Number 20 y July 2012 Kernerman kdictionaries.com/kdn News What’s in a name? This is the twentieth issue of this newsletter, and our company name replacement seemed to be Kernerman, which by that time is now in its twentieth year. The first issue of the newsletter was had become well known in the dictionary world, but which published by Kernerman Publishing and Password Publishers I personally avoided — because that would be too close to in July 1994. It was entitled Password News, and had the goal the name of Kernerman Publishing, and because I considered of serving as a “forum for discussion about the semi-bilingual that carrying my surname was somewhat vain. On the other English dictionary.” The title was changed in the next issue hand, I liked the short form K as an abbreviation of Kernerman to Kernerman Dictionary News. Issues No. 2 and 3 appeared (and for 1,000), which was already in our logo, its anonymity, in 1995, and since then the newsletter has been published and the nice counterbalance it produced against the long regularly in July each year. Over the years the scope of topics . Thus, K Dictionaries emerged — and may a has expanded, and the look and size have changed as well. thousand dictionaries bloom! Kernerman Publishing was established in 1969, as an The irony of fate, however, is that on numerous occasions independent ELT publishing house. Since the 1980s it has been we are referred to as Kernerman Dictionaries, most notably by conducted by my father, Ari (Lionel) Kernerman, who initiated dictionary professionals… Accepting that there is no escape the semi-, and became the from your name, and assuming the weight it leading English dictionary publisher in Israel implies, we began to introduce Kernerman to and renowned globally. our dictionary titles. Password Publishers was formed in 1993 to It first appeared in association with a local coordinate the growing series of Kernerman KERNERMAN brand name for a series of French bilingual Semi-Bilingual Dictionaries worldwide. The dictionaries published by Assimil in France name of the company was inspired by that of in 2009; was co-branded with Houaiss for the Password dictionary, which has become synonymous with Portuguese bilinguals in Brazil since 2010; added in our updated the semi-bilingual English learner’s dictionary. Then in 2000 version of Random House Webster’s College Dictionary last the company name was changed to K Dictionaries. year; and will join Kenkyusha’s name for a Japanese bilingual There were several reasons for this. To begin with, apart dictionary in Japan this year. from exceptions, Password Publishers was not really a Kernerman was also applied to our 42-language English publishing house, but rather a content creator that cooperated multilingual dictionary; to the Norwegian bilingual dictionary with publishers (then with technology firms). As our focus series published by Vega in Norway; to language versions of our was dictionaries, it seemed appropriate to reflect this in our new Global series, such as the Dutch dictionaries available on name. Moreover, Password was no longer representative of Mijnwoordenboek.nl; and to many mobile and tablet dictionary our wider activity, which gradually involved applications. Meantime, Kernerman Publishing also featured other types of dictionaries and other languages. The natural Kernerman in its new Advanced English Dictionary. ■ IK

1 What’s in a name? 2 Compiling specialized dictionaries differently: A brief overview of terminological projects at the Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte (OLST) | Marie-Claude L’Homme 8 Using a specialized resource to enrich a general language dictionary | Marie-Claude Demers 12 Practical aspects of the description of terms: contexts, actantial structure and lexical relationships | Geneviève Camirand 15 Kernerman English French Learner’s Dictionary: Adapting the translation from European French to Canadian/Québec French | Suzanne Desgroseilliers 21 A study of the third-generation Chinese-English dictionaries | Xia Lixin 26 Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera and Henning Bergenholtz (eds.). e-Lexicography. The Internet, Digital Initiatives and Lexicography | Adam Kilgarriff © 2012 All rights reserved. 29 Olga Karpova. English Author Dictionaries (the XVIth – the XXIst cc.) | Kusujiro Miyoshi 34 Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily (eds.). in Dictionaries and History. Essays in honour of R.W. McConchie | Michael Adams K DICTIONARIES LTD Nahum 8 Tel Aviv 63503 Israel 39 Grande Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa | Mauro de Salles Villar Tel: 972-3-5468102 40 Kernerman Norske Orbøger Fax: 972-3-5468103 [email protected] Editor | Ilan Kernerman http://kdictionaries.com ISSN 1565-4745 2

Compiling specialized dictionaries differently: A brief overview of terminological projects at the Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte (OLST)

Marie-Claude L’Homme

Marie-Claude L’Homme is 1. Introduction administrator, download, graphical, full professor at the Department The Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte dynamically) or to the environment (e.g. of Linguistics and Translation (OLST) is a research group located at the biomass, reduce, green, globally). As can of the University of Montreal, Department of Linguistics and Translation of be seen in Figures 1 and 2 with the entries where she teaches the University of Montreal. It was created in devoted to warm, the following information and computer tools for 1997 with the aim of grouping experts with is provided: translation. She is also the different backgrounds (linguistics, didactics, director of the Observatoire information science, terminology) interested • Clearly defined semantic distinctions: de linguistique Sens-Texte in the various aspects of the . Its Figure 1 shows that the inchoative (OLST), a research group main objectives are the following: and causative meanings of the verb • Address theoretical issues that underlie warm appear in two different entries. whose main focus is the lexicon the various and complex properties of In fact, an additional entry describes (general and specialized) the lexicon. the adjective warm: WARM2, adj: ~ and the various theoretical • Develop and disseminate monolingual Patient{climate 1). In DiCoInfo, and methodological issues and multilingual resources (lexical and polysemous lexical items are also related to its modelling. Her terminological databases as well as text described in separate entries. For main research interests are corpora). instance, download appears in three applied to • Devise methods to apply this work to different entries:

terminology and corpus-based various applications (language teaching download1, vt: Agent{user 1} ~ terminology. Along with and information science, for instance). Patient{application, file 1} from researchers in computer The OLST also provides a multidisciplinary Source{computer 1, network} to science, information science, environment for training in lexicology, Destination{computer 1} (download lexicography, and terminology. Several hwclear.exe from Hauppauge’s terminology and linguistics, ongoing projects allow students to acquire website) she develops lexical databases the knowledge necessary to understand the download1.1, n : ~ o f related to the fields of theoretical issues related to the lexicon and Patient{application, file 1} from computing, the Internet and the the methodology necessary to compile Source{computer 1, network} environment. lexical and terminological resources. In to Destination{computer 1} [email protected] many cases, MA and PhD. students carry by Agent{user 1} (a download out research projects that are directly that never finishes or a similar related to one of the ongoing projects at problem)

the OLST. download1.2, n : ~ o f I focus here on two terminological projects Patient{application, file 1} used by that are in my opinion representative of Agent{user 1}(the download will be the kind of environment and training that an executable file) provides the research group. These projects • A number (status 2, 1 or 0) indicates and many other resources can be found on how advanced the writing of the entry the OLST website, www.olst.umontreal.ca. is. Entries with a status 0 (only available in the French version of DiCoInfo) 2. DiCoInfo and DiCoEnviro are the most complete. Entries with a DiCoInfo1 and DiCoEnviro2 are two lexical status 2 contain valid information, but databases containing English, French and are lacking some lexical relations and Spanish terms that are related to the fields definitions. of computing and the Internet (DiCoInfo) • The actantial structure of terms: actants and to the field of the environment (i.e. arguments) are specified with two (DiCoEnviro), more specifically climate different labels (semantic roles such as change and renewable energies. The Agent, Cause, Patient) and the typical descriptions provided in both resources term that can instantiate an actant are original in the sense that they aim to (between curly brackets). highlight various linguistic properties of • Linguistic realizations of actants (Figure verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs that 2): a list of terms that can be found in convey a meaning that can be linked to running text and that can instantiate

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 either computing and the Internet (e.g. actants. 3

Figure 1: Entries warm1a and warm1b extracted from DiCoEnviro.

Figure 2: Linguistic realizations of actants and lexical relations in warm1b (DiCoEnviro).

• Contexts: a selection of sentences near synonymy, antonymy, collocation. extracted from the corpora used by In some entries, the list of lexical lexicographers to write the entries. relations is quite long. For instance, • Links to French and Spanish equivalents in entries for nouns, collocates are when available online. listed. • A list of lexical relations (Figure 2): In some of the entries, definitions are other terms that share with the provided. We display them in entries

a semantic relation such as hypernymy, labelled with a status 0. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 4

3. Resources designed according to application in FrameNet (Ruppenhofer et lexico-semantic frameworks al. 2010). A module was recently added to Both resources are based on lexico-semantic both DiCoInfo and DiCoEnviro that shows frameworks that were originally designed how the term appearing as the headword to account for the general lexicon but that interacts with its participants (actants can be adapted to specialized lexical units. and circumstants) in running text. Figure The first framework is that provided by 3 shows part of the annotations and the Explanatory Combinatorial Lexicology summary table for the term ATTACH1. (ECL, Mel’čuk et al. 1995). In DiCoInfo Of course, some adaptations were made and DiCoEnviro, lexicographers refer to to both frameworks when applied to the ECL when making semantic distinctions, description of specialized terms. defining the actantial structure, and listing lexical relationships. 4. A corpus-based methodology The second theoretical framework It can easily be inferred from what has been applied in our resources is Frame Semantics said up to now that the methodology devised (Fillmore 1982) and more specifically its to compile DiCoInfo and DiCoEnviro is

Figure 3: Annotated contexts in attach1 (DiCoInfo).

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 Figure 4: Concordances for ozone. 5 heavily corpus-based. For each resource, acquainted with some principles of ECL and corpora had to be compiled in English, Frame Semantics, be comfortable with the French and Spanish according to criteria different computer programs used throughout adapted to terminology work (Bowker and the process (term extractor, concordancer, Pearson 2002). In addition, corpora are XML structure, etc.) and acquire some The Observatoire de enriched periodically to ensure that they confidence as to their own judgements and linguistique Sens-Texte are up-to-date. intuitions about the meaning of terms. All (OLST), a research group located at Université Lexicographers use an in-house this knowledge cannot be acquired at once, de Montréal, began to concordancer for obtaining sentences in especially in our environment where most cooperate with which relevant terms appear (Figure 4). people working within our projects are K Dictionaries (KD) in Between 15 and 20 contexts are selected students in translation who have no prior 2010. Four OLST members and placed in entries. Contexts are then practical training in lexicography. It must have contributed articles to annotated (cf. Section 3). Lexicographers also be pointed out that students work part this issue of KDN: find most of the information necessary to time on the projects. §  Marie-Claude L’Homme fill the data categories of the resources in In order to ease the learning curve, a gives a general overview corpora. However, in some cases, they must step-by-step process was defined. It usually of the work carried also refer to existing specialized dictionaries flows as follows: out at the OLST or experts to validate a piece of information a) Read a couple of in-house documents and focuses on two that was found in the corpus or access to get a general overview of the specific terminological information that is not readily available in methodology. projects: DiCoInfo, running text. b) Start collecting contexts and place Dictionnaire fondamental them in relevant entries.3 In doing so, de l’informatique 5. A computer-assisted process lexicographers must make semantic et de l’Internet, and Nearly all steps required to compile distinctions and often create new entries DiCoEnviro, a database entries in DiCoInfo and DiCoEnviro are to reflect the polysemous nature of some with terms related to the computer-assisted. We already referred lexical items. Lexicographers can carry field of the environment. to the use of a concordancer for finding out this work for two to three weeks § Marie-Claude Demers relevant contexts. However, many other before they start adding information to presents a methodology stages are partly automated. other data categories. for identifying lexical The selection of terms to include in the c) Collect true and graphical items and meanings word list is carried out using a term extractor variants: these can be found in existing specific to the fields called TermoStat and designed by Drouin reference works. of computing and the (2003). The programme provides a list of d) Define the actantial structure: when candidate terms found in corpora based on a they become comfortable with semantic statistical calculation designed to define the distinctions, lexicographers are asked to specificity of lexical item in a specialized corpus when compared to a corpus of a different nature. The most recent version Lemmatized Frequency Weight Variants of TermoStat has many other features that candidate term allow lexicographers to have different views on the data (grouping of terms according to Climate 5020 235,0826658 climate___climates their components, identification of potential Change 4556 188,691871 Changes actants, etc.). In the DiCoInfo and DiCoEnviro projects, Emission 3049 182,802937 Emissions lexicographers use the list of candidate Global 1667 128,6522177 Global terms generated by TermoStat to make a first selection of terms that will appear in Temperature 1733 126,2666191 temperature___ the word lists of each resource. Figure 5 temperatures shows some of the results obtained when Model 1669 117,5733414 Models submitting an English corpus of climate Scenario 1228 114,4488449 Scenarios change texts to the program. Climate, change, and emission were identified as the Carbon 1268 114,0777962 Carbon most specific terms in the corpus and now Greenhouse 1299 113,2565932 greenhouse___greenhouses appear in DiCoEnviro. Terms are then placed in an XML Gas 1654 111,8322141 Gases structure containing all the labels for data Concentration 1088 102,5969814 Concentrations categories that lexicographers will fill with information based on what can be found Ocean 1041 101,0607715 Oceans in the corpora and their own knowledge of Impact 1215 98,62949399 Impacts the fields. Atmosphere 1017 94,90083166 Atmosphere 6. A step-by-step training process Warming 853 94,18214054 Warming In order to compile entries in DiCoInfo and

DiCoEnviro, lexicographers must become Figure 5: Candidate terms extracted from a corpus of climate change. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 6

start defining the actantial structures of FrameNet and the English version of terms. They normally start with verbs; DiCoInfo to find meanings that could be then they define the structures for missing in the general language resource. adjectives and nouns. We found that most meanings covered in e) Annotate contexts according to the DiCoInfo could be considered for inclusion methodology defined within the in FrameNet (Pimentel et al. 2012). Internet. This project was FrameNet project: this requires a The “lexicographic” potential of carried out within the specific training in order to follow a DiCoInfo also led to another interesting cooperation framework strict annotation process that encodes project. With K Dictionaries, we devised a for the interchange of semantic and syntactic information method for interchanging data taken from data between a general about terms and their participants. the English version of DiCoInfo and from language dictionary, f) Establish equivalence relationships the Random House Kernerman Webster’s the Random House between English, French and Spanish College Dictionary (RHKWCD). The Kernerman Webster’s entries. wordlists of each resource were compared Collegiate Dictionary g) Collect other semantically related terms: semi-automatically and this comparison led (RHKWCD), and antonyms, near synonyms, collocates, to the identification of missing lexical items DiCoInfo, and is part of etc. or meanings in each resource (Camirand, her MA dissertation. h) Encode lexical relations using the herein; Demers, herein; Demers et al. § Geneviève Camirand system of lexical functions provided 2012). First, terms such as avatar, artificial explains how new lexical by ECL (Mel’čuk et al. 1995). intelligence and google (verb) were added items and meanings are During each step, students are asked to to DiCoInfo. Other terms or specific described when added note all the questions they may have and meanings, such as arrow key, attach (as in to DiCoInfo, within these are discussed with a more experienced attach a file to an email) and data-driven, the same framework lexicographer. The latter also revises the are considered for inclusion in RHKWCD. of interchange with data categories periodically and decides When introduced in each resource, entries RHKWCD. The format when an entry can be placed online. must by written according to their respective of DiCoInfo is not style guides. entirely compatible with 7. And much more We recently designed an interface to what is expected to be The previous sections offered a quick access the varied general and specialized found in RHKWCD, but overview of two terminological projects resources available at the OLST in order some parts of the entries carried out at the OLST and show how the to provide a first glance at the different can later be adapted to various linguistic properties of specialized meanings that may have a lexical item the specific requirements terms can be described in online resources. in general language as well as in specific of a general dictionary. Recently, our projects have attracted subject fields. The interface, called Olster5, • Suzanne Desgroseilliers the interest of researchers working in searches the various resources and extracts describes the work areas different from terminology and of the entries and an example for each entry. she carried out in lexicographers working on the general Users can then access the entry as it appears order to adapt the lexicon. Since both resources rely on in the resources. equivalents provided lexico-semantic frameworks and on a The last project that will be presented in an English-French methodology that is very close to the ones here concerns the various adaptations that dictionary to the French used in standard lexicography, they seem to were made to DiCoInfo and DiCoEnviro to used in Québec. This lend themselves to extensions that we did make them more accessible to users who project was undertaken not foresee when we first started compiling do not have a background in ECL or Frame within an internship them. This section presents some of these Semantics. The resources were initially program offered by extensions. designed as research environments allowing KD, with the objective It soon became obvious that our resources, researchers and students to carry out different of providing a especially in the case of DiCoInfo, which kinds of analyses on terminological data. hands-on experience in has a larger coverage than DiCoEnviro, However, some colleagues pointed out that lexicography. could be compared to general lexical some aspects of the presentation of the data Another angle of the resources in order to find lexical items or in the online versions of the resources and cooperation between OLST meanings that are specific to specialized the access to their various data categories and KD, touching also on domains and that might be lacking in more could be modified so as to make them the import of entries from general repositories. We first carried out more compatible with specific user needs RHKWCD to DiCoInfo, is a comparison with a lexical resource that (L’Homme et al. 2012). This work led presented in the paper by is located at the OLST, namely the DiCo to changes in the display of information Demers et al. at Euralex (Jousse and Polguère 2005)4 that is also on-screen and to the addition of new search 2012. compiled according to the theoretical and functions. For instance, users can now Special thanks to methodological principles of ECL. This access translations of collocations (e.g. send Marie-Claude L'Homme for comparison led to a series of criteria that sth as an attachment -> envoyer qqch. en helping with the publication can be taken into account when adding pièce jointe). A browsing module was also of these articles. meanings related to specialized fields of introduced in the French version of DiCoInfo knowledge to a general resource (L’Homme that allows users to access a collocate that and Polguère 2008). Another comparison expresses a specific meaning. More changes

