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The Development of Words Across Centuries an Outline of a Dictionary of Semantic Motivations Based on the Material of Slavic Adjectives

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Mariola Jakubowicz The Development of Words Across Centuries An Outline of a Dictionary of Semantic Motivations Based on the Material of Slavic Adjectives Inherited from the Proto-Slavic Period 2 MONOGRAPHS Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences The Development of Words Across Centuries Mariola Jakubowicz The Development of Words Across Centuries An Outline of a Dictionary of Semantic Motivations Based on the Material of Slavic Adjectives Inherited from the Proto-Slavic Period Translated by Artur Zwolski 2 MONOGRAPHS Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences WARSAW 2017 Editorial review Dr hab. Aleksandra Janowska, Associate Professor, University of Silesia, Katowice & Prof. dr hab. Jadwiga Waniakowa, Jagiellonian University, Cracow Originally published in 2010 as Drogi słów na przestrzeni wieków. Zarys słownika motywacji semantycznych na materiale przymiotników słowiańskich odziedziczonych z prasłowiańszczyzny, Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy (IS PAN). Praca naukowa finansowana w ramach programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego pod nazwą „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” w latach 2014–2017. This academic publication was financed within the “National Programme for the Development of Humanities” of the Minister of Science and Higher Education in 2014–2017. Editorial supervision JakubISS PAS Ozimek MONOGRAPHS SERIES Cover and title page design Barbara Grunwald-Hajdasz Editing Marta Wróbel Andrzej Cedro Typesetting and page makeup © Copyright by Mariola Jakubowicz © Copyright for the English translation by Artur Zwolski, 2017 ISBN: 978-83-64031-64-9 Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk ul. Bartoszewicza 1b / 17 00-337 Warszawa tel./fax 22/ 826 76 88 [email protected], www.ispan.waw.pl CONTENTS .............................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION ............................................ 11 PART ONE .............................................. 13 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ....................................... 13 1. 2.ME ChangesANING AND in Meaning ITS CHANGES and Polysemy. Diachrony versus Synchrony ......... 15 1. Meaning. Terminological Remarks . 16 2.2. Types of Diversity of the Content of Words ............................ 2.3.2.1. StringsPolysemy of andMeanings Homonymy ................................................... 19 .......................... 2017 ... 20 3.2.3. The The Methods Modes ofof DescribingResearching Semantic Semantic Changes Changes............................ 22 3.2.1.3.1. An Traditional Approach Modesto Semantic of Description Research. ....................................Semasiology and Onomasiology 22 3.2.2. The Component Analysis of Meaning................................. 23 .................... .................................................... 26 3.2.3. The Methods ............................................................. Adopted from Cognitive Linguistics 2624 4. Semantic Motivation .......................................... 29 4.1. The Term 2. 4.2. Parallel Motivating Meanings ................ 31 ................. 31 THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-SLAVIC MEANING Theoretical1. General Remarks Problems Concerning...................................................... the Proto-Slavic Language 33 2. Reconstruction of Meanings in Non-Attested Languages. ............................................ 3. The Reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic Meaning.................................. in the Lexicographical Practice ................................. 37 3.1. The Continuants and Their Hierarchy 40 on4. The Continuants Particular............................................................ Stages of Reconstruction 44 4.1. The Principles of Reconstructing the Meaning Which......................... Is Based 44 4.2. The Reconstruction of the Structural Meaning 45 6 4.3. The Reconstruction of the Etymological Meaning ...................... 47 4.3.1. The Adjectives Inherited from the Proto-Indo-European Language . 47 4.3.2. The Reconstruction of the Etymological Meaning on the Basis of the Proto-Indo-European Root............................................. 48 4.4. The Value of the Reconstructed Material under Discussion. The Confrontation of Results .............................................. 49 4.5. The Problem of the Homonyms ........................................ 50 4.6. The Role of Acquaintance with the Realia in the Establishment of a Motivation ....................................... 51 3. ...... 55 1. The Emergence of the Category of the Adjective ......................... 55 1.1.THE The PROBLEMS Criteria for ASSOCIATED Establishing WITH the Proto-Slavic THE PROTO-SLAVIC Status of a WordADJECTIVE............... 58 2. Productive Adjectival Word-Formative Types . 59 3. The Division of Adjectives According to Their Origins .................... 61 3.1. Former Participles .................................................... 61 3.1.1. The Passive Past Participle with -tъ < -to- ............................ 62 3.1.2. The Passive Past Participle with -nъ < -no- ........................... 62 3.1.3. The Present Tense Passive Participle with -mъ ....................... 63 3.1.4. The Past Tense Participle with -lъ (the Second Active Anterior Participle with -lъ) . 63 3.2. Adjectives Related to the Proto-Indo-European Roots with a Verbal Meaning.......................................................... 64 3.3. Adjectives Associated with the Proto-Indo-European Roots with a Nominal Meaning................................................... 65 4. THE PARALLELS OF SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT .......................... 67 1. State of Research and Postulates ........................................ 67 1.1. The First Onomasiological Dictionaries ................................ 68 1.2. Contemporary Projects................................................ 69 1.2.1. The Scope of the Languages Involved ................................ 70 1.2.2. Chronological Scope ................................................. 71 2. The Proposed Forms of the Dictionary................................... 73 3. The Ways of Analyzing the Material...................................... 74 3.1. Semasiological Order.................................................. 74 3.2. Onomasiological and Semasiological Order ............................ 76 3.3. Onomasiological Order ................................................ 76 3.4. Semantic Motivation in Atlases ........................................ 77 4. The Choice of Method ................................................... 78 5. Individual Problems Associated with the Research of Semantic Changes ... 79 5.1. Semantic Changes Associated with the Varieties of a Language ......... 79 5.2. Linguistic Taboo and Its Euphemization . 80 5.3. Borrowings and Semantic Calques..................................... 81 5.4. Words Which Are Attested Only Once (ἃπαξ λεγόμενα) ................. 82 PA 7 ................................................ 83 RT TWO ............ 85 ANALYSIS1. The Basis OF THE of the MATERIAL Material ................................................ 85 5. THE RESEARCH MATERIAL AND THE MEANS OF ITS....................... ANALYSIS 90 3. The Structure of the Entries and the Arrangement of the Material Within2. The Content the Entry of ..........................................................the Semantic Field Under Research 91 .................................................... 95 ................................................................. 95 AD6. 1B.CONCEPTUAL B ................................................................... GROUPS 1A. GOOD ........................................................... 115 ........................................................ 120104 2A. PLEASANT............................................................. 126 2B. UNPLE.................................................................ASANT . 3A. PRETTY . 3B. UGLY . ......................................................... 134 4A. HIGH/T..................................................................ALL 141 4B. LOW/SHORT.................................................................. 155146 5A. FAT . ............................................................. 160148 6B.5B. WTHINEAK ................................................................. 6A. STRONG . ............................................................ 182 .................................................................. 186173 7A. HEALTHY................................................................ 190 7B. SICK ................................................................... 193 9A.8A. QUICKYOUNG................................................................. 8B. OLD ................................................................. 203 ............................................................. 205197 9B. SLOW ................................................................ 213 10A. VIOLENT .................................................. 218 AD11B.10B. SCALM.................................................................. 221 11A. CHEERFUL/MERRY............................................................... 226 . 230 12A. STERN ............................................................... 235 13B.12B. TIMIDMILD ................................................................ 13A. BRAVE ............................................................... ............................................................. 241 14A. PROUD ............................................................ 251244 14B. HUMBLE................................................................
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