CRITICAL PATH

AMERICAN SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM INTEGRATED SPACE PLAN Space Transportation (NSTS) Systems Division FIRST INTERNATIONAL RMS GENERATION EXPENDABLE LAUNCH (INTERNATIONAL) OF VEHICLE FLEET (Preliminary) IUS UNITED STATES LAUNCH VEHICLE CAPABILITES REUSABLE SPACECRAFT PRIVATE LAUNCH VERSION 1.1 FEBRUARY, 1989 VEHICLE # TO LEO # TO GEO GEO-CIRCULAR FIRST FLIGHT VEHICLES ALS 200,000 1998 * THE AMERICAN SPACE SHUTTLE (ELV’S) EMU SHUTTLE C 150,000 20,000 (CENTAUR) 1994 1983 PRODUCED BY RONALD M. JONES D/385-210 SPACE 55,000 5,500 (IUS) 1981 1983 * CHALLENGER OV-099 SHUTTLE 6,500 (TOS) * COLUMBIA OV-102 ABOUT THIS DIAGRAM: TITAN 4 40,000 12,500 10,000 (CENTAUR) 1989 OV-103 * DISCOVERY GOVERNMENT - The Rockwell Integrated Space Plan (ISP) is a very long range systematic perspective of America’s and the TITAN 3 33,000 8,600 4,200 (IUS) 1965 MMU * ATLANTIS OV-104 COMMERCIAL SATELLITE Western World’s space program. Its 100-plus-year vision was created from the integration of numerous NASA ATLAS 2 14,400 5,200 2,500 1991 EARTH-TO-ORBIT * TBD OV-105 DEPLOYMENT long-range studies including the project Pathfinder case studies, recommendations from the National ATLAS 1 12,300 1959 AND IN-SPACE Commission on Space’s report to the President, the Ride report to the NASA Administrator, and the new DELTA 2 11,100 3,190 1,350 (PAM-D) 1988 SATELLITE RETRIEVAL * THE SOVIET SPACE SHUTTLE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS National Space Policy Directive. Special initiatives such as the four Pathfinder scenarios or those described in DELTA 7,800 1960 AND SERVICING * BURAN the Ride Report (i.e., Mission To Planet Earth, Exploration of the Solar System, Outpost on the Moon, and TITAN 2 5,500 1965 DEFENSE SATELLITES Humans to Mars) are integral parts of the ISP. These initiatives as well as the agenda described in the National SCOUT 475 1961 VOYAGER II SOLAR MAX / ARIANE 3 Commision on Space report, are shown by shading the appropriate boxes involved. These shaded versions are URANUS ENCOUNTER SPACE SHUTTLE ENHANCEMENTS, SPACE TELESCOPE included separately as attachments to the ISP. The ISP is not meant to be a definitive plan for the development LAUNCH VEHICLES OF EUROPE AND JAPAN PLANETARY / SCIENTIFIC MISSION TYPES of space, but rather a compilation of evolutionary opportunities for our near-term and long-range space MISSIONS