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 was carried out between the English will be introduced in the near future. 7

Notes Efforts to Enrich Formal . 1 DiCoInfo can be accessed here: http:// International Journal of Lexicography, olst.ling.umontreal.ca/cgi-bin/dicoinfo/ 25.2: 152-190. search.cgi/. Ruppenhofer, J., Ellsworth, M., Petruck, 2 DiCoEnviro can be accessed here: M.R.L., Johnson, C. and Scheffczyk, http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/cgi-bin/ J. 2010. FrameNet II: Extended Theory dicoenviro/search_enviro.cgi/. and Practice. 12 November 2011. http:// 3 In both projects, a preliminary list of framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/. terms is provided to lexicographers. When they start working on the projects, they are not asked to select terms themselves. However, in the course of their work, they may find that some terms are missing and ASIALEX 2013 in Bali add them to the word list. 4 http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/dicouebe/. The 8th International Conference of the Asian Association for 5 Olster was designed by Benoît Lexicography (AsiaLex) will be held in Bali, Indonesia, on Robichaud, research assistant at the OLST: 20-22 August 2013. Preparations are underway, the conference http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/olster/. website Asialex2013.org is up and running, and the Call for Papers will be published shortly. References The conference theme is Lexicography and Dictionaries in Bowker, L. and Pearson, J. 2002. Working with Specialised Languages: A Practical the Information Age. It is expected to draw the participation of Guide to Using Corpora: London: not only lexicographers but also linguists, translators, teachers, Routledge. and others interested in lexicography and dictionaries. The Demers, M.-C., Kernerman, I. and featured speakers include Dr. Diah A. Arimbi (Indonesia), Prof. L’Homme, M.-C. 2012. Lexicographic Henning Bergenholtz (Denmark), Dr. Adam Kilgarriff (UK), interchange between a specialized and a Prof. Robert Lew (Poland), and Prof. Yukio Tono (Japan). In general language dictionary. In Euralex addition to the parallel paper sessions, there will be special 2012 Proceedings. sessions for software developers and for publishers interested Drouin, P. 2003. Term Extraction Using in presenting the innovative features of their products. Non-Technical Corpora as a Point of The conference program is organized by the Secretary Leverage. Terminology, 9.1: 99-117. of AsiaLex, Dr. Deny Kwary, and his team from Airlangga Fillmore, C.J. 1982. Frame Semantics. In University, in Surabaya, with the professional assistance of The Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.), a local event organizer. Bali is well-known for its beautiful Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Seoul: beaches, so the conference venue will be a beach-front hotel, Hanshin, 111-137. and the conference will include a rich social program in Jousse, A.L. and Polguère, A. 2005. Le addition to the academic presentations. DiCo et sa version DiCouèbe. Document descriptif et manuel d’utilisation. *** Montréal: Observatoire de linguistique It is both a challenge and an opportunity to conduct a Sens-Texte (OLST). lexicography conference in Indonesia. On the one hand, L’Homme, M-.C. and Polguère, A. 2008. lexicography is under-developed. For example, the biggest Mettre en bons termes les dictionnaires national language dictionary, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia th spécialisés et les dictionnaires de langue (4 edition, 2008), contains only 41,250 lemmata and 48,799 générale. Maniez, F. and Dury, P. (dir.), sublemmata, and consists of a single volume with the total of Lexicographie et terminologie : histoire 1,701 pages. On the other hand, Indonesia is a vast country, de mots. Hommage à Henri Béjoint. with a large number of languages, and many foreign visitors: Lyon: Presses de l’Université de Lyon, it has over 260 million inhabitants, 746 local languages, and 191-206. approximately 600,000 tourists coming from abroad every L’Homme, M-.C., Robichaud, B. month (more than 200,000 to Bali). Therefore, dictionaries and Leroyer, P. 2012. Encoding should play an important role here. collocations in DiCoInfo: from formal Most Indonesians still use old versions of dictionaries, to user-friendly representations. In and are not aware of the latest developments and innovative Granger, S. and Paquot, M. (eds.), features of modern dictionaries. Dictionaries are not compiled Electronic Lexicography. Oxford: with the help of corpora and dictionary writing systems, but are Oxford University Press, 209-234. usually written by using simple word processors. Therefore, Mel’čuk, I., Clas, A. and Polguère, A. 1995. ASIALEX 2013 will offer special sessions for software Introduction à la lexicologie explicative developers to promote their dictionary software and for et combinatoire. Louvain-la-Neuve: publishers to promote their up-to-date dictionaries. Duculot / Aupelf - UREF. Pimentel, J., L’Homme, M.-C. and Laneville, M.E. .2012. General and Deny A. Kwary Specialized Lexical Resources: A

Study on the Potential of Combining Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 8

Using a specialized resource to enrich a general language dictionary

Marie‑Claude Demers

Abstract Cabré (2007) and Béjoint (2007). More This paper describes a method for precisely, by focusing on the integration of comparing a specialized lexicographic terms in a general language dictionary, we resource and a general one, thus evaluating compare the wordlist of the Dictionnaire the extent to which the former can fondamental de l’informatique et de contribute to increase the coverage of the l’Internet (DiCoInfo), developed at the latter. Concretely, it compares the contents Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte of the English wordlist of the Dictionnaire (OLST), with that of the Random House fondamental de l’informatique et de Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary l’Internet (DiCoInfo), developed at the (RHKWCD)1, of K Dictionaries. We begin Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte by presenting each resource. Then, we (OLST), and the wordlist of the Random explain the different steps taken to extract, House Kernerman Webster’s College analyze and select relevant data from these Marie-Claude Demers has a Dictionary (RHKWCD), of K Dictionaries. dictionaries. Finally, we conclude with Bachelor’s degree in German Firstly, the entries from both resources were some observations and recommendations as studies and a Master degree in automatically extracted and compared. to how information found in a specialized Translation from Université de Then, we carried a manual analysis of resource can be incorporated correctly in Montréal. During the course every lexical item that we classified in a general language dictionary. of her studies, she contributed different categories according to their to enriching the English presence in RHKWCD and the way they 2. Presentation of DiCoInfo and are described in it. Based on this research, RHKWCD version of the DiCoInfo at the recommendations regarding ways of RHKWCD was originally published Observatoire de linguistique improving the integration of specialized in 1947 under the name of American Sens‑Texte (OLST). She now units in a general language dictionary were College Dictionary (Demers et al. 2012). works as a translator for a made. Overall, this paper concludes that The dictionary was revised and updated Canadian retailer and pursues both lexical resources are compatible and annually, was eventually retitled Random translation as a freelancer. that it is possible to incorporate information House Webster’s College Dictionary, marie-claude.demers.2@ recorded in a specialized resource into a and K Dictionaries acquired the last umontreal.ca general one. (Parrallel research to extract version published in 2005. RHKWCD lexical units from RHKWCD and record is intended for college students and the them in DiCoInfo has demonstrated that general public, native English speakers the reverse is possible asd well.) and advanced non-native users. Today, it comprises approximately 130,000 words Keywords: terminology, lexicography, and expressions from all language ranges. general language, computing language Common meanings are ordered before specialized ones and frequent units appear 1. Introduction before older ones. The entries include Over the last three decades, computational pronunciation, definitions, and examples of linguistics has evolved constantly, usage, as well as information on etymology providing an increasing number of and usage. Although RHKWCD and tools—such as term extractors, database the DiCoInfo compile different types of management software, concordancers, and information, they share a common encoding translation memories—that accelerate, system both using a markup language to automate, and ease the work of linguists, record data. terminographers, lexicographers, and The DiCoInfo is a specialized dictionary translators. There is undoubtedly an infinite created by the Observatoire de Linguistique amount of data compiled by organizations, Sens-Texte at the Université de Montréal. companies, institutions, and individuals, It is a free online resource, focusing on creating the possibility of sharing research terms related to the fields of computing and findings and information. This issue is the Internet. Its objectives are to describe at the core of this project on bilingual fundamental terms, such as email, bug and lexicography that studies the compatibility network, as well as to list and explain the between lexicography and terminology, relations between the terms of the field. When

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 examined by different researchers such as compiling the entries, terminographers refer 9 to a corpus that has more than a million in XML. The first step consisted of words containing mainly pedagogical texts identifying lexical units that were not dealing with topics such as the Internet, recorded in RHKWCD. Since many items networks, programming, micro-computing, are polysemous, we also had to carry out a and operating systems. manual analysis of every meaning defined The records in the DiCoInfo are divided under each dictionary entry of RHKWCD. into sections. The sections headword, The entries of the DiCoInfo were classified part of speech, status, actantial structure, in one of the following categories depending written by, and last update appear in every on how they were taken into account in entry. The sections (s), linguistic RHKWCD. We give below (Tables 1 to 12) realization of actants, contexts, variant(s), the description and an example of a lexical and French are shown by default, but only unit for each of the six categories. in records for which the information is available. The section definition is only provided for records of status 0. Figure 1 Table 1. Category A1 illustrates how records are written in the Category A1 DiCoInfo. Criterion A lexical item that is listed in RHKWCD with a clear indication Based on the Explanatory Combinatorial that it belongs to the field of computing, such as a usage label or Lexicology method (Meľčuk 1999), this the presence of the word computer in its definition. resource is still under construction and enriched on an ongoing basis. Some records Quantity 302 are complete and available online, while Table 2. Example of a lexical unit from category A1: batch1 others appear in the wordlist but still need to be compiled (presenting only a few contexts Lex. Unit batch1 and including no actantial structure). The Part of sp. noun achievement level of records is indicated by a status number that ranges from 0 to Definitions 1. a quantity or number coming at one time or taken together; 3. Completed records are attributed the in group; lot: a batch of prisoners. number 0. RHKWCD 2. the quantity of bread, dough, etc., made at one baking: a batch of cookies. 3. Extraction, analysis and integration 3. the quantity of material prepared or required for one of data operation: to mix a batch of concrete. We started the project by automatically 4. a group of jobs, data, programs, or commands treated as a extracting all entries from both dictionaries unit for computer processing. and comparing them. This was facilitated 5. a. a quantity of raw materials mixed in proper proportions by the fact that both resources are encoded and prepared for fusion into glass. b. the material so mixed.

Figure 1: Record of SOFTWARE2 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 10

Table 3. Category A2 Following this analysis, two types of lexical Category A2 units were considered for inclusion into RHKWCD: units absent from RHKWCD Criterion A lexical item that appears in RHKWCD with a meaning that and units that are present in RHKWCD clearly belongs to computing but without any clear indication, but that do not convey a meaning related such as a usage label or the presence of the word computer in to the field of computing. Therefore, we its definition. selected units labeled B and D. After having Quantity 43 selected which units could be added, we had to determine how these could be integrated Table 4. Example of a lexical unit from category A2: bot1 based on their presence in RHKWCD and Lex. unit bot1 how they are described in this resource.2 Part of sp. noun 4. Observations and recommendations Definitions 1. the larva of a botfly. A few scenarios were identified based in 2. a device or piece of software that can execute commands or on the analysis in section 2. We made RHKWCD perform routine tasks, as electronic searches, usually without recommendations for the inclusion of user intervention (often used in combination): intelligent lexical units depending on the category in infobots; shopping bots. which they were classified. When a term is used exclusively in a Table 5. Category B specialized context, L’Homme and Polguère Category B (2008) recommend adding a label indicating Criterion A lexical item that is listed in RHKWCD, but the computing the field to which it belongs. Lexical meaning is not recorded. units from category D, which belong exclusively to the field of computing, Quantity 273 should be accompanied by such a label. Table 6. Example of a lexical unit from category B: script1 However, if the field is clearly indicated in the definition, for example when the word Lex. unit script1 computer is mentioned, as in cases A1, the Part of sp. noun label becomes superfluous (Josselin-Leray Definitions 1. the letters or characters used in writing by hand; and Roberts 2004). in handwriting. Although lexical units B appear in RHKWCD 2. a manuscript or document. RHKWCD, no meaning from the field of 3. the written text of a play, motion picture, television program, computing is recorded. To integrate these or the like. lexical units into the dictionary, lexicographers 4. any system of writing. could simply add a new meaning. 5. Print. a type imitating handwriting. Lexical units in groups B-C and C are 6. a plan. listed in RHKWCD and their definition could also apply to computing. In Table 7. Category B-C many cases, in addition to conveying a general meaning, those units also cover Category B-C a terminological usage. To illustrate how Criterion A lexical item that belongs to both categories B and C. these lexical units are used in the field of Quantity 193 computing, sentences from that domain may be added in the form of examples after the Table 8. Example of a lexical unit from category B-C: partition1 general language definition. Lex. unit partition1 Figure 2 presents an example of how this latter scenario applies. In the field of Part of sp. noun computing as well as in general language, Definitions 1. a division into or distribution in portions or shares. the verb decipher means “to decode a in 2. a separation, as of two or more things. message”. In computing, that message is in RHKWCD 3. something that separates or divides. an electronic format and is decoded with a 4. a part, division, or section. key. This figure shows the three meanings of 5. an interior wall or barrier dividing space into separate areas. decipher as listed in RHKWCD. We added 6. Logic. the separation of a whole into its integral parts. an example (in boldface) to illustrate the 7. Math. a mode of separating a positive whole number into a usage of the verb in computing. sum of positive whole numbers. Three criteria motivate the inclusion of specialized units in general language Table 9. Category C dictionaries: the level of specialization Category C of the term, the nature of the term Criterion A lexical item that is recorded in RHKWCD whose general (single-word or multi-word unit) and language meaning is applicable to its meaning in the field of morphological relations between lexical computing. units (Josselin-Leray and Roberts 2004). First, lexicographers prefer less specialized

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 Quantity 111 terms than specialized ones since the former 11

Table 10. Example of a lexical unit from category C: decipher1 de•ci•pher/dɪˈsaɪ fər/ v.t. 1. to make out the meaning of Lex. unit decipher1 (something obscure or difficult to read Part of sp. transitive verb or understand): I couldn’t decipher his handwriting. Definitions 1. to make out the meaning of (something obscure or difficult 2. to interpret by the use of a key, in to read or understand): I couldn’t decipher his handwriting. as something written in cipher: RHKWCD 2. to interpret by the use of a key, as something written in to decipher a secret message, to cipher: to decipher a secret message. decipher data with an algorithm. 3. Obs. to depict; portray. 3. Obs. to depict; portray. [1520–30; MF déchiffrer] Table 11. Category D Category D Figure 2: decipher recorded in RHKWCD Criterion A lexical item that is not listed in RHKWCD. are more likely to be relevant for a vast Quantity 421 audience. Furthermore, they prefer single terms over multi-word units. Lastly, they Table 12. Example of a lexical unit from category D: server machine1 not only consider the meaning of the unit Lex. unit server machine1 but also its formal resemblance to other Part of sp. noun units and would rather work on a group of units than on individual units. Definitions Not applicable. in 5. Conclusion RHKWCD In this study, we evaluated whether it is possible to use a specialized lexical resource, the DiCoInfo, to enrich a general language dictionary, namely RHKWCD. should be added in the definition? To answer We compared the wordlist of the DiCoInfo this question, we suggest selecting the units with that of RHKWCD. We then proceeded that are to be added to the general language by classifying each lexical unit found in resource based on their occurrences in a the DiCoInfo into six different categories general language corpus. This allows us according to the way they were taken into to objectively determine which specialized account in RHWKCD. Lexical units in unit is now part of the general language categories A1 and A2 were described in . For instance, in this study, RHKWCD and it was obvious that they we could have selected which computing belonged to the field of computing. Only lexical units labeled as B and D are part lexical units B and D were considered for of the general language and should be inclusion into RHWKCD. The former were added to RHKWCD based on their level of present in the dictionary but a computing occurrence in a general language corpus. meaning had to be added, while the latter The following step would be to decide were completely absent from it. For lexical which information the definitions of those units in B-C and C, examples could be added computing lexical units should provide. after the definitions to show that the lexical units are used in the field of computing, Notes as demonstrated by the term decipher. We 1 RHKWCD consists of the core thus showed that it is possible to use an of Random House Webster’s College existing specialized resource to increase the Dictionary (Random House, New York, coverage of a general language dictionary. 2005) updated by K Dictionaries. We also provided a few guidelines on how 2 A total of 1,353 lexical units were to proceed based on the presence and the analyzed, although DiCoInfo does not type of definition of units in the general contain as many records. This occurred language dictionary. because many lexical units are synonyms According to L’Homme and Polguère or variants, and many terms have a (2008), lexical units should be selected compositional meaning. Multi-word based on the target audience of the resource. terms containing the word internet, such However “different users require different as internet site, internet access, internet things from their dictionaries, but even browser and internet network, can be where dictionaries set out to address quoted as examples. Thus, although 273 similar userships, there are discrepancies lexical units pertained to category B and between the levels of information and kinds 421 units were labeled as D, not as many of detail for scientific and technical words units could be added to RHKWCD. By or meanings.” (Moon 2008) How can we excluding variants, the number of potential determine which units are relevant to the entries that could be added to RHKWCD target audience and which information decreased. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 12

