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Home , Ansoo Lake, Baffa, Balakot, Kaghan (town), Kaghan Valley, Lalazar

District Profile

Prepared By SMEDA, NWFP

Small & Medium Enterprises Development Authority Ministry of Industries & Production Government of

February, 2009 Table of Contents S.No Contents Page No

1 Introduction……………………………………………….……. ………1 2 History…………………………………………………….…...... ………2 3 Economic Scenario of the district…………………….…...... ………3 4 Economic Potential……………………………………….…….. ………4 4.1 Agriculture.……………………………….…………………. ………4 4.2 Horticulture.……………………………….………………… ………4 4.3 Forestry ……………………………………………….…...... ………5 4.4 Livestock and Fisheries…………….………….……………. ………5 4.5 Industry……………………………………………….…...... ………5 4.6 Mineral………………………………………………………. ………6 4.7 Tourism……………………………………………………… ………6 a) …..……………………….…...... ………7 b) Dadar…………………………………….………. ………7 c) ……………………………...... ………8 d) Valley…………………………...... ………8 e) ………………………………………….. ………8 f) …………………………………………….. ………9 5 Trade and trade centers……………………………………….. …..…10 6 Small Investment Projects for the District…………………… …..…11

6.1  Trout Farming……………………………………………. …..…12 6.2  Embroidery Stitching Unit ……….……………………... …..…14 6.3  Poultry Farm………….………………………………….. ……..15 6.4  Honey Bee Keeping……………………………………… …..…16

6.5  Walk In Tunnel Vegetables Farm……………………….. …..…17 … 1. Introduction:

The name of District ‘Mansehra’ is derived from its headquarters town Mansehra. It is named after Man Singh, the Governor General under the rule of . Mansehra is the North Eastern District of N.W.F.P and at altitude of 975.36 meters (3200 feet). It was a large district with a total area of 4,579 sq km. According to 1998 Census Report its total population is 1,152,839 with an average annual growth rate of 2.4% with literacy rate 36.3%. Main languages spoken and understand here are , Pashtoo, Gojree and our national language is very common and understand most. 50% people understand English language. The famous is situated on the north-eastern boundary of the district. The Nanga Parbat Mountain is located about 40 kilometers from the north eastern boundary of the district. Mansehra is a beautiful area and has very famous areas around it which are always very brilliant and give a nice look to the eyes and are the best example of the natural beauty. There are two cropping seasons in the district. One is called ‘Kharif’ which ranges from April to September. Maize, rice and seasonal vegetables are grown in this season. Second is called ‘Rabi’ which ranges from the month of October to March. Wheat, peas and other seasonal vegetables are grown in this season. Due to favorable climatic conditions, the district is rich in vegetables and fruits. Cabbage, carrot and reddish in vegetables and peaches, plums and pears in fruit are grown in the area. District Mansehra is rich in flora. A variety of herbs is found throughout the district. Many of these herbs are used for medicinal purposes. These include Gulkhaira, Khtmi, Musli Sufead, Kadpai, Thandibotti, Sumal, Kakul, Ispaghol, Patris, Manira, Chora, Banafsha, Bantol, Chau, Kuthi Raisha Khatmi and Nera. A large variety of fauna is also available in the district. This includes leopard, porcupine, black bear, monal, and koklas pheasant, jackal, wild goat, brown bear, wolf and other migratory birds. 2. History: Mansehra (former Sarkar) has a very old history in the Sub-Continent. Its geographical boundaries have constantly been changed in the times of various Rajas, Maharajahs and Kings in the past. after conquering the northern established his rule over a large part of it. Different historians are of the opinion that in the year 327 B.C. Alexander handed over this area to Abisaras, the Raja of Poonch state. During Maurya dynasty Mansehra remained a part of Taxila. In second century A.D. a mythical Hindu king Raja Risalu, son of Raja Salbahan of , brought this area under his way. The local people consider him as their hero and even today parents narrate to their children the stories of Raja Risalu and his wife Rani Konklan in the winter nights. It is also said that Turkey Shahi and dynasties ruled Pakhli one after another. Again in the 11th century A.D. after the fall of Hindu Shahi dynasty, the Kashmiris occupied this area under the leadership of Kalashan (1063 to 1089 A.D). In the last quarter of the 12th century A.D. Asalat Khan, a General of Mohammad Ghuri, captured this area but soon after Mohammad Ghuri's death the Kashmiris once again occupied it. In 1472 A.D. Prince Shahab-ud-Din came from Kabul and established his rule here. He founded the state namely Pakhli Sarkar and chose Village Gulibagh as his capital. The first quarter of the 18th century A.D became miserable for the Turks because their rule came to an end due to the decay of their vitality, and the increasing aggression of the Pukhtoons and their allied forces. The most crucial attack was that of the Swatis under the command of Syed Jalal Baba in 1703 A.D. They ousted the Turks and captured this area. In 1849 A.D this area came under the direct control of the British. In 1901 when NWFP province was formed, Hazara was separated from the Punjab and made a part of NWFP. Today Mansehra is a place of scenic beauty. The climate is cold in much winter and pleasantly warm in summer. The northern part like is cold in summer and extremely cold in winter and it receives heavy snow fall. District has two distinct seasons; the summer season which lasts from April to September and winter season which is from October to March. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during the month of June are about 35° C and 21° C respectively.

