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Transportation Improvements
Enhanced Regional Accessibility S ho L o r n t g T
e T
r Higher Wages at the Appreciation in Land e m r
Periphery, Slightly and Real Estate Values m E
ff Lower Wages at Core in the periphery Ef e f c e ts c t s
Socio-Economic Convergence
Reduction of Spatial Disparities
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'JHVSF 4UVEZ BSFB
%BUB BDRVJTJUJPO *O PSEFS UP BEESFTT UIF SFTFBSDI RVFTUJPOT QPTFE JU XBT OFDFTTBSZ UP DPMMFDU EBUB GSPN WBSJPVT TPVSDFT 'PVS NBJO EBUB TPVSDFT XFSF VTFE JO UIF GPSNVMBUJPO PG B DPNCJOFE NBTUFS EBUBCBTF DJUZ DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT EBUB $FOTVT PG 1PQVMBUJPO BOE )PVTJOH IPVTJOH QSJDF EBUB BOE USBWFM UJNF EBUB ɨF EBUB TPVSDFT BSF CSJFìZ EFTDSJCFE JO UIF GPMMPXJOH QBSBHSBQIT ɨF BHHSFHBUFE DJUZ DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT EBUB XBT FYUSBDUFE GSPN UIF i-PDBM "VUIPSJUJFT 'JMFT w QVCMJTIFE FMFDUSPOJDBMMZ PO UIF *TSBFM $FOUSBM #VSFBV PG 4UBUJTUJDT $#4 XFC TJUF $#4 ɨJT DSPTTTFDUJPOBM EBUB TPVSDF GPS NPSF UIBO MPDBMJUJFT DPWFST WBSJPVT UIFNFT TVDI BT EFNPHSBQIJD DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT BOE NFBTVSFT PG TPDJPFDPOPNJD &RVJUZ JNQBDUT PG USBOTQPSUBUJPO JNQSPWFNFOUT
XFMMCFJOH FH QPQVMBUJPO OVNCFS PG EXFMMJOHT SFTJEFOUJBM EFOTJUZ BOE UIF TPDJP FDPOPNJD DMVTUFS PG UIF DJUZ BT XFMM BT PUIFS UPQJDT TVDI BT DPOTUSVDUJPO USBOTQPSU BOE JOGSBTUSVDUVSF 4PDJPFDPOPNJD BOE MBCPSGPSDF EBUB XFSF DPMMFDUFE GSPN UIF QFSDFOU TBNQMF PG UIF *TSBFM $FOTVT PG 1PQVMBUJPO BOE )PVTJOH ɨJT EFUBJMFE EJTBHHSFHBUFE EBUBCBTF TVQQMJFT JOGPSNBUJPO PO UIF TPDJBM BOE EFNPHSBQIJD DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO ɨF EBUB VTFE GSPN UIJT TPVSDF JODMVEF EFNPHSBQIJD HFPHSBQIJD FN QMPZNFOU BOE MBOE VTF WBSJBCMFT ɨF SBX TBNQMF TVQQMJFE CZ UIF $#4 JODMVEFE SFDPSET 4JODF UIF NPEFM GPDVTFT PO UIF MBCPS NBSLFU JOEJWJEVBMT OPU CFMPOHJOH UP UIF DJWJMJBO XPSLGPSDF FH DIJMESFO VOEFS UIF BHF PG PS EP OPU XPSL XFSF SFNPWFE GSPN UIF TBNQMF 0VU PG UIF SFNBJOJOH SFDPSET PG XPSLJOH JOEJWJEVBMT BEEJUJPOBM SFDPSET XFSF ëMUFSFE PVU EVF UP iVOLOPXO JODPNFw PS SFQPSUFE i[FSP JODPNFw %VF UP $#4 DPOëEFOUJBMJUZ DPODFSOT DJUZ SFTJEFODF