References les termes. Lyon: Presses de l’Université Béjoint, H. 2007. Nouvelle lexicographie de Lyon, 322-348. et nouvelle terminologie : convergences L’Homme, M.-C. and Polguère, A. 2008. et divergences. In L’Homme, M.-C. and Mettre en bons termes les dictionnaires Vandaele, S. (eds.), Lexicographie et spécialisés et les dictionnaires de langue terminologie : compatibilité des modèles générale. In Maniez, F. and Dury, P. et des méthodes. Ottawa: Les Presses de (eds.), Lexicographie et terminologie : l’Université d’Ottawa, 29-78. histoire de mots. Hommage à Henri Cabré, T. 2007. La terminologie : une Béjoint. Lyon: Presses de l’Université discipline en évolution : le passé, de Lyon, 191-206. le présent et quelques éléments Mel’čuk, I. (ed.). 1999. Dictionnaire prospectifs. In L’Homme, M.-C. and explicatif et combinatoire du Vandaele, S. (eds.), Lexicographie et français contemporain : Recherches terminologie : compatibilité des modèles lexico-sémantiques IV. Montréal: et des méthodes. Ottawa: Les Presses de Presses de l’Université de Montréal. l’Université d’Ottawa, 79-109. Moon, R. 2008. Technicalities of definition. Demers, M.-C., Kernerman, I. and In Maniez, F. and Dury, P. (eds.), L’Homme, M.-C. 2012. Lexicographic Lexicographie et terminologie : histoire interchange between a specialized and a de mots. Hommage à Henri Béjoint. general language dictionary. In Euralex Lyon: Presses de l’Université de Lyon, 2012 Proceedings. 83-98. DiCoInfo: Le dictionnaire fondamental Random House Kernerman d’informatique et de l’Internet. 2011. Webster’s College Dictionary. http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/cgi-bin/ 2011. http://kdictionariesonline. DiCoInfo/search.cgi/. com/DictionaryPage. Josselin-Leray, A. and Roberts, R.P. aspx?ApplicationCode=18/. 2004. Le traitement des termes dans les Random House Webster’s College dictionnaires généraux. In Béjoint, H. Dictionary. 2005. New York: Random and Maniez, F. (eds.), De la mesure dans House.

Practical aspects of the description of terms: contexts, actantial structure and lexical relationships

Geneviève Camirand

As a translation student, my contribution to of the project. The specific challenge of this Marie-Claude Demers’s directed study on the project was to write entries that could be enrichment of a general dictionary’s wordlist added to RHKWCD while respecting the with the relevant contents of a specialized guidelines usually applied in DiCoInfo. My dictionary gave me the opportunity to role was to add data categories compatible investigate hidden aspects of some of the with DiCoInfo (contexts, actantial structure, resources I will likely use extensively in lexical relationships). Once added, these a professional setting. My role has been data categories could be used to write a to participate, as a research assistant, in definition and select examples that could developing terminological dictionary entries be incorporated into RHKWCD. related to the computer field and contained The criteria for the selection of the terms in a terminological dictionary, the English to be included in the project were basically version of the DiCoInfo developed at the the following: among the terms whose Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte meaning relative to the computer field was (OLST), that had been selected with the not already described in RHKWCD, only aim of supplying a general dictionary, those that were not too specialized to be part the Random House Kernerman Webster’s of the general language were accepted. It is College Dictionary (RHKWCD), with worth mentioning here that, since DiCoInfo new entries and meanings. And indeed, is in constant evolution, as is the computer specialized and general resources being field, the list of terms established the first some of the main tools for translators, I took time is open to new additions.

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 a particular interest in the various aspects Figure 1 is a screenshot of part of the list 13 with which I worked; as can be seen, each nor, in some cases, a sufficient number of lexical unit represents a unique meaning. occurrences for specific terms, it had to be Alias, for example, can refer either to: 1) a “enriched” with new texts, all of them found kind of pseudonym, 2) a shortcut for a on the Internet. I had to develop some skills command, or 3) to create a shortcut for a allowing me to choose, among abundant command. Initially, analyst1 was not part of sources, the ones that would be useful, and the list; it was added since it was considered to be careful to select recent texts (more that one of its meanings definitely belongs likely to present up-to-date information) to the computer field, and serves as an pertaining to a variety of specialization actant for other terms (e.g. analysis1), and it levels. Between 15 and 20 contexts had is not too specialized to be listed in a general to be chosen for each meaning; they were dictionary. DDR1 (double data rate), on the then organized according to the quantity and contrary, was removed from the list because nature of the information they presented. it was decided it was not common enough My main goal was to allow dictionary users in everyday language. to access additional information, so various The contexts, the actantial structure, elements were considered: the presence of and the lexical links are the three most actants, of synonyms and antonyms, aspects important data categories of the DiCoInfo’s of definition, etc. structure on which I was brought to Below, I present contexts that were found Geneviève Camirand is currently undertaking a work. Since the DiCoInfo is based on a for microcontroller1: lexico-semantic perspective, which puts bachelor’s degree in Translation forward a semasiological method, contexts A microcontroller is a complete system, at Université de Montréal, extracted from corpora are the basis of consisting of the CPU (computing unit/ where she participated the description. In effect, all other data microprocessor), the programming in the enrichment of the categories are developed according to the memory (FLASH or EPROM), working English version of DiCoInfo, data found there, which means that the memory (RAM) and in/output on a chip. developed at the Observatoire quality of the descriptions depends mostly (Source: MEMORY_CHIPS) de linguistique Sens-Texte on the quality of the chosen contexts. The Also inside the mouse are a switch for search and selection of relevant contexts is each button, and a microcontroller (OLST). She has a background thus a core step, which must be given much which interpret the signals from the in Modern Languages, which attention. sensors and the switches, using its she studied at Universidad Since the computer corpus used for firmware program to translate them into Autónoma de Querétaro, in searching lexical items does not contain all packets of data which are sent to the PC. Mexico. the terms that were identified for description, (Source: INPUTDEVICE) [email protected]

Figure 1: A screenshot of a portion of the list of terms. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 14

The 8051, being a communications- establishment of a network between terms, oriented microcontroller, gives the user thus determining the position of the term the ability to access a number of bit within a semantic network. It provides variables. (Source: TYPMEM) paradigmatic relations (hypernyms and hyponyms, antonyms, derivatives), as Interesting information can be found in well as syntagmatic ones (collocates that the above contexts: the components of a participate in the description of a term’s microcontroller, an example of hardware behaviour within language). Finding it can be installed in (mouse), a related new lexical relationships also resulted in meaning (chip), and so on. Attention must introducing new terms to the DiCoInfo’s be given to the diversity of the sources and wordlist, and thus additional candidates the complementary nature of the information for the list provided to RHKWCD, contained in the contexts. since according to the lexico‑semantic During this first step of the descriptive perspective behind the DiCoInfo, most work, I had to deal with two main lexical units surrounding a term are also difficulties. The first was the fact that some likely to be terms, as are derivatives, terms that unquestionably pertain to the synonyms and antonyms. For example,

computer field seldom appear in specialized case insensitivity1 was added because texts. For example, computerization, which case sensitivity1, its antonym, was already refers to a rather abstract reality, appears part of the wordlist; also, the verb crack1 more often in governmental or journalistic led to the inclusion of the noun crack2, texts referring to the computerization of an which designates the same notion, and the

organization than in an academic article noun cracker2, whose function is to crack or a user’s guide… The second had to do something. with an problem: the profusion of In brief, my participation in the texts on the Internet, which complicated description of terms allowed me to the identification of serious and relevant become more familiar with many steps sources. of terminological work, from supplying a As regards the actantial structure, it corpus to the establishment of a semantic allows one to identify which participants network. And since, from a translation of a given term are necessary in order point of view, I consider general and to understand its meaning, and how specialized tools as complementary, I they interact with it, i.e. which actantial believe that the collaboration between roles they fill. The actantial structure has the DiCoInfo and RHKWCD is a rich multiple functions: to identify new terms source of investigation themes aiming among the actants, to help construct a to demonstrate the inexhaustible bonds definition of the term, to draw the line between lexicography and terminology. between different meanings of a lexical unit, to contribute to the explanation of how References given terminological units behave within Demers, M.-C. 2011. Travail de language, and many others. I established recherche en lexicographie bilingue : actantial structures by analyzing contexts enrichissement de la and observing already existing structures d’un dictionnaire général à partir in the dictionary. I will illustrate the de celle d’un dictionnaire spécialisé. process with the actantial structure of the http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/pdf/ verb bounce: DemersMarieClaude2011.pdf. bounce: { email1} ~ from { address3} DiCoInfo : Le dictionnaire fondamental to {sender} d’informatique et de l’Internet. It was decided, for this term, that three Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte. actants are necessary in order to understand 12 May 2012. http://olst.ling.umontreal. its meaning: the patient (what bounces), ca/cgi-bin/DiCoInfo/search.cgi/. the source (where it bounces from), and L’Homme, M.-C. 2004. La terminologie : the destination (where it bounces to). Each principes et techniques. Montréal: Les actantial role is replaced on the online presses de l’Université de Montréal, DiCoInfo by a typical term, i.e. the lexical 32-36. unit that is most likely to play that role in Random House Kernerman Webster’s context, or the generic that better represents College Dictionary. 12 May 2012. all the possible realisations of those units. http://www.kdictionariesonline. Choosing the most adequate typical term is com/DictionaryPage. often a difficult task. aspx?ApplicationCode=18/. Finally, the analysis of the contexts allowed me to become more familiar with the lexical relationships section and enrich

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 it. This part of the entry contributes to the 15

Kernerman English-French Learner’s Dictionary: Adapting the translation from European French to Canadian/Québec French

Suzanne DesGroseilliers

Introduction equivalents (from Québec) to an English/ This article describes the process behind French dictionary that had already been the adaptation of an English-French translated by lexicographers from France. dictionary for a French-speaking audience The resulting dictionary would then be the in Québec. The varieties of French spoken reflection of the French spoken by native in Canada, and in Québec in particular, speakers in Québec. have evolved differently than in Europe, I adapted the dictionary in Montréal, where the community of French speakers Canada, in the summer of 2011 as part of is much larger. As French is one of the my internship as a third year translation official languages in Canada, and is the student at the University of Montréal. The official language in Québec, one would purpose of this article is to explain in detail assume there are many dictionaries suited to the process of this adaptation and to give speakers of French in both places. However, more information about the general and the the situation in practice is somewhat specialized references that I used to do so. Suzanne DesGroseilliers different. The vast majority of dictionaries After analyzing the main modifications obtained a bachelor degree used in schools, universities, or businesses noted in the process, I was able to identify in Psychology in 2006 and a are those edited and compiled in France: categories of the main differences found bachelor degree in Translation mainly, Le Robert, for French only, and the between the France version and the Québec in 2011. During her translation Robert-Collins or Harraps for bilingual version. This not only shows that differences studies, she worked as a student use. Some exceptions come to mind: Le do exist in French between France and researcher in terminology at the Multidictionnaire de la langue française, Québec, but also the importance of adapting le Dictionnaire Franqus, Le dictionnaire a dictionary to a specific target audience. Observatoire de linguistique québécois d’aujourd’hui, Termium, etc. Sens-Texte (OLST) at But these types of dictionaries are mainly Working method Université de Montréal. She intended to explain the specificities of the As mentioned above, the main task was currently works as a translator French language spoken in Québec and to add Québec equivalents to an English/ at SDL International in few are bilingual. Others are databases French dictionary in which the initial Montréal. offering only equivalents, without examples English nomenclature had already been [email protected] of usage, and are thus not useful enough translated by lexicographers in France. for learners. The translated content of the bilingual dictionaries produced in Europe FRANCE VERSION is certainly understood by French speakers in Québec, who are regularly exposed to French culture outside of Québec. Although the French language in Québec is different in its verbal form, in its written form it tends to follow the rules originating from France. That being said, when compiling a dictionary there is no justification not to take into consideration the differences between two communities that speak the same language when compiling a dictionary. QUÉBEC VERSION Every language has its own peculiarities, making each language distinctive, unique, and special to those who speak it, and is the reflection of the community in which it takes place. It is then clear that some work had to be done: a proper French adaptation of a bilingual dictionary for Québec should be undertaken in order to offer to locals a dictionary they can rely on and in which they can recognize their own variety of Figure 1: Example of the translation of ice-cream in the France and

French. Mainly, the task was to add French Québec versions. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 16

Figure 2: Example of the term crème glacée in Antidote.

The example of the lexical unit ‘ice cream’ , etc), 11 linguistic guides (grammar, is shown in Figure 1. After analyzing the conjugation, definitions, anagrams, family, different parts of the entry (definition, etc.) and many other linguistic revision equivalents, examples, etc), it was clear tools. It considers the Québec reality and the that the France equivalent was not properly specific usages of French language in this suited for a Québec audience. Indeed, the culture. It also compares the different lexical lexical unit « glace » in Québec means ‘ice’ units used in Québec against those in France. and since this term is strongly related to the A mention of Québec or France is shown Québec reality (winter season), it is unlikely in the majority of entries, telling the user if that native French speakers in Québec the word is adapted to either community. would relate the term « glace » to another This software is not only useful to French term than ‘ice’. The decision to change speakers in Québec but also to learners, « glace » for « crème glacée » was then since the differences between France and taken. Moreover, the term « crème glacée » Québec are well exposed. Figure 2 is a was validated both by the equivalent found screenshot of Antidote referring to the same in the reference documents and by other example presented in Figure 1. It validates native speakers. the final decision to replace « glace » by « crème glacée ». Reference documents The Dictionnaire Franqus1 was used The general references that were used for to evaluate the French equivalents. This the adaptation were the Harrap’s Shorter, dictionary is the first French general mainly to validate the equivalents, Le dictionary to be completely compiled Grand Robert de la langue française outside of France. It is also the first (online version), to add the International dictionary to be elaborated strictly based Phonetic Alphabet, and Le Petit Robert, on a Québec linguistic corpus. This to validate the French definitions already dictionary was useful but since it is still in place. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate being developed, the results were not Dictionary was used to validate the English always conclusive. The wordlist is still definitions. As for European users, these limited and more specific or technical terms types of reference documents are the ones are not included. The DicoInfo (L’Homme that are usually used by French speakers 2011) is a specialized dictionary listing in Québec. and explaining the myriad connections of I began by compiling a list of specialized terms from various domains of computer references in order to properly adapt and science as well as Internet usage. Since validate the modifications made to the this resource is compiled in Québec, and is dictionary. This list had to be complete, the available online, it was used to validate the references well known in the terminology equivalents of the field of computing. Also and lexicography fields, and most available online, Le Grand dictionnaire importantly, they had to be properly adapted terminologique is a terminological data to the local audience. The software Antidote bank gathering terms and their English was used, since it was created in Québec and equivalents from specialized fields. is well known in the academic community. Mainly used to validate French equivalents, This application brings together a French Termium is another online terminological grammar checker, 12 different dictionaries and linguistic data bank. It was elaborated

