; Leaf bases 830 (HUP). red------2.Bryum blindii

36 37

- Plants not as above------3 General Distribution: North America, Europe; India and Pakistan.

3+ Plants upto 30-40 mm tall; Leaves narrow-broad lanceolate having 3. Bryum capillare Hedw. Sp. Musc. Frond. 182. excurrent costa; Margin elimbate------3.Bryummpseudo triquetrums Plants gregarius, 4-12 mm tall. Stem unbranched. Leaves spathulate to obovate, - Plants upto 10 mm; Leaves spathulate having hair point apix; Margin curved as dry, spreading as fresh; Margin limbate, limbidia 2-3 layers of nerrow limbate------4.Bryum capillare cells, eintire generally, slightly serrulate near apex; Apex acute; Median laminal

cells rhomboidal-hexagonal, irregular hexagonal to rectangular near boarder; 1. Bryum argenteum Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond. 181 1801. (Fig. 16) Costa percurrent; Alar cells differentiated, quadrate; Basal cells ractangular. Plants in mats, silver-green to white-green. Stems 3-10 mm, robustly rounded Asexual reporoduction through axilary leaf bulbils. Capsules not seen. julaceous. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.8-1×0.3-5 mm; Margins recurved Specimens examined: Baffa, 1000 m, 06.06.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Asmat Ullah proximally, plane distally; Apex rounded to acute; Costa percurrent; Proximal 503 (HUP). cells quadrate or rectangular, 10-15 µm wide; Distal cells short or hexagonal, 32- Habitat: Along streams banks, on moist shady soil; pH 6.7. 73×9-15 µm. Asexual reproduction by axilary leaf bulbils. Seta 10-18 General Distribution: North America, Europe; India and Pakistan. mm. Capsule ovate, 2-3 mm; Hypophysis present. Spores rounded ornamented,

8-12 µm. 4. Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb, Oekon. Fl. Specimens examined: Paya, near Makra base, 2300 m, 08.09.2014, Mazhar-ul- Wetterau 3(2): 102 1802. (Fig. 17) Islam & Ashfaq Ali 801 (HUP). Plants 20-32 mm tall, in mats. Stem unbranched. Leaves not attached to stem as Habitat: On exposed degraded rock; pH 5.9. dry, spreading as fresh, ovate to ovate lanceolate, 2.5-3×0.5-1 mm; Margin plane, General Distribution: North America, Europe; India and Pakistan. recurved, limbate with 3-4 nerrow limbidial cells; Median laminal cells

hexagonal to rhombic, 20-46×10-16 µm in size; Basal cells rectangular or 2. Bryum blindii Bruch & Schimper, Bryol. Eur. 4: 163. (pl. 383 fasc. 32. Monogr. quadrat, alarr cells slightly differentiated; Costa excurrent, brroader at base and Suppl. 1: 11. pl. 12) 1846. narrow towords apix. Asexual reproduction by axilary leaf bulbils. Sporophytes Plants gregarious, green to light green. Stem 3-10 mm, robustly rounded not seen. julaceous. Leaves ovate, 0.8-1.2×0.3-0.5; Margin plane; Apex acute; Costa Specimens examined: Shinkiari, 1000 m, 28.11.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Jan Alam percurrent; Proximal laminal cells somewhat quadrate, 7-10 µm wide; Distal 830 (HUP). laminal cells linear-vermicular to elongate-hexagonal. Asexual reproduction by Habitat: Along streams banks, on moist soil; pH 6.3. axilary leaf bulbils. Seta 10-18 mm. Capsule ovate, 1-2.5 mm; Hypophysis General Distribution: India, China, Europe, Asia, North America, Pakistan. present. Spores ornamented, rounded 12-15 µm.

Specimens examined: Kaghan, 2100 m, 08.09.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali

731 (HUP).

Habitat: Along streams banks, on moist shady soil; pH 6.2.

38 39

Figure 16. Bryum argentium: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Apical portion of leaf; D, Proximal marginal portion of leaf; E, Medial laminal cells; F, Alar cells; G, Figure 14. Rhodobryum ontariens: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C-D, Apical and midial Basal laminal cell; H, Capsule; I, Spores. marginal portion of leaf; E, Medial laminal cells; F, Basal portion of leaf.

Figure 17. Bryum pseudotriquetrum: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Distal portion of leaf; D, Proximal portion of leaf; E, Basal laminal cells near costa; F, Alar cells; G,

Median laminal cell; H, Apical cell of leaf; I, Capsule; J, Spores. Figure 15. Rhodobryum roseum: A-B, Habit; C, Leaf; D, Apical portion of leaf; E, medial laminal portion of leaf; F, Distal marginal portion of leaf.

40 41

3. DICRINACEAE lanceolate with sheathed base; Margins entire proximally, slightly serrulate Plants small-robust in tufts. Stems erect, unbranched or branched. Leaves distally; Costa narrow, percurrent-excurrent, slightly roughened; Upper cells linear-lenceolate or oblong-lanceolate, generally broader on base, subulate; quadrate or somewhat rectangular; Basal cells in the sheathed base, Margins entire or serrulate-serrate; Costa single, percurrent or excurrent, rectangular to somewhat linear rectangular, 38–62×13–23 µm. Sexually smooth, sometime mammillose or papillose, lower laminal cells generally autoicous. Seta terminal, 11–26 mm long; Capsules short-cylindrical; Peristome elongated, alar and basal cells generally differentiated. Sexually autoicous or with 16 teeth. Spores spherical to oval, psilate. dioicous. Perichaetial leaves generally pyriform, sometime strumose on base; Specimen examined: Kaghan Valley; Paya, 2200 m, 07.09.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam Calyptra cucullate; Operculum usually differentiated, rostrate; Annulus I Ashfaq Ali, 630 (HUP). absent or present; Peristome teeth generally present, 16 in single ring. Spores Habitat: On open sunny soil; pH, 6.3. usually oval-oblog or spherical, smooth. General Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia (China and Pakistan). There are 48 genera and ca. 400 species distributed worldwide. 2 genera and 2 species reported from study area. 2. Symblypheris Previously, a member of this genus i.e. Symblypheris vagineta (Hook. Key to genera ex Harv.) Wijk & Margad., was reported from Sharan by Nishimura-9523 1+ Capsules curved, distinctly strumose------1.Onchophorus (1992). However, in current study, inspite of many field attempts, I could not

- Capsules erect, not strumose------2.Symblypheris be able to collect this species from any part of the study area. This species seems to highly rare or is eradicated from the area.

1. Oncophorus Plants grow in tufts. Stems branched, erect, fairly radiculose beneath. Leaves `lanceolate, or ovate, subulate to linear at apex; Margins serrulate or entire; Costa subpercurrent-excurrent; Basal cells rectangular-linear; Alar and basal cells identical. Seually autoicous or dioicous. Perichaetial and vagitative leaves similar. Setaa single, erect, long; Capsules oblong to cylindrical, generally somewhat furrowed; Operculum longly rostrate; Peristome with 16 teeth. Calyptrae cucullate. Spores spherical, psilate or slightly papillose. There are 20 species distributed worldwide; three species reported from Pakistan and 1 from the study area. Figure 18: Oncophorus wahlenbergii. A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Alar portion Oncophorus wahlenbergii Brid., Bryol. Univ. 1: 400. 1826. (Fig. 18) of leaf; D, Basal portion of leaf; E, Medial laminal margin; F, Medial laminal portion; G, Apical portion of leaf; H, Apex of leaf; I, Capsule; J, Plants 13-38 mm tall, grows in tufts. Stems erect. Leaves 4-7×0.6-1.2 mm, Spores.

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4. DITRICHACEAE teeth. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, slightly papillose or verrucose.

Plants grow in tufts, gregarious or densely caespitose. Stem errect, simple or There are 90 species worldwide one from Pakistan and one from study area. branched. Leaves generally lanceolate, subulate or acuminate, occasionally sheathing at base; Margin plane, reflexed, entire or serrulate; costa single, Ditrichum sp. (Fig. 19) subpercurrent to long-excurrent; cells semi quadrate or rectangular to linear, Plants grow in tufts. Stems 14-32 mm tall. Leaves lanceolate to linear- generally smooth or rarely mammillose; Alar and basal cells not differentiated. lanceolate, 4-7×0.5-1 mm; Margins slightly recurved at base, slightly serrulate Sporophyte terminal; Seta generally long, erect, rarely very short; Capsules from mid to apex, entire at the base; Costa distinct, percurrent; Distal laminal generally long-exserted, subglobose to cylindrical, straight to inclined or bent, cells quadrate-quadrate, short-rectangular. Seta erect, red, 11-21 asymmetric; Operculum generally conical or long-rostrate, rarely absent; mm. Capsule straight and symmetric somewhat curved, cylindrical, 1.6-2.2 Annuli generally differentiated; Peristome absent or if present, with 16 teeth. mm; Operculum rostrate; Peristome slightky twisted. Spores round-oval, 14-22 Calyptra cucullate, sometime mitrate. Spores small, spherical, slightly µm, psilate. papillose. Specimens examined: Hangrai, 2000 m, 28.09.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam & There are 4 genera and six species reported from Pakistan 2 genera and 2 Muhammad Sajid Awan 902 (HUP). species from the study area. Habitat: Along the road, on moist sunny slop; pH 6.1. This taxon could not be clearly identified at species level and is seems to be a

Key to genera new record.However, further material is need to draw a conclusion.

1 + Stem tomentose at base; Leaves strict to flexuose------1.Ditrichum 2. Distichium - Stem tomentose up to middle; Leaves distichous------2.Distichium Plants small to large, slender, flattened, green or yellowish green, in dense

tufts. Stems erect, often simple, rarely branched, tomentose below; Central 1. Ditrichum strand present. Leaves distichous, erect-appressed to erect-spreading, abruptly Plants grow in tuft. Stem simple or with a few branches; Rhizoids on narrowed from a strongly clasping, oblong-ovate to ovate sheathing base to a base. Leaves strict to flexuose or slightly falcate as dry, lanceolate to subulate short or long, setaceous or subulate acumen, shoulder distinct; Margins plane, beginning a more or less sheathing base; Margins entire all over denticulate crenulate above; Costa single, stout to rather broad, filling nearly the entire 1 1 near the tip; Costa excurrent or percurrent, cover most of subula, /6- /3 subula; Upper (shoulder) cells irregularly quadrate or hexagonal, rather thick- width of leaf base; Median lamina cells quadrate to rectangular, smooth or walled, obscure, smooth; Basal cells short-rectangular to linear, pellucid, thin- sometime papillose. Sexually monoicous or dioicous. Seta light yellow to walled. Autoicous or dioicous. Perichaetial leaves similar to the upper stem reddish brown, long, straight or flexuose. Capsule erect and symmetric, rarely leaves, but slightly larger. Setae straight, elongate; Capsules oblong-ovoid to inclined and arcuate, ovoid to cylindrical; Annuli present; Operculum conical cylindric, erect, symmetric or inclined and asymmetric, faintly plicate when to short-rostrate; Peristome single with 16 dry; Stomata present; Opercula shortly conic-rostrate; Annuli differentiated;

44 45

Peristome teeth 16, shortly lanceolate, irregularly divided or perforated, often obliquely striolate or sometimes papillose at the base. Calyptrae cucullate, smooth, entire. Spores spherical, densely papillose.

Distichium capillaceum (Hedwig) Bruch & Schimper, Bryol. Europ. 2: 156. 1846. (Fig. 20)

Plants grow in tuft. Stems 33-52 mm. Stem erect, unbranched. Leaves 3.5– 7×0.5-1.2 mm, narrow, oblong-lanceolate with sheathed base; Apex acuminate; Margins entire at the sheathed base, papillose in the upper part; Costa percu rrent; Distal laminal cells irregular-hexagonal; Alar and basal cells elongated, rectangular. Seta straight, 9–14 mm long; Capsules symmetrical, oblong to cylindrical; Opercula conical-rostrate; Peristome well developed. Spores oval Figure 19. Ditrichum sp: A, Habit; B, Leaves; C, Basal cell; D, Alar cell; E, Leaf to round, 12-21 µm, yellowish, slightly ornamented. cells near costa; F, Leaf sheath median cells; G-I, Leaf blade margin; J, Close up Specimens examined: Kaghan, 2202 m, 12.12.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali of costa ; K, Apical portion of leaf; L, Capsule; M, Spores. 297 (HUP). Habitat: Along the road, on moist sunny slop; pH 6.1.

General Distribution: Asia (China, Pakistan), Eurasia, North America, Central America; South America, Africa, Australia.

Figure 20. Distichium capillaceum: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Basal cell; D, Alar cells; E-F, Sheath cells; G, Leaf blade marginal portion; I, Close up of costa; J, Apex of leaf; K, Capsule; L, Spores.

46 47

5.BARTRAMACEAE uniformity. The majority of species are found in disturbed or open sites on The manuscript of this family has already been published by the auther. For bare soil. Many of the species are annuals or biennials and some may be detailes see Apendx 1. perennials. There are 13 genera and 300 species distributed worldwide, 10 species, 3 6.TIMMIACEAE genera from Pakistan and only 1 genus 1 species from study area. In current The manuscript of the family has already been published by the auther. For study, 3 genera and 7 species have been collected from study area. details see Appendex 2. Key to genera 7. FUNARIACEAE 1+ Plants usually large with long seta; Capsule asymmetric, operculum Plants gregarious or in tufts, yellowish-green, annual or biennial. Stems small, inserted obliquely, peristome double with 32 teeth------1.Funaria straight, unbranched or rarely branched with few basal rhizoids. Leaves large - Plants not as above------2 and crowded distally, compact proximally, generally twisted as dry, scattering 2+ Peristome present; Calyptra cucullate------2.Entosthodon as fresh, generally elliptic to obovate or concave, margins smooth to fairly - Peristome absent; Calyptra mitriate------3.Physcomitrium incurved, entire-serrate, occasionally limbate, apex acute-acuminate, rarely blunt, costa simple, percurrent or excurrent; Distal and median cells generally irregular rhombic to hexagonal or rectangular, smooth and thin-walled, 1. Funaria weakly chlorophyllose, proximal cells generally longer, oblong to rectangular, Plants medium-sized, gregarious to tufted, light green to yellowish green. alar cells not differentiated. Sexually autoicous, polygamous, synoicous or Stems erect. Leaves oblong-ovate to largely obovate; Apex generally acute to paroicous. Perigonia terminal; Paraphyses, yellowish and club- acuminate; margin entire to serrate in the upper portion; Costa single, shaped. Perichaetia terminal. Seta terminal, short to elongate, erect to slightly percurrent or excurrent; Distal and medial laminal cells rhombic-hexagonal to curved, smooth or papillose. Capsule stegocarpous or cleistocarpous, exserted, rectangular; Proximal cells oblong-rectangular. Sexually autoicous, setae erect globose or pyriform, symmetric or asymmetric, striate when dry, generally to robustly twist. Capsule exserted, inclined, asymmetric, curved and with a neck; Operculum present or absent, flat, conical-rounded to rostrate; pyriform; peristome double, teeth finely developed, lanceolate, papilose- peristome double, single, rudimentary or absent. Calyptra deciduous or striate, strongly trabeculate; Operculum convex to conical. Calyptra cucullate, persistent, mitrate or cucullate, smooth, generally long- generally smooth, long-rostrate. Spores spherical, smooth, papilose to baccate- rostrate. Spores spherical or sub-reniform, strongly ornamented to smooth. insulate. Funariaceae is characterized by gametophytic characteristics such as large, There are about 200 species distributed worldwide eight from Pakistan and 1 usually obovate, broad leaves, having non-ornamented thin-walled cells and species found to occur in the study area. perigonial paraphyses with inflated terminal cells and opposite peristomes. Endostome segments lying opposite the exostome teeth, and a usually inflated Key to species Calyptra. This family exhibits sporophytic plasticity and gametophytic 1+ Spores ornamented, rounded; without any covring membrane------

48 49

------1. Funaria hygrometrica 2. Entosthodon - Spores Spilate, somewhat irregular spheric; with sexine covring------Plant erect, simple generally. Leaves rosulate, swarming, spreading, reduced ------2.Funaria sp. proximally, oblong-ovate to obovate, generally acute or acuminate, occasionally apiculate or piliferous, margins plane, entire or serrulate above 1. Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 172 1801. (Fig. 22-23) the middle; Costa percurrent, distal and median cells generally medium-sized, Plants 15-35 mm, light green to yellowish green. Leaves crowded and quadrate to hexagonal or oblong-hexagonal, rarely short-rhomboid, bulbiform, distal leaves 2-4 mm, oblong-ovate to obovate distally, acute to occasionally linear at the margins, basal cells oblong-rectangular, alar cells not apiculate, entire to weakly serrulate distally; Costa percurrent to short- differentiated. Sexually autoicous or polygamous. Seta erect; Capsule exserted, excurrent; distal laminal cells hexagonal more oblong proximally. Setae scarcely pyriform to short-pyriform, symmetric; Peristome rudimentary to usually 15-25 mm. Capsule 2-3 mm long, pyriform, asymmetric, curved or well developed, single or double, inserted proximal to the mouth, teeth inclined, becoming sulcate when dry; Operculum slightly convex, peristome papilose-striate, weakly trabeculate to appendiculate or absent these features, papilose-striate, strongly trabeculate. Calyptra cucullate and smooth. Spores segments of the endostome, often evanescent and not seen, rarely more than mostly 10-22 µm, slightly papilose. 1/4 the length of the teeth or absent; Operculum nearly plane to conic-convex Specimen examined: Tanawal; Darband, 470 m, 03.04.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam, or domed, cells usually in obliquely radial rows. Calyptra large, long-rostrate, Ashfaq Ali, Asmat Ullah, & Qaisar Javed 100 (HUP); Kawai, 1420 m, 04.12.2013, cucullate and inflated. Spores smooth or weakly papilose to tuberculate or Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 312 (HUP); Baffa, 900 m, 7.11.2012, Mazhar-ul- bacculate-insulate. This genus comprises of about 20 species worldwide. Four Islam & Jan Alam 12 (HUP); Hazara University Campus, 920 m, 07.11.2012, species found to occur from the study area previously. Mazhar-ul-Islam & Jan Alam 13 (HUP); Gari Habib Ullah, 512 m, 17.03.2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 803 (HUP). Key to species Habitat: On open sunny disturbed soil, on the basis of walls and along the 1+ Margin entire or slightly serrulate; Peristome rudimentary------streams banks; pH, 5.1. ------1.Entosthodon rubiginosus General Distribution: North America, Europe, India, South America, Central - Margin entire; Peristome well developed------2 America, Indonesia, Africa, New Zeeland, Australia and Pakistan. 2+ Leaf apex apiculate with long hair point end------2.Entosthodon sp. Funaria hygrometrica is the most common species and grow in several micro - Plant not as above------3 habitats in the study area. This species is usually found in disturbed or 3+ Operculum convex------3.Entosthodon bolonderi degraded places. Moreover, Funaria hygrometrica can be seen in capsulation - Operculum planoconvex------4.Entosthodon planoconvex from March to December. However, maximum capsulation is from March- May. 1. Entosthodon rubiginosus (R. S. Williams) Grout, Moss Fl. N. Amer. 2: 82 1935. (Fig. 25) Plants erect 8-13 mm long, pale yellow- light green. Leaves generally broadly ovate, 1.5-2×1-1.4 mm; Margins entire or slightly serrulate; Apex acute to

50 51 acuminate, with a pointed tip; Costa percurrent-excurent; Proximal laminal (Fig. 27) cells rectangular, distal cells irregularly hexagonal to oblong rectangular, Stem 4-5 mm long, light-yellowish green. Leaves oblong to ovate, generally 1- slightly differentiated at the margins. Seta 5-7 mm long. Capsule pyriform 1.5×0.5 mm; Margins serrulate in apical portion; apex acute, suddenly tapering with a tapering neck about half as long as the urn, 1.5-2×0.8-1.2 mm; to a short an apiculi of 230-250 µm in length; Costa ends 5-10 cells below the Operculum conical-convex; peristome rudimentary. Calyptra cucullate, apiculus; Proximal laminal cells rectangular, distal cells irregularly quadrate to rostrate, 1.5-3 mm long, smooth. Spores spherical-oval 14-20×12-18 µm, hexagonal or rectangular, slightly differentiated at margins. Seta 8-10 mm, sharply papilose. straight. Capsule ovoid-pyriform with on half the length in the apophysis, 1-2 Specimen examined: Tanawal; Palsala, 635 m, 03.04.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam, ×0.5-0.7 mm, sulcate when dry; Operculum planoconvex; Peristome well Ashfaq Ali, Asmat Ullah & Qaisar Javed 121, 133, (HUP); Sheikh Abad, 822 m, developed, 65-90 µm long. Calyptra cucullate, apiculate, 1.3-2.6 mm long, 18.02.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Qaisar Javed 92 (HUP). smooth. Spores 20-27 µm, papilose. Habitat: On moderately moist slopes along the road; pH, 6.1. Specimen examined: Mansehra; Karair, 800 m, 16.02.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & General Distribution: North America (British Columbia), Europe, Asia Qaisar Javed 10A (HUP); Tanawal, 740 m, 03.04.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Ashfaq (Pakistan)). Ali, Asmat Ullah & Qaisar Javed 142 (HUP). Habitat: On sunny moist soil along the road; pH, 6.9. 2. Entosthodon bolanderi Lesquereux, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 13: 10 1865. General Distribution: North America, Pakistan (Mansehra). (Fig. 26) Plants 3-7 mm long, pale yellow to light green. Leaves ovate to oblong, 2-3× 4. Entosthodon sp. (Fig. 28) 0.8-1.2 mm; Margins entire to slightly serrulate; Apex tapering bearing a short, Stem 3-4 mm long, light green. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2×1-1.4 mm; 1-celled filiform tip; Costa percurrent; proximal laminal cells rectangular, Margins entire with hair pointed ends; Apex apiculate, apicula about 180-210 distal cells rectangular, polygonal to oblong rectangular, slightly differentiated µm long; Costa percurrent, ending with 3-4 cells below the awn (apiculus); at margins. Seta 4-10 mm long, straight. Capsule ovoid-pyriform with proximal laminal cells rectangular, distal cells irregular, rectangular to apophysis of half the total length, 2-3×1-1.5 mm; Operculum convex; pentagonal, marginal cells not clearly differentiated. Seta 5-7 mm long, Peristome single, well developed, teeth segmented, 70-100 µm long. erect. Capsule pyriform, 2-2.5 mm, slightly sulcate when dry; Operculum Calyptra cucullate, beaked, 2-3 mm long, smooth. Spores rounded, 15-20 µm, conical convex; Peristome segmented, 70-95 µm long, well developed. Calyptra papilose. cucullate, beaked, beak about 0.3-0.6 mm long, smooth. Spores oval or sub- Specimen examined: Tanawal, 740 m, 03.04.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Ashfaq Ali, spherical, 14-20×12-18 µm, papilose. Asmat Ullah & Qaisar Javed 105 (HUP). Specimen examined: Palsala, 800 m, 16.02.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Qaisar Javed, Habitat: On open sunny moist slope in sandy soil along the road; pH, 6.4. Ashfaq Ali & Asmat Ullah 133 (HUP). General Distribution: North America, Central America, Asia (Pakistan). Habitat: On sunny moist soil along the walking track; pH, 6.9. General Distribution: Pakistan (Mansehra; Palsala). 3. Entosthodon planoconvexus (Bartram) Grout, Moss Fl. N. Amer. 2: 80 1935. General appearance of the taxon is closely releted with Synctichia papilosa, a

