DOCSLIB.ORG

An Online Multilingual Dictionary Using Indowordnet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Online Multilingual Dictionary Using Indowordnet IndoWordNet Dictionary: An Online Multilingual Dictionary using IndoWordNet Hanumant Redkar Sandhya Singh Center for Indian Language Technology, Center for Indian Language Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India [email protected] [email protected] Nilesh Joshi Anupam Ghosh Center for Indian Language Technology, Center for Indian Language Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India [email protected] [email protected] Pushpak Bhattacharyya Center for Indian Language Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India [email protected] views such as: sense based, thesaurus based, Abstract word usage based and language based. Eng- lish WordNet information is also rendered us- India is a country with diverse culture, lan- ing this interface. The IndoWordNet guage and varied heritage. Due to this, it is dictionary will help language researchers as very rich in languages and their dialects. Be- well as general public to know meanings of ing a multilingual society, a multilingual dic- a word in multiple Indian languages. tionary becomes its need and one of the major resources to support a language. There are dictionaries for many Indian languages, but 1 Introduction very few are available in multiple languages. WordNet is one of the most prominent lexical Language is a constituent element of civilization. resources in the field of Natural Language In a country like India, diversity is its primary as- Processing and Information Retrieval, while pect. This leads to varied languages and their dia- IndoWordNet is an integrated multilingual lects. There are numerous languages in India which WordNet for Indian languages. These re- belong to different language families. These lan- sources are used by researchers to experiment guage families are Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Sino- and resolve the issues in multilinguality Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic. The through computation. However, there are few major ones are the Indo-Aryan, spoken by most of cases where WordNet is used by the non- researchers or general public. This paper fo- Indians while Dravidian spoken by southern Indi- cuses on providing an online interface – ans. The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitu- IndoWordNet Dictionary to non-researchers tion lists 22 languages, which have been referred to as well as researchers. It is developed to ren- as scheduled languages and given recognition, sta- der multilingual WordNet information of 19 tus and official encouragement. Indian languages in a dictionary format. The A Dictionary can be called as a resource dealing WordNet information is rendered in multiple with the individual words of a language along with its orthography, pronunciation, usage, synonyms, which is a linked WordNet for European languages derivation, history, etymology, etc . arranged in an (Vossen, 1999) and BalkaNet, which is a linked order for convenience of referencing the words. WordNet for Balkan Languages (Christodoulakis, Various criterions used for classifying this resource 2002). The most innovative aspect of WordNets is are - density of entries, number of languages in- that lexical information is organized in terms of volved, nature of entries, degree of concentration meaning; that is, a synset contains words of the on strictly lexical data, axis of time, arrangement same part-of-speech which have approximately the of entries, purpose, prospective user, etc . Some of same meaning. Thus, it is synonymy that functions the common types of dictionaries are 1- as the essential principle in the construction of • Encyclopedia: Single or multi-volume publi- WordNets (Vincze et al., 2008). This feature of cation that contains accumulated and authorita- WordNet is most important for the dictionary con- tive knowledge on a subject arranged struction. alphabetically. E.g. Britannica encyclopedia. IndoWordNet is used in the field of Natural • Thesaurus: Thesaurus is a dictionary that lists Language Processing tasks like Machine Transla- words in groups of synonyms and related con- tion, Information Retrieval, Information Extrac- cepts. tion, etc . But, not much has been explored to use • Etymological Dictionary: An etymological this resource beyond research labs. In this paper, dictionary discusses the etymology/origin of we present an interface – IndoWordNet Dictionary the words listed. It is the product of research in (IWN Dictionary ) in the form of multilingual historical linguistics. online dictionary which uses IndoWordNet as a • Dialect Dictionary: These dictionaries deal resource. The primary focus of this interface is to with the words of a particular geographical re- provide synset information in a systematic and gion or social group which are non standard. classified manner which is rendered in multiple • Specialized Dictionary: These dictionaries views. covers relatively restricted set of phenomena. