I the SIGNIFICANCE of CHARACTERS REPRESENTING

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHARACTERS REPRESENTING DON JUAN IN REVEALING THE IDEA OF SUPERMAN SEEN IN GEORGE BERNARD SHAW’S MAN AND SUPERMAN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

LEONARDO BUDI SETIAWAN

Student Number: 024214063

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009

I believe. L.B.SETIAWAN-december 2008

This Thesis is dedicated to My beloved Family and all my Bestfriends

v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank God due to his invisible support. I am so grateful that he is still guiding me in every single day of my life. My gratitude is also for the persons who gave me inspiration because of the dignity and determination I found from their biography.

A special thank goes to my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum., for guiding me to finish this thesis. My thanks also go to my co-advisor, Dra. Th.

Enny Anggraini, M.A. My appreciation also goes to Elisa Dwi Wardani,S.S.,

M.Hum. who has gave me suggestions and criticisms.

Next, I want to thank my family for their pressuring support. Without their support, I realize that I would not have a strong urge to finish my thesis. I would also thank my friends in English Letters 2002 who were so friendly during my study in English Letters; Sigit, David, Danang, Dimas, Jeff, Stef, Parjo, Ferdy,

Bondhan, Septa, Mia, Ria, Ajeng, Diah Indhy, Shella, Nita, Kuncup, Wawan,

Gatot, Sony, Nuke, and the others who I can not mention one by one. I would not forget to express my gratitude to my bestfriends in my several communities;

MPK, B2P-PK, Saujana, Café Rendezvous, and ex-CS ‘97. You all are my second family.

Lastly, I would thank my beloved emi who always indirectly makes me reflect that I should do my best. I will always remember that you are the only one person who was accompanying me while I got dizzy with my thesis.

Leonardo Budi Setiawan

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………..…………………… i APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………… ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………… iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………… v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………… vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… vii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………… viii ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………… ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………… 1 A. Background of the Study ………………………………………… 1 B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………. 6 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………….. 6 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………… 7

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………….. 8 A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………….. 8 B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………… 11 a. Theories of Characters and Characterization ………………….. 11 b. Theory of Superman …………………………………………... 14 C. Review of Don Juan Character …………. ……………………... 19 D. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………… 22

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………… 23 A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………. 23 B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………… 25 C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………… 26

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………..... 28 A. Characters Representing Don Juan ……………………………….. 28 1. John Tanner ……………………………………………….. 28 2. Don Juan Tenorio …………………………………………. 40 B. Significance of Characters Representing Don Juan in Revealing the Idea of Superman…………..……………………. 48 1. John Tanner ……………………………………………….. 49 2. Don Juan Tenorio …………………………………………. 64

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………. 73

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………….. 76

APPENDIX : ……………………………………………………………. 78 Summary of Man and Superman ………………………………….. 78

vii

ABSTRACT

LEONARDO BUDI SETIAWAN (2009). The Significance of Characters Representing Don Juan in Revealing the Idea of Superman Seen in George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University

George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman is a play which tells about Don Juan character. Don Juan himself is a universal figure of a womanizer who has been depicted in many literary works. The play Man and Superman depicts Don Juan from the playwright’s point of view. Don Juan in the play is depicted in two characters. The play indirectly reveals the idea of Superman, the philosophical concept of Friederich Nietzsche. This study tries to find out the significance of the characters representing Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman. The analysis will be elaborated based on two questions from Problems Formulation. There are two objectives to guide the analysis. The first objective is to understand the Characters Representing Don Juan. The second objective is to find out the significance of the Characters Representing Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman. In order to accomplish the analysis, the library research method is used. Many data and theories are collected from related books. The philosophical approach is applied in this study. It is used to discuss the philosophical concept of Superman. The analysis shows that John Tanner and Don Juan Tenorio are two personalities in one figure. Each personality represents the idea of Superman from different point of views. The character of John Tanner reveals the idea of Superman seen from his progressiveness in his daily life. John Tanner is a materialization of the idea of Superman. He is a personalised idea. Meanwhile, the character of Don Juan Tennorio is the spokesman of the idea of Superman. He represents Nietzsche’s philosophical concept of Superman. Through his long speeches in hell scene, he explains the idea of Superman. In brief, John Tanner represents what the Superman does and Don Juan Tennorio represents what the Superman thinks.

