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Military and Strategic Affairs Military and Strategic Affairs Military and Strategic Military and Strategic Affairs Volume 7 | No. 2 | September 2015 Social Resilience in the Jewish Communities around the Gaza Strip Envelope during and after Operation Protective Edge Meir Elran, Zipi Israeli, Carmit Padan, Alex Altshuler Debts of Honor, Costs of War: The Media’s Treatment of the Question of Casualties during Operation Protective Edge Zipi Israeli and Elisheva Rosman Social Protest in Operation Protective Edge: A Civilian Attempt to Challenge the Political-Security Discourse Carmit Padan Will Hamas be Better Prepared during its Next Confrontation With Israel? Gabi Siboni and A.G. The Strategy for Integrating the Private Sector in National Cyber Defense in Israel Shmuel Even Israeli Black Flags: Salast Jihadi Representations in Israel and the Rise of the Islamic State Organization Ariel Koch More on Blood and Treasure Saul Bronfeld המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי THE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURITYc STUDIES INCORPORATING THE JAFFEE bd CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES ISSN 2307-193X (print) • E-ISSN 2307-8634 (online) Military and Strategic Affairs Volume 7 | No. 2 | September 2015 CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword | 3 Social Resilience in the Jewish Communities around the Gaza Strip Envelope during and after Operation Protective Edge | 5 Meir Elran, Zipi Israeli, Carmit Padan, Alex Altshuler Debts of Honor, Costs of War: The Media’s Treatment of the Question of Casualties during Operation Protective Edge | 33 Zipi Israeli and Elisheva Rosman Social Protest in Operation Protective Edge: A Civilian Attempt to Challenge the Political-Security Discourse | 55 Carmit Padan Will Hamas be Better Prepared during its Next Confrontation With Israel? | 73 Gabi Siboni and A.G. The Strategy for Integrating the Private Sector in National Cyber Defense in Israel | 103 Shmuel Even Israeli Black Flags: Salafist Jihadi Representations in Israel and the Rise of the Islamic State Organization | 125 Ariel Koch More on Blood and Treasure | 149 Saul Bronfeld The purpose of Military and Strategic Affairs is to stimulate Military and and enrich the public debate on military issues relating to Strategic Affairs Israel’s national security. Military and Strategic Affairs is a refereed journal published three times a year within the framework of the Military and Strategic Affairs Program at the Institute for National Security Studies. Articles are written by INSS researchers and guest contributors. The views presented here are those of the authors alone. The Institute for National Security Studies is a public benefit company. Editor in Chief: Amos Yadlin Editor: Gabi Siboni Editorial Board: Eitan Shamir, Oded Eran, Zaki Shalom Journal Coordinator: Daniel Cohen Editorial Advisory Board • Myriam Dunn Cavelty, Swiss Federal • Jeffrey A. Larsen, Science Applications Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland International Corporation, US • Frank J. Cilluffo, George Washington • James Lewis, Center for Strategic and University, US International Studies, US • Stephen J. Cimbala, Penn State • Theo Neethling, University of the Free University, US State, South Africa • Rut Diamint, Universidad Torcuato Di • John Nomikos, Research Institute for Tella, Argentina European and American Studies, • Maria Raquel Freire, University of Greece Coimbra, Portugal • T.V. Paul, McGill University, Canada • Metin Heper, Bilkent University, Turkey • Glen Segell, Securitatem Vigilate, Ireland • Peter Viggo Jakobson, Royal Danish • Bruno Tertrais, Fondation pour la Defence College, Denmark Recherché Strategique, France • Sunjoy Joshi, Observer Research • James J. Wirtz, Naval Postgraduate Foundation, India School, US • Efraim Karsh, King’s College London, • Ricardo Israel Zipper, Universidad United Kingdom Autónoma de Chile, Chile • Kai Michael Kenkel, Pontifical Catholic • Daniel Zirker, University of Waikato, University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil New Zealand Graphic Design: Michal Semo-Kovetz, Yael Bieber, Tel Aviv University Graphic Design Studio Printing: Elinir The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) 40 Haim Levanon • POB 39950 • Tel Aviv 6997556 • Israel Tel: +972-3-640-0400 • Fax: +972-3-744-7590 • E-mail: [email protected] Military and Strategic Affairs is published in English and Hebrew. The full text is available on the Institute’s website: www.inss.org.il © 2015. All rights reserved. ISSN 2307-193X (print) • E-ISSN 2307-8634 (online) Editor’s Foreword This issue of Military and Strategic Affairs incorporates three studies that address social concerns within the context of Operation Protective Edge. These studies are based on fieldwork in the area of the Gaza envelope. While the essays are