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: • Bilingual or Multilingual Dictionary: These Section 2 justifies the need of IndoWordNet Dic- are linguistic dictionaries in two or more lan- tionary. Section 3 details the IndoWordNet Dic- guages. tionary, its components, followed by its design and layout. Section 4 gives the features of the diction- • Reverse Dictionary: These dictionaries are ary. Section 5 lists its limitations. Finally, the con- based on the concept/idea/definition to words. clusion, scope and enhancements to the interface • Learner’s Dictionary: These dictionaries are are presented. meant for foreign students/tourists to learn the usage of the word in language. 2 Need for IndoWordNet Dictionary • Phonetic Dictionary : These dictionaries help in searching the words by the way they sound. Our work on developing IWN Dictionary interface • Visual Dictionary : These dictionaries use pic- is motivated from various available online re- tures to illustrate the meaning of words. sources. To name some: langtolang.com 3 which includes cross-lingual references across 47 non- WordNet is a lexical resource composed of Indian languages, wordreference.com 4 which synsets and semantic relations. Synsets are sets of includes 17 non-Indian languages, and others being synonyms. They are linked by semantic relations logosdictionary.org 5 and xobodo.org 6 like hypernymy, meronymy, etc. and lexical rela- which has multiple languages including some Indi- tions like antonymy, gradation, etc . (Miller et al., an languages. But, all these resources render not 2 1990; Fellbaum, 1998). IndoWordNet is a linked more than two languages at a given instance. structure of WordNets of 19 different Indian lan- Further survey is done, which reveals that guages from Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Sino- Mohanty et al. (2008) had developed a tool for Tibetan families (Bhattacharyya, 2010). Other popular multilingual WordNets are: EuroWordNet, 3 http://www.langtolang.com/ 4 http://www.wordreference.com 1 http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/lexico/link5.htm 5 http://www.logosdictionary.org/ 2 http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/indowordnet/ 6 http://www.xobdo.org/ multilingual dictionary development process to located to that area. create and link the synset based lexical resource for • To improve on one’s own language voca- machine translation purpose. The aim was to sim- bulary. plify the process of synset creation and to link it • To address social and educational needs. with different Indian language WordNets. The tool was mainly used by lexicographers involved in the 3 IndoWordNet Multilingual Dictionary process of creating various Indian language WordNets. Also, Sinha et al. (2006) who have de- signed a browsable bilingual interface for viewing 3.1 What is IndoWordNet Dictionary? WordNet information in two languages Hindi and Marathi. The input to this browser is a search 7 IndoWordNet Dictionary or IWN Dictionary is an string in any of the two languages and the output is online interface to render multilingual IndoWord- the search result for both the languages. The pri- Net information in the dictionary format. It allows mary usage of this interface is to help users get the user to view the results in multiple formats as per semantic information of the search string in both the need. Also, user can view the result in multiple Hindi and Marathi. However, Sarma et al. (2012) languages simultaneously. The look and feel of the built a multilingual dictionary considering three IWN Dictionary is kept same as a traditional dic- languages, viz. , Assamese, Bodo and Hindi. The tionary keeping in mind the user adaptability. So dictionary interface allows searching between Hin- far, it renders WordNet information of 19 Indian di-Assamese and Hindi-Bodo language pairs at a languages. These languages are: Assamese, Bodo, time. Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, All these interfaces mentioned above could dis- Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, play the meanings in at most two languages with Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and all the linguistic information available in the Urdu. The WordNet information is also rendered in WordNet at a time. Hence, we have developed a English. The English WordNet information is web based interface to render multilingual 8 taken from Princeton University website and im- WordNet information in a dictionary format. This ported into IndoWordNet database structure interface is developed keeping in mind the general (Prabhu, et al., 2012). The data is imported to this public, apart from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hittite Etymologies and Notes*
    Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 129 (2012) DOI 10.4467/20834624SL.12.015.0604 ROBERT WOODHOUSE The University oo Queensland, Brisbane [email protected] HITTITE ETYMOLOGIES AND NOTES* Keywords: Hittite, etymology, Proto-Indo-European, historical phonology, semantics Abstract Discussed are the etymologies of twelve Hittite words and word groups (alpa- ‘cloud’, aku- ‘seashell’, ariye/a-zi ‘determine by or consult an oracle’, heu- / he(y)aw- ‘rain’, hāli- ‘pen, corral’, kalmara- ‘ray’ etc., māhla- ‘grapevine branch’, sūu, sūwaw- ‘full’, tarra-tta(ri) ‘be able’ and tarhu-zi ‘id.; conquer’, idālu- ‘evil’, tara-i / tari- ‘become weary, henkan ‘death, doom’) and some points of Hittite historical phonology, such as the fate of medial *-h2n- (sub §7) and final *-i (§13), all of which appear to receive somewhat inadequate treatment in Kloekhorst’s 2008 Hittite etymological dictionary. Several old etymologies are defended and some new ones suggested. The following notes were compiled while writing a response (in press b) to that part of the (2006) paper, recently kindly brought to my attention by its author, Professor Witold Mańczak, that purports to unseat the laryngeal theory on the basis of al- legedly incompatible Hittite material collected over three decades ago by Tischler (1980). The massive debate on the laryngeal theory that essentially followed Tisch- ler’s paper was no doubt in part a response to it and produced solutions to most if not all of the problems raised by Tischler, a position I attempt to summarize in my own paper noted above with reference to the superb Hittite etymological diction- ary recently published by Kloekhorst (2008, hereinafter referred to as K:) with its several innovations in the areas of Hittite and Anatolian historical phonology and morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effectiveness of Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries Features Toward the Students Narrative Writing of Uin Malang: Comparative Study
    THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOLINGUAL AND BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES FEATURES TOWARD THE STUDENTS NARRATIVE WRITING OF UIN MALANG: COMPARATIVE STUDY THESIS WINDA FIFI PUSPITA SARI 10320118 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALANG 2014 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOLINGUAL AND BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES FEATURES TOWARD THE STUDENTS NARRATIVE WRITING OF UIN MALANG: COMPARATIVE STUDY THESIS Presented to Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang In a Partial of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.) By: WindaFifiPuspita Sari 10320118 Advisor: Drs. H.DjokoSusanto, M.Ed., Ph.D. NIP 19670529 2000031 001 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALANG 2014 i ii iii iv MOTTO ُ ……يَ ْزفَ ِع هَّللاُ اله ِذ َين َآمنُوا ِم ْن ُك ْم َواله ِذ َين أوتُوا ْال ِع ْل َم َد َر َج ٍات َو هَّللا ُ مِ َاا َت ْع َالُو َ َبيِ ٌز ….. Allah will exalt those of you who believe, and those who are given knowledge, in high degrees; and Allah is aware of what you do.(Surah Al Mujadilah 58:11) v DEDICATION I dedicate my thesis to my beloved family: I would like to say thank you very much to my beloved parents, brother and sister who always support me during my thesis progress. And thank you very much to my family who never stop bring me in their prayer, cares, and loves that make me always spirit. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT who always gives me a blessing and strength to finish my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods in Lexicography and Dictionary Research* Stefan J