BOE XPSLQMBDF DPEFT BSF POMZ SFQPSUFE GPS DJUJFT BCPWF JOIBCJUBOUT *O BEEJUJPO UP UIJT SFTUSJDUJPO B TJHOJëDBOU OVNCFS PG JOEJWJEVBMT EJE OPU SFQPSU UIFJS QMBDF PG XPSL SFDPSET GPS XIJDI JU XBT JNQPTTJCMF UP NBUDI BO FNQMPZFFT QMBDF PG SFTJEFODF UP UIFJS QMBDF PG XPSL XFSF BMTP SFNPWFE 0VU PG UIF SFNBJOJOH PCTFSWBUJPOT B GFX NPSF DBTFT XFSF SFNPWFE EVF UP WBSJPVT SFBTPOT FH NJTTJOH WBMVFT JO LFZ WBSJBCMFT TVDI PDDVQBUJPO TNBMM UPXOT UIBU IBE OP NBUDIJOH BHHSFHBUFE DJUZ DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT EBUB FUD ɨF ëOBM EJTBHHSFHBUFE $FOTVT EBUBTFU VTFE JO UIJT TUVEZ JODMVEFT B UPUBM PG PCTFSWBUJPOT ɨF IPVTJOH QSJDF EBUB XFSF PCUBJOFE GSPN UXP TPVSDFT BO BENJOJTUSBUJWF EBUBTFU TVQQMJFE CZ UIF .JOJTUSZ PG $POTUSVDUJPO BOE )PVTJOH BOE BO JOEFQFOEFOU TVSWFZ CBTFE PO B TBNQMF PG SFBMFTUBUF *OUFSOFU TJUFT ɨF EBUBTFU JODMVEFT EBUB PO UIF OVNCFS PG USBOTBDUJPOT JO FBDI DJUZ OPNJOBM BOE SFBM QSJDFT QFS TRVBSF NFUFS JO /FX *TSBFMJ 4IFLFMT /*4 QSJDFT QFS SPPN JO /*4 BOE QSJDFT QFS BQBSUNFOU JO /*4 5SBWFM UJNF EBUB GPS EJêFSFOU NPEFT BVUPNPCJMF CVT USBJO XFSF FYUSBDUFE GSPN OBUJPOBM USBWFM UJNF NBUSJDFT QSFQBSFE GPS UIF *TSBFM .JOJTUSZ PG 5SBOTQPSU "# 1MBO ɨFTF NBUSJDFT XFSF PCUBJOFE GSPN USBïD BTTJHONFOU NPEFM PVUQVUT GPS ". QFBL IPVS EFNBOE NBUSJDFT GPS UIF ZFBS 3FQSFTFOUBUJWF USBWFM UJNFT CFUXFFO DJUJFT XFSF DBMDVMBUFE CZ FYUSBDUJOH UIF DFOUSPJE PG FBDI DJUZ QPMZHPO BOE DPNQVUJOH UIF SFTQFDUJWF UJNFT CFUXFFO UXP DFOUSPJET 'PS UIF QVSQPTFT PG UIJT QBQFS JU JT TBGF UP BTTVNF UIBU UIF USBWFM UJNF EBUB SFQSFTFOU UIF NBHOJUVEF PG UIF TQBUJBM GSJDUJPO CFUXFFO UIF DJUJFT ɨF UISFF BHHSFHBUFE EBUBTFUT DJUZ DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT IPVTJOH QSJDF USBWFM UJNF XFSF NFSHFE JOUP UIF SFëOFE EJTBHHSFHBUFE DFOTVT EBUBTFU (JWFO UIF MJNJUBUJPOT PG UIF EBUB DFSUBJO BTTVNQUJPOT XFSF NBEF GPS UIJT TQFDJëD TUVEZ ɨF NPEFM BTTVNFT GVMM FNQMPZNFOU JO B iDMPTFEDJUZw TZTUFN ɨJT BTTVNQUJPO GBJSMZ DPNNPO JO FDPOPNJD NPEFMT NFBOT UIBU BMM XPSLFST BSF FNQMPZFE BOE NBZ PêFS UIFJS MBCPS TFSWJDFT POMZ JO DJUJFT XIJDI CFMPOH UP UIF DIPJDF TFU *O BEEJUJPO OP XPSL JT QPTTJCMF PVUTJEF UIF +ÿąĂþñü ÿö 5ĂñþăĀÿĂĄ ñþô -ñþô 6ăõ Ǭǫ
TZTUFN FH BCSPBE
.PEFM 4QFDJöDBUJPO