3. Economic Scenario of the district: Mansehra foremost economy depends on diverse alternatives such as, agriculture, Poultry, mining, tourism and reliance on natural resources. Its population growth rate is higher, but its land fertility offer great opportunity for the people to earn and fulfill their daily life needs.

Agricultural product of the area includes Wheat, peas and other seasonal vegetables. Due to favorable climatic conditions, the district is rich in vegetables and fruit. Vegetables include Cabbage, carrot and reddish and fruits of this area include peaches, plums and pears. District Mansehra is affluent in flora. A diversity of herbs is found all over the district. Several of these herbs are used for medicinal purposes.

Agriculture land is being intensively cultivated and more fragile land is brought under agriculture through the cultivation of steep slopes and forest encroachments. In this continuation the people of different villages of Hazara Division who either did not have land or having very small land holding started work on some other sources of income for their livelihood and most of them went towards cottage industry (Crochet, Adda and other Handicrafts).

Livestock and fisheries are the main source of milk and meat etc. Profusion of Poultry farms are also found in this district. Bullocks and cows are also used for ploughing. A lot of migrant families keep their sheep and travel remote and ample their cattle. In Mansehra, the production from various fisheries is 9.900 million tons.

District Mansehra is also one of the major mining regions of the NWFP. In terms of infrastructure, the district is relatively well served both by major roads and telecommunications networks.

Mansehra also has very much importance from tourist point of view. It has famous hill stations, historical lakes, and gorgeous valleys which provides charming scenic and beauty to the eyes. Tourism contributes much to the GDP of Pakistan.

The economy of the area is largely agrarian, with high dependence on natural resources which have already depleted. Due to high population growth rate, small land holdings and lack of alternative sources of income, the pressure on land and natural resources is continuously increasing. 4. Economic Potential

4.1 Agriculture:

Only one-fourth of the total area of the district is constituted of plains. The plains where irrigation facilities are available and food grain likes wheat and maize are produced in sufficient quantity. The main crop of Rabi is wheat and of Kharif are maize and rice. Others crops being produced are barley, onion, potatoes (Rabi) and sugarcane (Kharif).

Important cash crop is tobacco. Good quality tobacco is grown in Pakhli plains. Apotato Research Center is working at Batakundi near Kaghan and an Agriculture Research Station is established at . Prospects of tea cultivation are very favorable according to the experts and a research station for this purpose is working at Baidadi near Mansehra. The lack of irrigation facilities in the district has affected the productivity of the soil in spite of its fertility. Total area of the district is 10,67,291 acres out of which 2,58,999 acres is cultivated and 8,08,292 acres is uncultivated. Irrigated land is 48,571 acres only. Thus the land proves not much productive. Cultivation mainly depends on seasonal rainfall. The soil of Pakhli plain is very fertile and productive due to irrigation facilities.