    Methods in Lexicography and Dictionary Research* Stefan J. Schierholz, Department Germanistik und Komparatistik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany ([email protected]) Abstract: Methods are used in every stage of dictionary-making and in every scientific analysis which is carried out in the field of dictionary research. This article presents some general consid- erations on methods in philosophy of science, gives an overview of many methods used in linguis- tics, in lexicography, dictionary research as well as of the areas these methods are applied in. Keywords: SCIENTIFIC METHODS, LEXICOGRAPHICAL METHODS, THEORY, META- LEXICOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY RESEARCH, PRACTICAL LEXICOGRAPHY, LEXICO- GRAPHICAL PROCESS, SYSTEMATIC DICTIONARY RESEARCH, CRITICAL DICTIONARY RESEARCH, HISTORICAL DICTIONARY RESEARCH, RESEARCH ON DICTIONARY USE Opsomming: Metodes in leksikografie en woordeboeknavorsing. Metodes word gebruik in elke fase van woordeboekmaak en in elke wetenskaplike analise wat in die woor- deboeknavorsingsveld uitgevoer word. In hierdie artikel word algemene oorwegings vir metodes in wetenskapfilosofie voorgelê, 'n oorsig word gegee van baie metodes wat in die taalkunde, leksi- kografie en woordeboeknavorsing gebruik word asook van die areas waarin hierdie metodes toe- gepas word. Sleutelwoorde: WETENSKAPLIKE METODES, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE METODES, TEORIE, METALEKSIKOGRAFIE, WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, PRAKTIESE LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEKSI- KOGRAFIESE PROSES, SISTEMATIESE WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, KRITIESE WOORDE- BOEKNAVORSING, HISTORIESE WOORDEBOEKNAVORSING, NAVORSING OP WOORDE- BOEKGEBRUIK 1. Introduction In dictionary production and in scientific work which is carried out in the field of dictionary research, methods are used to reach certain results. Currently there is no comprehensive and up-to-date documentation of these particular methods in English. The article of Mann and Schierholz published in Lexico- * This article is based on the article from Mann and Schierholz published in Lexicographica 30 (2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Determining the Characteristic Vocabulary for a Specialized Dictionary Using Word2vec and a Directed Crawler Gregory Grefenstette, Lawrence Muchemi
    Determining the Characteristic Vocabulary for a Specialized Dictionary using Word2vec and a Directed Crawler Gregory Grefenstette, Lawrence Muchemi To cite this version: Gregory Grefenstette, Lawrence Muchemi. Determining the Characteristic Vocabulary for a Special- ized Dictionary using Word2vec and a Directed Crawler. GLOBALEX 2016: Lexicographic Resources for Human Language Technology, May 2016, Portoroz, Slovenia. hal-01323591 HAL Id: hal-01323591 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01323591 Submitted on 30 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Determining the Characteristic Vocabulary for a Specialized Dictionary using Word2vec and a Directed Crawler Gregory Grefenstette Lawrence Muchemi Inria Saclay/TAO, Rue Noetzlin - Bât 660 Inria Saclay/TAO, , Rue Noetzlin - Bât 660 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT crawler works. This is followed by a description of one Specialized dictionaries are used to understand concepts in distributional semantics tool, word2vec. Then we show how specific domains, especially where those concepts are not these two tools can be used together to extract the basis of a part of the general vocabulary, or having meanings that specialized vocabulary for a domain.
    [Show full text]
  • An Amerind Etymological Dictionary
    An Amerind Etymological Dictionary c 2007 by Merritt Ruhlen ! Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Greenberg, Joseph H. Ruhlen, Merritt An Amerind Etymological Dictionary Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Amerind Languages—Etymology—Classification. I. Title. P000.G0 2007 000!.012 00-00000 ISBN 0-0000-0000-0 (alk. paper) This book is dedicated to the Amerind people, the first Americans Preface The present volume is a revison, extension, and refinement of the ev- idence for the Amerind linguistic family that was initially offered in Greenberg (1987). This revision entails (1) the correction of a num- ber of forms, and the elimination of others, on the basis of criticism by specialists in various Amerind languages; (2) the consolidation of certain Amerind subgroup etymologies (given in Greenberg 1987) into Amerind etymologies; (3) the addition of many reconstructions from different levels of Amerind, based on a comprehensive database of all known reconstructions for Amerind subfamilies; and, finally, (4) the addition of a number of new Amerind etymologies presented here for the first time. I believe the present work represents an advance over the original, but it is at the same time simply one step forward on a project that will never be finished. M. R. September 2007 Contents Introduction 1 Dictionary 11 Maps 272 Classification of Amerind Languages 274 References 283 Semantic Index 296 Introduction This volume presents the lexical and grammatical evidence that defines the Amerind linguistic family. The evidence is presented in terms of 913 etymolo- gies, arranged alphabetically according to the English gloss.