ɨF FRVJUZ NPEFM JT FTUJNBUFE VTJOH UIF NVMUJOPNJBM MPHJU ./- NPEFM GPSNVMBUJPO #FO "LJWB BOE -FSNBO ɨF ./- NPEFM BTTVNFT UIBU EFDJTJPO NBLFS n GBDFT EJTDSFUF BMUFSOBUJWFT j = 1,...,J BOE DIPPTFT UIF BMUFSOBUJWF UIBU NBYJNJ[FT VUJMJUZ ɨF VUJMJUZ JT BTTVNFE UP CF B DPNCJOBUJPO PG PCTFSWFE BOE VOPCTFSWFE GBDUPST ɨF EFQFOEFOU WBSJBCMF JO UIF NPEFM JT UIF DIPJDF PG XPSLQMBDF DJUZ ɨF HFOFSBM GPSN PG UIF TZTUFNBUJD VUJMJUZ Vin BOE UIF DIPJDF QSPCBCJMJUZ 1JO PG UIF ./- NPEFM BSF HJWFO CZ UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPOT
Vin = β1 x1in + β2 x2in + L + βk xkin
eVin Pin = eVjn J Cn ∈ 8IFSF ! Vin 4ZTUFNBUJD PCTFSWFE VUJMJUZ PG BMUFSOBUJWF i GPS JOEJWJEVBM n Xkin "U USJCVUF k PG BMUFSOBUJWF i GPS JOEJWJEVBM n Cn 4FU PG BWBJMBCMF BMUFSOBUJWFT UP JOEJWJEVBM n 4FWFSBM VUJMJUZ TQFDJëDBUJPOT XFSF UFTUFE BOE BSF EFUBJMFE JO UIF OFYU TFDUJPO
"UUBJONFOU PG FRVJUZ JOEJDBUPS "T CFFO QSFWJPVTMZ EJTDVTTFE JO UIF MJUFSBUVSF SFWJFX TFDUJPO FRVJUZ DBO CF EFëOFE JO WBSJPVT XBZT BOE EJêFSFOU JOEJDBUPST DBO CF VTFE UP EFTDSJCF JU 8F VTF UIF BWFSBHF XBHF JO UIF PSJHJO DJUZ PG SFTJEFODF BT B QSPYZ GPS UIF FDPOPNJD XFMGBSF PG JUT SFTJEFOUT 'JHVSF TDIFNBUJDBMMZ EFTDSJCFT UIF QSPDFTT CZ XIJDI UIF MBCPS BOE XBHF WFDUPST BSF BUUBJOFE JO UIF NPEFM 'PMMPXJOH UIF FTUJNBUJPO PG UIF QBSBNFUFST CZ UIF EJTBHHSFHBUFE ./- NPEFM UIF VUJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH B SFTJEFODFXPSLDJUZ DPNCJOBUJPO Vij UIFSF BSF i j DPN × CJOBUJPOT JT DBMDVMBUFE CZ NVMUJQMZJOH UIF FTUJNBUFE QBSBNFUFST β CZ UIF JOEFQFO EFOU WBSJBCMF *7 WFDUPST ɨF EJWJTJPO PG B QBSUJDVMBS Vij CZ UIF TVN PG VUJMJUZ Vij j = 1,..., n ZJFMET UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH B QBSUJDVMBS SFTJEFODFXPSLDJUZ DPNCJ OBUJPO Pij .VMUJQMJDBUJPO PG UIJT QSPCBCJMJUZ CZ UIF OVNCFS PG FNQMPZFE XPSLGPSDF JO DJUZ i Ei FRVBMT UP UIF FYQFDUFE OVNCFS PG FNQMPZFFT MJWJOH JO DJUZ i BOE XPSLJOH JO DJUZ j Eij ɨF QSPEVDU PG Eij BOE UIF BWFSBHF XBHF PG FNQMPZFE QFSTPOT SFTJEJOH JO DJUZ i BOE XPSLJOH JO DJUZ j w¯ij QSPEVDFT UIF FYQFDUFE UPUBM QBZSPMM PG FNQMPZFE &RVJUZ JNQBDUT PG USBOTQPSUBUJPO JNQSPWFNFOUT
'JHVSF "UUBJONFOU PG FRVJUZ JOEJDBUPS JO UIF NPEFM
Aggregation Stage