52 53 member of Pottiaceae. However, this taxon is different from said species 1. Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Hamp. Bot. Club 21: 206. 203 1894. having short stem, long apiculate leaves, heteromorphic laminal cells and oval (Fig. 29-30) to sub-spherical spores. Plants 11-15 mm, dispersed to gregarious. Stem 3-5 mm, erect, simple or branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate, to obovate, 2-7 mm; Margins entire 3. Physcomitrium with short limbidia; Apices acute to acuminate; Costa single, percurrent; Plants small, scattered to gregarious. Stem 3-7 mm, erect, simple or branched. Proximal laminal cells long-rectangular to rectangular, distal cells hexagonal. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate, to obovate, 2-5 mm; Margins entire to serrulate Alar cells not differentiated. Sexually autoicous, rarely polygamous. Seta erect, distally; Apices fairly blunt or acute to acuminate; Costa single, subpercurrent 6-9 mm. Capsule stegocarpous, erect, exserted, symmetric, truncate, to excurrent; Proximal laminal cells elongate-rectangular to rectangular, distal subpyriform, neck furrowed as dry; Operculum conical to convex, short cells rectangular to hexagonal. Sexually autoicous, rarely polygamous. Seta apiculate; without peristome. Calyptra mitrate, long-rostrate, smooth. Spores erect, 1-10 mm. Capsule stegocarpous, erect, exserted or immersed, symmetric, spherical to semi-spherical, papillose or echinulate, 22-34 µm. ovoid, globose, pyriform or campanulate, often urceolate as dry, smooth, neck Specimens examined: Baffa; 1000 m, 10.03.2016, Mohsin Ali M.25 (HUP). generally furrowed as dry; Operculum convex to conical, apiculate to rostrate, Habitat: In moist shady edges of cultivated fields; pH, 6.7. without peristome. Calyptra mitrate, long-rostrate, usually large and smooth. General Distribution: Central and North America and Pakistan (Mansehra). Spores spherical to sub-reniform, papillose or spinulose. This is new record for Pakistan. The species is distinguished by rostellate beak There are about 80 species worldwide of three, 2 from Pakistan (Jehlum). Two and large capsules and broad leaves. species found to occur in the study area. This genus is characterized by erect, symmetric and generally urn-like 2. Physcomitrium eurystomum Sendtn., Denkschr. Bayer. Bot. Ges. capsules without peristome. Physcomitrium usually occurs on exposed soil Regensburg 3: 142 1841. (Fig. 31) often related with spring-wet sites, on alluvial mud and river banks. Plants 5-7 mm, dispersed to gregarious. Stem 2-3 mm, erect, simple unbranced. Two species found to occur in the study area. Both these taxa are new records Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate, to obovate, 3-4×2-3 mm; Margins entire with to Pakistan. slightly differentiated border; Apices acute to acuminate; Costa single, percurrent; Proximal laminal cells irregular hexagonal, distal cells shot Key to species rectangular to hexagonal. Alar cells not differentiated. Sexually autoicous, `1+ Plant 11-15 mm long leaves 2-7 mm, capsule broad truncate------rarely polygamous. Seta erect, 3-4 mm. Capsule 0.5×1-1.5 mm, erect, exserted, ------1.Physcomtrium pyriforme symmetric, truncate, subpyriform or spherical, neck furrowed as dry; - Plants 5-7 mm long, leave 3-4 mm, capsule short pyriform------Operculum short conical-apiculate. Calyptra mitriate. Spores not seen. ------2. Physcomtrium eurystomum Specimens examined: Shinkiari; 1000 m, 10.03.2016, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam & Shafique Ahmad 947 (HUP). Habitat: On moist shady soil along the road; pH, 6.6. General Distribution: Russia, Ukraine and Pakistan.

54 55

This is new record for Pakistan. The species is distinguished by cup shaped capsule after spore dispersal.

3. Physcomitrium sp. (Fig. 32) Plants 5-7 mm, dispersed to gregarious. Stem 2-3 mm, erect, simple unbranced. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate, to obovate, 3-4×2-3 mm; Margins entire with slightly differentiated border; Apices acute to acuminate; Costa single, percurrent; Proximal laminal cells irregular hexagonal, distal cells shot rectangular to hexagonal. Alar cells not differentiated. Sexually autoicous, rarely polygamous. Seta erect, 3-4 mm. Capsule 0.5×1-1.5 mm, erect, exserted, symmetric, truncate, subpyriform or spherical, neck furrowed as dry; Operculum short conical-apiculate. Calyptra mitriate. Spores not seen.

Specimens examined: Shinkiari; 1000 m, 10.03.2016, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam & Shafique Ahmad 947 (HUP). Figure 22. Funaria hygrometrica: A-C, Habit; B-D, Capsule; Basal cell; E, Close Habitat: On moist shady soil along the road; pH, 6.6. up of peristome; F, Spores. General Distribution: Russia, Ukraine and Pakistan. This is new record for Pakistan. The species is distinguished by cup shaped capsule after spore dispersal.

Figure 23. Funaria hygrometrica: A, leaf; B, Apical portion of leaf; C, Close up of cell at apex; D, Medial laminal cells; E, Basal portion of leaf; F, Close up of basal laminal cells.

56 57

Figure 26. Entosthodon bolendri: A, Capule; B, Leaf marginal cells; C, Spores; D- Figure 24. Funaria sp: A, Leaf; B, Apical portion of leaf; C, Basal portion of leaf; E, Habit of plant; F, Cluster of leaves. D-E, Basal and alar portion of leaf; F, Medial marginal portion; G, Medial juxtacostal portion; H, Apical marginal portion; I, Spores.

Figure 27. Entosthodon planoconcex: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Alar part of leaf; D, Spores; E, Medial juxtacostal part of leaf; F, Distal part of leaf; G, Apex of leaf. Figure 25. Entosthodon rubiginosus: A, Basal portion of leaf; B, Spores habit; C, Habit of plant; D, Distal part of leaf; E, Cluster of leaf; E, Apex of leaf; F, Medial laminal portion of leaf blade; G; Medial marginal cells.

58 59

Figure 28. Entosthodn sp: A, Leaf; B, Apex of leaf; C, Distal margin of leaf; D, Medial magin of leaf; E, Basal proximal part of leaf; H, Medial laminal juxtacostal cells; I, Basal basal cell near costa.

Figure 30. Physcomitrium pyriforme: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Apex; D, Spores; E, Distal part of leaf; F, Alar part; G, Basal part; H, Close up of capsule.

Figure 29. Physcomitrium pyriforme: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Apical part of leaf; D,

Medial margin ; E, Spores; F, Basal cells. Figure 31. Physcomitrium eurostomum: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Distal part of leaf; D, Apex; Medial marginal cells; F, Capsule.

60 61

8. MNIACEAE

Plants grow in tufts or mats. Stems green, yellow-green, brown, reddish brown, or black, rarely yellowish brown, erect, arching, inclined, or plagiotropic, usually simple, sometimes branched distally, rarely dendroid; Rhizoids brown or reddish brown, of two types, macronemata larger and usually branched, mainly in proximal portion, often matted, mainly restricted to leaf or branch bases distally, rarely along leaf bases; Micronemata, smaller, less branched and paler, present or absent on stems. Leaves green, yellowish green, or reddish, rarely bluish green, usually small and distant proximally, larger and more crowded distally, sometimes forming terminal rosettes and incurved upwards, crisped or contorted, undulate rarely when dry, spreading, erect-spreading, reflexed or arcuate-recurved, flat or sometimes keeled, rarely undulate when moist, orbicular, spatulate, lingulate, ligulate, elliptic, ovate, Figure 32. Physcomitrium sp: A, Habit; B, Capsule; C, Capsules with setae; D, ovate-lanceolate, or obovate; Base decurrent or not; Margins usually plane, Apical part of leaf; E, Calyptra; H-I, Diatal Marginal parts of leaf. sometimes recurved, green, brown, red, or reddish brown, 1 or 2-stratose,

rarely multistratose, rarely with stereid band, entire or toothed distally or to

leaf base, teeth single or paired, sharp or blunt, consists of 1-4 cells; Apex acute, obtuse, acuminate or curved, sometimes emarginate or retuse,

frequently apiculate, occasionally cuspidate, cusp often toothed; Costa single, percurrent, subpercurrent, excurrent or ending well before tip, distal abaxial surface smooth or toothed, adaxial surface not often toothed, teeth consists of

1-3 cells, 1 or 2 stereid bands there, sometime absent; Alar cells non differentiated; Medial laminal cells generally short-elongate, sometimes hexagonal, isodiametric, occasionally pentagonal, not often four-sided,

generally 2:1, occasionally in longitudinal or diagonal rows, smooth, collenchymatous or not, walls pitted or not; Marginal cells generally differentiated, linear, rhomboidal, or rectangular, in 1-6 rows. Sexually

synoicous or dioicous. Seta single or occasionally double to many, red, reddish brown, brown, yellowish brown, yellow, yellowish green or orange-yellow,

occasionally blackish with age, elongate, straight, flexuose or

62 63 smooth. Capsule horizontal to pendent, elliptic, ovate, subglobose, oblong or types of stems, fertile stems erect, branching distally or not, dendroid or not, cylindric; Stomata cryptoporous; Annulus deciduous; Operculum conical or sterile stems plagiotropic or arching, not often stiff, about 20 cm in size. hemispheric, apiculate, mammillate, or rostrate; Peristome double, complete Leaves green or yellow-green, variously crisped or bent as dry, erect- with 16 exostome teeth, typically lanceolate-sacuminate, exterior surface spreading, generally flat, rarely unevenly wavy or diagonally roll as moist, lamellose; Endostome generally equal in size to exostome, basal membrane elliptic, obovate, oblong, oblong-lingulate, oblong-elliptic or diamond-shaped, high, segments frequently perforated with gaps along keels, cilia nodulose. 1-14 mm; Base decurrent or excurrent; Margins plane, green or yellow-green, Calyptra cucullate, generally naked. Spores spherical, smooth or papillose, 1-stratose, toothed, frequently near the base, rarely on distal portion, brownish. infrequently entire; Teeth single, sharp or blunted, of 1-4 cells, not often Mniaceae is generally characterized by relatively large plants with broad curved; tip acute, acuminate, obtuse, rounded, truncate, retuse, or emarginate, leaves, and with short-elongate or more or less isodiametric laminal. Leaf mucronate, apiculate, or cuspidate, cusp toothed or not, not often curved to margins are usually differentiated by a border of elongate cells and ranging one side; Costa percurrent, excurrent, or not often subpercurrent, distal from smooth to strongly toothed. abaxial surface soft; Median laminal cells short-elongate, elongate, or There are 12 genera and 92 species distributed worldwide, of these 9 species somewhat isodiametric, 15-85 µm, occasionally in diagonal or longitudinal have been reported from Pakistan previously, belonging to 2 genera. Of these 3 rows, walls pitted or not; Border cells (marginal cells) 1-stratose, linear or genera and 4 species found to occur in the study area. One genus viz., rhomboidal, in 2-5 rows. Sexually synoicous or dioicous. Seta single or Rhyzomnium is new record for the study area and Pakistan as well. several, 12-50 mm, straight to flexuose. Capsule horizontal to pendent, cylindric, oblong, oblong-cylindric, obovoid, or ovoid, 1.5-5 mm; Operculum Key to genera conical-apiculate or rostrate. Spores 18-40 µm. 1+ Stems dendroid; Margin entire rarely scarcely toothed near the base---- There are 26 species distributed worldwide. Of these 4 species have been ------1.Plagiomnium reported from Pakistan and the study area.

- Stems not dendroi; Margin dentate with single or paired teeth------2 Plagiomnium is characterized by singly serrate, 1-stratose leaf margins, the absence of red stem tissue and in most species, the production of long sterile 2+ Leaf margin with single teeth, teeth unpaired, Apex retuse- plagiotropic or arching stems. emarginated------2. Rhizomnium

- Leaf margin with paired toothed; Apex acute, acuminate or apiculate Plagiomnium medium (Bruch & Schimper) T.J. Kop., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5: 146 ------3. Mnium 1968. (Fig. 33)

Plant 10-25 mm tall, unbranched. Leaves green to yellowish green, crisped 1. Plagiomnium Plants 20-100 mm long, crowded or open mats. Rhizoids brown, macronemata and bent as dry, straight as moist, broadly elliptic, elliptic or obovate, 3-6 mm generally proximal, rarely along underside of sterile stems, micronemata long and 2-3 mm wide; Base decurent; Margin toothed at basal portion, teeth present. Stems green or yellow-green, generally brownish through age; Two mostly sharp 1-2 cells long; Apex acute, obtuse, rounded mucronate or

64 65 cuspidate, costa percurrent; Medial laminal cells usually long or sometime when mature; Endostome yellow or yellowish brown. Spores 25-50 µm. isodiametric, smaller at marginal portion in longitudinal rows, photosynthetic There are 13 species worldwide. 1 species is reported from study area. with pitted walls; Marginal cells linear or prorate in 2-stratose. Sexually synoicous. Seta 10-40 mm long. Capsule pendent, oblong globose; Operculum Rhizomnium magnifolium (Horikawa) T. J. Koponen, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 10: 14 conical-apiculate. Spores 20-36 µm. 1973. (Fig. 34) Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar- Plants 20-100 mm. Stems reddish brown to black as old. Leaves green to dark ul-Islam, Mohsin Ali, Ibad Ali & Ashfaq Ali 281 (HUP). green, bent as dry, obovate or generally elliptic, 4-7 mm long and 2-4 mm Habitat: On moist soil in shady places; pH, 6.2. wide; margins 1 or 2-stratose; Tip curved or retuse, occasionally emarginate, General Distribution: North America, Europe; Asia (India & Pakistan). not often faintly apiculate; Costa ending before tip, subpercurrent, or percurrent; Median laminal cells elongate, walls evenly rough; Border 1. Rhizomnium (marginal) cells linear, in 2-4 rows. Sexually dioicous. Seta 20-40 Stems red or reddish brown, becoming darker, sterile stems sometimes mm. Capsule oblong or cylindrical, 3-4 mm; Operculum conical- arching, usually simple, not dendroid; Rhizoids brown, macronemata often rostrate. Spores 25-35 µm. matted proximally, mainly restricted to stem bases distally, not in Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar- longitudinal rows, micronemata present or absent. Leaves green, dark green ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 231 (HUP). or occasionally reddish, reddish brown or yellow-green, somewhat contorted Habitat: Along the stream on moist soil; pH, 6.3. when dry, erect-spreading and flat, sometimes undulate when moist, obovate, General Distribution: North America, Europe; Asia (Pakistan). elliptic, or rarely ± orbicular, 1-7(-13) mm; Base narrowly short- to long- This genus is first time reported from Pakistan. Capsules not found in the decurrent; margins plane, green, reddish, or brown, rarely blackish with age, study area. Rhizomnium magnifolium can be distinguished from other related 1-4-stratose, entire; Apex usually rounded, occasionally retuse or emarginate, spcies by its larger and much less pitted laminal cells. sometimes apiculate; Costa ending well below apex, subpercurrent, or percurrent, distal abaxial surface smooth; medial laminal cells elongate, 3. Mnium sometimes short-elongate or isodiametric, 35-180 µm, sometimes in weakly Plants 5-80 mm long, growing in open to dense tufts or mats. Stems red, developed diagonal rows, usually collenchymatous, walls pitted or not; brown, reddish brown rarely yellowish brown, erect, simple or cleft distally, Marginal cells differentiated, linear, rhomboidal, or rectangular, in 1-6 not dendroid. Rhizoids brown, macronemata mostly proximal or rows. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexuall dioicous or absent. Leaves green to dark green, occasionally yellowish, often crisped and synoicous. Seta single, reddish brown, occasionally orange, often pale, 1-5 cm, bent, occasionally roll, spirally bent as dry, patent, erect-spreading, or straight to somewhat flexuose. Capsule horizontal to pendent, yellow or spreading, typically flat as moist, elliptic, obovate, oblong-ovate, ovate, ovate- yellowish brown, elliptic, ovate, subglobose, oblong, or cylindric, 1-4.5 mm; elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-spatulate, 15-65 mm, proximal leaves Operculum conic, conic-apiculate or conic-rostrate; Exostome yellow or brown greatly small; Base short to long-decurrent; Borders plane, green, reddish

66 67 brown, or brown, 1 or 2-stratose, occasionally multistratose through stereid long apiculate; base decurrent; Margin reddish brown, toothed from the mid band, toothed distally or to below mid leaf, teeth generally paired and often to apex, teeth mostly single, two geminate only on either margin of the leaf in sharp, occasionally single, small, and rounded, not often rounded or blurry; center and near the apex; Costa percurrent, prominent, 25-35 um wide at base, Tip acute, obtuse, not often rounded, or acuminate, apiculate or occasionally reddish brown, laminal cells at the upper portion pentagonal-quadrangular, cuspidate, cusp often toothed; Costa percurrent or excurrent, not often 15-20x10-12 um; Medial laminal cells irregularly hexagonal, isodiametric, with subpercurrent or end well before tip, distal abaxial surface soft or toothed; thin walls, 12-20x20-25 um; Juxtacoastal cells rectangular, 40-50x30-40 um, alar Medial laminal cells generally elongate or isodiametric, occasionally oblong, cells hexagonal, 25-35x10-12 um; Margin bordered (limbate, in 2-rows), linear, 17-50 µm, occasionally in transverse or longitudinal rows, collenchymatous or 140-180 x 10 -12 um. Sporophyte not seen. not, walls usually not pitted; Boarder cells differentiated in 1-5 rows. Sexually Etymology: The name of the new species is given to Syed Irtifaq Ali, a synoicous or dioicous. Seta single, not often double or triple, 10-50 mm long, renowned plant taxonomist, for his invaluable contribution to the Flora of straight or flexuose. Capsule straight to pendent, oblong-cylindric, 2-7 mm; Pakistan. Operculum conical to mammillate or conical to rostrate. Spores 15-40 µm. Affinities: This newly described species viz., Mnium alii Mazahr-ul-Islam et This genus includes 19 species distributed worldwide and 6 in Pakistan. Jan Alam is similar in general appearance to Mnium stellar Hedw., by sharing Distinguishing character of Mnium is the presence of paired teeth along the the reddish stem, alternate elliptic leaves and with marginal almost simple leaf margins. teeth. However, this species differs from M. stellar Hedw., by existing a prominent leaf border (limbadia, consisting of long linear cells in two rows) and the costa is extending up to the apex through 1-2 linear cells. These costal

Key to species cells even inter in the apicular region of the apex, while in the case of M. stellare Hedw., the leaf border is absent and the costa ending well below the 1+ Leaf eleimbat------1. Mnium stellare apex. - Leaf limbate------2 Specimens examined: Mansehra District: Kaghan Valley, Batakundi, 3272 m, 2+ Limbidia consists of two rows of long cells------2. Mnium alii 07-08-2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 244 (HUP); Konsh valley, Sathan Gali, - Limbidia not ------3 2060 m, 28.05.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Mohsin Ali, Ibad Ali & Ashfaq Ali 3+ 531(HUP); Manda Gucha, 2480 m, 13-06-2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam &

1. Mnium alii Mazhar-ul-Islam et Jan Alam, sp. nov. (Fig. 35-36) Shafiq Ahmad 814 (HUP).

Holotypus: Mansehra District: Kaghan Valley, Batakundi, 3272 m, 07-08-2013, General Distribution: Endemic to Mansehra and Lower Dir district. Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 244 (HUP). General Remarks: In most of cases this species was seen in drooping condition. All collectors could not be able to tracesporophyte of the taxon. So Diagnosis: Plants 14-30 mm long, in loose tuft, arching or drooping. Stem fruiting may be very rare or absent in this taxon. Grows on wet and shady simple, angular, lower portion usually red, upper portion yellowish green. boulders and humus clips along springs and streams at the elevation between Leaves alternate, elliptic, light green to yellowish green, 2-3x0.8-1.5 mm; Apex