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION, YLOADS VEHICLE # TO LEO # TO GEO COUNTRY FIRST FLIGHT activities. PRECURSOR A ARIANE 4 ARIANE 3 5,690 EUROPE 1984 AN INVIGORATED ELV FLEET The ISP can be read from top to bottom or left to right. From top to bottom, vertical column elements are ARIANE 4 9,260 EUROPE 1988 ROBOTIC SPACELAB SATELLITE REFUELING TITAN 2 phased in chronologically to support centerline milestones. Reading across the columns from left to right will ARIANE 5 46,000 14,960 EUROPE 1996 EXPLORATION AND U.S. NATIONAL POLICY (INTERNATIONAL) CAPABILITY yield the total scope of required activity within a given time period in support of the total “integrated” plan. The centerline of the ISP is the critical path defined by National Space Policy which closely resembles the H-1 2,300 JAPAN 1986 SPUR SPACE RECOVERY MID-SIZE P NSTS H-2 9,000 JAPAN 1992 GPS TDRS RETURN-TO-FLIGHT NASA Office of Exploration case study 4 scenario — Lunar Outpost To Early Mars Evolution. The Space 1988 1988 CONSTELLATION CONSTELLATION Shuttle and Space Station are essential initial elements; their value increases through the 1990’s as SUBORBITAL LOFT-1 / E’PRIME infrastructure evolves. Arrowed lines between boxes depict evolutionary, supporting, or synergistic SOVIET PHOBOS ABUNDANT NEAR-EARTH EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCES PAYLOAD MARKET relationships. Double-arrowed lines between boxes are communication / data links. Bold lines are trunk lines ENCOUNTER OV-105 PHOBOS/ ELEMENT EXTENDED DELTA 2 (MLV-1) with numerous (2 or more) branches stemming from along their length. Boxes with bold outlines are either RESOURCE MOON ASTEROIDS* COMETS CONTRACT AWARD DEIMOS NAME DURATION ORBITER long-range (centerline) objectives or key “enabling programs” important because their development affects the Al X ALUMINUM MAGELLAN HUBBLE TITAN 3 / 34D development of many other programs. Boxes with double lines are in-space transportation nodes. The ISP is SPACE TELESCOPE C X C X CARBON chronologically portrayed in five year time intervals because this is a practical segment of time for planning Ca X CALCIUM AND COMMERCIAL SPACE FACILITIES TITAN 4 VOYAGER II IN-SPACE and implementation of program objectives. Obviously, the dates shown have an uncertainty which increases Fe X M IRON SPACEHAB NEPTUNE with time, but the chronology is intended to be consistent. Finally, the large bubbles represent the synergistic H X C X HYDROGEN ARE WESTERN PRECURSORS RESEARCH & STARFIRE / SSI summation of the individual elements of that period. They are the highest level groups of goals: plateaus of He3 X HELIUM 3 SUBORBITAL ET DEVELOPMENT TO human achievement attainable through a comprehensive execution of the depicted ISP elements. Mg X MAGNESIUM GALILEO APPLICATIONS ILV-1 / AMROC N X C X NITROGEN GRO PERMANENT PV-105 Ni X M NICKEL EDO YLOADS PEGASUS / OSC ULYSSES DELIVERY A O X C X OXYGEN MID-SIZE PAYLOAD P ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL Si X SILICON (INTERNATIONAL) HUMAN PRESENCE MARKET CDSF ATLAS 2 (MLV-2) Space Transportation Systems Division Ti TITANIUM 12214 Lakewood Blvd. H2O ? X C X WATER MARS IN SPACE SMALL OV-106 TETHERED JAPANESE H-2 HLC Downey, California 90241 OBSERVER * METALLIC=M EVOLVABLE OMV CONTRACT AWARD ? SYSTEMS / TSS 1993 CARBONACEOUS=C * THE SOVIET SPACE STATION FREEDOM 1993 ADVANCED SECOND Attn: Ed Repic, Project Manager 1993 SOURCE SRB / LRB Lunar and Planetary Systems LEO ET RESOURCE BASE SOLAR SAIL ELV DEPLOYMENT Mail Code AD21 LEGEND DEMONSTRATION POSSIBLITY * THE SOVIET SPACE STATION MIR ET / ACC MISSION TO PLANET LIGHTSAT CLASS ELEMENT EARTH - ELEMENT PAYLOAD MARKET ISP Program Element RESOURCE LBS/TANK NASA’S SHUTTLE “C” / NAME EVOLVABLE OTV & DATA INTEGRATION CRAF SHUTTLE DERIVED Key Enabling Program Al 56,490 HEO AND (not on the critical path) C 2,760 CISLUNAR COORBITING LOW HEAVY LIFT CAPABILITY POLAR ORBIT Cr 188 CHROMIUM TIONS FTS INCLINATION PLATFORMS In-space Transportation Node STARPROBE TRANSPORTATION MATURING TIONS ACTIITIES Cu 3,450 COPPER SOLAR ARRAYS AMERICAN NASP / X-30 Fe 415 CENTAUR / SDV AND SHUTTLE AND CREW RETURN VEHICLE US / STATION STRUCTURE (FIRST FLIGHT LATE ‘94) Plateaus or eras of human H 466 DEEP SPACE CAPABILITY APPLICA AXAF POLAR ORBITING MPE and technical achievement INTERNATIONAL ABILITY LUNAR OBSERVER OPERATIONS APPLICA Mg 268 ELV FLEET INTERNATIONAL SPACE SLC-6 VANDENBERG ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE DUMP SPACE STATION STATION MODULES Supporting, evolutionary or N 246 2 STAGE LEO-GEO-LEO SIRTF UTILIZATION CAP OBSERVATION ACC PROJECT synergistic interrelationship Ni 200 STV CAPABILITY / PLATFORMS (4 PROPULSION SYSTEMS SPUR FREE ACEHAB LOGISTICS ELEMENTS LIFT ET PLATFORMS DEPLOYED O 1,725 SP MOMV EUROPEAN ARIANE 5 AND LUNAR LANDING MISSION FOR CIT Communication or data links Si 690 ENTERPRISE LAUNCH CAPABILITY VY 1994 THRU 1997)