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 (synonyms, antonyms, co-occurrences, by the Translation Bureau, which is the 17 federal government’s centre of expertise In this entry, the of the French in translation and linguistic services and equivalent yoghourt is not usual in Québec. one of the world’s leading translation In another entry (‘fat free’), the same French organizations, and gathers almost 4 million equivalent is spelled yaourt. Although English and French terms. I used both to the two forms of spelling are known in confirm French equivalents. Finally, I Québec, they are certainly not usual. The chose two printed dictionaries to validate spelling is the first form presented in the either the equivalents already in place Multidictionnaire de la langue française or the new ones. The first, Dictionnaire and this form of spelling was also confirmed québécois d’aujourd’hui, is based on Le in Antidote. Furthermore, the pronunciation Robert d’aujourd’hui and tends to reflect of the words is different in France and in the usage of French in Québec. Secondly, Québec. Most of the time, native speakers in Le Multidictionnaire de la langue française Québec do not pronounce the final “t” while was often consulted. This dictionary was this is not the case in the French-speaking compiled by Marie‑Éva de Villers and communities in Europe. I thus modified this is based on the enquiries to the Office equivalent to adapt the spelling of the word québécois de la langue française. It takes yogourt to the French speakers in Québec into consideration the present use of and consequently, I changed the IPA to language in Québec and is a complete guide reflect the pronunciation. adapted to the particular case of French in The second category concerns Québec. Finally, besides the consultation of differences between words that I define these dictionaries and data banks, I applied as Anglicism. The terms in this category my own knowledge of Québec French, and are those considered to be Anglicism in often referred my questions also to other French-speaking communities, particularly local native speakers to validate the use of in Québec. There seems to be a general certain terms. tendency in France to use Anglicism in the common language. French speakers Results in Québec are widely exposed to English During the process of adapting the (from Canada and the United States) and, dictionary to a Québec public, which like French speakers in France, tend to use implies the revision of the entries and the English terms in all kinds of situations. French proposed equivalents, I noted all Furthermore, as a result of being exposed the modifications between the two French to English grammar, French speakers in wordlists that I had made. These notes were Québec tend to make grammatical errors then divided into two categories: differences in French. For example, the use of the verb and errors. The compilation of the main « identifier », which is a proper French differences strengthened the importance word, is most of the time incorrect. The of having a bilingual dictionary that is correct use of the term is influenced by its well-adapted to a specific public, providing English equivalent (identify). Dictionaries a better idea of the differences between two and other reference books then tend to groups of native speakers from different promote a proper usage of French terms and countries. to banish from the vernacular all forms of Anglicism. I changed all Anglicisms found Main differences in the France wordlist to proper French After reviewing all the main differences, I terms that are actually used in Québec. For divided them into seven categories: Spelling, example, email was changed to courriel Anglicism, Usage, Unknown, Intercultural, (which is a neologism proposed by the Idiomaticity and No equivalent. Each of Office québécois de la langue française) these categories is explained below and an and weekend to the French equivalent fin example is provided. de semaine. First, some differences were noted as Some differences can be referred to the Spelling differences. This implies that question of Usage. Usually, the term is the spelling of a certain term in Québec well understood by the French speaker is different, or that the France spelling is in Québec, but it is not usual. I validated not usual in Québec. Figure 3 shows an such terms with the ‘frequency rate’ (called example. indice de fréquence) proposed in Antidote. For each word, the rate of usage frequency is indicated on a scale of 100. For example, light2 [lait] adj the entry ‘oatmeal’ initially had the French 6 (lite) containing less fat or sugar equivalent porridge. However, based on than usual {fr} - allégé/-ée my native knowledge of French, and as a ◊ light yogurt {fr} - yoghourt allegé professional translator, I considered this was most certainly not a word largely used

Figure 3: Example of the entry light. in Québec. In Antidote, the frequency rate Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 18

for porridge is 24, whereas that for gruau I gathered here the terms that represent a is 30, so I used the latter. Other examples of different reality in both societies or that terms that I decided to change based on the often have a different meaning. Examples Antidote frequency rate, on results found in of such terms are those used in the domain the reference tools (Multidictionnaire, OQLF, of education and in the proper terminology Colpron, etc), and on my own knowledge of related to the different meals in a day. In French, include: canular (40) / blague (46), the field of education, the terminology troquet (30) / brasserie (44), masure (35) / usually used in France and in Québec cabane (46), myrtille (34) / bleuet (39) and varies largely. For example, in France the trouillard (27) / peureux (37).2 terms « jardin d’enfant » and « lycée » For certain entries, the equivalent proposed are used as opposed to « maternelle » was not known in Québec. I gathered these and « secondaire » in Québec. Those few examples in the category Unknown. differences could be categorized both in In the entry ‘bribe,’ the equivalent was usage or intercultural. However, if we take « bakchich ». Since I did not know this word the example of « baccalauréat » we see I did some research and found that it is not that the term is used both in France and used in Québec. Furthermore, I validated in Québec, but the meaning is different this with other local native French speakers in each community. In France it refers to and no one knew what this word meant. I the diploma required to pursue superior therefore decided to change the proposed studies (received at the end of the secondary equivalent to a more commonly-used word studies), whereas in Québec it refers to the in Québec, which is « pourboire ». diploma received at the end of the first cycle The next category is Intercultural, in university (bachelor’s degree). Those which is closely related to that of Usage. usages have to be taken into consideration in the adapted nomenclature of the bilingual dictionary. Another example refers to the Table 1. Example of intercultural differences different meals. Table 1 illustrates the main between France and Québec. differences. English France Québec As seen here, the same term, « déjeuner », breakfast petit-déjeuner déjeuner refers to two different meals: in France it lunch déjeuner dîner is the second meal of the day (known as ‘lunch’ in English), while in Québec it is the supper/dinner dîner souper first meal of the day (known as ‘breakfast’

Figure 4: Examples provided for the term lait in Antidote.

in English). It is important to note such Differences differences not only in order to adapt the wordlist to the target public, but also to alert learners and prepare them to use the proper terminology in a certain domain. Certain terms are considered to be more idiomatic in a particular society. This is what we call co-occurrence, and the category I created for it is Idiomaticity. To verify the level of co-occurrence of a certain equivalent I used once more the tools provided in Antidote. One of the examples provided in the entry ‘expiration’ of the France equivalent is « brique de lait ». Since this is not used in Québec, I verified the co-occurrence for « lait » in Antidote. Figure 5: Graphic representation of the main differences in the France/Québec It appears that « pinte de lait » or « carton

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 translations. de lait » are widely used, while I did not 19 find any concurrence for « brique de lait » was « décade », while the proper one is (Figure 4). « decennie ». Finally, from my personal Therefore, I changed the example to view, I thought that certain Definitions « pinte de lait », since it is more idiomatic were not well adapted to the Québec reality. and more usual in Québec, as validated in For example, the following definition of Antidote. ‘grape’: “a small green or purple fruit used Finally, for certain terms, I did not find to make wine”. Although it is well known any equivalent since the realities in Québec in Québec that grapes are used to make and France are not the same. I aggregated wine, such activity is less common than these words in the category No equivalent. in France. Therefore, this definition does The example provided for the term ‘junior’ not fit the Québec reality, where a grape is a ‘junior high school student’. In Québec, is more often a “fruit that is eaten” and a there is no such differentiation of students native speaker would not have immediately in high school. Therefore, no equivalent can the mental representation of a “fruit used be provided. I left the French equivalent to make wine”. However, I did not change proposed by the France lexicographers, the definition since that was not within my which is « en classe de première ». In the task, but noted it for further adjustments or Québec version of the dictionary there could updates. Figure 7 shows graphically the main be a “lexicographer’s note” to explain the errors noted during the adaptation process. difference in cultural realities. It is clear that these consisted mainly of Figure 5 represents the main differences spelling mistakes, which are common in the found in the adaptation process of the making of a dictionary. Surprisingly, 35% of dictionary. The main difference concerns the errors were in the nature of equivalents. The category of Usage, followed by Anglicism processes of verifying, updating, or even and Intercultural differences. This is helpful data for a lexicographer, since it emphasizes the type of equivalent that should be adapted and should be more carefully analyzed in the process of translating and adapting a dictionary to different speakers of the same language.

Main errors Besides the differences noted in the adaptation process, I also noted errors and gathered them in four categories: Inflection, Spelling, Equivalent, and Definition. In the category Inflection, some entries did not provide the feminine inflection. I added it, since feminizing terms is important in Québec, as stated by Larivière (2000): “how can we be equal if invisible.” For example, the term ‘coach’ only provides the French equivalent « entraîneur ». I added « entraîneuse », which is commonly used in Québec. Figure 6: Terminological entry of flight attendant in Termium. I also noted certain Spelling errors, of grammar, spelling, typography, or Errors obsolete use of terms. Errors of grammar were common in the examples. In the example of ‘lift1,’ the following sentence was provided: « Sa père l’a fait passer par dessus la barrière. » Since « père » is a masculine word I changed « sa » for « son ». For the entry ‘flight attendant’ the French equivalent is « hôtesse de l’air ». After verification (Figure 6), I found that this was an obsolete use of that word (although still correct), and changed it to « agent de bord », both because it tends to become more common in Québec and because it is the official term. I also noted Equivalent errors. For example, in ‘decade’ the French equivalent Figure 7: Graphic representation of the main errors. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 20

adapting a dictionary then take all their Notes importance here. 1 Authorization to use the online version of Franqus dictionary was graciously Conclusion granted by Hélène Cajolet-Laganière. While I already knew that some differences 2 The numbers in brackets represent the occur between the French spoken in France frequency rate provided in Antidote. The and that in Québec, I did not realize the full first word is the France equivalent and the extent of this. After reviewing almost the second is the equivalent I proposed based entire wordlist of the dictionary and noting on the results of my research. the main differences, I realized furthermore the importance of adapting a dictionary to References the target user group. Although most French Antidote. Correcteur-Dictionnaires-Guides. speakers in Québec would understand the 2010. Montréal: Druide Informatique. wordlist and examples provided in the DicoInfo. Le Dictionnaire fondamental de France version of the dictionary, that is l’informatique et de l’Internet. 2011. still a version meant for another community, http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/cgi-bin/ to speakers of another variety of French, dicoinfo/search.cgi/. which has grown separately from that in Dictionnaire Québécois d’aujourd’hui. Québec. Given the will of people in Québec 1992. Boulanger, J-C. Montréal: to claim their own identity as a nation, that Dicorobert. differs from France, it is necessary for them Franqus. Dictionnaire de la langue to have dictionaries that reflect their own française. Le français vu du Québec. individuality. As I stated earlier “language Édition BÊTA. 2011. Université is the reflection of the community in which de Sherbrooke. Faculté des lettres it takes place.” I would add that dictionaries et sciences humaines. Sherbrooke. are the reflection of the communities in http://132.210.238.8/dictio/accueil. which they are compiled, since they are jsp;jsessionid=1iqxrdqs4955q/. themselves the reflection of the languages G r a n d d i c t i o n n a i r e they describe. terminologique. 2011. Québec: Office québécois de la langue française. http:// www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/gdt. html/. Libro ingabiato [Book in a cage], Elisabetta Gut, 1981 Harrap’s Shorter. English-French/ Wood, Wire, and French-Italian dictionary. 4 ¾ x 4 ½ x 5 ¼ in. French-English Dictionnary. 7th National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, DC edition. 2004. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers. Larivière, L. 2001. Pourquoi en finir avec la féminisation linguistique ou À la recherche des mots perdus. http:// id.erudit.org/iderudit/000577ar/. Le Grand Robert de la langue française. Dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française. 2011. http://www.bib.umontreal.ca/. Le Petit Robert. Dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française. 1993. Paris: Dictionnaires Le Robert. Le Robert & Collins Senior. Dictionnaire français-anglais. Fourth Edition. 1995. Great Britain and Paris: HarperCollins Publishers and Dictionnaires Le Robert. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. Tenth Edition. 2002. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Multi dictionnaire des difficultés de la langue française. 2008. De Villers, M-E. (ed.). Montréal: Éditions Québec/ Amérique. Termium. The Government of Canada’s terminology and linguistic date bank. 2011. Ottawa: Translation bureau. Public Works and Government Services Canada.

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 http://www.termiumplus.gc.ca/. 21

A study of the third-generation Chinese-English dictionaries

Xia Lixin

Abstract A New Chinese-English Dictionary, which This paper introduces a survey of the contained about 10,000 single characters general Chinese-English dictionaries and over 50,000 phrases. Other influential published in Mainland China over the past works in this phase were Liang Shih-chiu’s 30 years. The author argues that whereas The New Practical Chinese-English these dictionaries have distinctive Chinese Dictionary (1971) and Lin Yutang’s The characteristics, they are not made for any Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern specific user category nor are they made for Usage (1972). Compared with those made in specific uses. Instead they are intended for the first phase, these dictionaries pioneered all types of users and linguistic activities. such major innovations as distinguishing Besides this, they follow traditional free from bound morphemes dictionary-making practice, introducing few and arranging according to innovations. On the basis of the survey and the radicals. They also housed substantial Xia Lixin is professor and its analysis, suggestions are put forward to improvements in their selection, MA candidate supervisor at improve the compilation of Chinese-English definitions, and ways of representation. the Centre for Lexicographical dictionaries. The third phase began in 1978 and has Studies, Guangdong University been going on to the present day. Due to of Foreign Studies. His Keywords Chinese-English dictionary, the open policy adopted by the Chinese main research interests are dictionary-making, lexicography government, the demand for C-E dictionaries lexicography, translation, increased dramatically. As a result, a great and semantics. He is general 1. Introduction number of new titles appeared in this period. secretary of the Chinalex The history of Chinese-English (C-E) Our survey is intended to cover the main Bilingual Committee, author dictionary-making in China in the last 200 problems of the C-E dictionaries published of more than 20 papers on years can be divided into three phases (Zeng in this period in Mainland China. 2003). The first phase was from 1815 to lexicography and translation, 1911. The first title was A Dictionary of the 2. The status quo of the and collaborator on several Chinese Language: in Three Parts, compiled third-generation Chinese-English major research projects. by Robert Morrison from 1815~1823. It was dictionaries [email protected] followed by Samuel Williams’s A Syllabic In general, the C-E dictionaries published Dictionary of the Chinese Language in China since 1978 have clear compilation (1874), Herbert Giles’s A Chinese-English purposes and aims with distinctive Dictionary (1892), and Frederic Baller’s An Chinese characteristics. Most of them Analytic Chinese-English Dictionary (1900). are arranged in phonetic order, are rich Most of these lexicographers were Western in illustrative examples, and have double priests aiming to facilitate communication macro-structures— that is to say, an entry in their religious work in China. is usually comprised of a single character as Not being professional lexicographers, the main entry and a list of multi-character these compilers selected lemmas without phrases as its subentries. Based on the applying systematic rules and provided little Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (2005), information about them except equivalents. they select entry words according to their Therefore, these titles, in modern terms, types and sizes, with particular attention were at most bilingual , but not to new words and new senses of existing dictionaries. Besides, due to their limited words. Some dictionaries explain and knowledge of the Chinese language, the illustrate the usage of the equivalents by authors made a great number of mistakes providing synonym discrimination and in their dictionaries, especially concerning collocations. codifying pronunciation and explaining the A dozen titles were selected from this lemmas. category, as listed in Table 1. These The second phase started in 1912 and dictionaries are widely used in China, and ended in 1977. During this period, a dozen are representative in one way or another. For C-E dictionaries were compiled mainly example, A Chinese-English Dictionary, by Chinese lexicographers rather than by edited by Wu Jingrong (1978), is the first Western missionaries. The first one was one of the third-generation Chinese-English probably A Chinese-English Dictionary by dictionaries. It won popularity soon after it Zhang Zaixin and Ni Shengyuan (1912), was published, and became one of the most which included about 3,800 single characters. influential C-E dictionaries in China. Yao

Six years later, Li Yuwen (1918) published Xiaoping, editor of the third edition, claims Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 22

that “[t]his first step is extremely important 3. Problems of the third-generation in the history of the Chinese-English Chinese-English dictionaries dictionary compilation in China. Every Although the past 30 years have been a other Chinese-English dictionary coming period of prosperity for the publication after it, no matter whether it is a new edition of C-E dictionaries, there still are some or a revised one, benefits more or less from problems. this first dictionary (2010: 3).” So this dictionary and its following editions are 3.1 Mixed user categories included in this research. In Table 1, the type of each dictionary is The Chinese-English Dictionary given according to the statement in the (1998) and its two revised editions, A preface of the dictionary. According to Comprehensive Chinese-English Dictionary Svensén, a monodirectional dictionary is a (2004) and The New Chinese-English bilingual dictionary “intended only for native Dictionary (2003), were all written by speakers of one of the language” (2009: 28). Wu Guanghua. His works are famous for In this case, the C-E dictionary designed their large size of entry lists and a wealth only for Chinese users is monodirectional, of technical lemmas. A New Century such as A Chinese-English Dictionary Chinese-English Dictionary (2003) was (1978), A Modern Chinese-English compiled by Hui Yu. He claims that his Dictionary (2001), and so on. In this spirit, dictionary is practical and reader-centered. a bidirectional dictionary is a bilingual In particular, it outnumbers any other C-E dictionary “intended for native speakers dictionary in providing collocations. A New of both languages” (Svensén 2009: 28). Age Chinese-English Dictionary (2000) is If a C-E dictionary is made for both another dictionary made by Wu Jingrong. Chinese users and foreign users, it is a It is highly acclaimed by critics and readers bidirectional bilingual dictionary. Thus, for its novelty, accuracy, and practicality. The Chinese-English Dictionary (1998),

Table 1. A list of the dictionaries under investigation Editor and Year Dictionary Title Published by Type Wu Jingrong (1978) A Chinese-English Dictionary The Commercial Press monodirectional Wei Dongya (1995) A Chinese-English Dictionary Foreign Language Teaching and bidirectional (Revised Edition) Research Press Yao Xiaoping (2010) A Chinese-English Dictionary Foreign Language Teaching and monodirectional (Third Edition) Research Press Wu Guanghua (1998) The Chinese-English Dictionary Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press bidirectional Wu Guanghua (1999) The Chinese-English Dictionary Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press bidirectional (Second Edition) Wu Guanghua (2010) The Chinese-English Dictionary Shanghai Translation Publishing bidirectional (Third Edition) House Wu Guanghua (2001) A Chinese-English Dictionary Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press bidirectional (New Century Edition) Wu Guanghua (2003) The New Chinese-English Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press bidirectional dictionary Wu Guanghua (2004) A Comprehensive Dalian University of Technology bidirectional Chinese-English Dictionary Press Wu Jingrong (2000) A New Age Chinese-English The Commercial Press bidirectional Dictionary Dictionary Division of A Modern Chinese-English Foreign Language Teaching and monodirectional FLTRP (2001) Dictionary Research Press Hui Yu (2003) A New Century Chinese-English Foreign Language Teaching and bidirectional Dictionary Research Press Wu Wenzhi (2001) A Practical Chinese-English Lijiang Publishing House monodirectional Dictionary for Translation Gao Ling (2010) A Practical Chinese-English Foreign Languages Press monodirectional Dictionary for Students Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 23