Parameters * Vij – Pij - Disaggregated Parameter n city Utility of Probability Pij * Employed at MNL Model Estimation differentials i,j work of i,j work residence city i (Ei) (IV) selection selection
Eij - Number of Transport Employees living Eij * wage i,j Qij - Total i,j Improvements in city i and payroll working at city j
Q labor at j= E ∑ ij ∑ ij wage at j = i i ∑ Eij i
∑Qij labor at i= Ei j wage at i = Ei
JOEJWJEVBMT MJWJOH JO SFTJEFODF DJUZ i BOE XPSLJOH JO DJUZ j Qij ɨF BWFSBHF XBHF BU i BWFSBHF XBHF PG JOEJWJEVBMT XIP SFTJEF JO B QBSUJDVMBS DJUZ JT PCUBJOFE CZ
j Qij w¯i = !Ei
ɨF XBHF BU i w¯i SFQSFTFOUT UIF FRVJUZ JOEJDBUPS JO UIF NPEFM ɨF IJHIFS JU JT UIF HSFBUFS UIF XFMGBSF JO B QBSUJDVMBS DJUZ 8IFO USBOTQPSUBUJPO JNQSPWFNFOUT BSF NBEF TFF SFE CPY BOE USBWFM UJNF JT DPOTFRVFOUMZ SFEVDFE UIF FTUJNBUFE TQBUJBM JNQFEBODF DPFïDJFOU JT NVMUJQMJFE CZ UIF OFX USBWFM UJNF EJêFSFOUJBMT ɨJT DIBOHFT UIF VUJMJUZ BOE DPOTFRVFOUMZ UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH B XPSL DJUZ j CZ SFTJEFOUT PG DJUZ i %VF UP UIFTF DIBOHFT OFX XBHF WFDUPST BSF DSFBUFE BU i BOE DPOTFRVFOUMZ OFX FRVJUZ NFBTVSFT BSF BUUBJOFE
3FTFBSDI öOEJOHT
5BCMF QSFTFOUT B TVNNBSZ PG BWFSBHF PêFSFE XBHFT BOE OVNCFS PG FNQMPZFFT QSPYZ UP UIF OVNCFS PG KPCT BU XPSL EFTUJOBUJPO JO TFMFDUFE TUVEZSFHJPO DJUJFT "T DBO CF TFFO GSPN UIF UBCMF UIFSF BSF DMFBS EJêFSFODFT o QFSDFOU JO UIF QSPQPTFE XBHFT CFUXFFO #FFSTIFCB BOE JUT TVSSPVOEJOH TBUFMMJUF UPXOT ɨF XBHF EJTQBSJUZ CFUXFFO UIFTF UPXOT BOE 5FM "WJW JT BMNPTU EPVCMF SBOHJOH GSPN QFSDFOU JO UIF DBTF PG 3B +ÿąĂþñü ÿö 5ĂñþăĀÿĂĄ ñþô -ñþô 6ăõ Ǭǫ
IBU UP JO UIF DBTF PG /FUJWPU "MUIPVHI 3BIBU JT POF PG UIF QPPSFTU "SBC #FEPVJO UPXOT JO *TSBFM UIF BWFSBHF PêFSFE XBHF UIFSF JT IJHIFS UIBO JO TPNF PG UIF +FXJTI UPXOT ɨJT JT EVF UP UIF GBDU UIBU NPTU PG UIF GFX BWBJMBCMF KPCT JO 3BIBU BSF JO UIF QVCMJD TFDUPS UFBDIFST NVOJDJQBM XPSLFST FUD ɨFSF BSF NVDI TNBMMFS XBHF EJTQBS JUJFT CFUXFFO UPXOT JO UIF #FFSTIFCB NFUSPQPMJUBO BSFB BOE UPXOT BOE PUIFS TPVUIFSO DJUJFT FH "TIEPE "TIRFMPO 2JSZBU (BU MPDBUFE OPSUI PG UIF HSFBUFS #FFSTIFCB BSFB BOE TPVUI PG UIF 5FM "WJW NFUSPQPMJUBO BSFB "OPUIFS OPUBCMF EJêFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF TPVUIFSO QFSJQIFSZ BOE DPSF SFHJPO DJUJFT JT JO UIF OVNCFS PG KPC PQQPSUVOJUJFT UIF 5FM "WJW NFUSPQPMJUBO BSFB PêFST NPSF UIBO UFO UJNFT NPSF KPCT UIBO UIF #FFSTIFCB NFUSPQPMJUBO BSFB