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1626–3272 m. below tip or occasionally percurrent, distal abaxial surface strongly toothed, adaxial surface occasionally toothed; Median laminal cells somewhat 2. Mnium stellare Reichard ex Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 191. pl. 45: f. 1–4 1801. isodiametric, 24-30 µm long and 12-19 µm wide, somewhat smaller towards Plants 5-50 mm long. Stems red to reddish brown. Leaves green to dim green, margins, sometimes in longitudinal rows; Border cells cells linear, in 2-4 somewhat bent and roll as dry, ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 1.2-2.5 mm long and rows. Capsule not seen. 0.8-1.2 mm wide; base short- to long-decurrent; Margins 1-stratose only, Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar-ul- slightly dentate (toothed) distally, teeth single, small, often rounded, rarely Islam & Ashfaq Ali 231 (HUP). rather paired; Apex acute, round-acute, or obtuse, occasionally short- Habitat: Along streams banks, moist cliff faces and humus; pH, 6.1. apiculate; Costa ending before tip, distal abaxial surface soft; Median laminal General Distribution: North America, South America Europe, Africa and Asia cells somewhat isodiametric or little-elongate, somewhat smaller near (India & Pakistan). margins, occasionally in weak longitudinal rows; Marginal cells weakly Capsules not found in the study area. differentiated from median cells, oblong-linear or rhomboidal in shape, in 1-2 rows. Sexually dioicous. Seta single. Capsule 2-3 mm in size; Operculum 4. Mnium spinosum (Voit) Schwag., Sp. Musc. Frond., Suppl. 1 2: 130. pl. 78 conical-mammillate. Spores 20-29 µm. 1816. (Fig. 37) Specimens examined: Shogran, 2022 m, 21.9.1992, Nishmura 9574 (PMNH). Habitat: This species found along streams, on soil, over rocks in moist and Plants 22-60 mm long. Stems red to reddish brown. Leaves green to dim green, shady sites; pH, 5.5. crisped or roll, warped as dry, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, oblong-ovate, or rarely General Distribution: North America, South America Europe; Asia (India & obovate, 3-6.2 mm long and 1-1.2 mm wide; Base long-decurrent; Margins Pakistan) and Africa. reddish brown, toothed from below middle of leaf, teeth paired, large, sharp; Previously, this species was reported by Nishimura from the study area. Tip acute, cuspidate or apiculate, cusp toothed; Costa percurrent or excurrent, However, this taxon could not be recollected in current investigation. Distal abaxial surface toothed, adaxial surface not often toothed; Median Description has been provided based on Nishimura specimen.The specimen laminal cells elongate, 20-40 µm, somewhat smaller towards margins, in examined was Nishimura collection 1992. diagonal or weak longitudinal rows; Border cells (marginal cells) linear, in 2-4 rows. Capsules not seen. 3. Mnium hornum Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 188 1801. Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar- Plants 15-55 mm long. Stems red or brown. Leaves green, yellowish, or ul-Islam, Mohsin Ali, Ibad Ali & Ashfaq Ali 237 (HUP). occasionally dark green, somewhat bent, generally curved and warped as dry, Habitat: On wet humus, in Pinus wallichiana forest in wet places; pH, 6.4. occasionally to one side of stem, scarcely elliptic, scarcely ovate-elliptic, or General Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia (India & Pakistan). ovate-lanceolate, 2-6.3 mm; Base short-decurrent; Margins pale brown, 2- Capsules not seen in the study area. This characterized by long, sharp, and stratose, toothed to below mid leaf, teeth paired, large, sharp; Tip acute or often highly divergent marginal teeth, present to well below mid leaf. acuminate, apiculate or cuspidate, cusp occasionally toothed; Costa ending

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5. Mnium heterophyllum (Hook.) Schwaegr., Plants 18-55 mm long. Stem red to reddish brown. Leaves light green to brownish green, translucent, slightly crisped, slightly ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm long and 0.8-1.8 mm wide, base decurent; Margin reddish brown, toothed all around, teeth single and sharp; Apex longley apiculate, cuspidate; Costa excurrent, prominent, reddish brown, enters in to apicular region, laminal cells at upper portion slightly pentagonal-quadrangular, median laminal cells irregularly hexagonal, isodiametric, with thin walls, jaxtacoastal cells rectangular, basal cells longley hexagonal; Margin 2-4 stratose from middle to apex, cells oblong-linear, entire at basal portion. Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar- ul-Islam, Mohsin Ali, Ibad Ali & Ashfaq Ali 280 (HUP). Figure 33. Plagiomnium medium: A, Apex; B, Margin, C, Distal marginal cells; Habitat: On wet stones in shady places. D, Medial laminal margin; E, Medial laminal cell. General Distribution: North America, Europe; Asia (India & Pakistan). Capsules not found in the study area. This characterized by translucent leaves.

Figure 34. Rhyzomnium magnifolium: A-B, Habit; C, Apex; D-E, Media; marginal portion; F, Medial laminal cells; G, Medial laminal cell near costa; H- I, Marginal teeth at base; J, Basal cells; K, Spore.

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Figure 37. Mnium spinosum: A-B, Habit; C, Apex; D, Medial lamninal margin,

E-F, Apical marginal part; H, Medial laminal cell; I, Leaf. Figure 35. Mnium alii: A-B, Habit; C-D, Leaf; E, Leaf apex.

Figure 36. Mnium alii: A Leaf apex; B, Distal laminal portion; C, Medial laminal cells; D, Medial juxtacostal cells; E, Alar portion of leaf; F, Medial marginal portion of leaf, showing limbidia.

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9.GRIMMIACEAE ligulate; Margins incurved, recurved or plane; Distal lamina 1-stratose to Plants 3-100 mm tall; Dark green or blackish, forming cushion or close tufts, multistratose, muticous to long-awned; Mid-leaf cells quadrate to rectangular; hygroscopic. Leaves muticous or not, sabulate, ovate, lanceolate, ligulate or Basal cells rectangular to elongate. In cross section, one or two rows of guide linear; Leaves nerve excurrent or percurrent; Leaf apex obtuse, acute, cells in costal region. Gammae present or absent. Sexually autoicous or acuminate; Leaf blade margin unistratose to multistratose, denticulate to dioicous. Perichaetial leaves expended or not. Seta short to long, straight or dentate, cranulate near the apex or entire. The basal leaves cells elongated, curved. Capsule erect or pendent, exserted, symmetric or ventricose, ovate to quadrate, rectangular, linear, papilose or smooth; The mid leaves cells obloid, globose or cylindrical, annulus present. Calyptra mitrate or cucullate. isodiametric, elongated or quadrate, rectangular or rounded, papilose or Operculum mammilate, conical, rostellate or rostrate. Peristome single. Spores smooth. In leaf cross section, guide cells differentiated or not in costal region. spherical, round or oval, smooth or ornamented. Gammae present or absent. Sexually autoiocous or diocous. Perichaetial leaves There are 94 species distributed worldwide. 16 species reported for Pakistan extended or not. Seta very short or long, straight or curved; Capsules and 5 from the study area. immersed or exserted, erect or pendent, symmetric or ventricose, pyriform, globose or cylindrical, annulus present or absent, apophysis present or absent. Key to species Calyptra plicate or not, mitrate or cucullate, conical or rostrate. Operculum 1+ Sporophyte with curved seta------2 conical, rostellate or rostrate, sometime sabulate. Peristome single, with 16 - Sporophyte with straight seta------3 teeth. Spores round, spherical or globose; Papilose or smooth. 2+ Leaf margin curved at one side; Capsule with peristome------This family is found in xeric to wet conditions, grows on basic to neutral ------1.Grimmia pulvinata substrates rarely on acidic, mostly lithophytic. - Leaf margin plain throughout; Capsule without peristome------There are 20 genera and 758 species distributed worldwide, 18 species and 2 ------2.Grimmia anodon genera from Pakistan and 2 genera and 6 species from study area reported 3+ Cushion silvery in appearance------4 previously. - Cushion green in appearance------5 4+ Margin incurved;4 guide cells in cross section of mid leaf; Calyptra Key to genera cucullate------3.Grimmia montana 1+ Plants xerophytic; Guide cells clearly differentiated; Capsules mostly - Margin plain; 2 guide cell in cross section of mid leaf; Calyptra mitrate-- exerted------1.Grimmia ------4.Grimmia laevigata - Plants not xerophytic; Guide cells not differentiated; Capsules 5+ Calyptra mitrate------6 immersed------2.Shistidium - Calyptra cucullate------7 6+ Capsule cylindrical; Calyptra covered small apical part of capsule------1. Grimmia ------5.Grimmia longirostris Plants in cushions or sometimes in turf or mats, dark green or dark black- - Capsule ovoid; Calyptra comparatively covered upper half part of green. Leaves broadly oblong-ovate, lanceolate to narrowly ovate-lanceolate or capsule------6.Grimmia unicolor

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7+ Guide cells 4-6, arranged inone row------7.Grimmia alpestris General Distribution: North America, Mexico, Green Land, Europe, Africa, - Guide cells 2-4, arranged in2 rows------8.Grimmia ovalis Asia (India and Pakistan).

1. Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm. 4. Grimmia laevigata (Bridel) Bridel, Bryol. Univ. 1: 183 1826.(Fig. 39) This species was reported by Mair (2002) based on Stewart, s collection (sn). Plants in silvery cushions, dark brownish green to dark green, densely This collection was made from Susal Gali (Ogi) in 1932. I could not be able to hairy; Stems 5-22 mm high. leaves lanceolate, muticous, 2.5-3.5×0.8-1 mm, collect this species nor seen the above mentioned specimen. margins plane, laminal cells on surface view, at apical portion rounded to quadrate, at median portion quadrate at center while short quadrate at margins, 2. Grimmia anodon Bruch. & Schimp. at allar portion quadrate while basal cells rounded to quadrate, in transverse This species was reported by Noguchi (1964) from Kaghan Valley, Mansehra section of mid leaf, costa slightly bulging at dorsal side, guide cell in costal based on Rechinger,s collection (1962). We could not be able to collect this region 2 in 1 row; Margin unistratose. Perichaetial leaves somewhat equal in species nor seen the above mentioned specimen. size. Sexually dioicous. Seta erect, 1.4-3 mm long. Capsule exserted, ca. 2-2.5×1-2 mm, oblong to ovoid, annulus present, calyptra mitrate, covering only upper 3. Grimmia montana Bruch. & Shimp., Bryol. Eur. 3: 128. (pl. 250 fasc. 25–28. part of capsule, operculum conical to apiculate, peristome not fully developed, Monogr. 26. pl. 14) 1845. (Fig. 38) spores not seen. Plants in silvery cushions, yellow-green to dark green or almost Specimen examined: Tanawal; Lasan Thakral, 720 m, 12.02. 2013, Mazhar-ul- blackish. Stems 5-15 mm high. leaves narrowly lanceolate, rarely ovate- Islam & Qaisar Jawed 82 (HUP). Balakot; Batangian, 1200 m, 08.01.2014, Jan Alam lanceolate, 2-2.5×1.5-2 mm, keeled, margins plane, generally hardly incurved Suhail Karim & Abdul Majid 7023 (HUP). distally, laminal cells on surface view, rounded to irregular quadrate, in dorsal Habitat: On exposed dry boulders chir pine Forest and rarely in Pinus and median portions, at margins rounded to oval, at allar portion, marginal willichiana forest on wet boulders; pH, 6.8. cells short-rectangular to quadrate while basal cells elongated to rectangular, in General Distribution: North America, South America, Eurasia, California, transverse section of mid leaf, costa clearly differentiated, bulging at dorsal side, Mexico, India, Africa, Australia and Pakistan. guide cell in costal region in 2 rows; Distal and marginal cells 2-stratose, medial laminal cells rounded; juxtacostal cells at base, rectangular to elongated; Basal 5. Grimmia longirostris Hook., Musci Exot. 1: 62 1818. (Fig. 40) marginal cells quadrate to rectangular, not hyaline. Perichaetial leaves not Plants in dark green dense cushions; Stems 35-60 mm long. Leaves ovate to expended. Sexually dioicous. Seta erect, 2-2.5 mm. Capsule exserted, ca. 2-2.5×1- lanceolate, 3-4×0.5-1 mm, keeled, muticous, hair 0.5-0.8 mm; Apex acute to 2 mm, oblong, annulus present, calyptra cucullate, covering the upper part of rounded; Margin entire, upper laminal cells round quadrate; Basal laminal cells capsule, operculum short-rostellate, peristome well developed, spores not seen. elongated, rectangular, costa prominent, round bulging at dorsal side; Distal Specimen examined: Shinkiari; Khanderi, 1200 m, 08.01.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam & laminal cells 2-stratose, median laminal cells rectangular; Basal juxtacostal cells Jan Alam 100 (HUP). elongated to linear; Basal marginal laminal cells short-rectangular, Habitat: On exposed dry boulders in chir pine forest; pH, 6.7. hyaline. Perichaetial leaves 2-2.8. mm. Sexually cladautoicous. Seta erect, 3-5

78 79 mm long. Capsule exserted, oblong-ovoid to cylindrical, 2 rows of annulus study area. present, calyptra mitrate, cover upper part of capsule, operculum rostrate, peristome fully developed. Spores oval to round, 12-15×10-12 µm, Smooth to 8. Grimmia ovalis (Hedw.) Lind., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 10: 75 1871. (Fig. 42) slightly ornamented. Plants in tuft or cushions, dark green; Stems 10-27 mm high. leaves lanceolate Specimen examined: Konsh Valley; Kurmang, 1400 m, 08.04.2015, Mazhar-ul- to ovate, muticous, 2.5-4×0.5-0.8 mm, margins plane, slightly incurved Islam & Jan Alam 507 (HUP). distally, laminal cells on surface view, at apical portion rounded, at median Habitat: On exposed dry boulder; pH, 6.3. portion quadrate to rounded at margins quadrate to rectangular, allar cells General Distribution: North America, Central America, South America, India, quadrate to rectangular while basal cells oblong to linear or long rectangular Africa, Australia and Pakistan. to quadrate, in transverse section of mid leaf, costa bulging at dorsal side, guide cell in costal region 2-4 in 2 row; Margin bistratose sometimes 6. Grimmia unicolor Hook., Scott. Crypt. Fl. 3: 123 1825. (Fig. 41) tristratose. Perichaetial leaves expended outward. Sexually monoicous, Plants in cushions, yellow brown to dark green. Stems 12-42 mm dioicous. Seta erect, 3-4 mm long. Capsule exserted, ca. 2-3×1.3-2 mm, ovoid, tall; leaves narrowly ligulate to ovate sometime lanceolate, 2-2.5 × 1-1.5 mm, , annulus prominent, calyptra cucullate, covering mid to upper part of capsule, margins plane, slightly incurved, laminal cells on surface view, rounded at operculum apiculate or long rostrate, and peristome developed. Spores not apical portion, oval to irregular quadrate, rectangular in dorsal and median seen. portions, at margins quadrate to rectangular, at allar portion rectangular while Specimen examined: Tanawal; Lasan Thakral, 720 m, 12.02. 2013, Mazhar-ul- basal cells oblong to irregular-rectangular, in transverse section of mid leaf, Islam & Qaisar Jawed 82 (HUP). Balakot; Batangian, 1200 m, 08.01.2014, Jan costa clearly differentiated, prominent at dorsal side, guide cell in costal region AlamSuhail Karim & Abdul Majid 7023 (HUP). in 2 rows of same size and shape, laminal margin ends at 2 cells Habitat: On exposed dry partially shady boulders in Pinus roxbergii forest; pH, (bistratose). Sexually dioicous. Seta erect, 2-3.5 mm long. Capsule exserted, ca. 6.4. 2-3×1.5-2 mm, ovoid, annulus present, calyptra mitrate, covering the about half General Distribution: North America, Green Land, Eurasia, California, India, of capsule, long beaked, operculum rostrate, peristome well developed, spores Africa; Algeria Morocco, Australia and Pakistan. not seen. Specimen examined: Balakot; Batangian, 1350-1500 m, 16.10.2013, Jan Alam 2. Schistidium Abdul Majid & Suhail Karim 7025 (HUP). Plants 3-180 mm long, in cushions to mats, green, brown, or black, sometimes Habitat: On boulders along the spring; pH, 6.1. with yellow, orange or red. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rarely ovate-triangular, General Distribution: North America (Greenland, Mexico, Alaska, California), lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, elliptical to ligulate, keeled or concave Africa, Eurasia, Asia (India and Pakistan). proximally, margins recurved, plane or incurved, distal lamina usually 1- 7. Grimmia alpestris (F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schleich) stratose to 2-stratose, muticous to awned, occasionally ends in a fleshy, This species was collected by Dixon (1926) from Kaghan Valley. During number multistratose apiculus; Basal cells rectangular; Mid leaf and distal cells of field visits, I could not be able to recollect this taxon from any locality of the quadrate, rectangular, papillose or smooth. Sexually autoicous or dioicous;

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Perichaetial leaves generally enlarged. Seta short, erect. Capsule erect, immersed and symmetric, cylindrical or campanulate; Annulus absent or rudimentary; Operculum rostrate or mamillate. Calyptra cucullate or mitrate, not fully covering operculum. There are 120 species, distributed worldwide, 2 from Pakistan and 1 from study area.

Schistidium apocarpum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. Sp. Musc. Frond. 76 1801. (Fig. 43) Plants in tufts; Stems 10-10 mm long. Leaves curved, falcate secund as dry, ovate to lanceolate, keeled apically, 2.5-3.4×0.5-1.2 mm, in cross section 1- stratose, costa without guide cells; margins generally recurved all over, generally denticulate at apical part; Apices acute to sub-obtuse; Costa percurrent; allar cells generally quadrate. Sexually autoicous. Capsule dark red, Figure 38. Grimmia montana: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Basal cells of leaf; D, Section of leaf. reddish brown, short-cylindrical; Peristome erect, generally twisted, papillose, generally perforated. Spores ornamented or smooth. Specimen examined: Kaghan Valley; Shogran, 2350 m, Sep. 1992, Nishimura 9553 (PMNH). Habitat: On boulders and dry cliffs; pH, 6.7. General Distribution: North America & South America, Green Land, Eurasia, California, India, Africa, Japan, Taiwan, China, Australia, New Zeeland and Pakistan.

Fgure 39: Grimmia montana: A, Leaf, B, Awan; C, Distal part of leaf; D, Medial laminal margin; E, Medial laminal cell; F, Cross section of leaf; H, Alar part of leaf; H, Close up of cross section.

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Figure 40. Grimmia leavigata: A, Habit; B-C, Cross section of leaf; D, Alar cells; E, Basal cells. Figure 42. Grimmia unicolor: A-B, Habit; C-D, Cross sections of leaf; E, Capsule.

Figure 41. Grimmia longirostris: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C-D, Cross sections of leaf; E,

Medial laminal cells; F, Alar cells. Figure 43. Grimmia ovalis: A, Habit, B, Cross section of leaf; C, Alar part of leaf; D, Medial laminal cells; E, Spores.

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10. ORTHOTRICHACEAE

Plants in cushions, tufts or mats; Reddish brown, dark green or olive brown. Stem erect-ascending, generally bi-fid or creeping. Leaves appressed, crowded, flexuose, crisped or bent as dry, spreading to squarrose-recurved as moist, ligulate-oblong, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate-linear; Base not decurrent often; Margins generally flat to revolute, sometimes involute to erect, entire or rarely denticulate by apex; Apex acute , rounded-obtuse, rarely apiculate, acuminate or awned; Costa strong, ending before apex; Alar cells occasionally differentiated; Basal laminal cells rectangular, quadrate, linear, rounded or elliptical; Distal laminal cells rounded-hexagonal, occasionally rectangular, papilose, papillae 1-4 or 6 per cell, conical or bi-fid, generally flat or mammillose. Asexual reproduction rare, through gemmae. Sexuall

gonioautoicous or dioicous, sometimes pseudautoicous or cladautoicous; Figure 44. Schistidium apocarpum: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Awn of leaf; E-F, Cross section; G, Perigonia lateral or terminal, occasionally on dwarf male plants, budlike; Alar cells. Perichaetia terminal, perichaetial leaves occasionally larger than stems

leaves. Seta dextrorse or sinistrorse. Capsule erect, immersed, exserted or emergent, ovate to cylindrical-fusiform, symmetric, soft or 8-ribbed, occasionally 16-ribbed; Stomata exterior or deep, generally below mid capsule; operculum convex to conical, rostrate; Peristome single, double, rudimentary or absent; Exostome teeth 16, generally connate in 8 pairs; Endostome segments 8 or 16, alternating with exostome teeth or connate to form rudimentary membrane. Calyptra mitrate rarely cucullate, hairy or naked. Spores isosporous or anisosporous.

There are 22 genera ca. 380 species distributed worldwide, 3 genera, 10 species reported from Pakistan, 2 genera and 3 species from study area.

Key to genera

1+ Leaves oblong, ovate, lanceolate, ligulate, or linear-lanceolate; Calyptrae mitrate------1. Orthotrichum - Leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; Calyptrae cuculate------

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------2. Drumondia 1. Orthotrichum anomalum Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 162 1801. (Fig. 45)

Plants 3-7 mm long. Stem leaves rigid, erect-appressed as dry, lanceolate or 1. Orthotrichum narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, 0.5-1.2 mm wide; Margins recurved, Stems stiff, branches stiff to ascending. Leaves generally erect-appressed and entire; Apex acute; Basal laminal cells long-rectangular to rectangular, walls straight as dry, wide-spreading as moist, oblong, lanceolate, ovate, ligulate or slim; Distal cells 11-13 µm, 1-3 papillae per cell, conical, small. Asexual linear-lanceolate; Margins entire or denticulate by apex; Apex acuminate, acute, reproduction absent. Sexually gonioautoicous. Seta 2-4mm long. Capsule apiculate or obtuse; Costa generally ending before apex; Basal laminal cells exerted, oblong-cylindrical to cylindrical, 2-2.4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, 16- rectangular; Distal cells generally rounded, isodiametric, papillose over lumina, ribbed; stomata immersed; Peristome single; exostome teeth 16, endostome not 1-4 papillae per cell; Marginal cells shorter than basal. Sexually gonioautoicous well developed. Calyptra oblong-conical. Spores 11-15 µm. or cladautoicous rarely dioicous; Perichaetial leaves alike to stem leaves or Specimens examined: Kaghan Valley; Hungrai, 3272m, 07-10-2014, Mazhar-ul- slightly differentiated. Seta short. Capsule emergent, immersed or exserted, Islam & Sajid Awan 244 (HUP); Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.05.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam, globose to cylindrical, flat or 8-16-ribbed; Peristome double, sometime single or Mohsin Ali, Ibad Ali & Ashfaq Ali 531(HUP). absent; Exostome teeth 0, 8 or 16; Endostome segments 0, 8 or Habitat: On dry exposed rocks; pH, 6.1. 16. Calyptra mitrate, hairy or naked, plicate, covering entire capsule. Spores isosporous. General Distribution: Greenland, British Columbia, Alaska, West Indies Europe, Africa, Africa, Asia (Pakistan). There are 125 species worldwide; common in temperate zones, 8 species reported from Pakistan and 4 species for study area were recognized. Orthotrichum anomalum has exserted capsules that are slightly constricted below the mouth and 1-stratose leaves. The most useful character in distinguishing

this species is the exserted capsule with eight long ribs alternating with eight Key to species shorter ones. Stomata are present in the proximal half of the capsule. 1+ Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; Apices sharply to slenderly acute,

generally apiculate------1.Orthotrichum pumilum 2. Orthotrichum pellucidum Lindberg, Öfvers. Förh. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.- - Plant not as above------2 Akad. 23: 549 1867. (Fig. 46)

2+ Capsules oblong-cylindric to cylindrical; Exostome with 16 teeth, Plants 18-25 mm tall. Stem leaves rigid, closely appressed, incurved as dry, or endostom present------2.Orthotrichum anomalum lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm long, 0.7-1.3 mm wide; Margins - Plant not as above------3 entire; Apex blunt or obtuse; Basal laminal cells short-rectangular to quadrate; 3+ Capsules cylindric smooth or slightly plicate distally; Exostome teeth 16, distal cells 6-10µm, 1-3 papillae per cell, bi- endostome absent------3.Orthotrichum laevigatum fid. Sexually gonioautoicous. Seta 1.3-2 mm long. Capsule half emergent to short-exserted, oblong to short-oblong as old, 1.4-1.7 mm long, 1-1.4 mm wide, 8-ribbed; Stomata immersed; Peristome single; Prostome rudimentary;

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Exostome generally 16 teeth, absent in older from any part of the study area. This species seems to highly rare or is capsules. Calyptra oblong. Spores rounded ornamented, 8-14 µm. eradicated from the area.