SITE RECON ACE SHUTTLE EVOLUTIONS Ti 220 INTERPLANETARY GEO MPE BIOSPHERE PLANET EARTH DOD SPACE STATION SP HEA Trunk line (two or more branches) MISSION ? OBSERVATION ELEMENT / ACTIVITIES PLANT AND ANIMAL Zn 173 ZINC EXPANSION SPACE HARBORING / VIVARIUM LAB DOD’S ALS- MANNED POLAR PLATFORMS DEPLOYED- SERVICING / TENDING & NASA / DOD ORBITING SPACE Critical Path / Timeline LUNAR ROVER / 5 DEPLOYED 1996 - 2000 1998 FREE FLYING RESEARCH/ 1998 SPACE STATION LEO PROPELLANT DEPOT MANUFACTURING LABS HEAVY LIFT VEHICLE SHUTTLE 1998 SAMPLE RETURN PARTIALLY CLOSED SOVIET AND CHINESE COMPONENT CELSS MISSIONS ? REMOTE TENDED GEO LAUNCH VEHICLES INDEPENDENT LEO ENABLES THE EUROPEAN TRANSPORTATION NODE VARIABLE “G” BIO-MEDICAL SOLAR DYNAMICS HERMES

VEHICLE # TO LEO # TO GEO MARS ACEHAB CENTAUR HLV OR MLV AND FUEL DEPOT ? IN-SPACE DEEP SPACE PLANETARY ORBITAL PLANE WESTERN

ROVER / SAMPLE SP RESEARCH FACILITY DEEP SPACE MISSIONS MISSIONS DEPLOYMENT ENERGIA 220,000 RETURN MISSIONS SHUTTLE 66,000 COMMERCIAL MMW FISSION SPACE SHUTTLE PROLIFERATION OF MANNED OTV LEO QUARANTINE POWER GENERATION SL-13 43,000 (PROTON) EXTERNAL TANK PASSENGER MODULE ? SATURN-TITAN MANNED SPACE REUSABLE SPACECRAFT SL-12 43,000 (PROTON) TRANSFER VEHICLE ACTIVITY DERIVED WORKSHOPS SL-16 33,000 CASSINI MISSION COMMERCIAL AND (WET / DRY) (INTERNATIONAL) SL-4 16,500 DEFENSE SAT LAUNCHES ET DERIVED GAMMA SDI / DOD POLAR ORBIT * THE NASA NASP * BIOSPHERE RESEARCH TION SL-3 13,900 EXTERNAL TANK RAY TELESCOPE A LAUNCH PROGRAMS EXTERNAL TANK SL-14 12,100 MAN TENDED DEPLOYMENT * THE ESA HERMES MERCURY GEO * IN-SPACE COMMERCE LEO EXTERNAL TANK DERIVED PLATFORMS SL-11 8,800 ORBITER AND FACILITIES * THE NASDA HOPE SL-6 4,600 RESOURCE BASE / GRAVITY GRADIENT ACE ST THE AMERICAN NDV STABILIZATION * THE GERMAN SANGER SL-8 3,800 * SOLAR SYSTEM EXPANSION MOMENTUM RESERVOIR SSTO OPERATIONAL INCREASED AEROBRAKE CAPABILITY * THE BRITISH HOTOL LONG MARCH 3 5,500 PHOBOS SAMPLE TETHERED SYSTEMS CAPABILITY LONG MARCH 4 8,800 RETURN MISSION STRATEGIC WESTERN SOLAR POWERED UNMANNED GEO THE JAPANESE H-II MAN TENDED GEO 2003

ELECTRIC PROPULSION RESOURCE BASE COMM AND ERT EUROPEAN SP 2003 COMM PLATFORMS ON-ORBIT HOPE HEAVY AND 2003 MARS AERONOMY PLATFORM TENDING ASTRONOMY LDF ORBITAL PLANE ORBITER IN LEO MEDIUM LIFT ELV CAPABILITY LUNAR ELECTRIC PILOTED LUNAR TRANSFER LUNAR ORBIT