Horticulture The science and art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants is called Horticulture. Agriculture plays an important role in Pakistan's economy contributing 25% to GDP, employs 44% work force of country. With in agriculture the horticulture is an important sector, production of fruits 6.2m tons, vegetables 5.0m tons, citrus 2.0m tons, mangoes 1.0m tons, dates 0.63m tons and apples 0.4m tons. Total exports of fruits and vegetables for 120435000 US$ and quantity 471693tons.Due to favorable climatic conditions, the district is rich in vegetables and fruits. Some of the major vegetables and fruits are cabbage, carrot, reddish, peaches, plums, pears, citrus, loquat, banana, apricot, apple walnut and persimmon.

4.2 Forestry:

Mansehra is one of the richest districts as regards the forest wealth of Pakistan, having many small and large forests scattered throughout the region. Forests of the district are rich in trees as Deodar, Blue pine, Chirr, Poluddar, Walnut, Cherry, Poplar and Kao (wild olive) etc. A large variety of medicinal plants are also found in the forests. Such plants are also grown especially in the northern forests and a large variety of wild life is also depending on these forests.

4.3 Livestock and Fisheries:

Buffaloes, cows, sheep, goats are the main source of milk and meat etc, but the total milk production is below than that of other areas of Pakistan. Poultry farms are also found in abundance. Bullocks and cows are used for ploughing but mostly these are inefficient. A lot of nomad families keep their sheep and travel far and wide their cattle. Major livestock of the district comprises of animals such as ass, buffalo, camel, cattle, goat, horse, mule, poultry, and sheep. In Mansehra, the production from various fisheries is 9.900 million tons.

Industry:

The district unfortunately has been and still is very backward in terms of industrialization due to non-availability of basic infrastructure. A small industrial estate had been set up in 1986 on an area of 20 acres with a total cost of Rs. 6.177 million. In the whole district 25 units are manufacturing soap, furniture, ice, flour, plastic shoes, etc. Profile of Small Industrial Estate in Mansehra is given below: PROFILE SMALL INDUSTRIAL ESTATE MANSEHRA Shehilia Road Mansehra Phone No. 0987-302494

1. Name : S.I.E Mansehra 2. Total Area : 20 Acres 3. Total No. of Plots : 112 4. Size of Plots : A/10000, B/5000, C/3000 Sq: Ft. 5. Total No. of Plots allotted : 107 6. Total No. of Units in Operation : 10 7. Infrastructure Facilities : Available 8. Estimated Distance/ Time to : 2Kms/ 5 Minutes drive Shahrah-e-Resham

Currently working Industries in Mansehra,

S.No Type of Industry Number of Units 1 Textile 2 2 Bakery Products, Sweets 4 3 Soap 1 4 Melamine 1 5 Pharmacy 1 6 Chemical 1 7 Furniture 7 8 Fiber Glass 1 9 Metal & Metal Product 3 10 China Clay & Ceramics 3

4.4 Minerals:

The district has natural resources that are being explored and extracted from the mines. In Kaghan, ores of paradox, whereas in Oghi and ores of graphite have been discovered and are being excavated. Some of the other minerals found in the district are coal, corundum, feldspar, granite, marble, quartz and soap stone.

4.5 Tourism:

Tourism is a growing industry in Pakistan, based on its diverse cultures, peoples and landscapes. Tourist of domestic and international territory visited these areas which became earn of living for local people. This area i-e Mansehra is a gate way to the tourism. And has played and playing a vital role in the development of tourism and in the growth of GDP of Pakistan. Mansehra itself is a little city but lies in the heart that’s the reason it is very important. Mansehra is a gorgeous, stunning and fine-looking area and delimited by very famous areas around it, which are always very dazzling, glittering and give a nice look to the eyes and are the best example of the natural beauty. Tourism is a growing industry in Pakistan, based on its diverse cultures, traditions, customs and the historical places which faced many historical events and legends. It has many positive aspects but the negative impact of the environment corrosion without proper assistance can also not be neglected. Among the important features of the city, one is its major tourist attraction because of the three granite boulders on which edicts of have been inscribed. a) Baffa

Baffa is a town having some of the richest fields for growing tobacco and rice. It is also an important trade center. b) Dadar

It is known for its Tuberculosis Sanitarium, where weather is very pleasant in summers due to thick forests. c) Balakot