Specimens examined: Manda Gucha, 2480 m, 13-06-2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 814 (HUP).

Habitat: On exposed dry boulders; pH, 6.3. General distribution: Pakistan, Greenland, British Columbia, Alaska, Europe.

Orthotrichum pellucidum is characterized by its blunt, lanceolate-oblong leaves that appear glaucous due to the large bi-fid papillae of the distal laminal cells.

3. Orthotrichum laevigatum J. E. Zetterstedt, Öfvers. Förh. Kongl. Svenska

Vetensk.-Akad. 19: 363 186. Plants 10-24 mm long. Stem leaves firm, appressed, secund as dry, oblong- lanceolate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4.3 mm long, 0.8-1.7 mm wide;

Margins revolute, entire; Apex obtuse to narrowly acute; Basal laminal cells rectangular-elongate; Distal cells 8-13 µm, 1-3 papillae per cell, conical. Sexually gonioautoicous. Seta 1.5-4.3 mm. Capsule exserted, cylindrical, 1.4-2.6 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide; Stomata superficial; Peristome double; Exostome teeth 16; endostome segments 8. Calyptra conical-oblong. Spores ornamented, round, oval, 10-15 µm. Specimens examined: Kaghan Valley; Babusar pass 4000m, 07-09-2014, Mazhar- ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 702 (HUP). Habitat: On exposed sunny dry rocks; pH, 6.4.

General Distribution: Pakistan, Greenland, British Columbia, Alaska, West Indies Europe; Asia; Africa.

2. Drumondia

Previously, the member of this genus Drummondia thomsonii Mitt., was reported from Kewai, Kaghan Valley by Nishimura (9553; 1992). However, in current study inspite of many field attempts, this taxon could not be recollect

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11. POTTIACEAE Plant grows in turf, green-brown. Stems irregularly branched, rounded- pentagonal, rarely rounded-triangular. Stem leaves generally appressed, generally bent as dry, spreading as wet, ovoid-lanceolate or lingulate; Base generally ovate-oblong, rarely covering the stem; Margins generally recurved at base, rarely incurved, plane or involute, entire or occasionally dentate at apex, rarely bordered by elongate cells; Apex round-obtuse or acute; Costa ending before apex or excurrent as an awn, adaxial cells quadrate or elongate generally in 2-4 rows; Basal cells generally clear, soft or slightly papillose, rectangular, rarely globular; Distal laminal cells generally sub-quadrate, rarely hexagonal, rectangular or rhomboidal, papilose. Asexual reproduction common through multicellular gemmae. Perigoniate

plant rarely smaller than perichaetiate. Perichaetial leaves generally sheathing at basal and with elongate-rhomboidal cells, oval-lanceolate. Seta Figure 45. Orthotrichum anomalum: A, Hbitat; B, Leaf; C, Basal part of Leaf; D, solitary, long, twisted. Capsule, stegocarpous or cleistocarpous, theca ovoid Basal cells near costa; E, Medial laminal cells; F, Apex; G, Basal part of stem to cylindrical; Annulus slightly differentiate; Operculum conical-rostrate; with rhizoids. Peristome usually erects or twisted generally dextrose, consists of 16 twice cleft or 32 linear. Calyptra cucullate, rarely mitrate. Spores papilose. There are 77 genera, 1450 species distributed worldwide, This is the largest family of the mosses in number of genera. Its taxonomy is commonly considered difficult because of the obscure areolation, small size of the plants, and apparent phenotypic variation.

Key to genera 1+ Plants epiphytic; Capsules rare; Gammae present on leaves-1. Syntrichia Plants not epiphytic; Capsules common; Gammae rare or absent------2 2+ Laminal cells thickly papilose; Peristome long and twisted-----2.Tortula

Laminal not as above; Peristome neither long nor twisted------3 Figure 46. Orthotrichum pellucidum: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Apex; D, Basal 3+ Proximal cells straight transversely or as a U shape medially; Peristome part of leaf; E, Meial laminal part; F, Medial margin; G-H, Basal part of generally small and straight------3.Trichostomum leaf; I, Basal stem with rhizoids.

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- Cells and peristome not as above------4 Key to species 4+ The cells not perpendicularly allied near the costa, grading towards 1+ Laminal cells collenchymatous, with single papilla on abaxial surfaces--- vertically lightly stacked toward leaf margins------4.Timmiella ------1.Syntrichia papilosa Plants not as above------5 5+ Leaf basal and alar cells vary in shape------6 - Basal laminal cells slightly collenchymatous, papilla absent on abaxial Leaf not as above------7 surface------2.Syntrichia sp. 6+ Axillary hairs of lucid cells; Leaves generally thikly papillose, blunt;

Gemmae multicellular------5.Barbula 1. Syntrichia papillosa (Wilson) Juratska, Laubm.-Fl. Oestrr.-Ung. 141. 1882. Axillary hairs coloured cell; Leaves generally slightly papillose, pointed; (Fig. 47) Gammae absent------6.Didymodon

7+ Alar and basal cells differentiated; Margins irregularly serrate at apex---- Stems 2-5 mm tall, grows in tuft-gregarious. Leaves incurved weakly bent as ------7.Bryoerythrophyllum dry, erect-spreading as moist, spatulate-slightly lenceolate, 1.5-2.1 × 0.5-1 mm; Alar and basal cells not differentiated; margins dentate at apex------Margins entire or slightly serrulate towards apex; Apex acute; Costa excurrent, ------8.Molendoa round, papillose; Alar and basal cells slightly differentiatable; Distal laminal cells similar, rounded to hexagonal, 12-19 µm, papillae single, 1. Syntrichia collenchymatous. Asexual reproduction through gemmae on the surface of the Plants grows in tufts or gregarious. Stems generally simple rarely branched. leaves; Gammae globular/ovoid. Sexuallly dioicous. Sporophytes not seen. Leaves appressed, abnormal as dry, erect spreading-squarrose as fresh, Specimen examined: Baffa, 900 m, 12.03.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam 503 (HUP); spatulate, obovate or lingulate, rarely oblong-lanceolate; Margins generally Sikyan, 2020 m 20.09.1992, Nishimura (PMNH). entire; Apices acute-truncate or emarginate and mostly apiculate; Costa Habitat: On the bark of Melia and Ailenthus trees; pH, 6.6. percurrent-excurrent as a translucent or coloured awn; Basal cells rectangular, hyaline, smooth; Distal cells quadrate or somewhat long than wide, small, General Distribution: North America, South America, Europe, Africa, generally papillose; Marginal cells rarely differentiated. Asexual reproduction New Zealand and Pakistan (New for Pakistan). through propagula appears on lamina and costa or in axils of leaf. Sexually Syntrichia papillosa leaves are unipapillose, the papillae on the abaxial surface, autoicous, dioicous or synoicous. Seta smooth. Capsule cylindrical; Operculum costa strongly papillose to serrate, small, Gammae (propagula) born on conical; Peristome consisting of 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate, acute. Spores adaxial surface of costa. This is a new record for the study area and Pakistan papillose. as well. There are 80 species distributed worldwide. Two species are reported from Pakistan and study area.

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2. Syntrichia sp. (Fig. 48) 1888.

Stems 2.5-4 mm tall, grows in tuft-gregarious. Leaves spatulate-lenceolate, 1.6- Plants grow in tufts. Stems stiff, unbranched. Leaves oblong- lanceolate to 2×0.4-0.8 mm; Margins entire; Apex acute with hair point; Costa excurrent, ligulate- lanceolate, 2.1–3.3×0.5-1 mm long, acute on apex, fairly sheathed at round, papillose; Alar and basal cells not differentiated; Distal laminal cells base; Margins plainly serrate close to apex; Costa slightly fat, percurrent; Distal somewhat isodiametric, globose-hexagonal, 8-16 µm, papillose. Asexual laminal cells quadrate to hexagonal; Alar and basal cells identical, rectangular, reproduction through gemmae on the surface of the leaves; Gammae ovoid. not papilose, hyaline. Sexually dioicous. Seta 8-13 mm long; Capsules erect, 2.5– Sporophytes not seen. 3.2 mm long; Peristome single, teeth, long lenceolate, dextrorse. Spores oval- Specimen examined: Mansehra, 1002 m, 02.02.2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam 862 rounded, 9–14 µm slightly papillose. (HUP). Specimens examined: Kaghan 2212 m, 12.06.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali Habitat: On the bark of Purcimum trees; pH, 6.3. 302 (HUP). Habitat: On humus, rocks; pH, 6.3. This taxon could not be identified properly with the help of any authotic flora. General Distribution: Some unique features are: the leaf margin is whitish to yellowish, forming a North America, Central America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Pakistan. boarder around the leaf and Leafwith a sharp brittle hear point (awn).

5. Barbula

4.Timmiella Plants grow in cushions. Stems elongate, unbranched. Leaves ligulate or lanceolate-triangular; Alar and basal region slightly differentiated, somewhat Plants grow in cespitose-cushion. Stem unbranched or branched. Leaves sheathed, proximal laminal margins narrowly decurrent; Margins entire or incurved, tubulose as dry, spreading as fresh; long-elliptical or lanceolate, rarely denticulate towords apex; Apex rounded-obtusely acute, generally elliptical, fairly sheathed, basal margins rarely with discrete shoulders; Apical mucronate, rarely entire or apiculate; Costa percurrent-short excurrent, rarely margins plane-weakly incurved, specifically denticulate or serrulate, generally ends few cells below apex; Basal cells rectangular; Distal median laminal cells serrate near apex; Apex acute; Costa percurrent; Alar and basal cells quadrate. Asexual reproduction by tubers appears on rhizoids or by gemmae. differentiatable, rectangular; Distal median laminal cells quadrate-rounded or Sexually dioicous or rhizautoicous. Perichaetia on apex. Seta erect-slightly hexagonal, smooth cell (not papilose). Asexual reproduction absent. Sexually curved. Capsule stegocarpous, theca ovate-cylindrical; Operculum generally monoicous or dioicous. Perichaetia apical. Seta long, erect. Capsule, erect long-conical; Peristome having 32 teeth. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globe, stegocarpous, annulus absent; Operculum long-conical to rostrate; Peristome rounded, psilate-ornamented. teeth 32. Calyptra cucullate. Spores psilte or slightly ornamented. There are ca. 200 distributed worldwide in cold zones. Previously 8 species of There are 13 species distributed worldwide. One species was reported from this genus are reported from Pakistan and 1 from the study area. Pakistan and study area.

Timmiella anomala (Bruch & Schimper) Limpricht, Laubm. Deutschl. 1: 592.

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Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng. in Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 2:72. 1824. Tortula muralis Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 1801. (Fig. 49)

Plants grow in tufts. Stems unbranched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to narrow Plants in tuft, 4.5–12 mm tall. Stem erect, unbranched, radiculose. Leaves ligulate, 1–1.5×0.4–0.6 mm, round obtuse on apex; Margins entire; Costa oblong-ligulate to oblong-elliptic, rounded to obtuse on apex, slightly sheathed percurrent to short excurrent, papillose; Upper laminal cells rounded-quadrate on base; Margins entire or slightly crenulate, marginal cells differentiated as to hexagonal, 8-11×9–14 µm, pleuri-papillose; Basal cells rectangular, 15–40×5– short cells; Costa excurrent, long smooth awn; Distal laminal cells sub-quadrate 11 µm, not ornamented. Seta 6–13 mm long; Capsules erect, cylindrical; to rounded-hexagonal, with C-shaped papillae; Basal cells differentiated, Peristome teeth erect, papillose; Opercula conical-rostrate. Spores round, rectangular, smooth. Seta 9-17 mm long; Capsules erect-curved, cylindric; psilate. Peristome filiform, twistsed. Spores rounded, slightly ornamented. Specimen examined: Mansehra, 908 m, 17.04.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam & This is a new record for the study area and Pakistan as well. Muhammad Sidique 598 (HUP).

Habitat: On rocks or on soil; pH, 6.1. Specimen examined: Bedra, 900 m, 12.04.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Qaisar jawaid 213 (HUP). General Distribution: Japan, China, India, Indonesia, North America, Philippines and Pakistan. Habitat: On rocks or rocks submerged in soil; pH, 8.2.

General Distribution: Asia (China, Japan, Pakistan), Europe, Russia, Africa and 6. Tortula North America. Plants grow in cushions. Stem unbranched. Leaves obovate-spathulate, ovate - elliptical, rarely ligulate; Alar and basal regions weakly differentiated; Margins entire or rarely serrulate close to apex; Apex acute-rounded; Costa excurrent forming awn, rarely percurrent; Basal cells rectangular; Distal laminal cells round-quadrate or somewhat hexagonal, rarely rhomboidal, papillae unfilled.

Asexual reproduction through brood bodies. Sexually monoicous or dioicous generally autoicous or synoicous; Perichaetia apical. Seta twisted or not. Capsules generally stegocarpic, rarely cleistocarpic, spherical, elliptical or cylindrical; Peristome teeth 32, twisted or absent, rudimentary. Calyptra cucullate. Spores rounded papillose. There are ca. 163 distributed worldwide. Previously 11 species have been reported from Pakistan and non from the study area.

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Figure 47. Syntrich papilosa: A-B, Habit; C, Apex; D, Alar portion of leaf; E, Basal portion of leaf; F, Distal laminal margin near apex; G, Medial laminal margin; H, Medial laminal cells; I, Diastal laminal margin; J, Medial lamnial margin near costa. Figure 49. Tortula muralis: A, Habitat; B, Basal part of leaf; C, Medial laminal margin; D; Basal laminal margin; E, Leaf; F, Leaf apex; G-I, Laminal cells; J, Spores.

Figure 48 Syntrich sp: A, Habitat; B, Habit; C, Leaf; D, Leaf apex; E, Proximal laminal portion; F, Medial laminal portion.

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12. FISSIDENTACEAE Key to the species Plants in tufts mats or gregarious, reddish or brownish-green, dull to bright 1+ Leaves limbate------2 green or blackish green. Stem mostly erect, sometime prostrate, simple or - Leaves elimbate------3 slightly branched. Leaves distichous, consisting of 3 parts viz., conduplicate or 2+ Lambidia confined to the vaginant lamina only, margin entire------vaginent lamina, apical lamina and dorsal lamina. Leaves margins crenulate, ------1. Fissidens bryoides entire, denticulate or serrulate to irregularly serrate or limbate with single costa, - Lambidia all around the leaf margin; Margin serrulate distally------usually strong, sometimes branched at apex; Apical and dorsal lamina with ------2. Fissidens virridulus unistratose or pluristratose margin; Laminal cells more or less hexagonal to 3+ Gametophytic body usually more than 25 mm long; Leaf more than 13 excurrent in short apiculus; Median and upper leaves oblonglanceolate and pairs; leaf 3.5-5 mm long------4 elliptic to lanceolate, really ligulate. Gemmae mostly absent rarely present on - Gametophytic body less than 20 mm long; Leaf pairs up to 12; leaf 1.8- leaf tips, axils or on rhizoids; Sporophyte terminal or lateral; Capsule inclined or 2 mm long------6 straight, symmetric or asymmetric, ovoid to cylindrical in shape; Operculum 4+ Aquatic plants with thick dark green leaves------3. Fissidens grandifrons conical, short or long rostrate; Peristome single, reddish to brownish with 16 - Non aquatic plants with thin light green leaves------5 teeth; Calyptra mitrate or cucullate, rough or smooth; Spores oblate, smooth or 5+ 3-4 rows of marginal cells forming a pale marginal band; Marginal papillose. teeth irregularly occurring------4. Fissidens dubius This is a monogeneric family with genus Fissidens which includes 223 species - Marginal cells in 4-6 rows but not forming pale marginal band, teeth distributed worldwide. Members of the family mostly grow in shaded and repeating after 3 cells at margin consecutively------5. Fissidens nobilus moist places in forests, entrances of caves; Spray of waterfalls and along rivers. 6+ Apex Longley apiculate; Costa reaching into the apicular region------Of these, few species are truly aquatic, growing on soil, rocks, termite mounds, ------6. Fissidens mussureinsis lower trunks of trees, branches, dead wood, rarely epiphyllous, in moist or wet - Apex and costa not as above ------7 lowland to high mountain forests from near sea level to 3600 m. 7+ Gametophyte mostly with 6 leaf pairs; Leaf margin finely serrulate-- Previously, there are 13 taxa have been reported from Pakistan and 5 from the ------7. Fissidens serratus study area. Currently 8 taxa have been collected from study area. Among these, - Gametophyte with 8-20 leaf pairs; Leaf margin not regularly serrulate-- 5 taxa are new record for Pakistan. However, of these 2 taxa are now listed as ------8 synonyms i.e. F. cristatus and F. carvatoinvolutus. 8+ Marginal cells pluripapillose------8. Fissidens elegans This is a distinctive family characterized by distichous leaves with conduplicate - Marginal cells smooth and mamillose ------9 lamina. 9+ Marginal cells mamillose; Costa ends 3-4 cells below apex------Fissidens ------9. Fissidens taxifolius Description same as in the family. - Marginal cells smooth; Costa ends one-cells below apex------10. Fissidens perplaxens

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1. Fissidens bryoides Hedw. Sp. Musc. Frond. 153 1801. (Fig. 50) the leaf length, mostly equal; Margin entire but often serrulate distally, limbate Plants 4-6 mm long. Stem unbranched or branched. Leaves 1.8-2.1 mm long and on all laminae, each cell have 3-6 chloroplast bodies; Costa, excurrent ending 5-6 0.4-0.5 mm wide with 5-9 leaf pairs; Lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong- cells before apex; Juxtacostal cells in proximal part of the vaginant lamina, lingulate; Leaf apex acute to short-acuminate or obtuse-apiculate, apical cells pentagonal to rhomboidal. Seta, terminal, 1.5-9 mm long; Capsule cylindrical, quadrangular to rhomboidal; Leaf base decurrent; Dorsal lamina narrowed erect, symmetric to nearly inclined about 2-4mm long; bryoides-type peristome; proximally ends at insertion, rarely somewhat decurrent; Vaginant lamina operculum 0.5 mm; Calyptra cucullate; Operculum conical to rostellate. Spores approximately half of total leaf length (45-55), vaginant laminal cells at base ovoid to globose, surface ornamentation virugose, 16-28 µm long and 12-24 µm quadrate to rhomboidal, medial cells of vaginant lamina quadrate to wide. pentagonal, rhomboidal or hexagonal, juxtacostal cell quadrate to rectangular, Specimens examined: Mansehra; Bareri hill, 1000 m, wet shady bolder along pentagonal or rhomboidal; Apical laminal cells similar to that of vaginant the stream, 07.11.2014, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Muhammad Siddique 687 (HUP). laminal cells but differ in marginal cells, marginal cells of apical lamina Habitat: On moist soil, shaded sites, stones and rocks (both acidic and basic), pentagonal mostly, margin entire, limbate (long bordered cells) on all laminae along the streams, infrequently around bases of trees; pH, 8.1. (dorsal, apical & vaginent), dorsal laminal cells rectangular to oblong at base, General Distribution: Greenland, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South median cells pentagonal to rectangular or quadrate; Limbidium ending a few America, Europe, Asia (India, China, Pakistan). cells before the apex, limbidial cells 1-3-stratose (3 stratose on vaginant lamina, 2 This is a common bordered leaf species in the study area. Lambidia present all stratose on apical lamina and 1-2 stratose on dorsal lamina); Costa excurrent around the leaf. While in the case of F. bryoides lambidia confined to vaginent ending 2-3 cells before the apex; Sporophyte not seen. lamina only. This is a new record for Pakistan. Specimens examined: Siran Valley; Mandagucha, 2363 m, moist shady soil along the stream, 16.06.2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam & Shafique Ahmad 838 3. Fissidens nobilus Griff. Cal. J. Nat. hist. 2: 505. 1842. (Fig. 52) (HUP). Plant robust dark green growing in loose tufts. Stem simple or sparingly Habitat: On Soil in moist, shaded sites, along streams, in blue pine forest, branched, up to 30-37 mm with up to 22-30 pairs of leaves. Leaves elimbate, infrequently around the bases of trees; pH, 6.1. lanceolate-oblong lanceolate; 4-5 mm long and 1.2-1.5 mm broad; Apex short General Distribution: Greenland, Central America, Europe, Asia (India, China, acuminate-apiculate, apical cells oblong–prorate; Base decurrent, dorsal lamina Pakistan). narrowing towards the base, strongly decurrent, cells distinct, quadrate, rectangular or irregularly hexagonal, slightly mamillose, clearly differentiated 2. Fissidens viridulus Hedw. Sp. Musc. Frond. 153 1801.(Fig. 51) from marginal cells; Vaginant lamina ca. 60% (3/5) of the total leaf length, Plant 4-19 mm long, unbranched, dark green, shiny and brownish green. Leaves sometime equal, laminal cells slightly mamillose, at margin irregularly oval- oblong to lanceolate; 1-2.4 mm long and 0.4-0.9 mm wide; Apics obtuse to oblong or rhomboidal, median laminal cells rhomboidal, oblong-quadrate, apiculate or acute to acuminate, apical cells hexagonal to rhomboidal; Base pentagonal medium sized; Juxtacostal cells quadrate, irregularly oblong- cordate, alar cells quadrate, cholorophytic; Margin slightly denticulate or entire, pentagonal; Apical lamina narrower than vaginant lamina, oval-oblong, pentagonal to rhomboidal, bordered cells prorate; Vaginant laminae is half of quadrate, pentagonal or rhomboidal; Costa broad, ending few cells below the