CAPABILITY- TIONS CARGO VEHICLE RETURN-TO-MOON STAGING / FACILITY THE AMERICAN * MLV-1 LUNAR PILOTED VEHICLE SUBSTANTIAL T COMET SAMPLE COMNET DEPLOYMENT (LOS/F) SHUTTLE II RETURN MISSION * TITAN 4 PAYOFFS FROM DOD LOW INCLINATION CELSS APPLICA SPACE STATION THE GERMAN TSTO * MLV-2 NUCLEAR POWERED ACEPOR MAINBELT ASTEROID SANGER * H-2 (NASDA) SP SPACE INVESTMENT RETURN-TO-MOON ABILITY ELECTRIC PROPULSION AEROSPACE PLANE MULTI-ORBITER / LUNAR LANDING ELEMENTS- CORE SAMPLE LUNAR PERSONNEL LANDER EUROPEAN AUTONOMOUS SURFACE EXPLORATION * SHUTTLE “C” / SDV FLYBY CAP BEGIN TO EMERGE COLLECTION AND MODULE SPACE STATION AND LUNAR CARGO LANDER OUTPOST ENABLING OF ANOTHER * ARIANE 5 (ESA) TELLITE RESEARCH ANALYSIS TIONAL INDUSTRY / UNIVERSITY EQUIPMENT EVALUATION PLANETARY BODY THE BRITISH SSTO MARS NETWORK RESEARCH FACILITIES HOTOL * ALS EARTH-MARS ECV VESSEL AEROSPACE PLANE MISSION TIONS GEO CRYOGENIC AND HABITATION AND MOBILE CRANE HYPERGOLIC LEO INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH MODULES LUNAR OUTPOST INTERNA

EARTH-MARS INJECTION US MANNED POLAR FLIGHT SPACE UNIVERSITY UTILITY FLATBED EARTH-TO-ORBIT

PROPELLANT DEPOT TETHERED SA CAPABILITY (CHEMICAL) VENUS SAMPLE ESTABLISHED QUARANTINE APPLICA

AEROSPACE PLANE JAPANESE POLAR RETURN MISSION IN-SITU LLOX PILOT COMETARY / ASTEROIDAL ET EARTH MOVER PTV FLEET OPERATIONS ORBITING PLATFORM BIPLANETARY LEO RECREATIONAL PRODUCTION UNIT MATERIALS PROSPECTING CYCLER O 2008 2008 E EXCURSIONS ON LUNAR SURFACE 2008 PROPULSION ELEMENT NEAR-EARTH (EARTH-MOON) ROVER ASTRONOMICAL AND THE JAPANESE ABILITY SOLAR SAIL D G E LUNAR UNIQUE SCIENCE SSTO ROUTINE D

ASTEROID EXPLORER VOLUME INTENSIVE CAP MPV AND MLL N MMW FISSION / SOLAR ENERGY FARM / AEROSPACE PLANE E CIVILIZATION “PRESSURIZED HANGER” TRANSFER ELEMENTS T SOLAR POWER AUTOMATED COLLECTOR ACCESS TO

ASSEMBLY CAPABILITY LIFT N FRACTIONAL “G” BIO- INTERNATIONAL TION OF EXISTING PRESSURE A COMMERCIAL MANNED MANUFACTURING ?

OUTER PLANETS MEDICAL RESEARCH LAB VY MARS CREW SORTIE M GEO COMMUNICATIONS LUNAR BASE IN-SPACE RESCUE SPACE FLYBY / PROBES ADVANCED LIFE VEHICLE PLATFORMS EXPANDED LUNAR SOLAR ELECTRIC CAPABILITY HEA