A New Age Chinese-English Dictionary 3.2 Mixed uses (2000), A New Century Chinese-English In theory, a C-E dictionary may be used Dictionary (2003), etc. belong to this type for translation or learning, or both. The of dictionary. dictionaries listed in Table 1 all claim in As appears in Table 1, most of the their prefaces that they can be used for both dictionaries claim to be bidirectional, purposes. However, the purposes of using meant both for speakers of Chinese who are a C-E dictionary are quite different when learning English and for foreign learners used for translation than for learning. A of Chinese. In order to meet the needs translator looks up a C-E dictionary mainly of these two different user categories, for the equivalents of the headword. Thus, the dictionaries have to include more the dictionary should include as many information in the entries, which makes headwords as possible. But an English their structure complicated. For example, A learner would like to know more about Comprehensive Chinese-English Dictionary the usage of the equivalents rather than (2004), The Chinese-English Dictionary the equivalents only. The learner needs (1998) and The New Chinese-English grammatical, collocation, and pragmatic dictionary (2003) define the headwords information of the equivalents. Thus, the of a single Chinese character in both dictionary should provide full and detailed Chinese and English. The definitions in the explanations of the equivalents. To meet the Chinese part are intended for users whose requirements of both these dictionary users, native language is not Chinese. However, the dictionary will inevitably become bulky because of the complicated structures of and complicated. That’s why current C-E these dictionaries, it would be very hard dictionaries grow bigger and bigger. for foreign users to use them. According Such oversized dictionaries may cause to another user research (Xia 2009), problems for users. First, they are too heavy non-native learners of Chinese seldom to carry. For example, A Comprehensive use CFL (Chinese as a Foreign Language) Chinese-English Dictionary (2004) has dictionaries, or the monodirectional C-E more than 6,000 pages in three volumes. dictionaries made especially for CFL It’s very inconvenient for a student to carry learners. Thus, the Chinese definitions them to and from classroom. Second, they provided especially for CFL learners are are too complicated to use for common useless, or at least superfluous, since both dictionary users. As these dictionaries tend user categories would not consult them. to include as many headwords and as much Let’s take another example. A information as possible, they become very Comprehensive Chinese-English Dictionary complex in their structures. This adds the (2004) and The New Chinese-English difficulty of dictionary searches. In fact, Dictionary (2003) set up 6,000 and some scholars (Zeng 2005; Zhang 2007) 4,000 synonym discrimination columns, have pointed out that it is infeasible to respectively. The objects to be discriminated compile a C-E dictionary for all uses. are the semantic differences between Chinese headwords. The information is 3.3 Lack of innovation apparently provided for CFL learners. Although the C-E dictionaries have However, since almost no CFL learners experienced rapid developments in their would use these dictionaries, the information quantity and quality in recent years, the is unnecessary, and even becomes an same cannot be said for efforts to introduce obstacle to Chinese users. As we know, innovation in their features. Zeng Taiyuan the major users of these dictionaries are argues that “Looking at the Chinese-English Chinese native speakers. They need badly dictionaries published across the Straits, to know the semantic nuisance and usage they have little difference in their contents. of the English equivalents, but not the The structure of the entry is generally made differences between the Chinese headwords. up of two parts: definitions (equivalents and Therefore, the information of Chinese explanations) and illustrative examples synonym discrimination might hamper their (expressions, phrases, and sentences). consultation, or at least lower the speed of The only difference lies in the number of their searches. headwords and examples in the dictionaries, Based on the above analysis, we might the inclusion of new words and new senses conclude that the information added for CFL and the accuracy of the definition” (2005: users in these bidirectional C-E dictionaries 81). neither finds favor with CFL users nor wins We will look at A Chinese-English the praise of Chinese native speakers. On Dictionary (1978) and its revised edition the contrary, the added information may (1995) first. The first change made is the make dictionary searches more difficult. addition of 800 single character headwords As a result, some of the Chinese users may and 18,000 multi-character headwords give up using these dictionaries. (including proverbs, idioms, and colloquial Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 24

expressions). The added headwords are 4. Conclusions mainly new words. At the same time, the Based on the above analysis, we may revised edition drops some obsolete entries. conclude that C-E dictionaries need The next change is that more explanations improving badly. First of all, they should are given to polysemous headwords and be compiled according to the needs of equivalents. Another major change is to use different user categories. In other words, English labels instead of the Chinese ones C-E dictionaries should be designed and in the first edition. made especially for users whose native A New Age Chinese-English Dictionary language is Chinese and for users whose (2000) advocates novelty, accuracy, native languages are not Chinese. For the and practicality. However, its notion of dictionaries aimed at foreign users, they “novelty” restricts only to the inclusion should focus on providing information of new words and new senses. According on the meanings and usage of Chinese to its statement in the preface, this is headwords. But for the dictionaries aimed embodied in the following two aspects. at Chinese users, the emphasis should be One is to include as many new words placed on explaining the meanings and as possible. The other is to give detailed usage of the English equivalents. explanations of the new senses of the old Secondly, the C-E dictionary should be words (Wu 2003: 3). made specifically for different linguistic A New Century Chinese-English activities. That is to say, a dictionary for Dictionary (2003) is hailed as opening translation and a dictionary for English up a new generation of C-E dictionaries learners should be compiled separately by some critics (Su 2004). However, instead of having an integrated one for the dictionary hasn’t achieved any both purposes. While the former shall significant breakthroughs and innovations be centered on providing adequate and in the field of lexicography. In modern accurate equivalents to help users in their lexicography, corpora have been made production of English texts, the latter full use of. According to Rundell (2010), will aim at creating an environment that now few serious English dictionaries (or facilitates the acquisition of the English UK-published bilingual dictionaries) language. are compiled without reference to Thirdly, latest research findings corpora. And all the major publishers in linguistics and Second Language of English learners’ dictionaries were Acquisition (SLA) should be introduced using corpora as their primary source of into the compilation of the C-E learner’s linguistic data. However, A New Century dictionary. For example, English learners’ Chinese-English Dictionary (2003) might dictionaries benefit vastly from research be an exception. It is not compiled on any findings in SLA. Modern lexicography is modern corpora. shifting from the lexicographer-centered to user-centered approach, which accords 3.4 Absence of Chinese-English with the cognitive laws and the needs of learners’ dictionaries foreign language learning. Therefore, C-E C-E dictionaries enjoy a big market among lexicographers must study the interlanguage learners of English in China. According to characteristics of learners and their English Yong (2003), up to 73% of English majors linguistic features in order to compile their at universities own a C-E dictionary. dictionaries accordingly. For a C-E learner’s And the rate of owning a C-E dictionary dictionary, the Chinese part can only be among English learners at universities used as an index for dictionary users, and ranks second, just next to bilingualized no further information should be given to dictionaries (Yu 2001). These data show it. This would avoid distracting the users. the popularity of this dictionary type among But the English part should be explained English learners. in great detail. However, there are no C-E dictionaries Finally, C-E dictionaries must be made in the market that are especially made for with the aid of modern corpora. Ever since English learners. Yuan (1996) argues that the first electronic corpus was used in the no C-E learner’s dictionaries are available COBUILD dictionary in 1987 (Rundell in China. Although many dictionaries 2010), large electronic corpora have become claim to be “a Chinese-English dictionary indispensable for dictionary-making, for students,” they are only the shortened including monolingual as well as bilingual versions of the general C-E dictionary. The dictionaries. They can help lexicographers situation has remained unchanged up until make editorial decisions based on actual now. That is to say, no C-E dictionaries are language usage rather than on intuition compiled especially for English learners, or on second sources. Furthermore, they despite the great need for them in the can provide lexicographers not only with

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 market. the frequency of word uses and linguistic 25 features, but also collocation and usage of Social Sciences. Beijing: The of particular words. Nowadays English Commercial Press. learners’ corpora are available in China. Williams, S. 1874. A Syllabic Dictionary Through careful analysis of their data, of the Chinese Language. Shanghai: lexicographers can predict possible American Presbyterian Mission Press. difficulties that learners might encounter Wu, J. 2000. Preface to A New Age in their process of learning English, Chinese-English Dictionary. Beijing: highlighting them in their dictionaries The Commercial Press accordingly. This could greatly improve Xia, L. 2009. An investigation into the the quality of C-E dictionaries. publication of CFL (Chinese as a Foreign Language) learners’ dictionaries from Acknowledgements user perspective. Publishing Science, The research presented in this paper is 1: 65-69. sponsored by the innovation project of Yao, X. 2010. Preface to A Chinese-English Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Dictionary (Third Edition). Beijing: (No. TD1102) and the innovative talents Foreign Language Teaching and project of the Department of Education Research Press. of Guangdong Province (WYM10033). I Yong, H. 2003. A comparison of users would also like to thank the anonymous needs for English-Chinese bilingual reviewers for their valuable comments. dictionaries and English monolingual dictionaries. Lexicographical Studies, References 6: 123-133. Baller, F. 1900. An Analytical Yu, W. 2001. An investigation into the Chinese-English Dictionary. Shanghai: uses and needs for English-Chinese China inland mission and American and Chinese-English dictionaries. In Presbyterian mission press. Huang, J. (ed.), Proceedings of the First Giles, H. 1892. A Chinese-English Asialex Regional Symposium. Shanghai: Dictionary. London: B. Quaritch. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing Li, Y. 1918. A New Chinese-English House, 171-182. Dictionary. Shanghai: The Commercial Yuan, K. 1996. On the compilation of Press. Chinese-English dictionaries for Liang, S.-C. 1971. The New Practical students. Lexicographical Studies, 2: Chinese-English Dictionary. Taipei: 98-103. The Far East Book Company. Zeng, D. 2003. An introduction to the Lin, Y. 1972. The Chinese-English history of Chinese-English dictionaries. Dictionary of Modern Usage. Hong In Zeng, D. (ed.), Studies on Bilingual Kong: Chinese University of Hong Dictionaries. Shanghai: Shanghai Kong. Lexicographical Publishing House, Morrison, R. 1822. A Dictionary of the 3-15. Chinese Language: in Three Parts. Zeng, T. 2005. Corpora and the compilation Macau: Printed at the Honorable East of Chinese-English dictionaries. India company’s press, by P.P. Thoms. Lexicographical Studies, 1: 79-87. Rundell, M. 2010. Taking corpus Zhang, Y. 2007. Contemporary lexicography to the next level: explicit Lexicography. Beijing: The Commercial use of corpus data in dictionaries for Press. language learners. In Zhang Y. (ed.), Zhang, Z. and Ni, S. 1912. A Proceedings of the First International Chinese-English Dictionary. Shanghai: Symposium on Lexicography and Second The Commercial Press. Language Acquisition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 367-386. Su, X. 2004. New concepts of making the fourth-generation Chinese-English dictionaries: A review of A New Century Chinese-English Dictionary. Foreign Language Teaching and Learning, 3: 6-8. Svensén, B. 2009. A Handbook of Lexicography: The Theory and Practice of Dictionary-Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The Contemporary Chinese Language. 2005. Dictionary Department, Institute

of Linguistics, Chinese Academy Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 26

Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera and Henning Bergenholtz (eds.). e-Lexicography: The Internet, Digital Initiatives and Lexicography

A lexicographer is a divided soul, part because lexicography will no longer be a scientist, part tool-builder. The scientist is sub-discipline of linguistics; and because, a linguist, wanting to describe the language. with bold planning, they will embrace the The tool-builder wants to help the user find potential of user-generated content. the information they want, the territory of Henning Bergenholtz, in his chapter, information science. Lexicography is in the makes the case for research into user needs intersection. and describes some results from logfile analysis. His presentation of the time it took users to find information, and its relation to whether they had found the information they wanted, is thought-provoking: in particular the paper dictionaries gave faster access than the electronic ones! While electronic dictionaries potentially allow fast searching, whether they actually do depends on their design, and electronic media introduce e-Lexicography. many new ways to get distracted, confused The Internet, Digital One might divide the lexicographic process and lost. He then describes a set of four Initiatives and Lexicography into two parts: analysis, in which we aim to monofunctional dictionaries derived from Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera and determine the facts, and synthesis, in which a single database: the pluri-monofunctional Henning Bergenholtz (eds.) entries are prepared. Analysis is linguistics; model. This was clearly successful, pointing London/New York: synthesis is information science. the way ahead for user experiences tailored Continuum. In this book information science reigns. to information needs. He looks forward to 2011. xiv, 341 pp. the time when these dictionaries have been ISBN 978 1 4411 2806 5 Description more extensively used, so the logfiles will The book is the outcome of a symposium in be a large enough body of data to support Valladolid, Spain, in 2010, and comprises extensive user research. fifteen chapters by different authors, most In this chapter I did find the review of the but not all associated with the Aarhus School literature partial: he says and its function theory of lexicography. “… lexicographic interest in the needs Many of the chapters had their seeds in of the users … has been astonishingly presentations at the symposium. scant” (p 31) The book opens with an introduction by not acknowledging the substantial volume the editors Fuerte-Olivera and Bergenholtz. of work on the theme, and only picking out It starts with a conversation with Wiegand, one article, by Bogaards, from 1990, to about whether there should be different criticise it. One might have expected him theories for print and electronic dictionaries, to view it as an early, if modest, attempt to answering that we need one theory that start an enterprise that he and others were covers all. It then borrows from Gouws’s continuing. article four agenda items for the book: Tarp, in his chapter, provides an appealing • Using databanks from which different vocabulary, already widely adopted, for types of entry can be extracted talking about e-dictionaries: copycats • The mistake of including too much (paper dictionaries copied onto digital information media), faster horses (as copycats, but faster • The broadening of lexicographic theory searching), model T Fords (first attempts beyond dictionaries at using what digital media offer) and • E-dictionary users are familiar with the Rolls Royces. The subtitle is ‘Towards the internet and the potential it offers: what Individualisation of Needs Satisfaction’ and implications does that have? this is the key to moving Rolls-Royce-wards. They then summarise the remaining He makes a useful distinction between articles. interactive, active and passive methods for Gouws calls his chapter ‘Learning, individualization, according to whether the Unlearning and Innovation’ and addresses a user (or the system) takes the driving seat. colleague’s question, “does all the research This theme is taken further in the in theoretical lexicography lead to an following chapter by Bothma. His improvement in the quality of dictionaries?” discipline is information science. He He answers yes, for several reasons: because surveys the methods and techniques that

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 it will now be based on a sound theory; modern information technology offers to 27 lexicography, for filtering and adapting and the accountancy dictionaries, for English, data as held in a database according to user Danish and Spanish (with English as the needs. The chapter is full of examples of how hub), which Fuertes-Olivera and Niño-Amo’s particular online dictionaries use particular and Nielsen and Almind’s chapters describe. methods, so provides lots of examples of The project looks good, though it was good (and not-so-good) practice. Online disappointing to find no references to the dictionaries are shown as belonging in the extensive discussion of issues relating to same sphere as Google, Booking.com and hub-and-spokes models and to translation Amazon, with methods pioneered in those mismatches, for example in Janssen (2004). places available for dictionary database and Also their example displays the hazards interface designers. of lexicography moving into encyclopedic A finding referred to twice in the book territory, with Fig 7.4 showing a definition is from Leroyer’s chapter, that only one for the accountancy term deemed cost, which quarter of lexicographic works published in begins 2008-2009 are general language dictionaries, “an amount used instead of cost or whereas three quarters are depreciated costs at a specific date. Any “made up of wordlists and language following amortisation or depreciation data organized in dictionary articles, is made on the assumption that …” but which nonetheless have nothing to I googled the term (in inverted commas, do with language as a scientific object to get an exact match) and the second hit of study” (Leroyer p124) stated They are special language dictionaries of ‘Deemed cost’ is a surrogate for cost at one kind and another. This gave me pause a given date. For example if a building is for thought. Most lexicography, it suggests, purchased at $100000 this is cost and also is not linguistic at heart. the deemed cost at that given date. ... But then: Accurate, extensive encyclopedic entries are • When ordinary people refer to very often already available, and very easily dictionaries, they mean general language accessible via google, as here. A case has dictionaries like the Oxford English to be made for what value lexicographers Dictionary, Le Grand/Petit Robert, are adding. Duden, Webster, etc. Lew, in his chapter, is good to his title, • Purchases and sales of general language ‘Online Dictionaries of English.’ He dictionaries dwarf those of special introduces some useful criteria for thinking language dictionaries. about online dictionaries – for example • Almost all substantial dictionaries individual (standalone) dictionaries, vs (more than 4cm thick, if we take print as clusters of dictionaries (eg, from the same a reference point) are general language publisher and on the same website) vs dictionaries. portals (websites that give links to lots • Almost all large lexicographic projects of dictionaries) vs aggregators (which (comprising, say, more than ten people offer entries for a word from unrelated over more than three years) are for dictionaries, e.g., Dictionary.com). He then general language dictionaries. reviews a large number of online resources, The comparison is like noting that there mainly classifying and describing what is are more local airstrips than international out there, sometimes evaluating. airports in the world, so basing an account In contrast Sanchez and Pascal review of aviation on local airstrips. Numbers the case of online monolingual Spanish of publications alone do not give a good dictionaries and find just four, all closer overall picture, and I remain convinced that to copycats than Rolls Royces. They then general language dictionaries are central to develop an account of what could be done, the lexicographical firmament. making use of the potential of the electronic For lack of space I’ll take the chapters by medium to give a very rich account of a word Spohr, Nielsen and Almind, Fuertes-Olivera within their Lexical Constellation Model. and Niño-Amo, Bergenholtz and Verlinde‘s chapter describes his Base Bergenholtz, and Anderson and Almind Lexicale de Français: here, as also discussed together. They present technical challenges, at the e-lexicography conference in Bled, and present examples, of the approach to Slovenia, in November 2011, is already dictionary-making where a single database something we might call a Rolls Royce. meets a range of user needs by selecting As the chapter describes, and the Bled only the appropriate information to show in presentation demo’d, this is a dictionary – a particular case. The dictionaries referred extensive, and widely-used – which applies to are monolingual and multilingual, general many lessons of what can be done, online, language (English phrasal verbs) and special with current technology, to customise language: music, in the Danish Music according to the user’s characteristics and