anchored in academic theory, they incorporate interviews with individuals in two regional councils in the Gaza envelope: Eshkol and Sha’ar Hanegev. Within this framework, researchers interviewed area representatives, the heads of the regional councils, senior personnel, and leading professionals in both councils, as well as leaders and office holders in the settlements themselves. These interviews reflect different and, at times, opposing viewpoints, and help to create a comprehensive understanding of the difficulties faced by the civilians living in the front- line of conflict with Hamas and jihadist organizations in the Gaza Strip. These essays reflect not only the local situation, but also the civilian, social, and political challenges that characterize the State of Israel as a whole as it grapples with this set of security threats now and in the foreseeable future. Gabi Siboni Editor, Military and Strategic Affairs Military and Strategic Affairs | Volume 7 | No. 2 | September 2015 3 M. Elran, Z. Israeli, C. Padan, A. Altshuler Social Resilience in the Jewish Communities around the Gaza Strip Envelope during and after Operation Protective Edge Meir Elran, Zipi Israeli, Carmit Padan, Alex Altshuler With the assistance of Hofni Gartner, Shani David, Maya Kornberg, and Shlomi Ben Meir This study examines and measures the social resilience of the residents of the Gaza Strip area during Operation Protective Edge in summer 2014 and thereafter. We provide an overview of the concept of resilience, focusing on the phenomenon of bouncing back towards recovery following the functional decline as a result of stressful events. Social resilience is measured here by three behavioral yardsticks: demographics and evacuation, therapeutics and education, and employment and economics. We chose two regional councils to represent the people living in the Gaza envelope, in direct proximity to the Gaza Strip. We collected the data through interviews with council employees, residents in these regional councils, and from the media. Although the residents in the two councils behaved in different manners, the level of behavioral resilience monitored in most of the localities was generally high, whereas the level of psychological-communal resilience Brigadier General (ret.) Meir Elran is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies, Head of the Homeland Security Program, and Head of the Society-Security Program of the Institute for National Security Studies. Dr. Zipi Israeli is a Research Fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies. Carmit Padan is a Neubauer Research Associate at the Institute for National Security Studies. Dr. Alex Altshuler is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Department of Management at Bar-Ilan University, Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and a Research Fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies. Hofni Gartner, Shani David, Maya Kornberg, and Shlomi Ben Meir are research assistants at the Institute for National Security Studies. Military and Strategic Affairs | Volume 7 | No. 2 | September 2015 5 M. ELran, Z. IsraeLI, C. Padan, A. ALtshULER | SOCIAL RESILIENCE IN THE Jewish COMMUNITIES 6 was lower and presented a more complex picture. Based on our findings we propose lessons that can be learned for enhancing social resilience in Israel and elsewhere. Keywords: Operation Protective Edge, social resilience, Gaza envelope, Nahal Oz, Eshkol Regional Council, Sha’ar Hanegev Regional Council Social resilience during Operation Protective Edge was the factor that allowed the war to be fought. These days, wars are fought in the rear. | Volume 7 | No. 2 | September 2015 7 | No. Volume | The rear is the battlefield. Maj. Gen. Sami Turgeman, Commander of IDF Southern Command Strategic Affairs Background and For the residents of the Gaza envelope in Israel, Operation Protective Edge (OPE) (July 8-August 26, 2014)1 actually started ten days earlier, when they Military were hit by dozens of mortars and rockets during “Operation Brother’s Keeper” – the IDF’s search for three Israeli teenagers who had been abducted by Hamas terrorists on June 12. For the residents of the Gaza envelope, OPE was a war in every sense of the word, lasting sixty days, and unprecedentedly threatening civilians and putting their social resilience to the test. Three of the five Israeli citizens (plus a foreign employee from Thailand) killed during the operation were Gaza envelope residents, a fact that added a profound element of mourning and shock to the community’s mindset.2 The objective of this paper is to examine the social resilience of the residents of the Gaza envelope during and after OPE. The research is based on a comparative study, focusing on the regional councils of Eshkol and Sha’ar Hanegev,3 which suffered a high percentage of attacks during the operation. Out
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