SUPPORT RESEARCH UTILIZA VIVARIUM OUTPOST INCREASED GRID CONSTRUCTION ACHIEVED INTEGRATED MARS LUNAR SURFACE INCREASED CAPACITY TRANSFER VEHICLE MOBILITY EARTH MOVING, MINING, MASS-CATCHER POLAR ORBIT POTV LLOX PRODUCTION & * MID-RANGE & AND TUNNELING LOW-THRUST TUG SPACE STATION CRYO STORAGE FACILITY * LONG-RANGE * IN-SPACE RESCUE LEO ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS ORBITAL, L2 OR HIGH LUNAR POLAR ORBIT ? STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY EVOLVES TO EXPLOIT ENCLOSED ECLS ACE RESCUE ATV’S / ROVERS CAPABILITY MARTIAN CYCLING LLOX TO LLO LUNAR LEO LUNAR MASS-CATCHER ORE EXTRACTION AND MASS-DRIVER - IN-SP SDI / SPACE STATION SPACESHIP PROPELLANT TANKER INTERNATIONAL ELEMENT INTEGRATION REGOLITH PROCESSING SPACEPORT MAINTENANCE / ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SHIELDING Al,Ca,Fe,Mg,Si,Ti,(He3,Ni) EXPANDED SPACE STATION SHOP FACILITY LAUNCHER * GOVERNMENT TRANSFER TO L1 EXTRATERRESTRIAL DOD EARTH- T 2013 THIN-FOIL SOLAR 2013 INDIGENOUS RESOURCE INDEMNIFICATION 2013 LEO HYDROGEN TO CONCENTRATOR PILOT POLAR ORBITING HABITAT CONSTRUCTION LOSF TRANSFER TO L1 ? LLO / HEO CAPABILITY LARGE SCALE PLANT (MELT AN ET) MANNED FROM INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION SUPPOR LOSF PROPELLANT INTERLIBRATIONAL LIABILITY CLAIMS STV STORAGE DEPOT HEMISPHERICAL EARTH AGRA-COMPLEX L1 FACING COMM COVERAGE MOONPORT STV / UTILITY VEHICLE SECOND EARTH-MOON RESOURCES EXPANDED LOSF- LONG-RANGE CAPABILITY LIBRATION POINT LOCATION ? TRAVERSE ABILITY SOLAR POWER INTERPLANETARY SATELLITE PILOT PLANT HEO MOONPORT / L1 GREEN HOUSE / FOOD GEOPHYSICAL ARRIVAL-DEPARTURE 2:1 ORBIT ? ECONOMIC AND GENERATION INDUSTRIAL / SSPS PROPELLANT DEPOT PRODUCTION STATION NETWORK SPACEPORT PRODUCTION FACILITIES- AND OUTPOSTS INDUSTRIAL 2:1 RESONANT ORBIT ? AMORPHOUS CELL AND CELSS REUSABLE SPACECRAFT SUPPORT STRUCTURE TETHERED SYSTEMS NEAR CLOSED MANUFACTURING ECLSS SPACE ACTIVITY HEO PROPELLANT DEPOT * NDV / SHUTTLE II L1 ABSOLUTE COMMERCE CONTAINMENT FACILITY FIBER-OPTIC CABLE DUST BRAKING IN SPACE * HOTOL DERIVED TRANSPORT MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES HUMAN SELF-SUPPORTING EARTH-MOON CYCLING * JAPANESE SSTO DERIVATIVE LUNAR BASE INTERPLANETARY SECURE FIBER-OPTIC TRANSPORTATION MARTIAN CYCLING MULTIBASE FARSIDE 2018 SPACESHIP LAUNCH EXPANSION ACTIVITIES COMM NETWORK ASTRONOMICAL / 2018 LUNAR TOURISM 2018 SETI ARRAY He3 EXPORT ? MARKET EMERGES SPACE FACTORIES GOODS AND SERVICES IN HEO INITIATE EARTH-MARS INTO THE INNER MANNED MARS ROVER TURE PHOBOS 2:1 & GEO ? FROM SPACE TO EARTH, CYCLING SPACESHIP INTERPLANETARY ETELOPERATION AR SPACEFLIGHT STATION CELSS OUTPOST TRANSPORTATION DEPLOY COMM ESTABLISHED MOON AND SPACE POLAR ORBIT

BEGINS US MANNED POLAR FLIGHT DEP SYSTEM SOLAR SYSTEM SOLAR FURNACE MANNED SPACE STATION T NETWORK LEO HEALTH CARE SOIL PROCESSING CONSTELLATION FACILITIES SPACE COMMERCE FUEL FACTORY SPACE DRIVES