Dictionary (Bergenholtz and Bergenholtz), information need. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 28

Heid takes a well-established method from the meaning of theory.1 I hope it is not information science – the usability study – contentious to say, theory or no theory, and applies it to dictionaries. He provides the Aarhus School is concerned to place an overview of usability studies and shows the user’s information needs centre stage, how they can be applied in lexicography and the ways and means and implications – and indeed how they can often provide of doing that are the central theme of the an answer to the questions that motivate book. This is somewhat in spite of its title, eLex 2013 much of the book: what queries, forms, ‘e-Lexicography’. In the 21st century, pretty Electronic lexicography data and structure – give the user (with a much all lexicography is e-lexicography, in in the 21st century particular information need) most help. The the senses that the writing is based on digital The third international study in this chapter compares three ‘live’ evidence, takes place on a computer and conference on electronic lexicography, eLex 2013, online dictionaries, and suffers from the employs dictionary writing systems, and will take place in Tallinn, methodological problem that there are many most users will be accessing the data through Estonia, on 17-19 October differences between the three, so it is not a computer or other electronic device, and 2013. It is organized by the clear which differences resulted in a more there is little more needing saying. The Institute of the Estonian or less successful user experience. Heid subtitle, ‘The Internet, Digital Initiatives and Language, Estonia, and Trojina, Institute for notes the problem and discusses, as ‘further Lexicography’ does not add much. A more Applied Slovene Studies, work,’ a model where the ‘dictionaries’ to informative title would have been ‘Putting Slovenia. be compared are closely controlled so there user needs at the centre of lexicography.’ The previous two is just one parameter according to which The relation between user needs, and having eLex conferences (at they differ. He and his co-workers have the dictionary data in electronic form, is that Louvain-la-Neuve, 2009, and Bled, 2011) have since lived up to this promise, with a study we can show different users different things, shown that there is huge presented at the Bled conference, in which according to their information needs. This interest for such events they do just that. is the link between the ‘e’ and the real topic from both academia and The book concludes with ‘Ten Key of the book. industry. This conference Issues,’ a chapter which summarises the Another perspective on the role of will be yet another great opportunity for presenting discussions from the Valladolid workshop, linguistics in lexicography is this. The state-of-the-art projects edited by Samaniego Fernández and Cabello chapters of this book are mostly concerned and research in the de Alba. with delivering information to the user. fields concerned with This is of course fully legitimate, and the e-lexicography, as well as The Aarhus School and linguistics discussing topical issues questions “how much information” and and networking. The Aarhus School denigrates linguistics “which information, when” are good ones The conference will be with vigour: – but none of the chapters discuss the risk of preceded by SKEW4, the “Linguists were the princes of delivering false or misleading information. 4th annual Sketch Engine meta-lexicographic discussions, and They proceed as if the truth were known workshop, which will take place on 16 October 2013 meta-lexicography and practical and the database contained all and only at the same venue, and lexicography were subsections of the correct material. Would that it were so! is organized by Lexical work done by these linguists. This A careful review of any dictionary – see Computing Ltd. era in the history of lexicography can for example Hanks on Merriam-Webster’s More information is rightfully be regarded as representing a Advanced Learners English Dictionary available on the conference website, http://eki.ee/ form of linguistic colonialism.” (Gouws (International Journal of Lexicography elex2013. p22) 22.3, 2009) – will uncover points at which “… linguists who also masquerade as it is likely to mislead and confuse. Even Iztok Kosem, Jelena Kallas lexicographers…” (Bergenholtz and in this book, where presumably the authors Co-chairs of the eLex 2013 Bergenholtz p188) have chosen examples with care, I noticed a organizing committee Let me state my vantage point. My friends lexicographical bloomer. On pp 211-213 we and colleagues Sue Atkins and Michael have an analysis of the English phrasal verb Rundell chose to include “practical” in call back. It is given six meanings of which the title of their Oxford Guide to Practical the sixth is given the example “I cannot call Lexicography and state: his face back.” As an English native speaker, “This is not a book about ‘theoretical I go eeeeeugh. This is blazingly wrong. lexicography’ – for the good reason (We might say “I cannot recall his face.”) that we do not believe that such a thing A little research revealed that this ‘example exists.” (p4) sentence’ exists in a number of dictionaries Authors of most chapters in this book, and translation tools: a dictionary error however, state the need for theoretical that has been copied and recopied from lexicography. Unsurprising then, that my dictionary to dictionary. friends are its enemies, already identified A simple and central case, in both as such (along with Henri Béjoint) in the general-language and special-language, introduction (p8), and explicitly denounced concerns variability of set phrases and in Bergenholtz and Bergenholtz’s chapter idioms. Somehow, if the user is trying to (p189). I won’t pursue the question “is there decode “quaking in one’s boots” – or even such a thing as theoretical lexicography” “quivering on one’s Doc Marten’s” we

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 as I fear it would be an arid discussion on would like to direct them to the that 29

(debatably) has as its core form “shaking in Conclusion one’s shoes” (example from Moon 1994). This is largely an Aarhus School book, with This is a hard problem: it is both hard to a number of interesting and useful chapters work out how to represent the facts in a exploring and developing the model of the usable way, and then it is hard to work out, pluri-monofunctional dictionary. for each individual expression, what the While I find the Aarhus School’s facts are: different phrases allow variability attention to the information-science side of to different degrees, in different ways. In lexicography often useful and enlightening, I Bergenholtz’s article on his dictionary of find its attacks on the linguistic side puzzling. fixed expressions, he considers the Danish The Aarhus School doubts the relevance of på vulkaner, vœre på vulkaner, danse med corpora for lexicography (explicitly, in the vulkaner and several other variants but concluding chapter, p309). But you need does not discuss the challenge of how the corpora to get the facts right. lexicographer might discover the range of variation of the phrase, or of how this might Notes be represented in the database or shown to 1 We Anglo-Saxons are often dubious the user. about grand statements of theory. When To come back to the Venn diagram with Wittgenstein pronounced “Whereof one which I opened the review, the linguistics cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" part is for analysis. If we had a database his English friend and colleague Frank containing all the facts and generalisations Ramsey (no intellectual slouch, a founding about the behaviour of all the words and figure in mathematical economics and phrases of the language, optimally structured, decision theory) responded “What we can’t then we wouldn’t need linguistics. But we say we can’t say, and we can’t whistle it don’t. That is what linguistics aims to do, and either." what the lexicographer, when working on a particular word, aims to do for that word. References One surprising and disappointing aspect of Atkins, S. and Rundell, M. 2008. Oxford the book is the poor standard of production. Guide to Practical Lexicography. Given the topic, one would have expected a Oxford: Oxford University Press. book where figures are readable, and where Janssen, M. 2004. Mulitlingual Lexical thought had been given to the best typography Databases, Lexical Gaps, and for presenting complex dictionary entries. SIMuLLDA. International Journal of But it took a magnifying glass to read the Lexicography, 17.2: 137-154 text on screenshots in Chapter 10, and Moon, R. 1994. Fixed Expressions and throughout the book complex lexical entries Text. PhD thesis, School of English, are presented in plain text, with no use of University of Birmingham. font, font size or weight, indentation or other formatting to make them digestible. Running Adam Kilgarriff headers relate to chapter names rather than Lexical Computing Ltd author names. [email protected]

Olga Karpova. English Author Dictionaries (the XVIth — the XXIst cc.)

Olga Karpova’s English Author Dictionaries 2001, 10), and the “dictionary of authors,” begins with her wonderment about why the or the “providing literary, English author dictionary has been neglected biographical and sometimes encyclopedic in dictionary research in spite of the fact information about a selection of authors” that it “has at its disposal about 300 titles of (Hartmann and James 2001, 43) concerning linguistic and encyclopedic reference works English writers have been published in to single and complete works of more than great number. We also know that a copious eighty writers” (p. ix). number of reviews have been written for I am much in agreement with this such works. sentiment. We are well aware of the fact However, when it comes to the point of that, over the centuries, the “author’s how often they have been researched from a dictionary,” or the reference work “which holistic perspective, it is quite another story. provides information on the vocabulary of For instance, even in the voluminous The a specific author” (Hartmann and James Oxford History of English Lexicography Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 30

(Cowie (ed.) 2009), which encompasses On this premise, if we are to see how various types of dictionaries, the author Karpova used works by authorities, we dictionary is scarcely treated – although can know from the bibliography entitled a chapter for the dictionary of quotations ‘Other References’ in the second part that is provided, and this is one type of author she referred to 128 books and papers by dictionary. When observing this situation, I 90 authorities in all, with the exclusion of am inclined to wonder, like Karpova, why 5 items on the Internet whose authors are research on the English author dictionary not clear. When we collate such books and has hardly been performed, despite its great papers with the contents in the body text, we value from a philological and linguistic notice Karpova has finely used the works viewpoint. to support her research, hardly making In this sense, Karpova’s monograph, critical remarks about them. This attitude which deals with the historical development of hers seems to clearly show the fact that of the author dictionary from a macroscopic Karpova has had the intention to open up perspective, may be regarded as highly a new horizon in the historical study of innovative, having the potential to open lexicography, trying to make full use of the up a new and significant area in the fruits of related research in the past. research of English lexicography. For this Actually, there are quite a few cases in the reason, I, a researcher of the history of body text where we can effectively know the English lexicography and of the history books and papers to be referred to in regard of the language, would like to celebrate its to the terms and concepts of lexicography, publication. However, at the same time, it as the following two instances indicate: English Author Dictionaries is often the case that an innovative work “[...] the problem of choosing (the XVIth – XXIst cc.) is a prototype for the posterity. Therefore, Shakespeare’s [...] edition is considered Olga Karpova I will analyze the volume in the hope for to be of primary importance and difficulty Newcastle upon Tyne: improvement of the research in the English in author lexicography (Andrews 1987, Cambridge Scholars author dictionary, aiming to clarify what 277-279; Benko 1968, 649; Greg 1942; Publishing. Karpova has achieved and what is left Parker 1945; Schaaber 1947; Culpeper 2011. x, 256 pp. for the future researcher. To be concrete, 2004, 17-73; [...]).” (p. 11) ISBN: 978-1-4438-2659-4 I will, at first, briefly refer to Karpova’s “ is one of the oldest use of works by authorities related to her lexicographic forms in English national research, and, then, analyze her selection and author lexicography (Considine, of the author dictionary based on which she Iamartino 2007; Dill 1959, 340-361, performed her research for the volume. 369-375; Hüllen 1999; Löpez 1977, Firstly, in reference to Karpova’s use 151-159; Müller 2001).” (p. 35) of works by authorities, her volume can Such will be judged to be a sound method be divided into four parts, except for the and should be applied in the future research preface and introduction: (1) the body text of the English author dictionary. (pp. 10-173), (2) the list of books and papers Then, on what and how many English of her reference (pp. 175-208), (3) the list author dictionaries has Karpova based of author dictionaries for British writers herself in performing her research? (pp. 209-253) and (4) the list of the names With regard to this point, the very core of British writers (pp. 254-256), out of of Karpova’s volume seems to lie in which the second part can be subdivided the list of author dictionaries for British into two parts: the list of author dictionaries writers which she entitled the ‘Index of for writers outside of Britain, and that of Dictionaries to the English Writers (the research books and papers by authorities XVIth – the XXIst cc.)’ (pp. 209-253). (It which Karpova referred to in writing the should be noted that the word ‘Index’ here volume. only means the “(systematic) list,” having no relevance to the page number; this Table 1. Karpova’s selection of dictionaries on English authors 1 volume does not provide an index with the page number of the body text, concerning Type 16th c. 17th c. 18th c. 19th c. 20th c. 2001-2010 Total which I will comment later.) This is Lin. 2 – 4 28 155 17 206 because Karpova remarks that she has (studiously) “been adding various types of En. – – – 3 11 42 56 author dictionaries to” the list since 1973, C+P – – – 4 35 9 48 “working in different libraries in Russia Q+P – – – 6 17 5 28 and abroad” (p. 209). If this is the case, and if Karpova’s volume is essentially based Bible 3 2 1 – 1 12 19 on the dictionaries cited in the list, as it Beowulf – – – – 5 – 5 seems to be, we will not be able to make a E+I – – – – 53 53 correct assessment of the volume without analyzing it, thus revealing how much she

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 Total 5 2 5 41 224-277 85-138 415 has achieved and what challenges are left 31 for the future in the research field of the following abbreviations, respectively, in English author dictionary. my analysis below: In the list of English author dictionaries, Lin. for Linguistic Dictionaries Karpova classifies the relevant dictionaries En. for Author Encyclopedias, Guides into 6 types, for which I will use the and Companions

Table 2. Karpova’s selection of dictionaries on English authors 2 Author Lin. En. C+P Q+P E+I Author Lin. En. C+P Q+P E+I 1 Arnold, M. 1 1 – – – Austen, J. 1 2 (1) – 1 Bacon, F. 1 – – – – Blake, W. 1 1 1 – 1 – – Bronte, C. 1 – (1) – – Bronte, E. – – (1) – – Browning, R. 1 2 – – – Burns, R. 2 1 – – 1 14 5 Byron, G. 1 1 – – – Chaucer, G. 13 (1) 4 – (1) Christie, A. – – 1 – – Coleridge, S. 1 1 – – – Congreve, W. 1 – – – – Conrad, J. 5 2 – – – – Cowper, W. 1 – – – – Daniel, S. (1) – – – – Darwin, C. 1 – – – – Dickens, C. 2 2 5 – 2 – Donne, J. 1 – – – – Drayton, M. (1) – – – – Dryden, J. 2 – – – – Eliot, G. – – 2 – – Franklin, B. 1 – – – – Frost, R. – 1 – – – Goldsmith, O. 1 – – – – Gray, T. 1 – – – – Hardy, T. – 1 4 – – Herbert, G. 1 – – – – Herrick, R. 1 – – – – Hopkins, G. 2 – – – – Housman, A. 1 – – – – James, H. – – 1 – – Johnson, S. 1 – – – – Jones, D. 1 – – – – Joyce, J. 9 2 2 – 1 Keats, J. 2 – – – 1 Kipling, R. – – 1 – – Lamer, S. 1 – – – – Larkin, P. 1 – – – – Lawrence, D. H. 1 – – – – Lyly, J. 1 – – – – Malory, T. 1 – – – – Marlowe, C. 2 – – – – Marvell, A. 1 – – – – Milton, J. 11 – 1 – 3 Pope, A. 2 – – – – Rawling, J. K. – – – – – Scott, W. – 1 2 – – 25 Shakespeare, W. 104 33 18 16 (1) Shaw, B. 3 2 1 1 – 1 Shelley, P. B. 1 1 – – 1 Sidney, P. (1) – – – – 1 Spenser, E. (1) – – – – Swift, J. 2 – – – 1 – Taylor, E. 1 – – – – Tennyson, A. 4 – 1 – (1) Thackeray, W. M. – – 1 – – Thomas, D. 1 – – – – Thomas Kyd 1 – – – – Tolkien, J.R.R. – – – – 2 Traherne, T. 1 – – – – Webster, J. 1 – – – – – Wells, H. G. – – 1 – – Wordsworth, W. 1 – – – (1)

Wyatt, T. 1 – – – – Yeats, W. B. 2 – – – – Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 32

