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Taxonomic Studies Pattern of the Mosses Department Hazara Univers TAXONOMIC STUDIES AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF THE MOSSES OF DISTRICT MANSEHRA Mazhar-ul-Islam Ph.D Scholor DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2016 TAXONOMIC STUDIES AND DISTRIBUTION DECLARATION PATTERN OF THE MOSSES OF DISTRICT MANSEHRA The material contained in this thesis entitled “Taxonomic Studies and Distribution Pattern of the Mosses of District Mansehra” my original work; I have not previously presented any part of this work elsewhere for any degree. Mazhar-ul-Islam The thesis of Mazhar-ul-Islam is approved as partial fulfilment of the Ph.D Botany requirements for the degree of Ph.D in Botany. He has completed this thesis as a requirement for the Degree of Ph.D. SUPERVISOR DR. JAN ALAM Assistant Professor Department of Botany Hazara University-Mansehra DR. JAN ALAM CO-SUPERVISOR DR. MUHAMMAD FIAZ Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Botany Department of Botany Hazara University-Mansehra Hazara University Mansehra Dated: ____18/05_/2017 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2016 CERTIFICATE Certified that this thesis is written by Mazhar-ul-Islam S/O Muhammad Akhtar titled “Taxonomic Studies and Distribution Pattern of the Mosses of District Mansehra” under my supervision and guidance, the views express those of the author. He has completed this thesis as a requirement for the Degree of Ph.D in Botany. DEDICATION o those who loved by me and by whom I loved, especially my parents. T DR. JAN ALAM Research Supervisor Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra Dated: __18/05/2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.5.7. Climate-----------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Title Page No. 1.5.8. Forests Types of Mansehra---------------------------------------------------8 Acknowledgement------------------------------------------------------------------------------i i. Sub-mountain forests----------------------------------------------------------8 Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii ii. Mountain sub-tropical forests-----------------------------------------------9 Chapter-1-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 iii. Mountain temperate forests-------------------------------------------------10 INTRODUCTION iv. Sub-alpine forests--------------------------------------------------------------11 1.1. Bryophyta-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 v. Alpine scrubs and pastures--------------------------------------------------12 1.2. Habitat of Mosses--------------------------------------------------------------------2 vi. Cold deserts----------------------------------------------------------------------13 Aims and Objectives--------------------------------------------------------------------14 1.3. Importance of bryophytes ---------------------------------------------------------2 Chapter-2-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 1.3.1. Pollution Indicators-----------------------------------------------------------------2 REVIEW OF LITTIRATURE 1.3.2. Ecological Roles of Mosses-------------------------------------------------------3 Chapter-3----------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 1.3.3. Nitrogen Fixations------------------------------------------------------------------3 MATERIALS AND METHODS INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA-------------------------------------------------4 3.1. Review of previous literature---------------------------------------------22 1.5.1. Location and Administration----------------------------------------------------4 3.2. Field Plan for Surveys------------------------------------------------------23 1.5.2. Topography---------------------------------------------------------------------------4 3.3. Field Survey-------------------------------------------------------------------23 1.5.3. Hydrography-------------------------------------------------------------------------5 3.4. Labeling------------------------------------------------------------------------23 1.5.4. Lakes of Mansehra-----------------------------------------------------------------6 1.5.5. Soil-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 3.5. Laboratory work-------------------------------------------------------------23 1.5.6. Geology-------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 3.5.1. Morphological Studies----------------------------------------------------24 3.5.2. Anatomical Studies-----------------------------------------------------24 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Details Page No. 3.5.3. Analysis of Substrate pH ---------------------------------------------25 Figure 1 Administrative map of the District Mansehra 5 3.5.4. Identification and Documentation---------------------------------25 Figure 2 Sub-mountain forests, Darband; Indus river bank. 11 3.6. Distribution Pattern Studies-----------------------------------------26 Figure 3 Sub-mountain forests, Trappi 11 Figure 4 Mountain sub-tropical forests, Karair Game reserve 12 3.7. Phytogeographical Analysis-----------------------------------------28 Figure 5 Mountain sub-tropical forests, Mansehra. 