ACEPOR 2nd EARTH-MARS BEGINS FIRST MANNED MARS LANDING- DEIMOS RECON VARIABLE “G” ANIMAL GLOBAL ECONOMY SP CYCLING SPACESHIP / MARS HUMAN OUTPOST HUMANITY Y AND PROSPECTING RESEARCH FACILITIES MARS LANDING GOAL LANDING EXPEDITION SURFACE ESTABLISHED AR EXPLORATION TRIPLANETARY LIBRATION POINT (EARTH-MOON-MARS) REGOLITH COMMANDS UNLIMITED BAGGER RESOURCE FIRST CYCLING SPACE- MARTIAN PHOBOS / DEIMOS INVESTIGATION (L4 & L5) SHIP RETURNS TO MARS- INFRASTRUCTURE PROXIMITY C,H,O,N MINING OPERATIONS INITIATE MARTIAN IDV EXTRACTION & INTERPLANET COMMENCE MATERIAL RESOURCES RESOURCE STORAGE 2023 EXPLOITATION ENABLES MDRE CAPABILITY 2023 2023 MMW POWER PROPELLANT INITIAL GENERATOR FROM THE MOON AND DEPOT ION-DRIVE INITIAL

AL MARS BASE ENGINE INTERSTELLAR ESTABLISHED LOX PRODUCTION NEAR-EARTH-ORBIT TECHNOLOGY EXPLORATION SATELLITE UNIT ASTEROID / COMET DEFINITIONS, ARRIV

ASTEROIDS-- TETHER XPORT ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS T EXPLOITATION LEO SPACE STATION HABITATION AND POLAR REGION RESEARCH MODULES EMERGENCE OF EXPLORATION

ACEPOR Ad Astra To the Stars (Latin) ALL TERRAIN MPR TIONS SP MARTIAN ALS Advanced Launch System

Y TRANSPORTATION SPACEFARING CIVILIZATION SPACEPORT AMROC American Rocket Company AR ATV All Terrain Vehicle EXPANDED PHOBOS GEOPHYSICAL / UNLIMITED

FACILITY APPLICA AU Astronomical Unit- 1 AU = 93,000,000 miles

ENHANCED SSPS- TAU METEOROLOGICAL AXAF Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility MARS-MAINBELT ADVANCED EARTH ENVIRONMENTAL HEDM 1000 A.U. STATIONS IDV CDSF Commercially Developed Space Facility MOBILITY LASER PATHFINDER CHEMICAL UNMANNED PROBE COMM NETWORK SAFE CELSS Controlled Ecological Life Support System PROPULSION VEHICLE MAINBELT ASTEROID MAINTENANCE /