C+P for Dictionaries of Characters and reflect the trend and transition in the Place Names [concerning the works of publishing world, but it may safely be English authors] said that Karpova’s research is particularly Q+P for Dictionaries of Quotations and meaningful in knowing the situations Proverbs of the ‘Linguistic Dictionaries’ and the Bible and Beowulf for Dictionaries to the ‘Dictionaries of Quotations and Proverbs,’ Bible and Beowulf as well as the ‘Electronic and Internet E+I for Electronic and Internet Dictionaries,’ which were published in the Dictionaries to English Writers twentieth and twenty-first centuries. And, Under this premise, the dictionaries at the same time, it may be said that the cited in the list can be analyzed from research in the English author dictionary two perspectives: the one is an overall is expected to develop in the future by perspective of Karpova’s general tendencies further investigating its situations until the in the selection of relevant dictionaries, and nineteenth century. the other is a specific perspective of authors In the second place, from a specific treated in the dictionaries. perspective, my analysis has revealed that In the first place, from an overall Karpova, in making the list, has selected 382 perspective, my analysis of the list has dictionaries in which a total of 66 specific resulted in the information as shown authors are dealt with; in this analysis, I in the following table, in which each have excluded dictionaries whose types figure indicates the number of relevant are ‘Bible’ and ‘Beowulf,’ as well as those dictionaries. with titles such as Forgotten English and This table shows such facts as the the Collins Gem Dictionary of Quotations following: in which the name of a specific author is 1. Karpova, in the list, has cited, in all, 415 not indicated, having taken up, instead, the dictionaries that are judged to form the dictionaries with titles such as the Cambridge basis of her volume. Companion to Chaucer and Who’s Who in 2. The ‘Linguistic Dictionaries’ (Lin.) Dickens. Out of the 382 dictionaries, 206 account for 206, or 49.6%, of the 415. are ‘Linguistic Dictionaries,’ 68 are ‘Author As compared to this, the ‘Dictionaries of Encyclopedias, Guides and Companions,’ Quotations and Proverbs’ (Q+P) account 47 are ‘Dictionaries of Characters and Place for 28, or 13.6%, of all. Names,’ 17 are ‘Dictionaries of Quotations 3. From a chronological viewpoint, the and Proverbs,’ and 44 are ‘Electronic and dictionaries published in the twentieth Internet Dictionaries’ − here again, we are century account for 224 to 277, or 54.0% reminded of Karpova’s close attention to to 66.7%, of the 415. As compared to the ‘Linguistic Dictionaries’. this, the dictionaries published between Then, my analysis has resulted in Table the sixteenth century and the nineteenth 2, each figure showing the number of century account for 53 (5+2+5+41), or relevant dictionaries, and the indication 12.78%, of all. “–” meaning that there are no relevant 4. Karpova seems to have greatly dictionaries selected. In this table, there are succeeded in searching for the ‘Author cases where the figure is in parentheses, Encyclopedias, Guides and Companions’ as seen in the space for En. of “Chaucer, (En.) published in the twenty-first G.” and that for Lin. of “Daniel, S.” This century; they comprise 42 in number, or shows the fact that the titles of relevant 30.4%, out of all 138 relevant dictionaries dictionaries indicate more than one specific published during this period. author, as the Companion to Chaucer and I am not certain to what extent such facts His Contemporaries and the Concordance

Table 3. Karpova’s selection of dictionaries on English authors 3 Author 16th c. 17th c. 18th c. 19th c. 20th c. 21th c. E+I Austen, J. – – – – 3 (4) 1 1 Chaucer, G. 2 – – 4 (1) 13 12 5 (1) Conrad, J. – – – – 5 2 – Dickens, C. – – – 1 7 1 2 Joyce, J. – – – – 12 1 1 Milton, J. – – – 4 8 – 3 Shakespeare, W. – – 4 25 96 46 25 (1) Shaw, B. – – – – 7 – –

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 Tennison, A. – – – 1 4 – – (1) 33

Table 4. Karpova’s selection of dictionaries on American authors Author ~ ‘70 ~‘80 ~‘90 ~‘00 ‘01~ Author ~‘70 ~‘80 ~‘90 ~‘00 ‘01~ Crane, H. – 2 – – – Crane, S. 1 – – – – Dickinson, E. 1 – – – 1 Dreiser, T. – – – – 1 Faulkner, W. 4 6 1 2 1 Fitzgerald, S. – – – – 1 Frost, R. – 1 – – 1 Hemingway, E. – 1 1 2 4 Hughes, L. – 1 – – – Moore, M. – 1 – – – Poe, E.A. – – – – 2 Pound, E. – 1 – – – Stevens, W. 1 – – – – Twain, M. – – – – 1 to the Sonnet Sequence of Daniel, Drayton, or William Wordsworth, bringing out Shakespeare, Sydney and Spenser. The abundant potential in the research of the table reflects that there are 12 such cases English author dictionary. In this sense, in all. the result of my analysis that is revealed In Table 2, the fact is immediately in Table 2 may also suggest the necessity noticeable that Karpova has selected an of forming a team for the research in the exceedingly large number of dictionaries author dictionary. on William Shakespeare, which actually Saying this, I, of course, never mean account for more than 51% of all dictionaries that such a limit of the individual capacity whose titles indicate the names of specific mars the significance of Karpova’s volume. authors. This can be regarded as due to the Especially, she has selected more than fact that Karpova is a talented authority five dictionaries for each of nine authors on Shakespeare, though she says in the (Jane Austen, Geoffrey Chaucer, Charles body text that “[i]t should be noted that Dickens, James Joyce, John Milton, Shakespeare scholarship has a profound William Shakespeare, Bernard Shaw, Alfred set of theoretical works where lexicography Tennyson) as follows, providing a clear plays an important role” (p. 10). Karpova example of how the survey of the English provides the bibliography entitled the author dictionary should be. “Publications by Olga Karpova” where By the way, the volume’s title English she listed 92 books and papers, of which 25 Author Dictionaries’ has dual meanings; concern Shakespeare. She also provides the the one is the “dictionaries on British sub-sections ‘Shakespeare Concordances’ authors” and the other the “dictionaries on (pp. 11-17), ‘Russian Monolingual and authors who wrote their work in the English Bilingualized Shakespeare Dictionaries’ language.” In this regard, I formed Table 4, (pp. 131-132), ‘Shakespeare Quotable concerning dictionaries on American authors, Calendars’ (pp. 151-154), and ‘Bilingual all of which were published in the 20th and Russian Shakespeare Dictionaries’ (pp. 21st centuries, based on Karpova’s other list 161-162). She does not do this for any other on ‘Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Guides author. For this reason, Karpova’s volume is and Companions to American Writers’ (pp. judged to be especially valuable concerning 176-178), to which, however, we can only the historical development of dictionaries scarcely see her reference to such dictionaries on Shakespeare. in the body-text of the volume. In contrast, the dictionaries on other A regrettable aspect is the lack of an index authors seem to be relatively small in which, according to Hartmann and James number. I do admire the herculean effort (1998, 72), should allow “the user access to of Karpova to have read an extensive each [relevant description in the body-text] range of the English author dictionary by means of page numbers.” Providing this and to have tried to judge the quality of type of index for the names of authorities, each by herself. At the same time, we the English authors and the dictionary titles may see here a problem in the research of would make this volume much more usable the author dictionary that will hardly be and valuable for its readers. solved by an individual: it will be far from Lastly, Karpova remarks, concerning possible for any one single person to be a the origin of the English author dictionary: specialist of dozens of English authors and “Historical roots of English author evaluate the dictionaries on them. Instead, lexicography go back to the XVIth c., when it might not be such a difficult task for the concordances of the English translation of the interested authorities to point out more Bible and glossaries to the complete works than one specialized dictionary worthy of of G. Chaucer were published” (p. 171). being selected, concerning, for instance, However, if we leave aside the classification William Congreve, Charlotte and Emily of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries,

Bronte, John Donne and D.H. Lawrence, the origin of the dictionary in Britain may Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 34

be traced further back to the eighth century, in lexicography – that of the English closely connected to the very beginning of author dictionary, which seems to be its history of lexicography. This is because, highly significant from the viewpoint of in a sense, British lexicography began philology and linguistics. There are high with Latin-English dictionaries, the Epinal expectations that research in the field will Glossary (early 8c.?), which treated 1,186 significantly develop in the future, and I words, and the Corpus Glossary (early 8c.?), believe Karova’s volume will provide a which treated 2,175 words, both compiled good starting point for this. anonymously, for the commentaries on St. Augustine’s homiliary. (Besides, there are facts that the Leiden Glossary (9c.?) and References the Erfurt Glossary (late 9c.?), which also Cowie, A.P. (ed.). 2009. The Oxford History were anonymously compiled, followed the of English Lexicography. New York: two glossaries with the same purpose, and Oxford University Press. that, in this context, Thomas Elyot compiled Hartmann, R.R.K. and James, G. the Dictionary of Syr Thomas Eliot Knight 1998 (revised, 2001). Dictionary of (1538), a Latin-English dictionary, quoting Lexicography. London & New York: from the works of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Routledge / Taylor and Francis. Publius Vergilius Maro, Gaius Julius Caesar, Hayashi, T. 1968. Eigo Jisho Hattatsu-shi and so on.) Such a perspective may also be [A History of English Lexicography]. necessary for the future development of the Tokyo: Kaibunsha. promising and creative research field of the Stein, G. 1985. The English Dictinary before author dictionary. Cawdrey. Lexicographica Series Maior, In line with Samuel Johnson’s maxim, 9. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. “Lay the foundation, and leave the superstructure to posterity,” with this Kusujiro Miyoshi volume Karpova has opened up and Soka Women’s College, Tokyo laid the foundation of new research [email protected]

Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily (eds.). Words in Dictionaries and History. Essays in honour of R.W. McConchie

As print journals are replaced by journals outstanding specimen of the genre. online, readers increasingly click on articles The contributions to Words in Dictionaries they want to read rather than flip through and History are loosely connected insofar as pages of scholarship in which a fact or a the volume “aims to represent and advance figure, a graph or a quotation, might arrest studies in historical lexis,” as the editors put them for a moment. Scholarly reading today it. They all also represent areas of particular is all about efficiency, but efficiency has concern to R. W. McConchie, who has long its costs — we rarely know all of what been a leading scholar of Early Modern we might know, or even what, given our English lexis and lexicography, especially interests, we need to know. The festschrift medical vocabulary and medical glossaries. is inevitably miscellaneous, and so it begs He began his career focused on Old English to be read in leisure, with an open mind. language and literature and is now, among Alas, its inefficiency has all but killed it. many other things, writing about the Though there are exceptions, of course, too language of Jane Austen’s novels. Thus, it many festschriften have gathered too many should be no surprise that the contributions decades of dust on too many library shelves. to his festschrift cover a challenging array Librarians are reluctant to buy them, and of discrete subjects. Patient readers will most publishers have turned their backs on have gaps in their knowledge filled, for them. Thankfully, however, some have not, instance, by Anatoly Liberman’s etymology John Benjamins prominent among them, a of yeoman, or Samuli Kaislaniemi’s recent volume of whose series Terminology discovery of a rare word for sex, as well as and Lexicography Research and Practice, unexpected possibilities raised, for instance, titled Words in Dictionaries and History. by John Considine’s recovery of a lost Essays in honour of R.W. McConchie, edited (or at least very well hidden) dictionary

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 by Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily, is an project, or Joshua Pendragon and Maggie 35

Scott’s skirmish with the Oxford English A lost Elizabethan dictionary,” which Dictionary over the lexicon of swordplay. was proposed as an aid to the writing of It should certainly warm Rod McConchie’s quantitative verse in English. Though, like heart that he has inspired work of such Lancashire’s and Tyrkko’s, focused on a breadth and interest, not just lexical but particular book, Considine’s contribution cultural, and of such excellence. In both also extends to an intellectual tradition, that respects, contributors are simply following of Latin and English guides to prosody. his example. Each of these articles is excellent, and To explain the book’s overall structure, Considine’s is a perfect specimen of its one cannot do better than the editors: kind. First, Considine is a master of the note, “The articles fall into two parts. The first and each section of his article accomplishes part focuses on the history of dictionaries, more, this jealous reader observes, than it analysing them in diachrony from the first has any right to do. Second, in trying to professional dictionaries of the Baroque discover who the author of the anonymous period via Enlightenment and Romanticism Verball was, Considine explores an array of to exploring the possibilities of the new sixteenth-century genealogical connections online lexicographical publications. The with an almost savage zeal. If any of John second part looks at the interfaces between Lane’s family and other connections had etymology, semantic development and hoped to bury their relationships to the word-formation on the one hand, and Verball’s author, Considine has unearthed changes in society and culture on the other.” them beyond burying again. I know what the editors mean, but the This is not to suggest that the articles value of the book, I think, is in having the are without any weaknesses. Lancashire at historical, lexicographical, and linguistic times seems rather breezy. Can he really Words in Dictionaries and material, as well as the social and cultural, know that The Flores of Ouide was “the History. Essays in honour of all on one and the same hand, or, if separate first and only intrusion of Ovid’s Ars R.W. McConchie hands are necessary, with the fingers of Amatoria into sixteenth-century grammar Olga Timofeeva and Tanja those hands intertwined. school education”? Sometimes, I would Säily (eds.) The contributions focused on dictionaries have appreciated a citation or note: “Colet Terminology and are, of course, no less culturally interested and William Lily … in a small committee Lexicography Research and than those focused on words. In “The that also included Thomas Linacre devised Practice, 14 Flores of Ouide (1513): An early Tudor a grammar textbook, the so-called Short Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Latin-English textbook,” Ian Lancashire Introduction of Grammar (STC 15610.10; Benjamins. introduces us to a mostly overlooked Allen 1954; Flynn 1943),” Lancashire 2011. xiv, 292 pp. glossarist, Walter, and the unique copy informs us, helpful references in place; ISBN 978 90 272 2338 8 of the early printed book, in which his but then he declares, “Colet and Lily e-ISBN 978 90 272 8690 1 “complementary English—Latin and taught English school children for several Latin—English glossaries” are preserved. centuries,” and we are left to rely on his Yet the article is not merely bibliographical authority, without further explanation. or lexicographical, but also about the role Lancashire has long been a leading scholar, of glossaries in sixteenth-century English and of course we can rely on his very deep, pedagogy. Jukka Tyrkko, in “‘Halles precise knowledge of Early Modern affairs, Lanfranke’ and its most excellent and yet he might not presume this so easily. learned expositive table,” hopes “to provide Tyrkko, on the other hand, does not a description of an early English glossary, always write with a sure grasp of his subject: as well as shed some light on its compiler Halle’s The Courte of Vertue (1565) was John Halle.” Along the way to doing so, published as a pious alternative to the poetic he “reinforce[s] the notion that the medical miscellany called The Courte of Venus, first profession was in many ways in the vanguard published in 1537 or so, and first attacked of English dictionary-making,” a core by Halle in Certayne Chapters taken out subject of McConchie’s scholarship. But of the Proverbes of Solomon (1549/1550) again, the argument exceeds bibliography — like Lancashire’s Colet, Halle had no and lexicography, for Halle (or as some time for ars amatoria. We are told in a might know him better, “Hall”) was a poet, note that “The Courte of Venus is a coterie a composer, a biblical translator, and a compilation of poems critical of the church. reminder that none of us is just one thing and It has been attributed, in its entirety or in the variety of our experience informs our part, to Chaucer (Fraser 1952).” While cultural productions, so, Tyrkko suggests, some poetry of the Chaucer apocrypha does “Halle’s work on religious texts must have appear in The Courte of Venus, the article informed his medical and perhaps especially by Russell Fraser that Tyrkko cites does not his lexicographical work, particularly when mention those attributions. Importantly, The it came to appreciating the importance of Courte of Venus is certainly not attributed lexical precision.” John Considine considers entirely to Chaucer, and Fraser’s article the origin and fate of “John Lane’s Verball: discusses instead Hall’s parodies of poems Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 36

by Thomas Wyatt the Elder. The Courte quotation, transmission, and alteration of Venus is notable, not because it raised of Milton’s famous phrase, raising the Hall’s ire, but because it is the first printed question of when a quotation is allusive and poetic miscellany in English, for proof of when it detaches from its source and is used which one can consult Fraser’s definitive idiomatically, unallusively, effectively how edition (1955) of the book’s three extant a language is infused with quoted material fragmentary copies. once “owned” by authors but finally by There are a few other lapses. When speakers. The articles may seem like small reporting the entry for chirurgery in Halles’ hooks of scholarship, but thereby hang glossary to Lanfranc, Tyrkko remarks that some big tales. the definition there is “rather meaningless,” In addition to the articles already noted, but I don’t quite see how it is: “Χειρουργία the volume’s first section includes Giles is sayd of euery arte, whose function Goodland’s “Music amidst the tumult,” consisteth in manualle action or handye which considers the ways in which making A operation,” as opposed, say, to the arts of the Dictionary of the English Language (1755) apothecary, a quite meaningful distinction. required that Johnson “repress” his “poetic Finally, it is hard for me to understand side,” yet another chapter in the developing why one contributing to a festschrift for distinction of lexicography among the McConchie would refer to Richard Howlet genres of English letters. Julie Coleman’s as Huloet, though many others have done “Online dictionaries of English slang,” so, since McConchie himself has written proposes that “online slang dictionaries can decisively on the lexicographer and his name be categorized along a spectrum from the (see, for instance, McConchie 2007). static to the dynamic,” the former authored Readers of this review will think I am in traditional ways and put online in a more nit-picking. Really, are these the only or less finished state, the latter inviting and criticisms I have of the book as described responding to user contributions, which, so far? It says something about the book’s while “they do not generally fulfil the general excellence that I can do no better. requirements of traditional dictionary users None of my niggling concerns really in terms of content, quality or reliability,” diminishes Tyrkko’s thorough historical nonetheless offer information that slang and partly forensic analysis (following lexicographers can use as material to Julie Coleman and Sarah Ogilvie in the determine frequency, distribution, origins International Journal of Lexicography, and semantic development.” All of this 2009) of the glossary appended to Halle’s signals a newly symbiotic relationship translation of Lanfranc. His focus, after between dictionary makers and dictionary all, is not on Halle’s poetry but on his users, and the development of the web as a treatment of medical lexis. Very often, too, platform for amateur lexicography, both of Lancashire’s magisterial breeziness makes whom shifts in our notion of the dictionary for good reading — Lancashire doesn’t nearly as significant as establishment of the get bogged down in learned citations and dictionary as a pedagogical tool and a target historiographical controversy, but instead of literary aspiration 400 or so years ago. tells a good story and often delights his From Walter the Almost Anonymous readers with a clever phrase. Glossarist to Urban Dictionary — are they While their scope may seem narrow really so far apart? After all, aren’t there at first glance, the several contributions notable similarities between Walter and actually reach to significant cultural someone identified only as Nony, who issues. Considine’s central figure, John entered chester ‘pedophile’ (< Chester the Lane, aspired to be a lexicographer before Molester) in Urban Dictionary on 13 March lexicography was a plausible target of 2005, in spite of their obvious differences? aspiration. We should look for others who The first half of Words in Dictionaries and did the same; we should wonder, in historical History is not a systematic study of its context, just what sort of aspiration it was, subject, but it is nonetheless informative and what it indicates about Early Modern and challenging, especially to those already English society. Similarly, Gabriele Stein, immersed in lexicography and its history, in “The linking of lemma to gloss in and fully repays an afternoon’s reading. The Elyot’s Dictionary (1538),” focuses on a second half of the book rises to the rather slight feature of entry structure, but this lofty standard set by the first. leads inevitably to interest in the logic and First in the second half is Matti Kilpiö’s developing rhetoric of dictionary entries “Old English etymologies in Christfrid in what would prove a rhetorical age, no Ganander’s Nytt Finskt Lexicon (1787),” less relevant today than at the advent of which evaluates the adequacy of Ganander’s the dictionary genre. Elizabeth Knowles, etymologies of Finnish lemmata when they writing about “Chaos and old night: A include Old English elements. Ganander

