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App. E—Glossary of Acronyms ● 457

GHz —gigahertz (91 billion cycles per kHz –kilohertz (1 ,000 cycles per second) second) GMS –Geostationary Meteorological Sat- LACIE –Large Area Crop Inventory Ex- ellite (Japan) periment GNP –gross national product Landsat –land remote-sensing satellite GPS —global positioning satellite (some- system times NAVSTAR/GPS-DOD) LDC –less developed country GSO –geostationary orbit LEO –low-Earth orbit (up to approxi- HDDT-high –density digital tape mately .SOO km) HI AND Hll –Japanese expendable launch ve- MARl SAT –International Maritime Satellite hicles being developed by Organization NASDA MELCO –Mitsubishi Electric Co. HF –high frequency METEOSAT —meteorological satellite devel- Hz –hertz; a unit of frequency equal oped by ESA to one cycle per second MHz —megahertz (1 Ob cycles per IAA –International Academy of As- second) tronautics MITI –Ministry of International Trade IAEA –International Atomic Energy and Industry (Japan) Agency MLA —multispectral-li near array (solid IAF –International Astronautical Fed- state) eration MOS –Maritime Observation Satellite IBS —INTELSAT Business Service (Japan) ICBM —intercontinental ballistic missile MOU –Memorandum of Understanding lccP –Committee on Information, Com- MPS —materials processing in space puter and Communications Pol- MPTS —microwave power transmission icy system Icsu —International Council of Scientific MSS —multispectral scanner (on Unions Landsat) IEEE —Institute of Electrical and Elec- N-1 & II –Expendable launch vehicles de- tronics Engineers veloped by NASDA IFRB –International Frequency Registra- NACA –National Advisory Committee for tion Board Aeronautics IHW –International Halley Watch NACP –North Atlantic Consultative IISL –International Institute of Space Process Law NACPWG —North Atlantic Consultative Proc- ILA —International Lawyers Association ess (NACP) and its working IMCO —Intergovernmental Maritime Con- groups sultative Organization NAS —National Academy of Sciences INMARSAT –International Maritime Satellite NASA –National Aeronautics and Space Organization Administration INTERSPUTNIK–Communist bloc satellite system NAS Act –National Aeronautics and Space IPDC –International Program for the De- Act of 1958 velopment of Communication NASDA —National Space Development IRAC –Interdepartment Radio Advisory Agency (Japan) Committee NATO –North Atlantic Treaty Organi- IRS –Indian Remote-Sensing Satellite zation ISAS —Institute for Space and Aeronauti- NEC –Nippon Electric Corp. cal Sciences (Japanese) NESDIS –National Environmental Satellite, ISPM —International Solar Polar Mission Data, and Information Service ISRO —Indian Space Research Organi- NIEO —New International Economic zation Order ITU –International Telecommunication NOAA —National Oceanic and Atmos- Union pheric Administration JEA –Joint Endeavor Agreement N-ROSS –Navy Remote Ocean Sensing Sat- (NASA) ellite 458 “ International Cooperation and Competition in Civilian Space Activities

NSF —National Science Foundation SKYLAB –U.S. space laboratory, placed in NTIA —National Telecommunications orbit in the early 197os and now and Information Agency (DOC) disintegrated NTT –Nippon Telegraph & Telephone SLAR —side looking airborne radar Co. (public corporation for Japa- Solaris –proposed French free-flying, auto- nese communications) mated, industrial processing NWIO –New World International Order station OAS –Organization of American States SPACE LAB —space laboratory which fits into Ocl –Ocean Color Imager the shuttle’s cargo bay and was ODA —official development assistance developed as part of a coopera- OECD –Organization for Economic Coop- tive project with ESA and NASA eration and Development SPAS –Shuttle Pallet Satellite (a deploya- OES —Bureau of Oceans and Environ- ble carrier developed by MBB mental and Scientific Affairs, De- and first flown aboard the space partment of State shuttle in 1983) OMB –Office of Management and SPOT –SystSme Probetoire Observation Budget de la Terre (French land remote- ORB-85 —1 985 meeting of the ITU to con- sensing system) sider use of the geostationary SPOT IMAGE —semi-private French organization orbit responsible for production, oper- OSAD –U. N. Outer Space Affairs Di- ations, marketing, and sales of vision SPOT services OTA –Office of Technology Assessment SSTDMA —satellite switched time division OTRAG –Orbital Transport und Raketen multiple access Aktiengesellschaft (German pri- SSTO —single stage to orbit space vehicle vate firm) STS –U.S. Space Transportation System PAM –Payload Assist Module used to TAT —transatlantic telephone, designa- boost satellites into GSO from tion given to a series of undersea the main launch vehicle communication cable facilities PRC –People’s Republic of China TDMA —time division multiple access PRC (Space) —Policy Review Committee on TDRSS –Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Space established by Presidential System directive in May 1978 TEA –Technical Exchange Agreement PROTON —expendable launch vehicle of the TITAN –DOD expendable launch vehicle U.S.S.R. TM –thematic mapper (on Landsat) PTT –post, telephone, and telegraph TVRO –television receive only administrations U.K. –United Kingdom RARC –Regional Administrative Radio U.N. –United Nations Conference UNCSTD-U. N. –Conference on Science, Technol- RESTEC –Remote Sensing Technology Cen- ogy, and Development ter (Japan) UNDP –U. N. Development Program RF —radio frequency UNDRO –U. N. Disaster Relief Organization R&D —research and development UNEP –U. N. Environment Program RMS-Canadarm–Remote Manipulator System de- UNESCO –U. N. Education Science and Cul- veloped by SPAR Aerospace for tural Organization use on the U.S. Shuttle UNGA –U.N. General Assembly SALYUT —U.S.S.R. space station UN ISPACE ’82 –1 982 U.N. Conference on the Ex- SBS –Satellite Business System ploration and Peaceful Uses of SCOUT —small expendable launch vehicle Outer Space developed for NASA by LTV USDA –U.S. Department of Agriculture SIG (Space) –Senior Interagency Group-Space USGS –U.S. Geological Survey (DOI) (within White House) Uslscs —U.S. international service carriers SITE —Satellite Instructional Television USTTI –U.S. Telecommunications Train- Experiment (India) ing Institute App. E—Glossary of Acronyms ● 459

VAN —value-added networks WMO —World Meteorological Organiza- VHF —very high frequency tion (U. N. Agency) WARC –World Administrative Radio Con- Wul –Western Union International, ference (conducted by ITU) Inc., subsidiary of MCI Commu- WHO —World Health Organization nications Corp. WIPO –World Intellectual Property Orga- nization