INTERPLANET Cislunar The space between the Earth and Moon EXPLORATION SHOP FACILITY CIT Circumstellar Imaging Telescope 2028 2028 SOLAR COMM Communications 2028 EARTH-MARS ATTACH MDRE COMSAT Communication Satellite SOLAR SAIL CRAF Comet Rendezvous / Asteroid Flyby XPORT SYSTEM OPERATIONAL DOD Department of Defense MAINBELT MARS ENERGY ECLSS Environmental Control and Life Support System INITIATE EARTH-VENUS ASTEROID MAINBELT ASTEROID BASE SOLAR ECO Ecological CYCLING SPACESHIP ORBIT CHANGE ORBIT CHANGE / FIRST MANNED VENUS ORBITING CONCENTRATOR ECV Electric Cargo Vehicle (OEXP) TRANSPORTATION EXPLOITATION VENUS COMSATS FACILITY EDO Extended Duration Orbiter SYSTEM LOX PRODUCTION CLOSED-LOOP FOR FLYBY DEPLOYED ELV Expendable Launch Vehicle AND CRYO LIFE SUPPORT EMU Extravehicular Mobility Units STORAGE FACILITY SPACE SETTLEMENT ERT Earth Resources Technology VENUS LARGE PRESSURIZED EARTH ? ESA European Space Agency ASSEMBLY VOLUMES ESTABLISHMENT ANTIMATTER-ENRICHED ET External Tank HUMANITY EXPLORATION, CARBON ET/ACC External Tank / Aft Cargo Carrier PROPELLENT PROPULSION ANALYSIS AND MONOXIDE FUEL GREEN HOUSE / ETO Earth-To-Orbit TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTION AND FOOD PRODUCTION FTS Flight Telerobotic Servicer ACTIVITIES STORAGE L4 / L5 G Gravity EARTH-VENUS MEDICAL INITIATE EARTH-MOON Gaia Earth’s self-sustaining biosphere SOLAR SAIL CARGO GEO Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit EXTENDED FACILITY LIBRATION POINT XPORT SYSTEM GPS Global Positioning Satellite EXPLORATION 2033 HABITAT 2033 BEGINS GRO Gamma Ray Observatory 2033 INDIGENOUS CONSTRUCTION HEDM High Energy-Density Matter ADVANCED RESOURCE CONSTRUCTION HEO High-Earth-Orbit TECHNOLOGY HLC Heavy Lift Capability VENUS ORBITING GLOBAL EXPANDING HEO HLV Heavy Lift Vehicle SPACE STATION TRANSPORTATION CAPABILITY INDUSTRIAL HOTOL Horizontal Take-off and Landing MULTIPLE CAPABILITY IDV Interlibrational Derived Vehicle THE TRANSITION SCIENTIFIC ILV Industrial Launch Vehicle OUTPOSTS VENUS PROXIMITY VENUS ORBITING In-situ In place (Latin) IDV SOLAR POWER IUS Inertial Upper Stage STATION IUV Interlibrational Utility Vehicle L1 Lagrange Point # 1 35,000 Miles Above Moon SELF-SUPPORTING GAIA DIVERSION OF L2 Lagrange Point # 2 40,000 Miles Behind Moon MARS L4 Lagrange Point # 4 240,000 Mile Earth Orbit HUMAN OUTER BASE ASTEROIDAL MATERIAL FROM A DIVERSION OF TO POLAR ORBIT L5 Lagrange Point # 5 240,000 Mile Earth Orbit SOLAR SYSTEM ASTEROIDAL MATERIAL LBS Pounds EXPLORATION BEGINS- POLAR ORBITING PROPELLANT TO VENUS RESOURCE LCL Lunar Cargo Lander (OEXP) JUPITER AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL LDF Large Deployable Reflector DEPOT EXTRACTION OBSERVATION JOVIAN SATELLITES LEO Low-Earth-Orbit PLATFORMS METALLIC ASTEROID 2038 LLO Low-Lunar-Orbit 2038 PROLIFERATES RECONFIGURATION- 2038 LLOX Lunar Liquid Oxygen PLANETOID FORMING LOFT Launch Operations Flight Test TERRESTRIAL BALLOONBORNE LOSF Lunar Orbit Staging Facility ATMOSPHERIC LOX Liquid Oxygen TURE RESEARCH * EARTH’S BIOSPHERE LPL Lunar Personnel Lander (OEXP) AR IS REPLICATED IN LPT Lunar Propellant Tanker (OEXP)

DEP LPV Lunar Piloted Vehicle (OEXP) T LARGE SCALE CREATE NEW DARK SURFACE LRB Liquid Rocket Booster VENUS ORBITING HUMAN OCCUPATION VOLUMINOUS SPACE TO A SOLAR ADVANCED COMM MOONS FOR MARS SOIL OR GIANT MCSV Mars Crew Sortie Vehicle (OEXP) NETWORK IF REQUIRED SOLAR REFLECTOR AND SETTLEMENT POLAR ORBITING MDRE Mass Driver Reaction Engine ACEPOR SETTLEMENTS EMPLACEMENT SOLAR CONCENTRATOR Mir Peace (Russian) SP OF SPACE

Y FUSION MLL Mars Logistics Lander (OEXP) BEGINS FACILITY AR PROPULSION RELOCATE DEIMOS INITIATE MARTIAN MLV Medium Lift Vehicle TO MARS MMU Manned Maneuvering Unit ORBITING TERRAFORMING MMW Multi-mega Watt SYNCHRONOUS OPERATIONS SPECIES ENVIRONMENTAL ORBIT MOMV Manned Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle OBSERVATION MOTV Manned Orbital Transfer Vehicle PLATFORMS MPE Mission To Planet Earth INTERPLANET MPR Mars Pressurized Rover 2043 2043 MARTIAN ORBITING L4 / L5 MPV Mars Piloted Vehicle (OEXP) 2043 SKYHOOK INITIATE NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration COMPLEX NASDA National Space Development Agency of Japan AL ISLAND ONE TION LIBRATION POINT SSPS NASP National Aerospace Plane HABITATION PLANT PRODUCTION NDV NASP Derived Vehicle ARRIV NSTS National Space Transportation System T OEXP NASA Office of Exploration OMV Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle UNMANNED OSC Orbital Sciences Corporation ACEPOR SCIENTIFIC OTV Orbital Transfer Vehicle SP SURFACE STATIONS RESOURCE UTILIZA Y OV Orbiter Vehicle