104 105 apex; Margin 4-6 stratose, irregularly toothed in upper portion; Teeth repeat Habitat: Soil in moist, shaded sites, in shaded areas, along streams, in blue Pine after 3 cells consecutively, margin of dorsal lamina denticulate, while at forest, infrequently near bases of trees; pH, 6.6. vaginant lamina slightly denticulate. Sporophyte not seen. General Distribution: Asia; India (Uttar Pardesh) and Pakistan (Siran Valley). Specimens examined: Siran Valley; Mandagucha, 2363 m, moist shady boulder This species was described as a new species by C. Muell (1931). However, he along the stream, 16.06.2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam & Shafique Ahmad 838 could not be published properly and assigned it as novem nodum. Further, this (HUP). species has been kept under Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. His observation based on Habitat: Soil in moist, shaded sites, in shaded areas, along streams, in Blue Pine a single specimen (No. 22) hosted at BM. However, as observation made from forest, infrequently around bases of trees; pH, 6.4. own collected specimens and collected by Nishimura (C. No. 9568; 1991 General Distribution: Greenland, Central America, Europe, Asia (India, China, PMNH), this species differs from Fissidens taxifolius in many characters. In case Pakistan). of Fissidens massureinsis, it has a long apiculate portion (about 0.1 µm) and This is new record for Pakistan. It is characterized by its robust plants, strongly broad costa (ca. 10-13 µm thick and multi-layered at base) entered into apiculus decurrent; Multistratose leaves margins and strongly increscent leaf cells. with 4-elongated cells. In the case of Fissidens taxifolius apiculus small or sometime inconspicuous. Furthermore, costa 2-3 celled thick and does not inter 4. Fissidens massureinsis C. Muell. in Bruehl., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 13: 123. 1931 into the apicular portion and ends just below it. nom. nud. (Fig. 53) This is a new record for Pakistan. It is characterized by its small plants, oblong- Plant light green and gregarious, stem unbranched, 4-9 mm long. Leaves lanceolate, apiculate leaves with percurrent costa. elimbate, oblong-lanceolate with 5-13 pairs, leaves 1.8-2.2 mm long and 0.4-0.6 mm wide; Apex obtuse and apiculate, apical cells rhomboidal; base cordate; 5. Fissidens grandifrons Brid., Muscol. Recent. Suppl. 1:170. 1806. (Fig. 54) Dorsal lamina with identical cells, slightly decurrent, alar cells quadrate and Plants medium to large size, dark green, firm, brownish when mature, creeping. irregularly rectangular, slightly papillose, basal cells pentagonal, irregularly Stems simple or branched, 14–80 mm long. Leaves in 13–83 pairs, closely rectangular or quadrate, medial laminal cells irregularly hexagonal, rhomboidal arranged, firm even when dry, the lowest leaves small, middle to upper leaves and papillose; Vaginant lamina 3/5 (ca. 55-60%) of total leaf length, cells lanceolate to ensiform-lanceolate, 3.5-4.2 mm long, 1-1.8 mm wide, apex obtuse pentagonal-hexagonal or papillose, median laminal cells irregularly pentagonal to acute; wedge-shaped base of dorsal laminae, decurrent; Vaginant laminae to hexagonal or slightly oval, margin dentate, juxtacostal cells thick walled, about 65% of the leaf length or equal; Costa fat, but unclear, ending a few cells irregularly pentagonal–quadrate; Apical laminal narrower than vaginant below leaf apex; Margins slightly dentate or serrulate, the laminal cells near lamina, cells irregularly hexagonal, slightly oval or quadrate and papillose; margin smaller, 8-10 µm, cells of apical and dorsal laminae hexagonal-quadrate, Costa broad, excurrent, ends at one cell; Margin not stratose. Margin dentate at 15-18 µm long and 10-12 µm wide, cells of vaginant laminae similar to apical apical and dorsal lamina but serrate at vaginant lamina. Sporophytes not seen. and dorsal laminal cells, larger in size, with thicker walls toward base. Specimens examined: Siran Valley; Mandagucha, 2363 m, moist shady soil Sporophyte not seen. along the stream 1.06.2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam & Shafique Ahmad 836 Specimens examined: Mansehra District; Sathan Gali, 1939 m, 07.10.2012, (HUP). Mazhar-ul-Islam 102 (HUP), Kaghan, 2204 m, 12.09.2014, 521 (HUP); Chatar, 2316

106 107 m, 05.05.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 421 (HUP); Kanshian, 1229 m, sometimes branched. Leaves in 6 pairs, acute to obtuse, lanceolate, 1.5 -2 mm 16.10.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam, Suhail Karim & Abdul Majid 7120 (HUP). long and 0.5-1 mm wide; Dorsal lamina narrowed basally, not decurrent; Habitat: Submerged in flooded water or in rapidly running water on rocks or Vaginant laminae ca. 33% of the leaf length, more or less equal, margin serrate, soil; pH, 5.4. elimbate; Costa ending below three cells before apex, laminal cells slightly General Distribution: North America, South America, Central America, stratose, distinct, harshly 1-papillose, firm-walled, unevenly quadrate- Europe, Asia (China, India, Pakistan). hexagonal. Sporophyte not seen. This is a distinctive species in the study area with no sporophyte and Specimens examined: Shinkiari, 9080 m, 8.11.2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam & submerged in water. Ashfaq Ali 711 (HUP). Habitat: On moist shady boulders along the stream and river side; pH, 6.4. 6. Fissidens dubius P. Beauvois, Prodr. Aethéogam. 57. 1805. General Distribution: Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; Plants 50-67 mm long. Stem branched or unbranched light green to yellowish Asia; Pakistan, India, Africa. green. Leaves in 30-42 pairs, often undulate, obtuse to acute, oblong to This species is characterized by its distinct, 1-papillose laminal cells and sharply lanceolate, often apiculate, 3.5-4.2 mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm wide; Dorsal lamina serrate leaf margin; often coarsely and irregularly so on the vaginant lamina. truncate-rounded basally; 12-14 µm long, 4-6 µm wide, not decurrent; Vaginant laminae 2/3 (70%) of the leaf length, unequal. Margin serrpate to crenulate- 8. Fissidens elegans Bridel, Muscol. Recent., suppl. 1: 167. 1806. (Fig. 56) serrulate but irregularly serrate at leaf apex, elimbate; Costa ending 2-3 cells Plants light green yellowish green, forming loose tuft. Stem branched or before apex, percurrent; Laminal cells irregularly slightly mamillose in dorsal unbranched. Leaves up to 12 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute to apiculate, ends in and ventral laminae, smooth, bulging, rounded to hexagonal, 7-10 µm, 3-4 rows a clear, sharp cell; Dorsal lamina tapering or rounded basally, ending before of marginal cells thinner, walls slightly thicker, forming a pale marginal band. insertion, not decurrent; Vaginant laminae 2/3 of leaf length, unequal, apical Specimens examined: Kanshian, 1229 m, 16.10.2013, Jan Alam, Mazhar-ul-Islam, lamina ends near margin; Margin serrulate, elimbate, dorsal laminal cells 1- Suhail Karim & Abdul Majid 7080, 7107 (HUP). stratose, pluripapillose, obscure, firm-walled, rounded-hexagonal, 5-8 µm, twice Habitat: In soil, on grassy shady slopes; pH, 6.3. as deep as wide; Limbidium 1-stratose; costa ending 2-4 cells before apex or General Distribution: Mexico, West Indies, Central America, Europe, Asia percurrent, ending in apiculus, infrequently short-excurrent, sexually (Pakistan). rhizautoicous, gonioautoicous. Sporophytes single. Seta 5 mm long; Capsule Size wise this is the largest species for the study area and seems to be restricted exserted, erect and radially symmetric. 0.8 mm, peristome scariosus-type; for narrow habitat. F. dubius has smaller, irregularly 2-stratose, obscure laminal Operculum 0.5 mm. sporophyte not seen. cells. This is a distinctive species. Specimens examined: Mansehra District; Shinkiari, 9080 m, 8.11.2015, Mazhar- ul-Islam, Jan Alam & Ashfaq Ali 716 (HUP). 7. Fissidens serratus Müller Hal. var. serratus Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 5: 804 1847. Habitat: Sandy and clayey soils along roadsides and streams, banks of ravines, (Fig. 55) bluffs, loess banks, uprooted tree roots, trunks of trees, decaying stumps, Plants dull green to grayish green or brownish green. Stem unbranched mostly, sandstone; pH, 6.1.

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General Distribution: Mexico; West Indies; Central America; Europe; Asia 10. Fissidens perplexans Dix., Rec. Bot. Surv. India. 9:305. 1926; Moss. West. Him (Pakistan, China, India, Nepal); Pacific Islands. & Adjacent Plains. Annls. Crypt. et Phytopath. 5: 53. 1981. The obscure, pluripapillose lamina cells and leaf apex that terminate in a single, This species was reported by Noguchi (1964) from Balakot based on a specimen hyaline, sharply pointed cell distinguish Fissidens elegans. collected by Rechinger in 1962. General distribution: India, Pakistan, Kashmir, Hazara (Kaghan Valley). 9. Fissidens taxifolius Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 155, plate 39, figs. 1-5. 1801. (Fig. 57) Plants 6-11 mm long. Stem usually branched. Leaves 9-13 pairs, generally oblong to lanceolate, obtuse to usually acute or cuspidate, 1.8-2.2 mm long and 0.5-1.2 mm wide; Dorsal lamina truncate-rounded towards apex, not decurrent; Vaginant laminae 50-60% of total leaf length, apical lamina ending on or near margin; Margin frequently serrulate, regularly crenulate-serrulate on dorsal lamina, cells irregularly hexagonal, smooth and same in shape on median and jaxtacostal region, mammilose at basal portion; Vaginant lamina elimbate, cells pentagonal to hexagonal irregularly in median portion but long rectangular and smooth at basal portion; Apical luminal cells same in shape as in dorsal laminal portion, costa 2 cell thick, ends 2 cells before acicular portion not enter in apiculus. Sexually rhizautoicous; Perigonia on short branches proximal to elongate stems; Perichaetia on short, proximal, axillary branches. Sporophytes not seen. Specimens examined: Mansehra District; Sikyan, near Nadi, 2020 m, 20.09.1991, Nishimura, 9568 (PMNH). Habitat: On shaded moist soil, on banks of trails or rivers, also on boulders on roadside. General Distribution: North America, Central America, Europe, Africa, Asia (Pakistan, China, Japan, India, Nepal). Fissidens taxifolius is distinguished by its evenly serrulate or crenulate-serrulate leaf margin, stout costa ending in leaf cusp, conspicuous mammilose cells in the vaginant laminae, and sporophytes on short branches in the axils of proximal leaves. It can be confused with F. bushii, but that species is smaller, has costa shorter, and cells in the vaginant laminae have small, more or less inconspicuous papillae in the corners of the walls.

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Figure 50. Fissiden bryoides: A, Habitat; B, Leaf; C, Apex; D, Junction of apical and vaginent lamina; E, Costa ending portion; F, Spores; G-H, Medial lamina near costa; I, Distal Laminal margin; J, Juxtacostal part of distal lamina; K, Juxtacostal portion of vaginent lamina; L, Dorsal laminal margin; M, Dorsal lamina near costa; N, Dorsal midial laminal margin; O, Dorsal Figure 52. Fissidens nobilus : A, Habitat; B, Apex; C-E, Margins; F, Leaf; G, Dorsal laminal base; laminal alar cell; P, Habit of plant; Q, Vaginant lamina near costa. H, Vaginant laminal base; I, Habit; J, Dorsal lamina at center.

Figure 53. Fissidence massurensis: A, Habit; B, Apex; C, Apical portion of dorsal lamina; D, Dorsal laminal margin at center; E, Dorsal medial juxtacostal portion; G, Dorsal Figure 51. Fissiden virridulus: A, Habitat, B, Leaf, C, Apex; D, Dorsal laminal margin at apex; E, laminal at base near costa; H, Leaf; I, Vaginant laminal base; J, Vaginant laminal Disatal laminal medial cell; F, Habit; I, Distal laminal margin at center; J, Distal laminal juxtacostal cells; K, Vaginant laminal base; L, Vaginant laminal margin at center; M, Vainant center; K, Vaginant laminal juxtacostal portion; L Distal laminal central cells; M, laminal median cells; N, Dorsal laminal margin at center; O, Dorsal laminal medial cells; P, Diatal and vaginant laminal junction; N, Dorsal laminal margin at center; O, Dorsal Dorsal laminal base. laminal medial juxtacostal cell; P, Vaginant laminal base.

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Figure 54. Fissidence grandifronds: A, Habiat; B, Leaves; C, Apex; D, Diatal laiminal portion; E, Apical laminal margin; F, Apical laminal juxtacostal prtion; G, Apical lamial medial cell; H, Vaginant laminal median cells; I, vaginant laminal margin; J, Figure 56. Fissidence elegens: A, Hbiatat; B, Apex; C, Distall laminal margin at center; Vaginant laminal margin near base; K, Dorsal laminal margin; M, Dorsal laminal D, Distaljuxtacostal portion; E, Distal medial laminal cells; F, Dorsal laminal margin; mrgin at center; N, Dorsal medial laminal cells; P, Dorsal laminal cells at casal portion; R, Dorsal laminal base. G, Dorsal laminal margin at apex; H, Vaginant laminal medial portion; I, Junction of distal and vaginat laminae; K, Leaf; J, Vaginant laminal margin.

Figure 57. Fissidens taxifolius: A, Habit; B, Leaf; C, Apex; D, Dorsal medial margin; E, Figure 55. Fissidence serretus: A, Habitat; B, Apex; C-E, Margins; F, Leaf; G, Dorsal laminal base; Dorsal laminal base; F, vaginant laminal basal portion; J, Vaginant laminal alar H, Vaginant laminal base; I, Habit; J, Dorsal lamina at center. portion; I, Junction of Dorsal, Apical and vaginat lamilae; H, junction of Apical and vaginant lamilae at margin; G, Spores.

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13. POLYTRICHACEAE 2+ Leaves differentiated between sheath and limb, capsule with hypophysis------2.Polytrichum Plants acrocarpous 20-65 mm tall, turfs or spread among other bryophytes - Leaves not differentiated between sheet and limb, capsule without species. Stem straight, simple or branched with developed underground hypophysis------3.Pogonatum rhizome. Leaves diverse, with a papyraceous, sheathing base and a divergent, firm-textured blade or whole leaf membranous, the blade rarely transversely 1. Atrichum undulate, crisped and contorted when dry; The peripheral lamina tapered or Plant small to robust, in loose tufts. Stem simple or scarcely branched. Leaves restricted to costa; Margins 1-3-stratose, serrate, denticulate or toothed; Costa not sheathed membrane, stoutly crisped and twisted as dry, spreading and tapered in basal part, in the blade suddenly broaden and disperse, toothed or plane as moist, border typically 2-stratose, the margins dentate to mid-leaf with smooth adaxially, in cross-section, prominent arc of large diameter guide cells single or geminate teeth; costa tapered; Lamina 1-stratose except for margins, and an abaxial stereid band are present; Lamellae slightly serrulate, crenulate or almost plane and not abaxially toothed; Lamellae straight and tall with twisting coarsely serrate, in cross section the marginal cells not differentiated or harshly margins. Sexually dioicous or synoicous; Perigonia not noticeable, the bracts different in size and shape from lower. Vegetative reproduction takes place by similar to the leaves, forming a noticeable disc; Perichaetial leaves generally production of an underground rhizome. Sexually dioicous rarely slender and longer than the stem leaves. Seta 1-3 per perichaetium, straight to monoicous. Seta single or many from the single perichaetium. Capsules 2-4 flexuose, smooth; capsule cylindrical, straight to arcuate, terete, basal angled, with indefinite longitudinal ridges; Hypophysis tapering and indistinct constriction absent; Operculum rostrate; Peristome with 32; Calyptra cucullate, at the base of capsule; Peristome nematodontous, with a single series of 16-64 smooth. Spore slightly papillose. teeth, the teeth simple or compound. Calyptra cucullate, with hairs covering There are about 20 species distributed worldwide. Four taxa have been reported whole capsule or ciliated to smooth. Spores minute, echinulate or larger and from Pakistan and 1 from study area. papillose. Atrichum is unique in the family in having distinctly bordered, transversely There are 20 genera and about 400 species distributed worldwide. Previously undulate leaves. four genera and eight taxa have been reported from Pakistan off these two genera and two species from study area. 1. Atrichum undulatum (Hedwig) Palisot de Beauvois, Prodr. 42. 1805. The peristome teeth are unique among mosses in being composed of compact bundles of whole, fiber-like cells. The teeth are not composed of remnants of Plants gregarious or in tufts. Stems 15-40 mm. Leaves bare below, crowded wall thickenings as in arthrodontous mosses, but form by intrusive growth and above, 3-8×0.6-1.7 mm, lingulate-lanceolate, undulate, with rows of teeth on elongation of living cells. undulations; Apex acute; Costa percurrent, teeth on abaxial surface in upper part; Lamellae 4, 4-5 cells high; Median laminal cells 19-28 μm wide, Key to genera irregularly hexagonal, smooth or with minute, striate papillae. Sexually 1+ Leaves hard, capsule hairy------2 polygamous. Seta 1-3/perichaetium, 10-22 mm. Capsule 2-5×0.7-1.3 mm, - Leaves soft, capsule not hairy------1.Atrichum slightly curved; Operculum conical-long rostrate. Spores globose, 14-25 μm.

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Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar- dioicous; Male plants with prominent rosettes formed by the broadly ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 96 (HUP); Sikyan, 2020 m 20.09.1992, Nishimura (PMNH). overlapping, apiculate perigonial bracts, numerous male inflorescences per Habitat: on soil, in shady to dry habitats, along the road; pH, 6.4. shoot; Perichaetial leaves long-sheathing, the sheath hyaline-margined, with a General Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, India and Pakistan. weak blade. Seta single, elongated erect, slightly stout. Capsule 4-5 angled, generally broader toward base; Hypophysis discoid, sharply enclosed from the Atrichum sp. urn; Operculum umbonate, with beak; Peristome with 64 teeth, calyptra with Plants gregarious or in tufts. Stems 20-41 mm. Leaves bare below, crowded dense interwoven hairs, cucullate, enclosing the whole capsule. Spore small and above, 2-9×0.5--1.5 mm, lingulate, undulate, teath variously found on lamina smooth. and undulations; Alar and basal cell differentiated; Apex acute; Margins There are 70 species distributed worldwide, 2 in Pakistan and non from study dentate except basal portion; Costa percurrent, teeth in upper part of costa; area. Lamellae 6, 4-5 cells high; Median laminal cells 16-30 μm, irregularly Polytrichum is characterized by sharply angled capsules with discoid hexagonal, smooth-papillose. Seta 9--24 mm. Capsule 2-5×0.7-1.3 mm, slightly hypophysis separated from the body of the capsule by a deep basal constriction. curved; Operculum conical-long rostrate. Spores globose, 10-21 μm.

Specimens examined: Siran Valley; Manda gucha, 2122 m, 7.09.2013, Mazhar- Key to species ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 311 (HUP). 1+ Stem tomentose near base; Leaves 36-40 lamelae, 4-6 cells high------1.Ploytrichum juniperinum Habitat: On soil, in shady to dry habitats, along the road; pH, 6.1. - Stem glabrous; Leaves 20-25 lamelae, 2-4 cells high------The collected specimen could not be identified properly at species level. This ------2.Polytrichum sp. taxon closely related with Atrichum undulatum. However, in the case of later species, speines usually fond on undulation, while in the case of the above 1. Polytrichum juniperinum Hedwig, Spec. Musc. Frond. 89. 1801. (Fig. 58) mentioned taxon spines are sparsely found on ventral surface of the lamina Plants 20-25 mm, green or reddish brown, growing in tufts. Stem simple, brown rather than undulation. tomentose near the base. Leaves 4-7 mm long and 0.4-1 mm wide, imbricate,

erect and straight as dry, erect-spreading as moist; sheath oblong-rectangular, 2. Polytrichum yellowish; Limb entire, bluish green, rather flat, narrowly lenceolate, lamellae Plants 20-65 mm tall, robust, in tufts, arising underground rhizome. Stem leafy 36-40, 4-6 cells high, toper cell of lamellae papilose, marginal lamellae distally, bracteate proximally, rhizoidous at base or tomentose all over. Leaves elongated; Margin crenulate, enclosing; Costa generally toothed distally, with clear sheath and blade; Sheath hyaline-margined, generally highly nitid, excurrent, form a subulate, the marginal cells in cross-section ovate to pyriform; with hinge-tissue at the joint of sheath and blade; marginal lamina tapered, Sheath cells closely rectangular, narrow toward the margin. Sexually dioicous; sharply toothed, teeth unicellular, enclose the lamellae; Costa excurrent or Perichaetial leaves longer as compared to the foliage leaves. Seta solitary, prolonged, awn spinulose; Lamellae many, closely-spaced, the marginal cells in reddish brown, errect. Capsule rectangular to cylindric, dark brown, suberect, 4- section distinctly differentiated, pyriform, flat-topped or retuse. Sexually angled; Peristome teeth 64. Calyptra light brown, covering the whole capsule.