    [Show full text]
  • Multimedia Data Mining a Systematic Introduction to Concepts and Theory
    Multimedia Data Mining A Systematic Introduction to Concepts and Theory © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC C9667_FM.indd 1 10/8/08 10:06:11 AM Chapman & Hall/CRC Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Series SERIES EDITOR Vipin Kumar University of Minnesota Department of Computer Science and Engineering Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A AIMS AND SCOPE This series aims to capture new developments and applications in data mining and knowledge discovery, while summarizing the computational tools and techniques useful in data analysis. This series encourages the integration of mathematical, statistical, and computational methods and techniques through the publication of a broad range of textbooks, reference works, and hand- books. The inclusion of concrete examples and applications is highly encouraged. The scope of the series includes, but is not limited to, titles in the areas of data mining and knowledge discovery methods and applications, modeling, algorithms, theory and foundations, data and knowledge visualization, data mining systems and tools, and privacy and security issues. PUBLISHED TITLES UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX DATASETS: Data Mining with Matrix Decompositions David Skillicorn COMPUTATIONAL METHODS OF FEATURE SELECTION Huan Liu and Hiroshi Motoda CONSTRAINED CLUSTERING: Advances in Algorithms, Theory, and Applications Sugato Basu, Ian Davidson, and Kiri L. Wagsta KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FOR COUNTERTERRORISM AND LAW ENFORCEMENT David Skillicorn MULTIMEDIA DATA MINING: A Systematic Introduction to Concepts and Theory Zhongfei Zhang and Ruofei Zhang © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC C9667_FM.indd 2 10/8/08 10:06:11 AM Chapman & Hall/CRC Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Series Multimedia Data Mining A Systematic Introduction to Concepts and Theory Zhongfei Zhang Ruofei Zhang © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC C9667_FM.indd 3 10/8/08 10:06:11 AM The cover images were provided by Yu He, who also participated in the design of the cover page.
    [Show full text]
  • How You Can Help Your Child in French Immersion
    Created by the Staff of St. Angela School French Language Arts HOW YOU CAN HELP YOUR CHILD IN FRENCH IMMERSION Here are some suggestions that will support your child in a second language program. Be positive. Just a little work and encouragement on your part can make a significant difference to your child’s attitude towards and achievement in French. • Help your child make connections in language (for example: banane - banana). • Point out French in your community, for example, signs, labels, brochures, neighbours, street names. • Provide some out-of school language and cultural experiences - . • Support your child's learning by providing the necessary tools: English/French dictionary, a dictionary of synonyms (like a thesaurus). For more information on how to support your child in French Immersion view: parentGuideFrench.pdf Yes - You Can Help Your Child in French Alberta Education Website. Homework Tool box from Ontario Created by the Staff of St. Angela School Bring French into Your Home • Use labels from can and food packages to make a collage or collect them in a scrapbook. They won’t realize they are learning vocabulary, spelling, and sorting. • Play I Spy in French. Prepare for the game by printing on cards the French names for objects in a particular room of the house. Don’t know the name of an object? Let your child know it’s OK not to know something. Make a point of finding out the word you didn't know from an older sibling, a teacher, a visual dictionary or an English/French dictionary. • Have your child label as many objects in your house as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexicographic Interchange Between a Specialized and a General Language Dictionary1