AR POLAR ORBITING PAM Payload Assist Module TTER PROPULSION INTERSTELLAR PRECURSORS RADIATION HARDENED POTV Personnel Orbit Transfer Vehicle HABITATS PTV Passenger Transport Vehicle GROWING L4 / L5 RECON Reconnaissance ANTIMA INDUSTRIAL RMS Remote Manipulator System HUMAN EXPLORATION TERRESTRIAL CAPABILITY SAT Satellite

INTERPLANET OF SATURNIAN HUMAN SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SATELLITES AND RING INITIAL ROTATING SYSTEM UNMANNED SKYHOOK EXTRA SDV Shuttle Derived Vehicle EXPERIMENTATION L4 / L5 SETI Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 2050 SURFACE 2050 ISLAND TWO 2050 ROVERS SIRTF Space Infrared Telescope Facility Skyhook Surface to space “elevator” transportation system SMALL MARTIAN SL Space Launch INITIATE SLC Space Launch Complex SETTLEMENTS L4 / L5 ROTATION EXPANSION SPS Solar Power Satellite PROLIFERATE MULTIPLE PROGRAM SRB Solid Rocket Booster NUCLEAR-PULSED GIANT PARASOL SETTLEMENT SSI Space Services Incorporated PROPULSION EMPLACEMENT OR CONSTRUCTION EXPANDING L4 / L5 SSPS Satellite Solar Power Station (ORION CONCEPT) INITIATE ATMOSPHERIC INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY MICROBIOLOGICAL SSTO Single-Stage-To-Orbit ENGINEERING PROCESS STV Space Transfer Vehicle TAU Thousand Astronomical Unit VENUS INTO THE TBD To Be Determined TERRAFORMING EMERGENCE OF HOMO SAPIENS TDRS Tracking Data Relay Satellite OPERATIONS AS AN INTRAGALACTIC SPECIES TOS Transfer Orbit Stage HUMAN OUTER PROPULSION TSS Tethered Satellite System SOLAR SYSTEM GRAND SYSTEM INTEGRATION TSTO Two-Stage-To-Orbit TOUR- URANUS / US United States NEPTUNE / PLUTO Vivarium Plant and animal research laboratory INDEPENDENT COSMOS XFER Transfer 2100 2100 SPACEFARING XPORT Transport 2100 HUMAN COMMUNITIES TEN BEST CANDIDATE STARS EARTH SKYHOOK FOR INTERSTELLAR EXPLORATION PRECURSORS BEGINS STAR DISTANCE VISUAL LUMINOSITY SPECTRAL LIGHT-YEARS MAGNITUDE (SUN=1.0) TYPE STATIONARY Tau Ceti 11.8 3.5 .4 G8 HUMAN Special Thanks to Paul Turner D/299-308 82 Eridani 20.3 4.3 .7 G5 MARTIAN INTERSTELLAR Jonathan V. Post D/282/200 and J. David Ray D/286-201 INTERSTELLAR SKYHOOK Zeta Tucanae 23.3 4.2 .9 G2 TRAVEL TRAVERSING Very Special Thanks to Robert A. Weaver D/286-001, 107 Piscium 24.3 5.2 .4 K1 LARGE SCALE WORLD SHIPS William S. Trueman D/286-204, Ernest L. Freddolino D/282-100, Alpha Mensae 28.3 5.1 .6 G5 HUMAN HABITATION Edward M. Repic D/385-400, Sherry D. Lowrey McDonnell Douglas, 54 Piscium 34.0 5.9 .4 K0 OF MARS Charles L. Stone D/282-200, Richard A. Robitaille D/286-500, Zeta 1 Reticuli 37.0 5.5 .7 G2 the entire 286-204 Data Engineering Team, Zeta 2 Reticuli 37.0 5.2 .9 G2 the entire Lunar and Planetary Missions Analysis Team and Gliese 86 37.0 6.1 .4 K0 ADAD ASTRAASTRA ADAD ASTRAASTRA R. Fred Pfost who said “Do it.” Gliese 67 38.0 5.0 1.2 G2

REDRAWN BY NICOLAS LEE