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Spores round, 8-14 µm. marginal cells, thick-walled and thickly papillose. Sexually dioicous; Male and Specimen examined: Upper Kaghan Valley; Babusar Pas, 4121 m, 07.10.2014. female plants are similar in look. Seta soft, elongated and Habitat: on exposed soil in alpine zone; pH, 8.2. stout; Capsules subglobose to cylindrical, with 4 or more indistinct ridges; General Distribution: Greenland, West Indies, North america, South America, Operculum conical mammilate; Peristome deeply pigmented with 32 Europe, Asia, New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan. teeth. Calyptra with dense hairs, cover whole or most of the capsule. Spore slightly papillose. 2. Polytrichum asgharii. Mazhar-ul-Islam et Jan Alam sp. nov. (Fig. 59) There are 52 species distributed worldwide, one species from Pakistan. This Plants 45-65 mm tall, green or brownish green, growing in loose tufts. Stem, species is also occurs in the study area. simple, glabrous, unbranched. Leaves 4-7 mm long and 0.8-1.2 mm wide, imbricate, loosely arranged; Sheath oblong-obovate, yellowish with hyline Pogonatum urnigerum (Hedw.) P. Beauvois, Prodr. Aethéogam. 84. 1805. (Fig. 60) sholders; Limb irregularly dentate at upper portion, while slightly dentate at Plants 20-30 mm tall grow in loose tufts or dispersed glaucous green to green. central portion, bluish green, long lenceolate, lamellae 20-25, 2-4 cells high, Stem branched from base. Leaves 3-7 mm long and 0.3-0.6 mm wide, closely toper cell of lamellae smooth, marginal lamellae elongated, not infolded; margin crowded toward the tips, appressed and a little incurved as dry, reflexed- dentate, teeth mostly on apical portion. Fewer on central, no teeth on basal spreading as moist; Sheath hyaline-margined, ovate to obovate; limb broadly portion of limb, teeth unicellular at apical part, but 2-3 celled on centeral part oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, lamellae 40-48, 3-6 cells high, toper cells enclosing the limb cells; Costa sub-percurrent, smooth, but 2-3 teeth are present of lamellae papilose, margin dentate from apex to the shoulders; Costa at tip of costa, the marginal cells in cross-section long ractangular; Sheath cells percurrent, abaxially smooth; Lamellae in section round to oval, broader than long rectangular. Sexually dioicous; Perichaetial leaves longer. Seta solitary, hight; sheath cells rectangular, isodiametric reaching the limb; Cells on abaxial smooth, dark brown, erect. Capsule rectangular to cylindric, dark brown, surface of blade 25-27 µm, unevenly quadrate, isodiametric. Seta single per suberect, 4-angled; Peristome teeth 64, deeply disected. Calyptra light brown, perichaetium but many per plant. Capsule short-cylindric to ovate-cylindric, dense, covering the whole capsule. Spores round, rough surfaced, 9-12 µm. somewhat inclined, reddish brown; Exothecium mammillose, areolate; Specimen examined: Upper Kaghan Valley; Lulusar lake, 3696 m, 12.10.2014. Peristome teeth 32, slightly broad, reddish brown. Spores round, 9-20 µm. Habitat: On exposed soil in alpine zone; pH, 8.1. Specimen examined: Shogran, Paya, 2200 m, 07.10.2014. Manoor, near Biari General Distribution: Pakistan. Bangla, 2484 m, 07.10.2014; Siran Valley, Jucha, 2200 m. 09.10.2014. Habitat: On sandy or gravelly soil on stream banks, roadsides, crevices of cliffs 3. Pogonatum and boulders, and in late snow areas; moderate to high elevations; pH, 6.4. Plants acrocarpous 15-60 mm, in loose tufts or growing among other General Distribution: Greenland; British Columbia, Europe, Siberia, bryophytes. Stem erect, singled or branched. Leaves having outer layer base, the Philippines, New Guinea, North America, Pakistan. sheath entire generally, toothed rarely, with or with no incrassate hinge-cells at the shoulder; Margins indent, saw-toothed or entire; Adaxial lamellae frequent, compressed, covering the occupied width of the blade with non differentiated

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Figure 58. Polytrichum juniperinum: A-B, Habit; C, Basal cell; D, Alar cell; E, Leaf Figure 60. Pogonatum urnigerum: A-B, Habit; C, Basal cell; D, Alar cell; E, Leaf blade; blade; F, Leaf sheath; G, Marginal teeth; H, Medial limnal cells; Close up of marginal F, Leaf sheath; G, Marginal teeth; H, Medial limnal cells; Close up of marginal theeth; theeth; J, Calyptras; K, Capsule; L, Leaf section; M-N, Close up of lamilae. J, Calyptras; K, Capsule; L, Leaf section; M-N, Close up of lamilae.

Figure 59. Polytrichum sp.: A-B, Habit; C, Basal cell; D, Alar cell; E, Leaf blade; F, Leaf sheath; G, Marginal teeth; H, Medial limnal cells; Close up of marginal theeth; J,

Calyptras; K, Capsule; L, Leaf section; M-N, Close up of lamilae.

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B-PLEUROCARPOUS MOSSES RESULTS ------11.Sematophylaceae Fourteen (14) families were recohnised fro this growth fom. Details for each 12 + Seta reddish; Operculum conical to rostrate------12.Plagiotheciaceae family are as below. - Seta yellowish; Operculum Conical------13. Aulocomniaceae

Key to pleurocarpous moss families 1. HYPOPTERYGIACEAE 1+ Plants dendroid------1.Hypopterygiaceae The manuscript of this family has already been published by the auther. For - Plants not dendroid------2 details, see apendex 2. 2+ Leaves of primary stem and branches are differentiated--2.Thuidiaceae - Leaves of primary stem and branches are not differentiated------3 2. THUIDIACEAE 3+ Peristome single------3.Splachnaceae Previously, Leucodon sciuroides (Hedw.) Schwaegr., a member of - Peristome double------4 Leucodontaceae was reported from Naran (2400 m), Kaghan Vally by Niguchi 4+ Pseudoparaphyllia Present------4.Hypnaceae (1992) under collection no. 19807 from bark of tree. However, in current study - Pseudoparaphyllia absent------5 inspite of many visits, I could not be able to collect this species from any part 5+ Capsule immersed------6 of the study area. Duplicate of the specimen not seen in Pakistan Museum of - Capsule excerted------7 Natural History (PMNH) the above mentiond specimen. 6+ Calyptra mitrate; Operculum planoconvex------5.Hedwigiaceae

- Calyptra cucullate; Operculum rostellate to rostrate------6.Neckeraceae 3. SPLACHNACEAE 7+ Peristome teeth white or hyaline------7.Leskeaceae The manuscript of this family has already been published by thr auther. For - Peristome teeth not as above------8 details, see apendex 2. 8 + Stem and branches procumbent; Median laminal marginal cells

more than twice as long as wide------8.Entodontaceae 4. HYPNACEAE - Plants not as above------9 9 + Stem and branches leaves are similar in shape, branch leaves smaller in Plants in tufts or mats. Stem creeping or suberect, rarely julaceous, irregularly size; Capsule without apophysis; Operculum short mamillate to conic--- branched to 1-2-pinnate; Pseudoparaphyllia foliose, filamentous or ------9.Amblystegiaceae absent. Stem and branch leaves identical or slightly differentiated, straight to - Plants not as above------10 homomallous, generally falcate-secund, generally ovate-lanceolate, 10+ Calyptra glabrous------11 asymmetric, rarely linear, lanceolate or triangular; Base occasionally - Calyptra hairy------12 decurrent; Margins generally plane, sometime recurved proximally or all 11+ Median laminal cells longitudinally much elongated; Operculum over, toothed or entire; Apex obtuse to acuminate; Costa absent, double and conic to rostrate------10.Brychytheciaceae short; Alar cells differentiated, quadrate to rectangular; Medial and distal cells - Median laminal cells not as above; Operculum rostrat------linear, hexagonal or elongate, smooth, rarely prorulose at distal ends on

124 125 abaxial surface. Sexually autoicous, dioicous or phyllodioicous. Seta elongate. serrulate apically; Apex acuminate; Costa double, short or absent; Alar cells Capsule horizontal, incline or rarely erect, cylindrical or ovoid; Operculum quadrate or else quadrate-rectangular; Laminal cells soft. Sexually autoicous; conical or rostrate; Peristome generally double; exostome with 16 teeth; Perichaetial leaves oblong with acuminate apex. Seta yellow-orange or Endostome free, segments 16. Calyptra cucullate, naked or purple. Capsule inclined, oblong-cylindrical, asymmetrical; Annulus 1 or 2 hairy. Spores spheric to ovoid, papillose rarely smooth. seriate; Operculum convex-conical, apiculate to short-rostrate; Peristome

There are 60 genera, 600 species worldwide, 8 genera, 16 species in Pakistan, 4 double. Calyptra naked. Spores round, smooth to slightly papillose. genera and 5 species reported from study area. There are 13 species distributed worldwide. Previously 3 species are reported from Pakistan and 2 from study area.

Key to genera 1+ Stems complanate-foliate; Leaf margins entire; capsules inclined------Homomallium simlaense (Mitt.) Brotherus, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. ------1. Callicladium Förh. 23: 549. 1867.

- Stems erect-creeping; Leaf and capsules not as above------2 Stems 22-28 mm long, yellowish brown or dark green, branches 2+ Leaf homomallous, oblong-ovate------2.Homomallium straight. Leaves erect or somewhat homomallous, 1-2×0.5-0.8 mm; Margins

Leaf not homomallous nor oblong-ovate------3 stiff, entire; Apex abruptly acuminate or subulate; Alar cells quadrate, walls 3+ Plants cespitose; Alar cells sub-quadrate-rectangular------3.Gollania broad, region extending leaf margin; Distal laminal cells 18-24×3-4

Plants glossy; Alar cells quadrate-rectangular------4.Taxiphyllum µm. Seta yellowish-orange, red or purple, 5-14 mm. Capsule yellow to

reddish, 0.8-1.5 mm. Spores 11-13 µm, slightly papillose.

Specimen examined: Manda Gucha, 2480 m, 13-06-2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam & 1.Callicladium Ashfaq Ali 305 (HUP). Previously, the member of this genus i.e. Callicladium haldanianum (Grev.) Habitat: On moist boulders along the streams; pH, 5.9. H.A. Crum, was reported from Sharan Kaghan Valley by Nishimura (19002; General Distribution: North America, Asia, Pakistan. 1991). However, in current study inspite of many field attempts, this taxon could not be recollect from any part of the study area. This species seems to 3. Gollania be highly rare or is eradicated from the area. Previously, the member of this genus Gollania clarescens (Mitt.) Broth., was

reported from Kewai, Kaghan Valley by Nishimura (9553; 1992). However, in 2. Homomallium current study inspite of many field attempts, this taxon could not be recollect Plants in mats, brownish, dark green or yellowish, somewhat from any part of the study area. This species seems to highly rare or is shiny. Stems irregularly branched, creeping. Stem and branch leaves identical, eradicated from the area. homomallous, oblong-ovate; Margins erect or rarely reflexed, entire or

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General Distribution: North America, Mexico; West Indies, Central America,

4. Taxiphyllum South America, Pakistan, Asia. Plants in mats, light-dark green or yellowish green. Stems simple or scarcely and unevenly branched. Leaves erect to wide-spreading, ovate, oblong- lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate; Margins recurved or plane, serrulate to entire proximally, serrate to serrulate distally; Apex acute to sub- obtuse, rarely acuminate; Costa double and short or absent; Alar cells differentiated, quadrate to rectangular; laminal cells soft or prorulose. Sexually dioicous, rarely synoicous, generally sterile; Perichaetial leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate. Seta yellowish- red. Capsule cernuous, oblong-ovoid; Operculum implicitly rostrate; Peristome double. Calyptra uncovered. Spores globose-ovoid, smooth -slightly papillose.

There are 10-15 species distributed worldwide, 1 from Pakistan and study Figure 61. Taxiphyllum taxirameum : A-B, Habitat; C, Habit of plant; D, Leaf; E, area. Proximal portion of the leaf; F, Basal portion of leaf near costa; G, Distal portion of

leaf; H, Apex of leaf. Taxiphyllum taxirameum (Mitten) M. Fleischer, Musci Buitenzorg 4: 1435 1923. (Fig. 61)

Plants in mats, dark green to yellowish. Stems 35-57 mm, complanate- foliate. Leaves wide-spreading to squarrose, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat symmetrical, 1-2.4×0.3-0.5 mm; Margins narrowly recurved to apex, serrulate all over; Apex acuminate or abruptly narrowed; Costa double, short;

Alar cells little, long to short-rectangular or somewhat quadrate; laminal cells soft or prorulose; Medial cells. Seta red. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 1-1.7 mm;

Operculum conical; Spores 10-12 µm.

Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar- ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 231 (HUP); Sikyan, 2020 m 20.09.1992, Nishimura (PMNH).

Habitat: On shaded moist calcareous or siliceous soil and rock in Blue Pine forests; pH, 6.1.

128 129

5. HEDWIGIACEAE roughen. The manuscript of this family has already been published. For details, see There are 18 genera and 80 species worldwide, 5 genera and 7 species from apendex 2. Pakistan, 1 genus and 1 species from the study area.

This is a diverse family, with genera exhibiting widely divergent 6. NECKERACEAE morphologies, some taxa closely allied to Anomodontaceae, Previously, the members of this family were reported from Kewai, Kaghan Pterigynandraceae, and Thuidiaceae. Valley by Nishimura (1992). However, in current study inspite of many field attempts, this taxon could not be recollect from any part of the study area. This species seems to highly rare or is eradicated from the area. Key to genera

1+ Costa sturdy, single, percurrent; Median laminal cells uni-papillose 7. LESKEACEAE above lumen------2.Lindbergia Plants in mats, brown-green, golden green, or blackish; Stem thin, creeping, Plant not as above------2 branched rarely unbranched, sometimes regularly pinnate, branches scattering 2+ Stem and branches leaves not identical; Stems pinnate; paraphyllia cells to straight, rarely clustered, older parts of primary stem mostly stoloniferous; papillose------2.Haplocladium paraphyllia may be present or absent, if present: Branched or unbranched; Pseudoparaphyllia also present; Rhizoids little, generally arises from the base Stem and Branches leaves similar; Stems irregularly pinnate------of leaf. Stem and branch leaves generally alike, very little variations. Stem ------3.Lecuraea leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate sometime oblong, symmetric or asymmetric, 1. Lindbergia margins flat to recurved, entire to serrate, limbidium present rarely, mostly Plants in mats, green to yellowish green or brownish green. Stem unevenly absent; Apex rounded, acuminate or acute; Alar cells smaller than laminal branched; Rhizoids rarely on stem. Stems and branches leaves are cells, area usually different; Laminal cells linear-fusiform or rhomboidal, similar. Stem leaves imbricate as dry, wide-spreading as moist, ovate or ovate- generally prosenchymatous, smooth, papillose at lumen or prorulose lanceolate; Margin flat, entire or weakly serrulate near to apex; Apex acute to distally. Branch leaves generally small; Apex occasionally fewer acute; costa acuminate; Costa generally single, percurrent, straight or flexuose; Alar cells weak, percurrent, occasionally bi-fid, sometime sinuate or ecostate. Sexually quadrate to rectangular; Median laminal cells elliptical, round or rhombic, uni- autoicous or dioicous; Budlike perigonia present on primary stem; Perichaetial papillose above lumen. Sexually autoicous; perichaetial leaves, straight, base leaves are present on primary stem or sometime secondary branch, sheathing, margin entire or slightly toothed, apex long-acuminate, costa differentiated, apex long, clearly acuminate than stem and branch leaves, costa short. Seta long; Capsule straight, oblong-cylindrical, symmetric slightly short-excurrent. Seta long, erect or fairly curved. Capsule straight-horizontal, arched; Operculum conical, blunted; Peristome double, fairly compact; exerted, oblong-pyriform, symmetric to asymmetric; Annulus present or Exostome teeth lanceolate, blunt, outer surface with small trabeculae at base; absent; Operculum conical, short or long-rostrate; Peristome double; Cilia Endostome basal membrane small, non segments, non ciliated. Spores psilate present or absent. Calyptra, cucullate, small and smooth. Spores psilate to

130 131 to roughen. Operculum conical or rostrate; Peristome double. Spores ornamented-smooth.

There are 18 species distributed worldwide, no previous report from Pakistan. There are 17 species distributed worldwide, no previous report from Pakistan. Haplocladium occurs generally on rock, humus and as epiphytic habitats. In Lindbergia mexicana (Bescherelle) Cardot, Rev. Bryol. 37: 51. 1910. (Fig. 62) study area the species is collected from bark of tree. The genus similar Stems generally prostrate or curved, sub-julaceous as dry. Leaves appressed as to Thuidium but is uni 1-pinnate with fewer paraphyllia, and the apical laminal dry, wide-spreading as moist, ovate to lanceolate, slowly narrow towards cell has a single papilla at the tip. The paraphyllia are filamentous. apex, 1-1.4×0.3-0.5 mm; Margin entire; Apex sharply acuminate; Costa ends below apex; Basal laminal cells sub-quadrate; Medial laminal cells somewhat Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedwig) Brotherus in H. G. A. Engler and K. oval, 4-8×3-6 µm, slightly uni-papillose; Apical cells elongated, not papilose. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 229[I,3]: 1007. 1907. (Fig. 63) Seta 8-10 mm. Capsule 1.7-2 mm long, cylindrical. Spores psilate, somewhat rounded, 15-36 µm. Plants medium sized. Stems irregularly pinnate; Paraphyllia present. Stems Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar- leave straight, ovate-triangular, 0.7-1.4×0.3-0.5 mm; Margins plane, slightly ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali 231 (HUP); Sikyan, 2020 m 20.09.1992, Nishimura recurved at base, serrulate; Costa subpercurrent. Branch leaves ovate; Apex (PMNH). acute-acuminate; Alar cells quadrate; Median laminal cells sub-quadrate, Habitat: On the bark of Salix stem; pH, 6.5. subrhombic, uni-papillose over lumen. Capsule not seen.

General Distribution: North America, Pakistan. Specimens examined: Hangrai, 2480 m, 13-06-2015, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq This is new record for Study area and Pakistan. Ali 831 (HUP). Habitat: On bark of wallnut tree in moist temperate zone; pH, 6.6. 2. Haplocladium General Distribution: North America, West Indies, South America, Eurasia

Plants in mats, olive green or brownish green. Stem pinnate to semi-pinnate; and Pakistan. The specimen examined was closely similar to Haplocladium microphyllum 70%. with filamentous to sub foliose paraphyllia, cells papillose; Rhizoids generally arising from bases of mature leaves. Stems and branches leaves variable. Stem The description of species is compared with Bryophytes Flora of North leaves straight, curved as dry, erect-spreading as moist, ovate to triangular; America, rest os the available floras did not have the species. Margins flat to fairly recurved basally, slightly serrulate, apex abruptly short 3.Lescurea or long-acuminate; Costa single, ending sub-percurrent or ending in apex; Alar A member of this genus i.e. Lescurea incurvata (Hedw.) Shewger was reported and basal cells slightly differentiated, quadrate; Median laminal cells from Babusar Pass, Mansehra by Dixon (1926). We could not able to collected rectangular to rhomboidal, smooth, uni-papillose. Branch leaves small; Margin the specimen from the said locality nor seen any previous collection. strongly serrate; laminal cells robustly papillose. Sexually autoicous; perichaetial leaves erect, long, apex narrowly long-acuminate. Seta medium sized. Capsules straight, horizontal, inclined or horizontal, oblong, bent;

132 133

8.ENTODONTACEAE Previously, the member of this genus Gollania clarescens (Mitt.) Broth., was reported from Kewai, Kaghan Valley by Nishimura (9553; 1992). However, in current study inspite of many field attempts, this taxon could not be recollect from any part of the study area. This species seems to highly rare or is eradicated from the area.

9. AMBLYSTEGIACEAE Plant yellowish-green, green or brownish in wefts or tufts. Stem branched or not; Paraphyllia absent or present; Pseudoparaphyllia generally foliose; Rhizoids or rhizoid initials, on stems or just below the leaf insertions or from

Figure 62. A, Habit of Linbergia maxicana; B, Stem with prominent rhuzoids; C, basal abaxial costa. Stem leaves falcate, straight or squarrose; Costa single or Leaf; D, Alar cells; E, Basal cells; F, Apical portion of leaf; G, Capsule with double, percurrent; Alar and basal cells differentiated or not; Medial laminal prominent peristome; H, Spores cells linear rarely hexagonal or rectangular, smooth, prorate or papillose. Perichaetial inner leaves erect, lanceolate, oblong, ovate or slightly obovate; Margins entire or partially denticulate; Apex generally acuminate; Costa single or double, well developed; Laminal cells generally smooth. Seta long or short. Capsule cylindrical or short-cylindrical, curved to straight; Annulus present; Operculum conical, rostrate or short-rostrate; Peristome well developed. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores oval, rounded slightly ornamented. There are 20-30 genera, ca. 100-150 species worldwide, 11 genera and 22 species from Pakistan. Previously 7 genera and 9 species reported from study area. Amblystegiaceae is sometimes confused with other pleurocarpous families,

like Brachytheciaceae and Plagiotheciaceae. Brachytheciaceae and Figure 63. A, Habit of Haplocladium microphyllum; B, Stem; C, Leaf; D, Alar Plagiotheciaceae vary from Amblystegiaceae in their non-plicate and generally cells; E, Basal cells; F-G, Apical portion of leaf; I, Costal ends cells; J-L, Apex; K, recurved, rather than plicate and erect, inner perichaetial leaves, with Costa. horizontal capsules.