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 case study in quotation usage,” explores comes through this scrutiny well for a 37 lexicographer working without benefit of the female lap ‘pudendum’ (OED sv lap n1 in New Philology, and Kilpiö makes the case sense 2b), which Kaislaniemi dismisses, but that Ganander’s work on English etymology without, tyrant-like, taking the etymological should not be dismissed. He is exactly the hammer to the pillars of this very evidence sort of lexicographer overlooked by most but and hauling the stones away, as it were. consulted by Anatoly Liberman, who hopes Good as the argument is, the etymology to balance, if not replace, the “dogmatic” remains unsettled. tendency of most English etymology with Cynthia Lloyd’s article, “From an “analytic” one in his Analytic Dictionary denominal to deverbal: Action nouns in the of English Etymology (or ADEE; 2008-, English suffix -al,” by way of extending one volume to date). Liberman’s “The the metaphor, leaves no stone unturned. etymology of the word yeoman,” which In this, however, it’s no different from the immediately follows Kilpiö’s piece, is others, but just as excellent. It provides what W. W. Skeat called a “scorched-earth” a useful typology of -al suffixations etymology (see ADEE, p. xxv-xxvi): and a splendid diachronic account of it accounts, not only for the preferred the suffix’s semantics, fortified with solution to the etymological problem at persuasive contextual examples culled hand, but also for the relative inadequacy or from the OED and the Middle English outright impossibility of all the alternative Dictionary. McConchie is a similarly explanations. Liberman’s is a thoroughly scrupulous investigator of affixes (many satisfying display of etymological method of which are strongly associated with and, not incidentally, a compelling solution medical vocabulary), and it was doubtless to an unsolved etymological crux. Anyone written to reflect that shared interest. who doubts the value of festschriften should I was particularly grateful to read the consider that Liberman includes citations beginning of Lloyd’s article, at a point from 513 of them in his A Bibliography of when I thought the volume was drifting English Etymology (2010) — they prove among words without much purpose: “This more useful than many scholars, librarians, book,” she writes, “includes papers on both and publishers imagine. Old English and Latinate Renaissance Samuli Kaislaniemi’s “Early East India lexis in English (Liberman and Diller Company merchants and a rare word for respectively). It also contains studies of the sex” is at least as interesting as Liberman’s transition from Latin to Old English (Hall), account of yeoman, though its conclusions and of the subsequent revival of interest in are not quite as sound. The rare word in Old English during the Latinised English question in lapidable, defined in Early Renaissance (Karlas-Tarkka). Between Modern dictionaries (mono- and bilingual) these two points, the OE vernacular became as ‘stonable [< L lapid- ‘stone’]’ and reunited with Latinate culture and lexis ‘marriageable’; the OED proposes the first through the medium of the conquering definition and calls evidence of the second language, French.” This is exactly the point “a strange mistake … copied in some from which Lloyd’s argument embarks, all later Dicts.” With the benefit of newly of the contributions besides Liberman’s are available digital resources, Kaislaniemi in front of the reader, and their relations to provides contextual evidence for the one another helpfully anticipated. ‘marriageable’ meaning and goes further to Alaric Hall’s “A gente Anglorum show, from both dictionary and contextual appellatur: The evidence of Bede’s Historia sources, that marriageable was code for ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the ‘sexually desirable, available.’ All of this replacement of Roman names by English is a wonderful service to lexicography and ones during the early Anglo-Saxon period” cultural history, admirably executed. The immediately follows Lloyd’s contribution. stones in question, Kaislaniemi proposes Hall argues that the inherent instability with good reason, are those of the male of place names accounts for the gradual — a lapidable woman is ‘fuckable’ or so shift from Roman to English place-names, desirable that one “gets one’s rocks off.” But leaving Celtic names behind in spite of the argument is not quite scorched-earth. considerable demographic continuity, and Kaislaniemi quotes from Jemmy Carson’s that Bede’s Historia provides indirect Collections (1744) as follows: “but if thee evidence to support that model. It is a subtle pursues it farther, to know whether she be and learned argument and will undoubtedly Lapidable, or not, thee art certainly a Tyrant: lead to future research on the issue. Leena For the Hammer of thy Loins, will at length Kahlas-Tarkka’s “William Lambarde and beat down the Fortress of her Porto Bello; Thomas Milles in search of the golden and the Pillars of her Tabernace, will be past,” is one of the most elegant accounts spread abroad, until thee has plundered the I have ever read of Early Modern English City, and taken the Precious Stones away.” antiquarian interest in Anglo-Saxon language

The alternative to the male stones is the and culture as a means of throwing off the Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 38

so-called Norman Yoke and establishing truncated accidentally to merely Physicke in ancient national identity. It, too, is subtle David E. Vancil’s amiable and informative work, and it is an excellent model for young preface to the festschrift, a brief account of scholars. McConchie’s career and interests that helps The penultimate contribution is to justify the volume’s range of subjects. Hans-Jürgen Diller’s “Contempt — The These are all small matters, but the last, at main growth area in the Elizabethan least, is perhaps not the best sort of error to emotion lexicon.” Diller acknowledges make in a festschrift. that “Contempt is not a nice topic for The first responsibility of Words in KERNERMAN NORSKE a Festschrift,” but his article about the Dictionaries and History is to honor R. W. ORDBØKER lexical field “Contempt” is a generous gift McConchie, which it does by the uniform Editors: to McConchie and to other readers, as well. excellence of the articles included in it, the Norwegian: Carina Nilstun Diller takes material on “Contempt” and way those articles respond to McConchie’s and Sarasvati Jacobsen, led “Disrepute” from the database underlying varied interests, and their frequent citation by Ruth Vatvedt Fjeld the Historical of the Oxford of McConchie’s works, which merely Norwegian to French: English Dictionary (Kay, Roberts, Samuels, underscores the significance of his work in the Clémentine Choubrac, and Wotherspoon 2009) and examines it history of English and English lexicography. Isabelle Ljøsne and Sabine Burlot rigorously from literally every direction The same excellence appeals to its fortunate French: Nathalie Lanckriet with vertical bar graphs and horizontal line readers, and I hope the next festschrift I pick (chief editor), Marine graphs that contrast features, field size, up is half as good as this one. Lesprit, Valérie Lecœur, growth of the field relative to the whole Frédérique Melanie-Becquet, Emilienne Morruzzi and lexicon of Emotion terms, and much more References Caroline Moulart-Fremaux — it is a tour de force, very demanding of Coleman, J. and Ogilvie, S. 2009. Forensic French to Norwegian: readers, and, as such, I think the editors Dictionary Analysis: Principles and Torill Simonsen realized, probably not the best piece on Practice. International Journal of Norwegian to German: which to end the volume. Cleverly, they end Lexicography, 22.1: 1-22. Nora Pröfrock German: Susanne Billes instead with Joshua Pendragon and Maggie Fraser, R.A. 1952. An Amateur Elizabethan (chief editor), Monika Scott’s “A lexical skirmish: OED3 and the Composer. Music and Letters, 33.4, Böhme, Sabine Corso, vocabulary of swordplay,” which is itself 329-332. Susanne Dyka, Marion not light fare, but is appealingly written and, Fraser, R.A. 1955. The Court of Venus. Hahn, Christine Moehrs given McConchie’s published interest in the Durham: Duke University Press. and Emmanuelle Worbs German to Norwegian: subject, a very palpable hit. Kay, C., Roberts, J., Samuels, M. and Per Einar Fosser Just as we must admire the editors’ astute Wotherspoon, I. 2009. Historical Norwegian to Italian: arrangement of the various contributions, we Thesaurus of the Oxford English Berit N. Johnsen must also praise the care authors and editors Dictionary. 2 volumes. Oxford: Oxford Italian: Palma Gallana have taken preparing the text for publication. University Press. Italian to Norwegian: Christian Skaug Of course, innocuous errors occasionally Liberman, A. 2008. An Analytical Norwegian to Polish: survive even the most diligent proofreading. Dictionary of English Etymology. An Dawid Gut Some errors, however, are potentially more Introduction. Minneapolis: University Polish: Iwona Sosinska, confusing, even to specialists. So, when of Minnesota Press. Aleksandra Marciniak, Alicja Huflejt-Hamon Liberman writes “The ODDE is entirely Liberman, A. 2010. A Bibliography and Dawid Gut dogmatic,” ODDE may represent a text of English Etymology. Sources and Polish to Norwegian: accidentally omitted from his references, but Word-List. Minneapolis: University of Dawid Gut, revised by probably is meant to be ODEE, the Oxford Minnesota Press. Nanna Natalia Karpinska Dictionary of English Etymology (Onions McConchie, R.W. 1997. Lexicography Dam Jorgensen Norwegian to Spanish: 1966), which one does find among them and Physicke: The Record of María Carmen Lagos (and is, indeed, entirely dogmatic). The Sixteenth-Century English Medical Andersen unwary (or less phonologically minded) Terminology. Oxford: Clarendon Spanish: Miguel Eduardo reader may have more trouble with “A few Press. Montoro and Irene Renau early forms of yeoman listed in the OED McConchie, R.W. 2007. The Real Richard Ararque (chief editors), Sergio Mario López, are spelled with -mn-, and they presuppose Howlet. In Considine, J. and Iamartino, María Verónica Elizondo assimilation from *-n (< ng) + m-. However, G. (eds.), Words and Dictionaries from and Carlos Sebastián Cerón variants with -mm- are in the minority and the British Isles in Historical Perspective. Spanish to Norwegian: can be explained in more ways than one (for Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Alfhild Elisabeth Hirsch example, by the analogical shortening of the Scholars Publishing, 39-49. Kopperdal root vowel in other words ending in -man Onions, C.T., with the assistance of Series of Norwegian or by the erratic habits of Middle English Friedrichsen, G.W.S. and Burchfield, bilingual learners’ scribes).” The scribe would be erratic indeed R.W. 1966. The Oxford Dictionary of dictionaries published who wrote -mn- rather than -nm-, for only English Etymology. London: Oxford by Vega Forlag. See back cover. the latter cluster would be evidence of the University Press. assimilation required to get from yongman to yeoman. It seems unfortunate, too, Michael Adams that the title of McConchie’s great work, Indiana University, Bloomington

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 Lexicography and Physicke (1997) has been [email protected] 39

Grande Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa

Mauro de Salles Villar

In the 1980s, Brazilian diplomat and then officially adopted in Portugal came Mauro de Salles Villar was linguist Antônio Houaiss, and a small group out in 2002. born in Rio de Janeiro in that I was part of, started to put together The second edition has just been 1939 and is a lexicographer, a project for a general-purpose dictionary completed. It is the outcome of another 10 encyclopedist and lawyer. He that would differ from all others available years of revising and adding new materials to is the Chief Editor of Grande in Portuguese. the first set. As compared to the first edition, Dicionário Houaiss da Lingua Four fundamentals were established for hundreds of thousands of amendments were Portuguesa, co-director of the task to be undertaken: incorporated into every feature of the work Instituto Antônio Houaiss of 1. The screening, by using various gathering — from definitions to phonetic notations, lexicography, and member of the techniques (from text corpora, to from dating references to the list of sources, Brazilian Academy of Philology. literature, to reading scientific books, from revised etymologies to the inclusion to dictionary research, etc.), of the most of -headwords. In addition, [email protected] comprehensive nomenclature consistent the lexicon was also revised, as were the with the scope of a general-purpose specific descriptions concerning scientific dictionary that would also incorporate and technical subjects such as biology, Portuguese linguistic performances ecology, physics, astronomy, computer outside the Portugal/Brazil axis. science, zoology, botany, and so forth. 2. A thorough inventory and analysis of This second edition features over 234,000 Portuguese morphemes as a base for entries, of which 194,936 are words, word establishing large families of words with combinations, or morphemes; 29,393 are common ancient etymons. nestings; 4,861 are plurals carrying their 3. A full-fledged effort to date lexical units own distinct meanings; 210 are phrases to act as illustrative quotations, and to subsumed into the entries’ microstructures; convey reliability in terms of the way and 4,889 are words used on maps. that senses appear arranged within the The first edition of our dictionary enjoyed entries. an excellent response among common 4. An in-depth etymological study of each readers and specialized critics alike. This unit to anchor the entries’ definitions. time, we are set on providing an even The first edition of Dicionário Houaiss more rigorous, pondered, updated, and da Língua Portuguesa, now called Grande improved version of what had previously Houaiss, resulted from an endeavor that been accomplished. Grande Dicionário started in February 1986 and ended in Houaiss da Língua December 2000, and which involved Portuguesa Instituto Antônio Houaiss and Antônio Houaiss and the work of 35 lexicographers and 43 K Dictionaries have launched Mauro de Salles Villar specialized external collaborators, as well 2001. Rio de Janeiro: as contributions from Portugal, São Tomé the new joint brand name Editora Objetiva and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, HOUAISS KERNERMAN Hardcover, lxxxiii + 2,925 pages, 305 x 230 mm Angola and Mozambique. for Portuguese bilingual ISBN 85-7302-383-X The outcome was a dictionary with dictionaries. www.objetiva.com.br approximately 228,500 lexical units. The work is not a synchronic view of any given chronological or geographical segment of the language. Rather, from a historical Antônio Houaiss, 1915-1999, was perspective, it focuses on phenomena that a Brazilian lexicographer, writer mostly concern modern-day usage of the and translator, who served as the language in Brazil and Portugal. But it also Minister of Culture, and was a contains a selection of words from both old member of the Brazilian Academy of and archaic Portuguese whose inclusion is Letters. He was the son of Lebanese warranted, for instance, by their rate of immigrants, and was born and died occurrence in the literary history. Dicionário Houaiss was published in in Rio de Janeiro. He is best known 2001, fifteen years after it was begun in for his translation of James Joice’s Ulysses, and for supervising the 1986. It was first issued in print, later becoming available both on CD-ROM and compilation of the Dicionário Houaiss online. A European version complying with da Língua Portuguesa. the orthography and the linguistic norm Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2012 Kernerman Norske Ordbøker Vega Forlag • Oslo • June 2012

KERNERMAN SPANSK ORDBOK KERNERMAN POLSK ORDBOK KERNERMAN TYSK ORDBOK Spansk-Norsk / Norsk-Spansk Polsk-Norsk / Norsk-Polsk Tysk-Norsk / Norsk-Tysk 936 pages, 210 x 145 mm 751 pages, 210 x 145 mm 1103 pages, 210 x 145 mm Paperback + CD-ROM Paperback + CD-ROM Paperback + CD-ROM ISBN: 978-82-8211-022-8 ISBN: 978-82-8211-277-2 ISBN: 978-82-8211-135-5 Reprint

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