12 Figure 6 Moist temperate Pinus willichiana forest, Dhor (Siran Valley) 13 3.8. Deposition of Voucher Specimens--------------------------------29 Figure 7 Moist temperate Pinus willichiana-Cidrus deodara mix forest, 14 Shogran Chapter-4---------------------------------------------------------------------------30 Figure 8 Sub alpine Vibernum sp. Forest, Paya. 14 RESULTS Figure 9 Sub-alpine pasture, Khori (Musa ka Musalla). 15 Figure 10 Cold desert, Malika Parbat (ca.17600) 16 A. Taxonomical Aspects---------------------------------------------------30 Figure 11 Cold desert, Ansoo lake ( ca. 17800) 16 Figure 12 Visited localities in the study area: Tehsil Balakot (various 32 localities B. B-PLEUROCARPOUS MOSSES RESULTS--------------------123 Figure 13 Family-wise Distribution of the Taxa in the Study Area 36 C. B-DISTRIBUTION PATTERN STUDIES-----------------------148 Figure 14 Rhodobryum ontariens 49 Figure 15 Rhodobryum roseum 49 I. Family-wise Distribution of the taxa in the Study Area-----160 Figure 16 Bryum argentium 50 II. THREATS----------------------------------------------------------------180 Figure 17 Bryum pseudotriquetrum 50 Chapter-5--------------------------------------------------------------------------185 Figure 18 Oncophorus wahlenbergii. 53 Figure 19 Ditrichum Sp. 58 DISCUSSION Figure 20 Distichium capillaceum 58 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ----------------------188 Figure 21 Funaria hygrometrica 70 Chapter-6--------------------------------------------------------------------------189 Figure 22 Funaria hygrometrica 71 Figure 23 Funaria sp 71 REFFERENCES Figure 24 Entosthodon bolendri 72 Figure 25 Entosthodon planoconcex 72 Figure 26 Entosthodn sp. 73 Figure 27 Physcomitrium eurostomum 73 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Figure 28 Physcomitrium sp 74 Figure 29 Physcomitrium Californicum 74 First of all, I thank to almighty ALLAH, the most merciful and passionate, for Figure 30 Physcomitrium pyriforme 75 providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to proceed Figure 31 Plagiomnium medium 89 successfully. It is the blessing of Almighty ALLAH and His beloved Prophet Figure 32 Mnium alii 90 Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W), which enabled me to achieve this goal. Figure 33 Mnium alii 90 Completion of this Ph.D research was not possible without the support of Figure 34 Mnium spinosum 91 several people. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all of them. Figure 35 Rhyzomnium magnifolium 91 At the very outset, I express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my Figure 36 Encalypta vulgaris A, Habit; B, capsule; C, calyptra 64 research supervisor Dr. Jan Alam, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Figure 37 Encalypta vulgaris: leaf cell, marginal cell left side, tip cell right above, 64 below laminal cell Hazara University Mansehra for his kind supervision at every stage of my Ph.D on field, in lab. and during write up. He guided me on every stage and Figure 38 Encalypta vulgaris: Habit, Leaf arrangement, Leaf shape, Capsule with 65 moment. dry calyptra, dry capsule, Calyptra. I will also thankful to my co. supervisor Dr. Muhammad Fiaz, Assistant Figure 39 Encalypta vulgaris: A, Leaf shape; B, Marginal cells; C, laminal cells; 65 professor Department of Botany, for their valuable guidance, consistent D, Basal laminal cells. encouragement and supervision that I received throughout the research work. I am also very thankful to Prof. Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Chairman Department of Botany that provide me lab facilities in the department. Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Associate Professor and Herbarium Incharge, Department of Botany for herbarium facilities and their moral support during research work. I am deeply and strongly obliged to Dr. Abdul Majid, lecturer, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra for his encouragement for his cooperation during field work and data arrangement. I would like to express our especial gratitude to Prof. Dr. Johann Peter Gruber Salzburg-Austria, for providing old literature related to the Bryophytes of Pakistan. I am thankful to Dr. Neil Bell, Royal Botanical garden Edinburg UK. And Dr. M.A. Bruggeman-Nannenga Netherlands, for their accommodative attitude thought provoking guidance, patience and sympathetic behaviour and valuable suggestions during my research work. i I also
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