134 135

Hygrohypnum Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) Jennings, Man. Mosses W. Pennsylvania. Plants in wefts. Stem irregularly branched or unbranched; Rhizoids or rhizoid 287. 1913. initials on stem rarely form tomentum, weakly to strongly branch. Leaves Plants yellow-green or bright green, in weft. Stem 40-52 mm long, generally squarrose or not, falcate-secund or straight, orbicular, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, leafy all over, unevenly branched. Leaves generally imbricate, frequently oval, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate; Base generally decurrent; Margins often julaceous, falcate or straight, generally oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, 1-1.9×0.4-1 plane, occasionally recurved at apex, entire or slightly denticulate or serrulate; mm; Margins recurrently involute, entire; Apex acute or slightly apiculate; Costa apex largely round acute or obtuse, rarely apiculate, occasionally blunt from absent; Alar cells quadrate, rectangular; Basal cells wider; Medial laminal cells acute apex; Costa generally double, sub-percurrent; Alar cells not rhombic-linear, 25-78×4-10 µm; Apical cells short; Marginal cells long, 52 differentiated or slightly differentiated, rectangular, quadrate or irregular; µm. Sexualy autoicous; Perichaetial leaves lanceolate. Seta 12-23 mm. Annulus Medial laminal cells generally linear, occasionally rhombic or fusiform; Distal present; Operculum conical, rostrate or short-rostrate; Peristome well laminal cells on occasion prorate; Marginal laminal cells short or long. Sexually developed. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores oval, rounded slightly dioicous or autoicous. Capsule symmetric erect or inclined, ovoid to oblong- ornamented. cylindrical; Peristome double. Spores rounded, ornamented. Specimens examined: Kaghan, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar-ul-Islam & Ashfaq Ali There are 16 species worldwide, one (1) from Pakistan and study area. 423 (HUP); Sikyan, 2020 m 20.09.1992, Nishimura (PMNH).

Habitat: On shaded rocks, in or along the streams; pH, 8.2

General Distribution: North America, British Colombia, California; Europe; Pakistan, Asia.

Hygroamblystegium Previously, the member of this genus Hygroamlystegium (Mitt.) Broth., was reported from Kewai, Kaghan Valley by Nishimura (9553; 1992). However, in current study inspite of many field attempts, this taxon could not be recollect from any part of the study area. This species seems to highly rare or is eradicated from the area.

Cratoneuron

Plants in tufts. Stem irregularly branched slightly tomentose. Stem leaves squarrose, falcate or straight, narrowly-broadly, rounded-triangular or triangular, occasionally ovate with decurrent base; Margins plane, slightly recurved at base, serrulate or denticulate more or less all over; Apex acuminate;

136 137

Costa single, generaly excurrent or percurrent; Alar and basal cells small, comparatively narrow; Base more decurrent; Margins generally differentiated; Medial cells hexagonal, rectangular or rarely linear; Marginal strongly serrate; Apex steadily acuminate or acute; Costa generally longer; cells uni-stratose. Sexually dioicous. Capsule cylindrical, curved; Peristome Laminal cells short. Sexually dioicous, autoicous, phyllodioicous or synoicous; double. Perichaetial leaves reflexed, base covering; Apex acuminate; Costa distinct or There are 2 species distributed worldwide, one from Pakistan and study area. weak. Seta twisted, rough or smooth. Capsule horizontal, occasionally erect, Cratoneuron grows in somewhat or strongly basicwet habitats; Leaf with strong colour similar to seta; Operculum conical or rostrate; Peristome xerocastique costa, comparatively short, soft laminal cells and generally lanceolate and leaf or hygrocastique. Calyptra cucullate or mitrate, naked rarely hairy. Spores like paraphyllia. psilate-ornamented. Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedwig) Spruce, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 19: There are 43 genera, 250 species distributed worldwide. Eight (8) genera, 34 363. 1862. species documented from Pakistan, 5 genera and 14 species reported from Plant in weft. Stems shoot and branch apices often pale; Axillary present. Stem study area. leaves narrowed towards apex; Alar cells generally clear, generally widen at Brachytheciaceae members are without doubt identifiable. Distinctive features margin; Medial laminal cells 14-48×3-9 µm. Branch leaves generally narrow, include glossy plants, rough setae in 50% species. Leaves having single costa, falcate. Perichaetial inner leaves narrowed toward apex, margins denticulate, short capsules. In Brachytheciaceae, the first branch leaf is pointed downward; apex acuminate, laminal cells soft. in most pleurocarpous the first branch leaf is lateral. Habitat: Wet calcareous rock along the streams, springs; pH, 8.2. General Distribution: North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, New Key to genera Zealand, Pakistan. 1+ Stems frequently pinnate; Alar cells enlarged, regions opaque------1.Cirriphyllum 10.BRYCHYTHECIACEAE Stem not as above------2 Plants in tufts or mats. Stems prostrate, arching, erect or pendent, regularly or 2+ Alar cells clearly inflated, regions conspicuous; Operculum conical---- irregularly pinnate, branches generally straight-curved, subcomplanate or ------2. Brachythecium complanate-foliate; Paraphyllia absent; Pseudoparaphyllia present. Stem Alar cell not as above; regions prominent; Operculum slightly leaves spreading, erect, patent or falcate-secund, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, pointed------3.Plamocladium ovate or triangular; Base weakly narrow or round towards insertion, decurrent; Margins plane-recurved, serrulate, serrate or entire; Apex steadily 1. Cirriphyllum taper or acuminate; Costa 20-100% of leaf length, abaxial surface rarely Plants in tufts form. Stem prostrate, terete-foliate, generally julaceous, pinnate, toothed; Alar cells differentiated, region more opaque, specific to particular branches terete-foliate. Stem leaves erect, loosely-closely imbricate, elliptic or species; Laminal cells generally elongate-linear, smooth or stoutly prorate at ovate; Base broadly decurrent; Margins serrate-serrulate; Apex hurriedly distal ends; Basal juxtacostal cells generally short. Branches leaves generally taper; Costa 30-60% of leaf length; Alar cells sub-quadrate, blown up; Laminal

138 139 cells linear; Basal juxtacostal cells short, rarely broad. Branch leaves similar to or acuminate. Sexually dioicous or autoicous; Perichaetial leaves often that of stem leaves, smaller in size, narrow or gradually taper and twisted reflexed, apex acuminate. Seta rough or smooth. Capsule horizontal, inclined below apex. Sexually dioicous; Perichaetial leaves abruptly slender-long. Seta or pendent elongate, ovate or cylindrical, straight-curved; Operculum conical, rough. Capsule inclined-horizontal, ovate-elongate, somewhat curved; rarely rostrate; Peristome xerocastique double. Calyptra exposed Spores psilat Operculum longly-rostrate; Peristome xerocastique, double. Calyptra exposed. or slightly ornamented.

Spores rounded or oval, psilate. There are ca. 80 species distributed worldwide; Previously 22 species reported There are 3 species distributed worldwide; previously 2 species are reported from Pakistan and 10 from study area. from Pakistan and 1 from study area.

Key to species Cirriphyllum piliferum (Hedwig) Grout, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 25: 225. 1898. 1+ Alar portion prominent; Bulging cells towards margin------(Fig. 64) ------1.Brachythecium rivulare Plant glossy, in matt. Stems 45-70 mm, branches 10-14 mm. Stem leaves 1.5-2.4 - Alar portion not as above; Bulging cells position vary------2 × 0.8-1.3 mm; Base somewhat round towards insertion; Margins recurved at base, plane at upper region; Alar portion triangular, abruptly bordered; 2+ Alar portion opaque-pellucid, cells sub-quadrate------Laminal cells 48-107×7-11 µm. Branch leaves 1.8-2×0.5-0.7 mm. Seta 10-27 mm. ------2.Brachythecium cirrosum Capsules 1.8-2.6 mm. - Plant not as above------3

Specimens examined: Konsh Valley; Sathan Gali, 2060 m, 28.08.2013, Mazhar-ul- 3+ Capsules with smooth seta, but are rarely found------Islam & Ashfaq Ali 231 (HUP). ------3.Brachythecium glareosum

Habitat: On humus rich soil; pH, 6.3. - Capsule with rough seta, commonly found------4

General Distribution: North America, North Africa, Europe, Asia (Pakistan). 4+ The leaves egg-shaped; Capsules Egg-shaped with conic operculum------4. Brachythecium pulmosum

- The leaves not egg-shaped nor capsules as above------5 2. Brachythecium 5+ Stem and branch leaves are similar; Margins toothed; Capsule Plants grow in mats. Stems prostrate, erect or arching, terete-foliate, sub- conical with smooth seta------5.Brachythecium salebrosum complanate to foliate or julaceous, pinnate, branches terete, sub-complanate or complanate-foliate. Stem leaves erect, patent, spreading, appressed or falcate- secund, imbricate, ovate, lanceolate or triangular; Base decurrent; Margins serrulate, serrate or entire; Apex tapered or acuminate, rarely piliferous; Costa

40-80% of leaf length; Alar cells generally identifiable; Laminal cells generally linear; basal cells short. Branch leaves generally small and narrow; Apex acute

140 141

Figure 65. Brachythecium rivulare: A Habitat; B, Leaf; C, Apex; D, Distal laminal margin cell; E, Median laminal marginal cells; F, Medial laminal cell; G, Proximal portion of leaf; H, Spores.

Figure 64. Cirriphylum piliforme: A Habitat; B, Leaf; C, Median laminal Marginal portion; D, Medial laminal cells; E; Proximal portion of leaf; F, Apical portion of leaf; G, Spores

Figure 66. Brachythecium plumosum: A Habitat; B, Leaf; C, Apex; D, Distal laminal margin cell; E, Median laminal marginal cells; F, Medial laminal cell near costa; G, Alar portion; H, Basal portion of leaf; I, Spores.

142 143

11. SEMATOPHYLLACEAE generally overlying acidic cliffs and boulders at high elevations.

Previously, Brotherella nictans (Mitt.) Broth., A member of Sematophylaceae Plagiothecium was reported from Sali Hut, Shogran (2720 m) and Sikyan (2020 m) near Nadi, Plants gloomy green to yellowish-green, glossy or Kaghan Vally by Nishishmura (1992), under the collection no. 9516, 9654, 9655, dull. Stems prostrate. Leaves broad lanceolate; Apical cells generally shorter, and 9683 respectivly. This species said to grown on on the basis of Pine trees, basal cells shorter and broader; alar region triangular or often auriculate and on rotten bases and exposed roots of trees along the river. However, in current oval in delineate, consists of 1-8 longitudinal rows of spherical, quadrate, oval study inspite of many visits, I could not be able to collect from any part of the or rectangular cells. Asexual reproductions present through propagula, borne study area nor sucssed to examine any specimen collected by earlier worker. on stems and branches, 2-7-celled, uniseriate bodies. Sexually autoicous;

Perigonia and perichaetia frequent at bases of stem; perigonial bracts short; 12. PLAGIOTHECIACEAE Perichaetial leaves somewhat enlarged, sheathing with fairly dispersion Plants small, robust, in mats or tufts. Stem prostrate, generally complanate, apices. Seta yellow, orange, red-brown. Capsule yellow or orange to red- occasionally subjulaceous erect and julaceous, unbranched or irregularly brown, rhombus to ovoid, often slender under mouth as dry, smooth to branched; Rhizoids smooth or slightly papillose, occasionally present just striate, often wrinkly at neck. distal to leaf insertion. Stem and branched leaves are similar, flaccid, imbricate There ca. 80-90 distributed worldwide, 7 species reported from Pakistan and 3 to distant, occasionally second, erect, smooth or spreading, narrowly altered from study area. as dry, decurrent, ovate, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, acuminate; Margins flat or recurved, entire or serrulate-serrate at apex; Key to species Costa short and double or rarely ecostate; Cells smooth, median and distal 1+ Plants complanate; Leaves acute, rarely recurved------laminal cells linear or sometimes linear-rhomboidal, smooth; Alar cells ------1. Plagiothecium denticulatum differentiated, extend to decurrencies. Sexually autoicous or - Plants not complanate; Leaves with straight apices, not recurved-- dioicous. Seta solitary, elongated, erect, twisted or infrequently ------2. Plagiothecium latebricola circinate. Capsule cernuous or erect, pendulous or straight; Annulus present; - Operculum conical to rostrate, less than urn size; Peristome 1. Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedwig) Bruch, Spec. Eur. N. Amer. double. Calyptra cucullate, fugacious. Spores globular to ovoid, psilat or Bryin. II: 346. 1897. ornamented. There are 1 genus and ca. 80-90 distributed worldwide; 7 species reported Plants yellowish green or glossy, in mats. Stems 35-48 mm long, prostrate, from Pakistan and 3 from study area. complanate-foliate. Leaves generally imbricate, with apices pointing toward This is a family of terrestrial environment originate in gymnosperms substratum, flat to concave, 1.5-3×0.5-1.8 mm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong- evergreen and broad leaved deciduous forests. Substrate-wise, members of ovate, acute to acuminate apices. Margins recurved near the apex or the family grow on the bases of trees, rotten logs, stumps, humus and soil, sometimes plane, serrulate at apex, entire at lower parts; Costa short and

144 145 double; Laminal cells smooth; median laminal cells 68-177×10-22 μm; Alar retranced in the respective locality i.e Shogran. Description has been made portion generally auriculate and oval in delineate, consisting of 3-8 vertical based on Nishimura’s collected specimen (9507). This species seems to a rare rows of spherical, oval, quadrate and rectangular cells, 17-75×20-27 μm, species for the study area also. generally terminating at the base in numerous circular or elliptical cells. Asexual reproduction by propagula. Sexually autoicous or dioicous. Capsules 14. AULACOMNIACEAE not seen in examined specimen. Previously Aulocomniaum palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr., A member

Specimen examined: Kaghan Valley; Sikyan near Nadi, 2020 m, 20.09.1992. Aulacomniaceae was reported from Gitidas, Kaghan Valley by Noguchi (1964) Nishimura 9679 (PMNH). based on speciemen collected by F.Shmid in 1953-54. However, in current General Distribution: Europe, Japan, South Africa, North America and study inspite of many field attemps, I could not be able to collect this species central East Asia, Australia and Pakistan. from any part of the study area. Further, it is interesting to note that after This species could not be recollected during field studies from the respective Noguchi, this species could not be reported by any worker. This species locality. However, description has been made based on Nishimura’s collected seems to highly rare or is eradicated from the area. specimen (9679) hosted in the Pakistan Muesum of Natural History (PMNH) Islamabad. This species seems to a rare species for the study area.

2. Plagiothecium latebricola Bruch, Spec. Eur. N. Amer. Bryin. II: 346. 1897.

Plants light to yellowish-green, glossy, in mats. Stem 14-20 mm, prostrate, unevenly branched with frequent short branches. Leaves imbricate, erect-

spreading, smooth, 0.7-1.8×0.5-1.8 mm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margins smooth or scarcely recurved near the apex, entire but few serrulations at apex;

Costa short and double; Leaf laminal cells smooth; median laminal cells 48-

140×5-10 μm; Alar portion triangular in delineate, consisting of 1-5 perpendicular rows of rectangular cells, 22-68×11-18 μm. Asexual reproduction by propagula generally present. Sexually dioicous, hardly ever fruiting. Capsules were not seen in examined specimen.

Specimen examined: Kaghan Valley; Shogran, 2710 m, 22.09.1992, Nishimura 9507 (PMNH). General Distribution: Europe, Japan, North America and Pakistan. Many field attempts were made to collect this species, but could not be

146 147

B-DISTRIBUTION PATTERN STUDIES Some taxa were restricted to specific altitudinal zone. Which means that their Distribution of the taxa was also analyzed. Various attributes viz., association ecological amplitude is narrow, while some taxa confined to 2 or more with substrate, altitude, life form, abundance and phytogeography of the taxa altitudinal zones and shown broad ecological amplitude. Further, in total were taken into account. Details of findings have been given as below: taxa, 112 taxa (84%) were restricted to single zone, about 20 taxa (14%) were confined to 2 zones, while only 3 taxa (2%) were distributed to 3 or more than i) Life form zones (Fig. 69). Details regarding Life form-wise, distribution of the taxa has been given in the Figure 71. Among 143 known taxa, 63 taxa (44%) were grown in tuft condition, 30 taxa (21%) in Matt, 28 taxa (19%) in cushion form, 18 taxa in weft (13%) and the remaining 4 taxa (3%) were grown in Fen form. (Fig. 67) ii) Association Details regarding substrate-wise distribution of the taxa have been given in the Figure 67. Five types of association for the taxa were recognized viz., with rock (lithophyte), with water (hydrophyte), on tree bark (epiphyte), with soil and with soil and rocks. The studied taxa were mostly associated with specific substrate. Sixty six taxa (66; 50%) were restricted to soil, 35 to rocks (35%), 4 taxa inwater (3%), 3 taxa epiphytes (2%) and 25 taxa were associated with soil and rocks (19%). iii) Altitude-wise distribution Distribution of the taxa with reference to elevation was also studied. Studied taxa were found to occur at different elevations. For convenience, the area was classified into five altitudinal zones viz., Zone 1 (450-999 m), Zone 2 (1000-2000 m), Zone 3 (2001-3000 m), Zone 4 (3001-4000 m) and Zone 5 (4001- 5000 m). In zone 1, 32 taxa (17.98%) were recorded, 27 taxa (15.16%) in Zone 2, 83 taxa (46.63%) in Zone 3, 13 taxa (7.3%) in Zone 4 and the remaining 18 taxa (10.11%) were in Zone 5. Zone 2 was the richest zone with respect to diversity of taxa, while the zone 5 with lowest diversity of taxa. In this zone 18 taxa were found, which constitute 10.11% of total taxa reported from study area (Fig. 68).

148 149

4001m-5000m 3% 21% 19% 3001-4000m

2001m-3000m % in the total No.Taxa 13% 1000m-2000m

450m-999m 44% 0 20 40 60 80 100

Mat Weft Tuft Cushion Fen Figure 69. Altitude-wise distribution of the taxa in the study area Figure 67. Life form-wise distribution of the taxa in the study area 2%

14% 19% 26%

Confined to single range 3% 2% Confined to two ranges Confined to three ranges 50% 84%

Lithophytes Hydrophytes Epiphytes On soil On soil and rocks

Figure 70. Graphical representation of taxa confined to single, double or more Figure 68. Substrate-wise distribution of the taxa in the study area localities

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Table 1. Phytogeographical position of the taxa in the study area Schwaegr. Floristic Element No. of Taxa (%) Bartramiaceae Bartramia halleriana Hedw. Sathan Gali Circumboreal 66 46.15 Bartramiaceae Bartramia ityphylla Bridel Babusar Pass

Eurasian 45 31.46 Bartramiaceae Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. Sathan Gali

Cosmopolitan 13 9.09 Bartramiaceae Philonotis falcata (Hook.) Mitt. Sathan Gali

Paleotropical 12 8.39 Bartramiaceae Philonotis marchica (Hedwig) Bridel Sathan Gali East Asian-N. American 06 4.19 Bartramiaceae Philonotis fontana (Hedwig) Bridel Besal Pantropical 02 1.39 Brachytheciaceae Cirriphyllum cirrosum (Schwaegr.) Suiful Maluke Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium buchananii (Hook.) A. Shogran Table 2. Abundance of the taxa in the study area Jaeger Abundance Status No. of Taxa % in the total Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium emodi-glareosum Kaghan Very Common 2 1.39 Broth. nom. nud. Common 3 2.09 Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium garovaglioides Müll. Kewai Infrequent 3 2.09 Hal. Rare 23 16.08 Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium indicopopuleum Dix. Babusar Pass Extremely Rare 112 78.32 Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium plumosum (Hedw.) Kaghan; Shino Schimp. Table 3. List of Taxa reported from single locality in study area Brachytheciaceae Palamocladium euchloron (Bruch ex Kaghan Family Name Locality Müll. Hal.) Wijk & Margad. Amblystegiaceae Callialaria curvicaulis (Jur.) Ochyra Kiwai Brachytheciaceae Platyhypnidium riparioides (Hedw.) Paras Amblystegiaceae Campyliadelphus polygamus (Schimp.) Shogran Dix. Kanda Bryaceae Brachym eniumindicum (Dozy & Kaghan Amblystegiaceae Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Mitt.) Sharan Molk.) Bosch & Sande Lac. Hedenäs Bryaceae Bryum argenteum Hedw. Paya Amblystegiaceae Hygroamblystegium fluviatile (Hedw.) Shogran Bryaceae Bryum blindii Bruch Babusar Pass Loesk. Bryaceae Bryum cellulare Hook. Kaghan Amblystegiaceae Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) Jenn. Naran Bryaceae Bryum pseudotriquetrum f. Babusar Pass Amblystegiaceae Palustriella commutata (Hedw.) Sharan angustifolium (Lindb.) Podp. Ochyra Bryaceae Bryum thomsonii Mitt. Gitidas Aulacomniaceae Aulacomnium palustere (Hedw.) Gitidas Bryaceae Mniobryum albicans (Wahlen.) Kaghan

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Limper. Grimmiaceae Grimmia unicolor Hook. Balakot; Bryaceae Rhodobryum ontariense (Kindb.) Paris Mandagucha Batangian Dicrinaceae Onchophorus wahlenbergii Brid. Shogran Hypnaceae Callicladium haldanianum (Grev.) Sharan Dicrinaceae Symblepharis vaginata (Hook. ex Sharan H.A. Crum Harv.) Wijk & Margad. Leskeaceae Lescuraea incurvata (Hedw.) E.Iawt. Babusar Pass Ditrichaceae Distichium crispatissimum Müll. Hal. Naran Leucodontaceae Leucodon sciuroides (Hedw.) Kaghan Encalyptaceae Encalypta streptocarpa Hedw. Sharan Schwaegr. Fissidentaceae Fissidens dubius P.Beauv. Mandagucha Melichoferiaceae Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb Shogran Fissidentaceae Fissidens elegans Bridel Shinkiari Mniaceae Mnium laevinerve Card. Kewai Fissidentaceae Fissidens massuriensis Müll. Hal. Mandagucha Mniaceae Mnium stellare Reichard ex Hedw. Shogran Fissidentaceae Fissidens nobilus Griff. Kanshian Mniaceae Plagiomnium cuspidatum (Hedw.) T.J. Shogran Fissidentaceae Fissidens perplexans Dixon Balakot Kop. Fissidentaceae Fissidens serratus Müll. Hal. Shinkiari Mniaceae Rhizomnium magnifolium (Horikawa) Sathan Gali Fissidentaceae Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. Kaghan Valley; T. J. Koponen Sharan Neckeraceae Cryptolepto donpluvinii (Brid.) Broth. Sharan Forest Fissidentaceae Fissidens viridulus Hedw. Bareri Hill Neckeraceae Homalia trichomanoides (Hedw.) Sikyan Funariaceae Funaria pakistaniensis sp. nov. Shergarh Schimp. Mazhar-ul-Islam et Jan Alam Neckeraceae Thamnobryumal opecurum (Hedw.) Naran Funariaceae Entosthodon bolanderi Lesquereux Tanawal Nieuwl. ex Gangulee Funariaceae Physcomitrium californicum Bull. Pakhal Plain Orthotrichaceae Orthotrichum anomalum Hedw. Sikyan Funariaceae Physcomitrium eurystomum Sendth. Shinkiari Orthotrichaceae Orthotrichum sp. 1 Mandagucha Denkschr Orthotrichaceae Orthotrichum sp. 2 Babusar Pass Grimmiaceae Grimmia alpestris (F. Weber & D. Batakundi Plagiotheciaceae Pagiothecium nemorale (Mitt.) A. Sharan Mohr) Schleich. Jaeg. Grimmiaceae Grimmia anodon Bruch & Schimp. Shogran Plagiotheciaceae Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) Sikyan Grimmiaceae Grimmia laevigata (Bridel) Bridel Lassan Schimp. Thhakkral Plagiotheciaceae Plagiothecium latebricola Schimp. Shogran Grimmiaceae Grimmia longirostris Hook. Kurmung Polytrichaceae Atrichum sp.1 Sathan Gali Grimmiaceae Grimmia montana Bruch & Schimp. Batakundi Polytrichaceae Atrichum sp 2 Kathai Grimmiaceae Grimmia ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb. Kewai Polytrichaceae Atrichum sp. 3 Mandagucha

