Ben-Gurion University of the Negev the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies

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Ben-Gurion University of the Negev the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies Ben-Gurion University of the Negev The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies Evolution of settlement typologies in rural Israel Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of "Master of Science" By: Keren Shalev November, 2016 “Human settlements are a product of their community. They are the most truthful expression of a community’s structure, its expectations, dreams and achievements. A settlement is but a symbol of the community and the essence of its creation. ”D. Bar Or” ~ III ~ תקציר למשבר הדיור בישראל השלכות מרחיקות לכת הן על המרחב העירוני והן על המרחב הכפרי אשר עובר תהליכי עיור מואצים בעשורים האחרונים. ישובים כפריים כגון קיבוצים ומושבים אשר התבססו בעבר בעיקר על חקלאות, מאבדים מאופיים הכפרי ומייחודם המקורי ומקבלים צביון עירוני יותר. נופי המרחב הכפרי הישראלי נעלמים ומפנים מקום לשכונות הרחבה פרבריות סמי- עירוניות, בעוד זהותה ודמותה הייחודית של ישראל הכפרית משתנה ללא היכר. תופעת העיור המואץ משפיעה לא רק על נופים כפריים, אלא במידה רבה גם על מרחבים עירוניים המפתחים שכונות פרבריות עם בתים צמודי קרקע על מנת להתחרות בכוח המשיכה של ישובים כפריים ולמשוך משפחות צעירות חזקות. כתוצאה מכך, סובלים המרחבים העירוניים, הסמי עירוניים והכפריים מאובדן המבנה והזהות המקוריים שלהם והשוני ביניהם הולך ומיטשטש. על אף שהנושא מעלה לא מעט סוגיות תכנוניות חשובות ונחקר רבות בעולם, מעט מאד מחקר נעשה בנושא בישראל. מחקר מקומי אשר בוחן את תהליכי העיור של המרחב הכפרי דרך ההיסטוריה והתרבות המקומית ולוקח בחשבון את התנאים המקומיים המשתנים, מאפשר התבוננות ואבחנה מדויקים יותר על ההשלכות מרחיקות הלכת. על מנת להתגבר על הבסיס המחקרי הדל בנושא, המחקר הנוכחי החל בבניית בסיס נתונים רחב של 84 ישובים כפריים (קיבוצים, מושבים וישובים קהילתיים( ומצייר תמונה כללית על תהליכי העיור של המרחב הכפרי ומאפייניה. המחקר בחן ישובים כפריים בנגב המערבי ומצא כי על אף תהליכי העיור המהירים, הפיתוח במרחב הכפרי אינו אקראי אלא מושפע מגורמים חברתיים-כלכליים, דמוגרפיים וגאוגרפיים המשפיעים מבנית על התפתחות הקיבוצים המושבים והישובים הקהילתיים. הגורמים המבניים נמצאו מתואמים מאוד עם קצב הפיתוח של שכונות הרחבה ועם המאפיינים הפיזיים שלהן. על מנת להעמיק את ההבנה של קישרי הגומלין הללו, בנינו כחלק מהמחקר מתווה מאפיין לשכונות הרחבה של יותר מ 75 ישובים, תוך סיווג שכונות ההרחבה על פי מיקומן ביחס לישוב המקורי. מצאנו כי ניתן לסווג את כל 122 ההרחבות שנבדקו לשלושה ארכיטיפיים עיקריים: )1( הרחבה אינטגרטיבית )2( הרחבה צמודת דופן )3( והרחבה מנותקת וכן לתשעה תתי-סוגים. ~ IV ~ הגורמים המבניים שנמצאו בעלי קשר חזק עם קצב ואופי הפיתוח בישובים הכפריים הם סוג הישוב, ושנת פיתוח שכונת ההרחבה וקירבת הישוב למטרופולין תל אביב ולנתיבי תנועה ראשיים. מצאנו כי מושבים לדוגמא נוטים לפתח יותר שכונות הרחבה מקיבוצים וישובים קהילתיים וכי כל אחד משלושת סוגי הישובים נוטה להעדיף סוג אחר של שכונת הרחבה. מושבים נוטים לפתח שכונות הרחבה אינטגרטיביות אשר מתמזגות בתוך המרקם היישובי הקיים, בעוד קיבוצים וישובים קהילתיים מעדיפים לפתח שכונות הרחבה צמודות דופן. להעדפה זו יש דפוס המשתנה עם הזמן, למשל עד שנת 2002 מושבים בחרו באופן מובהק הרחבות אינטגרטיביות, לאחר מכן החלו להעדיף הרחבות צמודות דופן ומשנת 2005 ואילך החלו לפתח בעיקר הרחבות מנותקות. ניתן להסביר דפוס משתנה זה הן ע"י הפניות של קרקעות לפיתוח והן ע"י עקומת למידה של הישובים. יתרה מכך, ישובים אשר ממוקמים רחוק מנתיבי תנועה ראשיים )ארציים ומקומיים( ורחוקים ממטרופולין תל אביב יפתחו פחות שכונות הרחבה. תוצאות אלה עומדות בהלימה עם מחקרים שבחנו את נושא הפיתוח במדינות מפותחות ויכול להיות מוסבר ע"י היצע נמוך יותר של תעסוקה ואפשרויות קיום במקומות מרוחקים ועל כן ביקוש נמוך יותר לפיתוח. לעומת זאת, ישובים אשר ממוקמים קרוב מאד לנתיבי תנועה ראשיים )ארציים ומקומיים( יהיו בעלי נטייה לפתח יותר הרחבות צמודות דופן וישובים הקרובים יותר למטרופולין תל אביב יעדיפו לפתח יותר הרחבות אשר יושבות מנותקות מהמרקם היישובי הקיים. שני גורמים מעניינים שנבדקו ונמצאו כי אינם בעלי קשר חזק לאופי פיתוח הרחבות הם "מדד הפריפריאליות" של ישוב, כלומר מרחקו הממוצע של ישוב מכל ישוב אחר ואופיו החילוני או הדתי של ישוב. המחקר מהוה התחלה של אפיון ובחינה של המרחב הכפרי והשלכות תהליכי העיור המקומיים. המחקר בראשיתו ובכוונתנו לחקור ולהעמיק בנושא. בחינת שלושה עשורים של דפוסי הפיתוח והעיור אפשר לנו להציג תפיסה מרחבית קוהרנטית על העבר והעתיד של הפיתוח הכפרי בישראל כבסיס לעיון והבנה של התהליכים הדינמיים ומשמעותם לטווח הארוך. ~ V ~ Abstract The rural landscape of Israel has been evolving and experiencing fundamental changes within the last couple of decades. Rural settlements that were based mainly on agricultural production, have been shifting to a more suburban form of life. Traditional landscapes