5BCMF 0êFSFE XBHFT BOE KPCT JO TFMFDUFE DJUJFT "WFSBHF 0êFSFE /VNCFS PG /VNCFS .POUIMZ 8BHF JO &NQMPZFFT +PCT BU PG $JUJFT /*4 8PSL %FTUJOBUJPO #FFSTIFCB /FUJWPU +FXJTI 0GBRJN +FXJTI 3BIBU "SBC #FEPVJO 4EFSPU +FXJTI 0UIFS DJUJFT JO #FFSTIFCB .FUSP 5PUBM #FFSTIFCB .FUSP "SFB 4PVUIFSO $JUJFT OPU QBSU PG #FFSTIFCB .FUSP "SFB 5FM "WJW +FXJTI $PSF DJUJFT *O 64 /FX *TSBFMJ 4IFLFMT /*4
5BCMF QSFTFOUT B USBWFM UJNF NBUSJY UIBU TIPXT BVUP USJQ MFOHUIT JO NJOVUFT EVSJOH ". QFBL IPVST CFUXFFO TFMFDUFE DJUJFT JO UIF #FFSTIFCB NFUSPQPMJUBO BSFB BOE 5FM "WJW "T DBO CF TFFO GSPN UIF UBCMF USJQ MFOHUIT CFUXFFO #FFSTIFCB BOE JUT TVSSPVOEJOH TBUFMMJUF UPXOT SBOHF CFUXFFO BOE NJOVUFT XIFSFBT USJQT MFOHUIT CFUXFFO UIF WBSJPVT #FFSTIFCB NFUSPQPMJUBO BSFB UPXOT BOE 5FM "WJW BSF JO UIF o NJOVUF SBOHF
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Tel Aviv
Beersheba
Arad
Netivot `
Ofaqim
Sderot
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Wage at i in 1995 NIS
Base Scenario 20% improvement in Car Travel Time Introduction of a Rail Link
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0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10 Arc Elasticity of Wage with Wage of Elasticity Arc 0.05 Respect to Change in Travel TimeTravel in Change to Respect
0.00 Tel Aviv Beersheba Ofaqim Netivot Arad Sderot
4% ATT Reduction 8% ATT Reduction 12% ATT Reduction 16% ATT Reduction 20% ATT Reduction
City 4% ATT Reduction 8% ATT Reduction 12% ATT Reduction 16% ATT Reduction 20% ATT Redu
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Tel Aviv
Beersheba
Arad
Netivot
Ofaqim
Sderot
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 Wage at i as a Percentage of the Average Wage in Core Cities
Base Scenario 20% improvement in Car Travel Time Introduction of a Rail Link
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Beersheba
Arad
Netivot
Ofaqim
Sderot
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 11.05
Wage at i as a Percentage of the Average Wage in Be'er Sheva
Base Model 20% improvement in Car Travel Time Introduction of a Rail Link
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