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Polytrichaceae Polytrichum asgharii sp. nov.Mazhar- Babusar Pass Table 4. List of Taxa found at two more than two locality in study area ul-Islam et Jan Alam Family Name Distribution Pottiaceae Barbula gregeria Mitt. A. Jaeger Babusar Pass Amblystegiaceae Cratoneuron commutatum Shran, Saiful Maluk Pottiaceae Barbula horricomis Gangulee Kaghan (Hedw.) G. Roth Pottiaceae Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum Kaghan Amblystegiaceae Cratoneuron filicinum Shinu; Sharan; Saiful Maluk, (Hedw.) P.C. Chen (Hedw.) Spruce. Shogran Pottiaceae Didymodon rufescens (Mitt.) Broth. Kaghan Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium glareosum Kewai, Paya Pottiaceae Erythrophyllum recurvirostre var. Kaghan (Bruch ex Spruce) Schimp. viride (Schlieph. ex Limpr.) Péterfi Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium glareosum Kewai, Shogran, Paya, Pottiaceae Hymenostomum obscurissimum Dix. Kaghan (Bruch ex Spruce) Schimp. Kaghan Pottiaceae Syntrichia brandisii (Müll. Hal.) R.H. Kaghan Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium procumbens Kaghan, Shogran Zander (Mitt.) A. Jaeger Pottiaceae Trichostomum lilliei Dix. Kaghan Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium reflexum Shogran- Sali Hut; Kaghan, Sematophylaceae Brotherella nictans (Mitt.) Broth. Shogran (Starke) Schimp. Paras, Naran Splachnaceae Tyloria frolichiana (Hedw.) Mitt. ex Naran Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium rivulare Kaghan, Sharan, Naran Broth. Schimp Thuidiaceae Anomodon giraldii Müll. Hal. Sikyan Brachytheciaceae Eurhynchium pulchellum Kaghan, Saiful Malook Thuidiaceae Anomodon minor (Hedw.) Lindb. Shogran (Hedw.) Jenn. Thuidiaceae Anomodon viticulosus (Hedw.) Hook. Shogran Bryaceae Anomobryum filiforme var. Shogran, Sharan & Taylor juliforme (Solms) Husn. Thuidiaceae Claopodium pellucinerve (Mitt.) Best. Shogran Bryaceae Rhodobryum roseum (Hedw.) Sathangali, Heran, Balakot, Thuidiaceae Cyrto-hypnum vestitissimum (Besch.) Shogran Limpr. shogran, Mandagucha Distichium capillaceum W.R. Buck & H.A. Crum. Ditrichaceae Shogran, saifulMalook (Hedw.) Bruch et Schimp. Thuidiaceae Thuidium contortulum (Mitt.) A. Sikyan Fissidentaceae Fissidens bryoides var. Shogran, Balakot, Shinkiari Jaeger schmidii (Müll. Hal.) R.S. Thuidiaceae Thuidium cymbifolium (Dozy & Sikyan Chopra & S.S. Kumar Molk.) Dozy & Molk. Fissidentaceae Fissidens curvatus Hornsch. Balakot, Kaghan, Shogran, Timmiaceae Timmia megapolitana subsp. bavarica Shogran Paya (Hessl.) Brassard Fissidentaceae Fissidens diversifolius Mitt. Shinkiari, kewai Fissidentaceae Fissidens grandifrons Brid. Kaghan, Sathangali, Chatar,

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Kanshian (Hook.) Schwaegr. Funariaceae Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. Shinkiar, Batrasi Pass, Mniaceae Plagiomnium rostratum Sikyan, Sathan Gali Bararkot, Kewai, Baffa (Schrad.) T.J. Kop. Funariaceae Entosthodon rubiginosus (R. S. Palsala, Sheikh Abad Neckeraceae Thamnobryum subserratum Sharan, Nadi Williams) Grout (Hook. ex Harv.) Nog. & Z. Funariaceae Entosthodon Karair, Tanawal Iwats. planoconvexus (Bartram) Orthotrichaceae Drummondia thomsonii Mitt. Kewai, Nadi Grout Orthotrichaceae Orthotrichum pumilum Sw. Sharan, Kewai, Kund Bangla Funariaceae Physcomitrium pyriforme Bajna, Oggi Plagiotheciaceae Isopterygiopsis muelleriana Sharan, Shogran Grimmiaceae Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw) Kaghan, Kewai (Schimp.) Iwats. Sm. Plagiotheciaceae Plagiothecium cavifolium Saiful Malook Grimmiaceae Schistidium apocarpum Naran, Babusar Pass (Brid.) Z. Iwats. (Hedw.) Bruch et Schimp. Polytrichaceae Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) Shogran, Shinkiari Hedwigiaceae Hedwigia ciliata (Hedwig) P. Forest collage Shinkiar P. Beauv. var. flaisetum Mitt. Beauvois Polytrichaceae Pogonatum urnigerum Shogran, Payan, Musa Ka Hypnaceae Gollania clarescens (Mitt.) Sharan, Sikyan (Hedw.) P. Beauv. Musala, Rewri Bangla Broth. Polytrichaceae Polytrichum juniperium Lulusar, Saiful Malook Hypnaceae Homomallium cupressiforme Sikyan, Batakundi Hedw. Hedw. var. cupressiforme Pottiaceae Molendoa sendtneriana (Bruch Shogran, Panrung Hypnaceae Homomallium simlaense Shogran, Sharan, Batakundi & Schimp.) Limpr. (Mitt.) Broth. Pottiaceae Timmiella anomala (Bruch et Kewai, Nadi Hypnaceae Taxiphyllum taxirameum Shogran, Kawai Schimp.) Limper. (Mitt.) M. Fleish. Pottiaceae Syntrichia papilosa (Wilson) Baffa, Ghazi kot, Karair, Hypopterygiaceae Hypopterygium flavolimbatum Shogran, Sikyan, Jur. Shinkiari, Bherkund Müll. Hal. Bogarmung Melichoferiaceae Pohlia wahlenbergii (F. Weber Saiful Malook, Besal & D. Mohr) A.L. Andrews Mniaceae Mnium alii Mazhar-ul-Islam Batakundi, Sathan Gali, et Jan Alam, sp. nov. Mandagucha Mniaceae Mnium heterophyllum Sikyan, Sathan Gali

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Figure 72. Distribution of Bryaceae in the study area: 1, Kaghan; 2; Balakot, Figure 73. Distribution of Dicranaceaein the study area: 1, Siri; 2, Paya 3; Jacha, 4; Chatar, 5; Saloona, 6; Sathan Gali, 7; Batal, 8; Karair

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Figure 75. Distribution of Batramiaceae in the study area: 1,Babusar Pass; 2,

Paya; 3, Shogran; 4, Nadi; 5, SathanGali; 6, Chatar; 7, kathai; 8, Batal Figure 74. Distribution of Ditrichaceae in the study area: 1, Paya; 2, Siri; 3, Kathai

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Figure 76. Distribution of Funariaceae in the study area:1, Balakot; 2, Figure 77. Distribution of Mniaceae in the study area: 1, Batakundi; 2, GariHabibullah; 3 Shinkiari; 4,Hazara University (Dhodial); 5, Baffa; 6, Shogran; 3, 4, 5, 6; Sathan Gali, 8; Kathai ki Gali Sheikh Abad; 7, ; 8-9, karair; 10, Lasan Nawab; 11-12, Palsala; 13, Darband; 14, Shergarh

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Figure 78. Distribution of Grimmiaceae in the study area: 1; Paya, 2, 3, 4; Figure 79. Distribution of Orthotrichaceae in the study area: 1; Babusar Balakot, 5; Kurmang, 6; Shinkiari, 7, 8, 9; LasanNawab Pass, 2; Sikyan, 3; Nadi, 4; Jacha, 5; Mandagucha, 6; Chatar, 7; Sathan Gali

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Figure 80. Distribution of Pottiaceae in the study area: 1; Makra, 2, Kewai, 3; Figure 81. Distribution of Fissidentaceae in the study area: 1, 2; Nadi, 3,4,5; Balakot, 4; Nadi, 5; Batal, 6; Oggi, 7; LasanThakral, 8; Chinala, 9; Darband Balakot, 6,7; Jacha, 8; Mandagucha, 9; Chatar, 10; Sathan Gali, 11, 12; Bareri (Mansehra), 13, LasanThakral

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Figure 81. Distribution of Polytrichaceae in the study area: 1; Babusar Pass, Figure 82. Distribution of Melichoferiaceae in the study area: 1, Batakundi; 2; Lulusar Lake, 3; Biari Bangla (Manoor), 4; Paya, 5; Siri, 6; Jacha, 7; 2, Paya; 3, Siri Mandagucha, 8; Batal, 9; Shinkiari, 10; Baffa, 11; Gari Habib Ullah, 12; LassanThakral

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Figure 83. Distribution of Hypnaceae in the study area: 1, 2; Kewai, 3, 4; Figure 84. Distribution of Neckeriaceae in the study area: 1; Sikyan, 2; Nadi, Nadi, 5; Kund 3; Shogran

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Figure 85. Distribution of Leskeaceae in the study area: 1; Kaghan, 2; Figure 86. Distribution of Amblystegiaceae in the study area: 1; Kaghan, 2; Shogran, 3; Hangrai, 4; Kund, 5; Batal, 6; Kurmang Paya, 3; Shogran, 4; Sikyan

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Figure 87. Distribution of Brachytheciaceae in the study area: 1; Manoor, 2; Figure 88. Distribution of Sematophylaceae in the study area: 1; Balakot, 2; kaghan, 3; Sharan, 4; Paya, 5; Gari Habib Ullah, 6; Balakot, 7,8; Nadi, 9; Nadi Sathan Gali, 10; Batal

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Figure 89. Distribution of Plagiotheciaceae in the study area: 1; Shogran, 2; Figure 90. Distribution of families with single species reported from study Sikyan area: 1; Aulacomniaceae (Gitidas), 2; Leucodontaceae(Naran), 3; Enclyptaceae (Sharan), 4 Splachnaceae (Shogran), 5; Timmiaceae (Shogran), 6; Hypopterigiaceae (SathanGali), 7; Hedwigiaceae (SHinkiar; Forest collage), 8; Entodontaceae (Nadi).

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II- THREATS Unwise anthrapogenic activities ddirectly or indirectly effect existence of other species and boost drastically natural extinction process. Some threats were observed during field survayes in connection to the taxa. However, only those factors have been taken into account where anthropogenic activities directly or indirectly influenced. Details of these are as under:

1) Fire During field surveys, it was observed that people make fire burns and the debris of grass in the forests and in the agricultural lands to remove the unwanted seeds and dead organic mater. These activities damage the population of the moss taxa growing in the forests and also on borders of agricultural lands. (Fig. 91)

2) Herbicidal sprays and agricultural activities Figure 92. Agricultural activities in the study area. The over-utilization of pesticides by the farmers to increas their yield, has an advers effect on the plant species in the area. Its uncontrolled use also effects 3) Deforestation the populations of the concenrned species. Further these toxic chemicals are Deforestation is the major threat in the study area which directly and also entering into water and indirectly disturbe the bryophytes papulation. indirectly affects the taxa. The fuel wood/fire wood cutting is main reason in Use of herbicides in the study area for the eradication of weeds and unwanted whole study area; because there is no alternate source of fuel in the study area plants from agricultural lands, banks of canals, margins of roads and for burning, about 95% papulation used wood as a fuel in the home for sometime in the forest disturb the mosses population serously. (Fig. 92) cooking and for tobaco leaves procesing. Cutting of plants for construction of buildings, vheicle bodies, boat making, furnirsher industry and also for fencing and roof toping are major threats indirectly for mooses. A number of epiphytic mosses are in danger due to cutting of plants like Synctrichia papilosa, Leskeacese species etc. (Fig. 93).

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Figure 94. Grazing in the study area.

5) Urbanization

Urbanization is another important factor which directly affects the habitats of Figure 93. Deforestation in the study area. the taxa. The unplanned colonization increases in the study area, which

causes habitat degradation and habitat fragmentation, which result in the 4) Grazing population reduction of species. Grazing is another important factor in the study area. Grazing effect directly and indirectly the moss taxa. Heavy grazing exert tremendous indirect 6) Terraces formation for agricultural proposes pressure on mosses affacting the the higher plants, which provide sheds and In mountainous areas, land levelling and terraces formation for agricultural shelter to the taxa. As the domestic animals are depending on the grasses and purposes is another threat for the species in the study area. Inhabitants clear other plant and these grazed taxa are associated with moss taxa. Frequent forests in many hilly area for rice and maize cultivation, which in turn become walks in the habitats ultimately physically damage the moss taxa. (Fig. 94) a cause of habitat degradation in the study area (Fig. 95).

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Chapter-5

DISCUSSION

Systematic information’s provide fundamental infrastructure of biological studies and serves as basic source for identification, nomenclature and classification (Lawrance, 1951). Therefore, initially all biological sister disciplines are depending upon systematic literature. Pakistan is a unique land in many respects especially due to highly diverse topographic and climatic attributes. As result, this land serves a distinct home land for a diverse flora. Phanerogams have comprehensively documented in the form of the Flora of Pakistan (Nasir, 1978), however, the lower plants remain neglected including bryophytes. Hence, unfortunately, the Bryoflora of Pakistan is still little known. Even previously available literature just

provides sample checklists for some localities of Pakistan (Nishimura and Fig. 95. Terraces formation for cultivation of rice crop in the study area. Niguchi, 2003; Sollman, 2008; Peer & Gruber, 2012). Compilation of a detailed

the bryoflora is, therefore an important future target in order to document our 7) Rocks excavation bryological resources and to evaluate various threats those are facing. As During field visits, it is noticed that an important threat to mosses is habitat Pakistan is a vast area (7960962 km2) and, therefore, area-wise bryological degradation due to rock excavation. For excavation of rocks excavation heavy exploration is possible rather than taking into account the whole Pakistan machinery is used i.e. crans, machinezed loaders, drills, trucks etc. for simultaneously. breaking, filling. Before starting the excavation, remove the vagitation from In current investigation the District Mansehra has been chosen for detailed the site. This activity causes habitat loss. Generally excavation going through taxonomic study of the musci group. The exploration history for the district out the year, which degrade the habitat severly. People used rocks (stones) for Mansehra goes back into 90 years old and to date, eight workers have been building construction, tiles manufacturing, in ceramics industry and in involved in the exploration of bryoflora (Dixon, 1926; Blatter & Fernandez, cement industry on large scale. These practics severly degraded the habitat of 1929; Herzog, 1938; Noguchi, 1956 & 1959; Noguchi, 1964; Deguchi, 1984; lithophytic mosses like Grimmia spp. which completely lithophytic and Higuchi, 1991; Hasegawa, 1993; Nishimura et al., 1993b; Nishimura and Orthotrichum spp. Higuchi, 1994; Higuchi and Nishimura, 2003; Islam et al., 2015; Islam et al.,

2016 a,b,c). Among these, Dixon (1926) was the first person, who had provided a list of 28 species. Later on other workers had taken interest with

184 185 the passage of time. These checklists collectively support for 107 species species fragmentation and may be even extinction from the study area. distributed in 64 genera and 25 families (Islam et al., 2016c). Further, these taxa may have become very rare or eradicated due to the In current investigation, thorough field surveys were made in the study area habitat degradation as bryophytes are more susceptible for polluted and from October 2012-December 2014. During these field surveys, about 800 disturbed environments (Goffinet &Vanderporten, 2009; Glime, 2009). specimens were collected from different localities. Careful analysis of the In the view of conservation, majority of the taxa (i.e. 78.33%) are restricted to specimens suggests 143 taxa distributed in 69 genera and 27 families. This single location and fall under extremely rare category. Hence, these taxa figure represents about 35.75% of the known bryoflora of Pakistan. This deserve immediate attention and an effective conservation action plan should diversity of mosses probably was due to its geographical position, as it is be developed at urgent bases. located near the Karakuram, in the Himalayan range. Its position and vast Altitude-wise, documented taxa are distributed in a broad range (i.e. 450- altitudinal range (i.e. 400-5400 m) provided microclimatic variations along 5400m). The maximum taxa found to occur between 2100-300m (83 taxa; 46.63 different ecological zones. %) followed by 450-999 m (32 taxa; 17.98%). The reason for this high number In present study, along known localities, I also focused those areas could not may be due to the forest types (i.e. moist temperate blue pine forests; Dens be explored by previous workers i.e. Siran Valley, Pakhal plane, Tanawal forests and shed with high moisture level), the rain fall, highly acidic soil, as Plain, marginal areas of Upper Kaghan Valley and Lower Kaghan Valley. As the mosses like this ideal environment for growth and development (Scofield previous workers only focused some main locations of the Kaghan Valley 1988; Glime, 2009). Further, at lower altitude low population, minimum (from Balakot-Babusar Pass) and collections were made mostly along road anthropogenic impacts, less habitat degradation may favor for high side. Furthermore, they have visited in a particular season (mostly from July- concentration of the taxa. On the other hand, between 1000-2000 m, minimum Oct only). However, I have focused the various seasons from January- magnitude of the taxa was observed. Habitat degradation due to excessive December for collection and each locality was visited in all seasons. However, anthropogenic activities may be a strong cause in this connection because this some hight mountain peaks like Ansoo Lake and surrounding areas, Musa ka range is suffering from over-population, urbanization, agricultural activities Musala, Dudi Pat still deserve for more exploration. (application of chemicals in the form of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides) and Among previously collected 103 species from the study area, only 43 species many other anthropogenic activities. could be recollected, while the remaining 54 taxa were not found in the study As the sporophyte is an important part in systematic studies particularly area inspite of several efforts. These taxa were reported from various localities during identification of taxon. Even many families (like Funariaceae, of the Kaghan Valley. There may be many causes for the non availability of Bryaceae) cannot be differentiated without capsules. But unfortunately, the taxa. Actually, during field surveys it was observed that many sporophytes are lacking in many taxa and this phenomenon is mostly anthropogenic activities i.e. road construction, excessive tourism flow, observed around the world. This phenomenon is more common among urbanization, solid waste, Agricultural practices (herbicidal sprays, aquatic taxa. During this investigation, inspite of several efforts in different application of chemical fertilizers and forest clearance for agricultural land) seasons of the year, many taxa could not be collected in capsulation especially and over-grazing. Therefore, these causes may change the, soil pH, soil in the case of Pluerocarpic taxa. However, further field efforts should be nutrients and water holding capacity of soil, which may be the causes of continued and may be able to collect. It has also been observed that some

186 187 members in different families i.e. Fissidentaceae Grimmiaceae, Polytrichaceae, Chapter-6 Funariaceae are usually found in capsulation almost throughout the year in the study area. REFFERENCES

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Anonymous (1998). District census report of Mansehra. 1-1. The District Mansehra shows remarkably high diversity in terms of musci and Asghar, A. (1957). A list of mosses of West Pakistan. Biologia, 3: 44-52. 143 species are documented distributed in 69 genera and 27 families. Bahuguna, Y.M., S. Gairola, D.P. Semwal, P.L. Uniyal and A.B. Bhatt Brachytheciaceae is the largest family having 16 species, while in the (2011). Bryophytes and Ecosystem. In: Paliwal G.S., Kumar, M., Gupta, remaining familie, 1 to 12 species per family. For genera, Fissidence is the R. K. (eds.), Biodiversity of Lower Plants, I.K. International largest genus with 10 species. Maximum concentration of the taxa is between Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India. 2100-3000, 450-5400 m. Substrate-wise, tuft species are dominant (44%). There Bartram, E.B. (1955). Northwestern Himalayan Mosses. Bull Torrey Bot. Club is need to give attention to this major group of lower plants. 82: 22-29. Beg, A.R. (1975). Wildlife habitats of Pakistan. Bull. No. 5. Pakistan Forest RECOMMENDATIONS Institute Peshawar. The following suggestions are recommending in order to further studies and Bill and N. Malcolm (2000). Mosses and other Bryophytes; An Illustrated in the view of conservation of the taxa: Glossary. Optics Ltd., Box 320, Nelson, New Zealand. ISBN: 0-473- 1. Further field studies are needed in order to explore more taxa. High 06730-7 altitudes like Babusar pass and surrounding areas, Manoor valley and Musa Blatter, E.B., J. Fernandez (1929). Waziristan mosses with some new species Ka Musala, Makra etc., are important in this connection. Those species could described by H.N. Dixon. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 10: 145-153. not be found in capsulation, should also focused. Braun, A. (1864). Uebersicht des naturlichen System nach der Anirdnung 2. The conservation status of the taxa should be evaluated. desselben. In: P. Ascherson, Fl. Brandenburg. 1(2): 22-67. 3. Molecular studies of the taxa should be carried out in order to draw clearer Brotherus, V.F. (1898 a). Musci. In: Duthie, J.F. The botany of Chitral relief picture of the diversity in the taxa. expedition, Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind., 1(9): 180-181. Brotherus, V.F. (1898b). Contribution to the bryological flora of the Northwestern Himalaya. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 24(2): 1-46.

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Chapter-7

APENDICES

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