    Lexicographic interchange between a specialized and a general language dictionary1 Marie-Claude Demers, Ilan Kernerman & Marie-Claude L’Homme Keywords: general language dictionary, terminological database, specialized meaning, term, wordlist. Abstract One of the important issues lexicographers need to address concerns the desired coverage of a dictionary’s wordlist. This paper addresses the issue from a practical angle. We propose a method for comparing the contents of two resources and evaluating to what extent each can contribute to increase and improve the coverage of the other. Concretely, the project consists of comparing the contents of the English version of DiCoInfo (a dictionary of computing and Internet terms) with the appropriate entries of the Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (RHWCD). The entries missing in one resource are considered for inclusion in the other, and vice versa. The approach proves beneficial for both resources. Approximately 100 entries were added to DiCoInfo and over 500 lexical items or meanings are being included in the RHWCD. 1. Introduction An important issue lexicographers need to address concerns the coverage of a dictionary’s wordlist. The question is relevant from the points of view of general as well as specialized lexicography, although it leads to different answers in each area. Specialized dictionaries should include all items that are related to the field they aim to cover. General language dictionaries include many specialized lexical items but attempt to cover fields and terms of more general interest (Alonso Campo 2008; Béjoint 1988; Boulanger 1996; Josselin-Leray 2005; Svensén 2009; Wiegand 1999). This paper addresses the issue of coverage from a practical angle.
    [Show full text]
  • DICTIONARY News Kernerman
    Number 20 y July 2012 Kernerman kdictionaries.com/kdn DICTIONARY News What’s in a name? This is the twentieth issue of this newsletter, and our company name replacement seemed to be Kernerman, which by that time is now in its twentieth year. The first issue of the newsletter was had become well known in the dictionary world, but which published by Kernerman Publishing and Password Publishers I personally avoided — because that would be too close to in July 1994. It was entitled Password News, and had the goal the name of Kernerman Publishing, and because I considered of serving as a “forum for discussion about the semi-bilingual that carrying my surname was somewhat vain. On the other English dictionary.” The title was changed in the next issue hand, I liked the short form K as an abbreviation of Kernerman to Kernerman Dictionary News. Issues No. 2 and 3 appeared (and for 1,000), which was already in our logo, its anonymity, in 1995, and since then the newsletter has been published and the nice counterbalance it produced against the long word regularly in July each year. Over the years the scope of topics Dictionaries. Thus, K Dictionaries emerged — and may a has expanded, and the look and size have changed as well. thousand dictionaries bloom! Kernerman Publishing was established in 1969, as an The irony of fate, however, is that on numerous occasions independent ELT publishing house. Since the 1980s it has been we are referred to as Kernerman Dictionaries, most notably by conducted by my father, Ari (Lionel) Kernerman, who initiated dictionary professionals… Accepting that there is no escape the semi-bilingual dictionary, and became the from your name, and assuming the weight it leading English dictionary publisher in Israel implies, we began to introduce Kernerman to and renowned globally.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art of Lexicography - Niladri Sekhar Dash
    LINGUISTICS - The Art of Lexicography - Niladri Sekhar Dash THE ART OF LEXICOGRAPHY Niladri Sekhar Dash Linguistic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India Keywords: Lexicology, linguistics, grammar, encyclopedia, normative, reference, history, etymology, learner’s dictionary, electronic dictionary, planning, data collection, lexical extraction, lexical item, lexical selection, typology, headword, spelling, pronunciation, etymology, morphology, meaning, illustration, example, citation Contents 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. The History of Lexicography 4. Lexicography and Allied Fields 4.1. Lexicology and Lexicography 4.2. Linguistics and Lexicography 4.3. Grammar and Lexicography 4.4. Encyclopedia and lexicography 5. Typological Classification of Dictionary 5.1. General Dictionary 5.2. Normative Dictionary 5.3. Referential or Descriptive Dictionary 5.4. Historical Dictionary 5.5. Etymological Dictionary 5.6. Dictionary of Loanwords 5.7. Encyclopedic Dictionary 5.8. Learner's