are disappearing as rapid development of new suburban neighborhoods, put at risk unique settlement types such as the Kibbutz and Moshav which are experiencing fundamental identity shifts. These changes although similar to those occurring in rural regions in many developed countries, are at the same time influenced by local environments and are in many ways unique. Thus said, there have not been many studies on the subject in Israel which may lead to a better understanding of the particular local suburbanization processes and their implications on Israel’s rural regions. Due to lack of research on the subject, the study began by identifying which socioeconomic, demographic and geographic factors influence the likelihood for development of new neighborhoods, as well as revealing which factors have impact on the adoption of their specific typology. A large database of 84 settlements and 122 new neighborhoods was assembled, examining the three most common types of Jewish rural settlements in Israel, the Kibbutz, Moshav and Community Settlement. The database covers information about these settlements both before and after the addition of new neighborhoods and characterizes their spatial architypes and sub-types.. Examining three decades of ~ VI ~ rural settlement growth, allowed us to impose a coherent spatial vision on past and future rural development in Israel. ~ VII ~ Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Isaac (Sakis) Meir, Dr. Yodan Rofe for the hard work, patient guidance, encouragement and advice they have provided me in this research. I convey my deepest gratitude for both of you for I have learned from you not just the basics of research, but other life lessons I am taking with me. It was a pleasure being your student. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my significant other Omri and our daughter Clil for being the inspiration for my work and believing in me along the bumpy academic road. To my sisters Adi and Gili which supported me along the way and I am greatly thankful for my father, Prof. Lavy, for all his guidance, teachings and unlimited patience. His creative insights have sparked my critical thinking and are imbedded within the study. Last but not least, I dedicate my work to my dear mother, that although was a true urbanist, had a deep love and respect for the countryside and empowered me along my studies and academic achievements. I thank her from the bottom of my heart for being a beam of love and light in my life. ~ VIII ~ Table of Contents IV ...................................................................................................................................................................... תקציר Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... VI Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... VIII Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................. IX List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... XI 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Evolution of rural settlements, the uniqueness of Israel .............................................. 1 1.2 Fusion of built environment typologies ............................................................................... 2 1.3 Research significance and objectives .................................................................................... 3 2 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Rural areas in Israel - their makeup and evolution ......................................................... 6 2.1.1.1 The Rural Urban Continuum ................................................................................. 6 2.1.1.2 Location and Size of Settlements ......................................................................... 7 2.1.1.3 Rural Region Research ............................................................................................. 7 2.1.1.4 Accessibility – Proximity, Time and Cost .......................................................10 2.1.1.5 Location of Settlements on the Rural Urban Continuum .........................10 2.2 Evolution of Rural Settlements in Israel and the Negev ..............................................11 2.2.1 Three Types of Rural Settlements - Kibbutz, Moshav and Community Settlement ...............................................................................................................................................12 2.2.2 Founding period .................................................................................................................14
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