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This Etymological Dictionary Groups Related Words Into ARRANGEMENT OF THE DICTIONARY This etymological dictionary groups related words into word families (wf[s]), which are listed either under the most common member or under what appears to be the shortest and most basic word from which the others are thought to derive or to which they may be related. The head of a wf is not necessarily a common or well-known word. The reason for this arrange­ ment is dictated by the etymological purpose of this work. Large wfs or somewhat speculative ones are broken up into smaller groups with cross-references. The sections of the Introduction are not intended as a coherent narrative, but as a brief reference manual for the purpose of explaining and justifying the etymological groupings (word families, cognate sets) in the dictionary. The introduction presents morphological and phonological correspondence patterns so that readers may judge for themselves the degree of the plausibility of suggested etymological connections. Phonology and morphology are discussed together under the particular phoneme in question. Dictionary entries make reference to these sections of the Introduction, preceded by the symbol § (e.g., "see § 12.1 "). Sample entry: shul 7]<. (swiB) LH suiB, S tsui8, OCM *lhui'?, OCB *[l]hui? ? 'Water, river' [OB, Shi]. [f] Sin Sukchu SR �uj, �i ( PR �i, LR �uj; MGZY shue Cl:.) [?ut:]; ONW sui [D] PMin *tsuiB [E] ST: TB *lwi(y) [STC no. 21 0] >JP Jui33 'to flow'. FIRST LINE pfnyfn transcription of Mandarin, followed by the Chinese character(s) z1 :=f:. When no character exists (as is often the case with colloquial dialect forms) an empty box D takes its place. ( ... ) Middle Chinese (MC) or Qieyun system (QYS), ea. AD 600. See §12.1. LH Later Han Chinese (also LHan) of the I st and 2nd century AD. See § 12.1.1. In the text, LHan is usually placed in brackets, thus [ka] = LHan ka unless otherwise identified. S alternate Old South form of LHan, as revealed by later southern, usually Mln, dialects. OCM Minimal Old Chinese form (starred items). See §12.1.2. For comparison, Baxter's OC (OCB) is ocasionally also supplied. SECOND LINE Gloss not a complete definition of a word. Glosses are mostly taken from, or are based on, Karlgren's GSR, Schuessler's DEZ, GudiiiHanyu cidian edited Chen Fuhua fl*![W(B eijing 1999), and the Zhangwen dacfdifm r::p X [ ... ] 111 brackets, the text in which the CH word is first attested, e.g., [Shi] = occurs first in the text Shijrng, which implies that the word existed already by 600 BC or earlier. For abbreviations, see p. xvii ff. XV ARRANGEMENT OF THE DICTIONARY THIRD LINE and subsequent lines [<] shows the morphological derivation from its simplex. [D] Chinese dialect forms; col. colloquial form (bai B), lit. literary or reading form (wen Dialects (actually Sinitic languages) are identified by location. See§ 12.1.3. Since many of them are not well known, the dialect affiliation is prefixed to the name of the location. These abbreviations are: G mm, K Kejia (Hakka), M M!n, W Wu, X=Xi ang, Y Vue (Cantonese), Mand.=M andarin, P- Proto-, as in PMin Proto-Min, also CMin =Common Min. lE] comments on etymology, especially foreign connections. When tlush with the preceding gloss, it relates only to the preceding word; when flush with subentries (3� allofams), it relates to the whole wf and its stem I root. [N] introduces further notesor comments. [f] transcriptions of the Chinese word; these are occasionally provided to show a word's later development (see§ 12.1 ): Sin Sukchu or SinS. (EMing=Early Ming period Chinese); SR 'standard reading,' PR 'popular reading,' LR 'left reading.' MGZY= Menggu zi'yun ('Phags-pa) of the Yuan (Mongol) period (1270- 1308). ONW(C) Old Northwest Chinese from about AD 400, as interpreted by Coblin 1994. Occasionally Sui-Tang Chang'an (Coblin's STCA, ea. AD 640) and M Tang (Middle Tang, ea. AD 77 5) forms are also added. ( ...) the scholarly source, literature. [ ...] the source of a foreign word without reference to etymological connection with Chinese. In the sample entry above, [STC ...] indicates that the TB items are taken from Benedict's work, but he has not identified CH shuf as the cognate. 3� 'cognate (to)' or 'allofam' (fellow member in a word family). <> 'related, cognate to' other languages, including ones from other language families, genetically or by loan; the direction of borrowing is not certain. > 'developed into, becomes'. < 'derives from an earlier form I from an earlier stage of a language' . ..,. cross-reference to other dictionary entries. Less common pronunciations of a character can easily be located under a better-known cognate: thus si is not separately entered in the dictionary with a reference to..,. sf because si can be found under its better-known simplex sT -> 'loaned to'. <- 'borrowed from'. XVI .
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