Moving almost 30 Kms away from Mansehra City, there's the first special place to see and enjoy and to take the 1st stay of the tour. This is very beautiful area. The river named as KUNHAR plays the most important role in the beauty of this area. This area is full of pine trees. When traveling to Balakot you will find a lot of beautiful things to see, very attractive things to enjoy. Journey from Mansehra to Balakot is a charming experience. The road passes through beautiful green hills and thick forests. The views are spectacular and are an ideal tourist spot. d) Kaghan Valley

The beautiful valley of Kaghan is about 150 kilometers long. It is famous for its scenery all over the country. It has got thick forests, consisting of fine trees of Deodar and Pine. Kaghan is the biggest valley consisting of Jarid, Balakot, and Shogran. This area is also an example of what the natural beauty is. It is at the drive of 5 to 6 hours from Shogran. But you don’t get bore while driving to Kaghan because there are a lot of things to enjoy in the way. The river Kunhar moves along side the road, as you will be moving up it will be going down. When reached Kaghan, you will find a lot of attractive things. This area has special arrangements for the tourists at the cheap rates, Hotels and Restaurants are available. One thing you will obviously enjoy is the TROUT FISH, which is also available in Balakot and Naran. Well this place is also as so very much attractive that needs a visit. e) Shogran

At the drive of 2 hours after moving from Balakot, another most attractive and the main point for tourists is Shogran. This area is very brilliant and beautiful, but when you get to Shogran you will not find anything much interesting except hotels and restaurants, but the real beauty is up there on SIRREE PAYE. A jeep track leads to this tranquil summer retreat of super climate and spectacular views. At the top of SIRREE, there are a lot of things to enjoy the main attracting thing is a little lake at the top, which is naturally made with the water of rain and snow. It is one of the most beautiful plateaus in the whole area. The mighty peaks of Himalayan Ranges such as Musa ka Massalla and are visible from the valley due to its high altitude. f) Naran

This town is situated on the banks of River Kunhar. The river is wider and quieter here. It is a starting point for Lake Saif-ul-Maluk, Battakundi, Plateau, Lake and Babusar Pass. Outstanding attraction of Naran is its air of peace and serenity. At the drive of 2 hours from Kaghan there lays a place named as Naran, which is the place where the tourists' ratio is very high due to its beautiful and attractive looks. The main thing which people enjoy here is the fish Trout and another thing named as the Lake Saif-ul-Maluk great scene. Between the four mountains this lake lies. Its water is very cold and of the color green and blue that’s why it is unique and very much attractive. People enjoy staying here, due to its natural beauty and weather which is very cold. g) Lake Saif-ul-Maluk

The lake and its surroundings have a touch of illusory about them and is breath taking lovely. There is a charming prodigy associated with the lakeA fairy tale called Saiful Muluk, written by the famous Sufi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, is associated with the lake. It is the story of prince of Persia who fell in love with a fairy princess at the lake. The impact of the lake beauty is of such extent that people believe that fairies come down to lake in full moon.. Lake Saif- ul-Maluk is at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley near Naran, Pakistan. At an altitude of 3,224 m above sea level, it is one of the highest lakes in Pakistan. The clarity of the water comes from the multiple glaciers around the high basin, which all feed the lake. It is also included in the list 0f 07 wonders of the world. h) :

Ansoo Lake is a high-altitude lake (elevation 16,490 feet or 5,027 meters) in the Kaghan Valley in the of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is near Malika Parbat in the Himalayan range. It can be reached by a difficult trek from Saiful Muluk Lake. If one chooses to walk it takes more than eight hours for both going and coming back to the lake Saif-ul- Muluk. Horses can also be hired from the Lake Saif ul Muluk along with a guide person who will take you to Ansoo Lake. It costs almost PKR 5000 per horse but one still has to walk more than 50% of the distance himself. Another trek to reach Ansoo Lake is from , which is 40 km below Naran, but this is a less trod route and the difficulties are unknown. The name "Ansoo" comes from its tear-like shape (the Urdu word Ansoo means teardrop). The lake is said to have been discovered in 1993 by pilots who were flying low above the area. Earlier, the lake was not even known to the locals.

5. Trade and trade centers:

Baffa, Shinkiari, and Mansehra city itself are the main trading centers of the district. Agriculture products like vegetables and fruits are brought from the suburbs to these centers for further transition within and outside the district.

