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The Phonology and Morphosyntax of Kol

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The Phonology and Morphosyntax of Kol UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title The Phonology and Morphosyntax of Kol Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/26m203n9 Author Henson, Bonnie Publication Date 2007 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Phonology and Morphosyntax of Kol by Bonnie Jean Henson B.A. (Seattle Pacific University) 1994 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2001 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Larry M. Hyman, Chair Professor Sharon Inkelas Professor Lynn Nichols Professor Johanna Nichols Spring 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Phonology and Morphosyntax of Kol © 2007 by Bonnie Jean Henson Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract The Phonology and Morphosyntax of Kol by Bonnie Jean Henson Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Larry M. Hyman, Chair The Maka-Njem [A. 80] languages of Cameroon are still very understudied compared to the better known Bantu languages. Many variants are endangered by virtue of their contact with both French, the language of education and government, and more prestigious neighboring languages. In this study, I describe one such language, Kol [A.832], focusing on its phonology, morphology and basic syntax. In addition, Kol is compared to neighboring (and closely related languages) and the historical development of Kol is explored by examining sound correspondences with reconstructed Proto-Bantu words and grammatical structures. In the course of the description, it is shown that Kol has important consequences not only for our 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. understanding of Bantu descriptive and historical linguistics but also for certain grammatical issues in general linguistic theory. An appendix includes texts and a Kol-English lexicon. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements .................................................................................................xx Abstract ........................................................................................................................1 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3 1 Background Information ................................................................................. 5 1.1 The Language ..............................................................................................5 1.2 The people and their culture .................................................................... 8 2 Previous Research.......................................................................................... 12 3 Methodology of Current Study .................................................................... 13 4 Organization of current study ...................................................................... 15 2 Phonology .............................................................................................................19 1 Phonemic Inventory .......................................................................................19 1.1 Synchronic V ariation .............................................................................. 22 2 Syllable structure and Phonotactics ............................................................24 2.1 Phonotactics ..............................................................................................25 2.1.1 Consonants .......................................................................................25 2.1.1.1 Onsets ......................................................................................... 25 i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.1.1.2 Codas .......................................................................................... 27 2.1.2 Vowels ................................................................................................28 3 Ambiguous Segments ......................................................................30 3.1 NC = Prenasalized Stop ........................................................................... 30 3.2 Consonant + Glide (Cw / Cy) ...............................................................32 3.3 The High Central Vowel..........................................................................36 4 Phonological rules ........................................................................38 4.1 Avoiding Consonant Clusters ................................................................38 4.2 Vowel hiatus.............................................................................................39 4.2.1 Gliding ................................................................................................40 4.2.1.1 Mid vowels become glides .......................................................40 4.2.1.2 Glide insertion ...........................................................................41 4.2.2 Deletion ............................................................................................. 41 4.3 Vowel Assimilation ..................................................................................42 4.3.1 Vowel centralizing before nasals and alveolar fricatives .......... 42 4.3.1.1 Centralization of the back mid vowel ....................................43 4.3.1.2 The front mid vowel .................................................................45 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.3.2 Front mid vowel raising .................................................................. 46 4.3.3 High vowel Rounding .......................................................................48 4.4 Phrase-finally...........................................................................................49 4.4.1.1 Devoicing ....................................................................................50 4.4.1.2 Phrase-final tone lowering ..................................................... 50 4.5 Tone Rules ...............................................................................................51 4.5.1 General tone association rules........................................................51 4.5.2 Downstep .......................................................................................... 53 4.5.3 Optional H tone absorption rule ................................................... 54 4.5.3.1 Polar tone ...................................................................................58 4.6 Lexical vs. postlexical phonology ..........................................................59 3 Morphosyntax of the Noun Phrase ................................................................ 60 1 Noun Classes .................................................................................................. 61 1.1 Classes 1 /2 ................................................................................................63 1.2 Classes 3 /4 ............................................................................................... 65 1.3 Classes 5 /6 ........................................................................................ 67 1.4 Classes 7 /8 ............................................................................................... 73 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1.5 Class 9........................................................................................................ 74 1.6 Class 10...................................................................................................... 76 2 Pronouns ..........................................................................................................77 2.1 Subject Pronouns ..................................................................................... 79 2.2 Object Pronouns ....................................................................................... 82 2.3 Reflexive Pronouns ..................................................................................83 2.4 Locative Pronoun ..................................................................................... 84 3 Concord systems ............................................................................................ 87 4 Modifiers ..........................................................................................................89 4.1 Determiners ............................................................................................... 90 4.2 Demonstratives ........................................................................................ 92 4.3 Another, A different One .........................................................................94 4.4 Genitives ....................................................................................................95 4.5 Quantifiers ................................................................................................ 98 4.5.1 'Each, a ll'.........................................................................................
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