Dictionary 5.9. Monolingual Dictionary 5.10. Special Dictionaries 6. Electronic Dictionary 7. Tasks for Dictionary Making 7.1. Panning 7.2. Data Collection 7.3. Extraction of lexical items 7.4. SelectionUNESCO of Lexical Items – EOLSS 7.5. Mode of Lexical Selection 8. Dictionary Making: General Dictionary 8.1. HeadwordsSAMPLE CHAPTERS 8.2. Spelling 8.3. Pronunciation 8.4. Etymology 8.5. Morphology and Grammar 8.6. Meaning 8.7. Illustrative Examples and Citations 9. Conclusion Acknowledgements ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) LINGUISTICS - The Art of Lexicography - Niladri Sekhar Dash Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The art of dictionary making is as old as the field of linguistics. People started to cultivate this field from the very early age of our civilization, probably seven to eight hundred years before the Christian era.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Morphology, Etymology, and Phonology
    3/16/19 OUTLINE Introduction •Goals Scientific Word Investigations: •Spelling exercise •Clarify some definitions The importance of •Intro to/review of the brain and learning Morphology, Etymology, and •What is Dyslexia? •Reading Development and Literacy Instruction Phonology •Important facts about spelling Jennifer Petrich, PhD GOALS OUTLINE Answer the following: •Language History and Evolution • What is OG? What is SWI? • What is the difference between phonics and •Scientific Investigation of the writing phonology? system • What does linguistics tell us about written • Important terms language? • What is reading and how are we teaching it? • What SWI is and is not • Why should we use the scientific method to • Scientific inquiry and its tools investigate written language? • Goal is understanding the writing system Defining Our Terms Defining Our Terms •Linguistics à lingu + ist + ic + s •Phonics à phone/ + ic + s • the study of languages • literacy instruction based on small part of speech research and psychological research •Phonology à phone/ + o + log(e) + y (phoneme) • the study of the psychology of spoken language •Phonemic Awareness • awareness of phonemes?? •Phonetics à phone/ + et(e) + ic + s (phone) • the study of the physiology of spoken language •Orthography à orth + o + graph + y • correct spelling •Morphology à morph + o + log(e) + y (morpheme) • the study of the form/structure of words •Orthographic phonology • The study of the connection between graphemes and phonemes 1 3/16/19 Defining Our Terms The Beautiful Brain •Phonemeà
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Flickr: Not All Image Tagging Is Created Equal
    Language-Action Tools for Cognitive Artificial Agents: Papers from the 2011 AAAI Workshop (WS-11-14) Beyond Flickr: Not All Image Tagging Is Created Equal Judith L. Klavans1, Raul Guerra1, Rebecca LaPlante1, Robert Stein2, and Edward Bachta2 1University of Maryland College Park, 2Indianapolis Museum of Art {jklavans, laplante}@umd.edu, [email protected], {rstein, ebachta}@imamuseum.org Abstract or the Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty 2010), and This paper reports on the linguistic analysis of a tag set of (c) clustering (Becker, Naaman, and Gravano 2010) to nearly 50,000 tags collected as part of the steve.museum characterize an image? project. The tags describe images of objects in museum col- (2) What are the optimal linguistic processes to normalize lections. We present our results on morphological, part of tags since these steps have impact on later processing? speech and semantic analysis. We demonstrate that deeper tag processing provides valuable information for organizing (3) In what ways can social tags be associated with other and categorizing social tags. This promises to improve ac- information to improve users’ access to museum objects? cess to museum objects by leveraging the characteristics of tags and the relationships between them rather than treating them as individual items. The paper shows the value of us- Description of the Tag Data ing deep computational linguistic techniques in interdisci- plinary projects on tagging over images of objects in muse- The steve project (http://www.steve.museum) is a multi- ums and libraries. We compare our data and analysis to institutional collaboration exploring applications of tagging Flickr and other image tagging projects.
    [Show full text]