A very good quality tobacco is grown in the plains of the district, which is exported to the down districts. The poultry industry of the district is also very prominent. Poultry and its products are also exported in abundance to other parts of the country. Woolen clothes, garments and blankets from upper areas i.e., Kaghan and Balakot are also exported to the down district. 6. Small Investment Projects for the District:  Trout Farming  Embroidery Stitching Unit  Poultry Farm  Honey Bee Keeping  Walk In Tunnel Vegetables Farm 6.1 Trout Farming (Aquaculture)

INTRODUCTION Aquaculture is an emerging industry in Pakistan; and is becoming of vital importance to food security and income generation potential in the rural area. The available technologies for the purpose are the variable size Concrete Raceways or earthen raceways in which trout rearing can be done. Market Access and trade issues are key areas of concern for producers in terms of wealth creation and regional job. The trout fish is high demand and the production will be sold out on its availability within the local market. However, it is advisable to form cooperatives or group formation for the marketing of the product for better returns from sale of the trout production on the farms.

Business Process Flow:

Transportation of Feasibility Study of Design of fish Construction/ seed from Supply the Site for Trout raceways (Nursery Reservation of fish center /Trout seed culture & Production) seed at seed center rearing in nursery

HUSBANDARY Rearing of Trout in Harvesting and production raceway to Marketing Day to Day management Feeding & cleaning of marketable size raceways

(Micro Trout farm < 1,000 Kilogram)

A GENERAL INFORMATION Type of Farm Small Scale Size of proposed raceway 640 sft space Duplix 40’ x 8’x 3.5’ with a common wall. Elevation of site from sea level 5000 to 6000 feet Water Availability Stream/Spring water with minimum discharge of 12 -20 litres per Second during dry spell/season Water Temperature range 5-18 Celsius CONSTRUCTION Cost of land Land available with owner Size of pond Provided above Mode of Construction Concrete/Stone with steel reinforcement/earthen if site allows Working area around the pond 150 sft Water flow channel From stream to pond & out flow to main stream Estimated Capital Fixed Cost

Item/Category Units Price Quantity Value Site preparation 10,000 Concrete floor Feet sq 30,000 2 Nos 60,000 Concrete walls Feet sq 25,000 3 75,000 Reinforcing steel Pair 15,000 Drain pipe Pair 15,000 Screens Pair 3,000 Drain channel 25,000 Water Channel assembly 15,000 Equipment Lot 30,000 Machinery One set 50,000 Cost of wooden frame with 7,000 plastic gauze size 8’x3.5’ Total cost 305,000

Operational Cost Item/Category Units Price Quantity Value Fish seed 4” Each 5 5000 25,000 Standard Feed Kilogram 30 2200 66,000 Medicine Variable - - 6,000 Chemicals Variable 3,000 Total Variable Cost 100,000

Estimated Annual Revenue From Sale of One Crop.

Item/Category Units Price (Rs) Quantity (Kg) Value Sale of Fish Kilogram 300 1000 3,00,000 Operating cost Per annum 1,00,000 Operating cost 6 months 50,000 Total gross return 150,000 Add:  Variable cost of land rent per annum = 4,000  After first operation the production cycle will be for each year by including Nursery unit at the farm.

Assumptions:  Based on final weight of 250-300 grams/fish over a period of 18-20 months each crop.  Nursery units to be established with the production raceways 10’x5’x3’ including 6” free board  Amount of feed consumed based on 2.2:1 food conversion rates.

6.2 Embroidery Stitching Unit

Description: Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins.

Tools and Machinery:

No. Equipment Quantity Price 1. Embroidery Machine 1 25,000 2. Sewing Machine 1 5,000 3. Pressing Unit 1 5,000 4. Needles Kit 1 500 5. Thread Kit 1 500 6. Frames 1 500 7. Other equipments 500 Total 6 37,000 Project Costs per annum:

No. Particulars Price 1. Fabric as required approx. 50,000 2. Human Resource (2 personnel) 150,000 3. Maintenance cost 1,000 4. Transportation Cost 100,000 5. Tools and equipments 37,000 6. Total Investment 347,000 7. Return on capital Employed (after 1st year) 226,000 8. Profit 121,000 9. Rate of Return 23% 6.3 Poultry Farm Introduction: The broiler farm is a project of livestock sector, in which, the day old chicks (DOCs) are raised on high protein feed for a period of six weeks. This business can be started both in rural and semi-urban areas in sheds. The broiler birds are sold to traders and in the wholesale markets in the urban areas. Some times birds can also be sold directly to the shopkeepers in the urban markets.

Farm Equipment List of farm equipment, which will be needed, are as under:

S. No Farm Equipment No. Rs/unit. Rs. 1. Brooder 8 500 4000 2. Drum Heater 2 1000 2000 3. Small Drinkers 40 75 3000 4. Large Drinkers 80 200 16000 5. Small Feeder 55 95 5225 6. Large Feeder 90 135 12150 7. Shifting Boxes 5 1900 9500 Total 280 51,875

PROJECT COST (Cost for One Flock) Project Economics (Broiler population = 4,500 birds) Account Head Total Cost (Rs) Machinery & Equipment 51,875 Total Fixed Cost 51,875 Feed, Electricity & Medicines (Rs.80 per 1.5 kg chick) 360,000 Upfront Building Rent for two Months 20,000 Chicken price (Day old) of 4,500 @ Rs. 20 each 90,000 HR (2 persons) for two Months 20,000 Total Working Capital 490,000 Total Project Cost 541,875 Revenues (selling price per chicken Rs. 150 per 1.5 kg ) 641,250 Profit 99,375 Rate of Return 19% 6.4 Honey Bee Keeping Introduction Honey is a sweet substance produced by honey bees from the nectar of blossoms. Honey consists essentially of different sugars, predominantly glucose and fructose etc. Honey, a pure, natural sweetener prepared by bees from nectar collected from wild and cultivated flowers, was the first sweetener known to man. The total numbers of the bee keepers entrepreneurs (farm) in NWFP is about 3500 and the direct employment in these farms are 17500 people. Business Process Flow:

Preparing Hives Attract Bees to the Cover the hive (Box) Hives with plastic sheath

Store the Honey in Extract the Honey Place the Hive for Large Canes three Months

Tools & Machinery No. Equipment Quantity Price 8. Honey Extractor Machine 1 3,500 9. Monkey Cap 3 450 10. Smoker 1 150 11. Queen catcher 2 160 12. Swarming catch basket 2 300 13. Spray Bottle Plastic 3 210 14. Gloves 3 210 15. Fork 4 320 Total 19 5,300

Cost of Project: per annum No. Particulars Price 10. Colonies of bees @ Rs.5000 - 10 frames 250,000 11. Wooden Box with frame @ Rs.550 each 27,500 12. Human Resource (3 personnel) 240,000 13. Foundation sheet @ Rs.25 each 12,500 14. Tools & Machinery (as per list above) 5,300 15. Feeding of Bees 60,000 16. Transportation Cost 10,000 17. Total Investment 605,300 18. Return on capital Employed (after 1st year) 445,100 19. Profit 135,100 20. Rate of Return 23%

6.5 Model Vegetable Farms (Walk-in Tunnel) This artificial method of plastic tunnels, specifically walk-in Tunnel farming, are lower than the high tunnels but they are gaining popularity as they provide high yield compared to low tunnels. The tunnel is suitable for growing tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet pepper and hot pepper. These tunnels will be 190 feet long, 6 – 8 feet high and 12 feet wide. The tunnel is built by pipe material of 20-mm diameter 18 feet length, and round shaped mild steel iron rods of 12-mm diameter and 2 feet length. This tunnel structure will then be covered by 0.06- mm thick and 20 feet wide plastic sheet. A total of around 13 tunnels can be constructed on an acre of land. Process Flow:

Selection of Selection of Soil Test Preparation Tunnel location consultant of field

Construction Marketing Picking Seed sowing Selection of Crop

Financials: Total cost of the Project is estimated to be Rs. 200,000 for one model farm and the total cost for 5 farms would be around 1 Million excluding the cost of land/rentals, expenses of land preparation, hybrid seeds and insecticides, which will be born by the private sector partner.

S.No. Description Cost/farm (Rs.) Total (Rs.) 1. Structure 100,000 500,000 2. Consultancy and Training program 50,000 250,000 3. Equipment/ Machinery rentals 25,000 125,000 4. Labor charges 25,000 125,000 Total 200,000 1,000,000