viii

ABSTRAK

LEONARDO BUDI SETIAWAN (2009). The Significance of Characters representing Don Juan in Revealing the Idea of Superman Seen in George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University

Man and Superman karya George Bernard Shaw adalah sebuah drama tentang tokoh Don Juan. Don Juan sendiri adalah seorang figur terkenal penggoda wanita yang muncul di banyak karya sastra. Drama Man and Superman menampilkan Don Juan dari sudut pandang sang pengarang. Don Juan dalam drama ini ditampilkan dalam bentuk dua tokoh. Drama ini secara tidak langsung memunculkan sebuah gagasan tentang Superman, konsep filosofis dari Friederich Nietzsche. Studi ini dibuat untuk mengetahui arti penting dari tokoh-tokoh yang merepresentasikan Don Juan dalam memunculkan gagasan tentang Superman. Analisa akan dijelaskan berdasar pada dua pertanyaan dalam Rumusan Masalah. Ada dua tujuan dalam analisa. Tujuan pertama adalah mendalami tokoh-tokoh yang merepresentasikan Don Juan. Tujuan kedua yaitu mencari arti penting dari tokoh-tokoh yang merepresentasikan Don Juan dalam memunculkan gagasan tentang Superman. Dalam rangka menyelesaikan analisa, dilakukan metode studi pustaka. Data dan teori dirangkum dari buku-buku yang relevan. Pendekatan filsafat diterapkan dalam studi ini. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk membahas konsep filosofis dari gagasan tentang Superman. Analisa menunjukkan bahwa tokoh John Tanner dan Don Juan Tenorio adalah dua kepribadian dalam satu figur. Setiap kepribadian merepresentasikan gagasan tentang Superman dari sudut pandang yang berbeda. Tokoh John Tanner memunculkan gagasan tentang Superman dilihat dari kepiawaiannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. John Tanner adalah pengejawantahan gagasan tentang Superman. Dia adalah sebuah gagasan yang terpersonalisasi. Sedangkan tokoh Don Juan Tenorio adalah juru bicara dari gagasan tentang Superman. Dengan ucapan-ucapannya dalam adegan di neraka, dia menjelaskan gagasan tentang Superman. Dapat dikatakan bahwa John Tanner merepresentasikan apa yang Sang Superman lakukan dan Don Juan Tenorio merepresentasikan apa yang Sang Superman pikirkan.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature is not the same with other kinds of writings. Literature means much more than it says. In literature, there are many representations that are used by the author, playwright, or poet, in order to reveal some ideas. As stated by

Colwell, Literature presents life. It shows some ideas using words. Analyzing literature means getting ideas beyond the surface written in the text (1968:3).

Literary works have significant effects to the readers. The author indirectly reveals ideas in his works that would be able to be absorbed by the readers. As described by Warren and Wellek (1956:35), the effect of the literary work is to persuade the readers. By reading literary works, the readers are driven to accept the ideas emerged inside literary works. “That is to say, the reader is always led to believe something, and that assent is hypnotic” (1956: 35). Warren and Wellek also argued that the nature of literary works follows its use. It is clear that literature has not only its pleasurable effect but also its function.

Ideas that are revealed in literary works can be identified from the inside of the important elements, such as: plot, characterization, genre, symbol, and, point of view. They are used to draw the theme of the literary works. The roles of the elements are usually very significant in revealing the ideas inside the literary works.

One element used by the author to reveal some ideas, is character. The intended ideas of literary works are usually seen inside the characters. This element is much depicted obviously in literary works. Characters are a soul of literary works. The characters enrol actions to make the literary works tell lively.

Knickerborger and Reninger states that the essence of literature is character (1955: 6). The existence of the characters inside the literary works means there are symbolic truths. In brief, a single character in literary work is a representative truth. Every character does mean something that construct the theme.

Character in literary work is a symbol which represents theme.

Knikerborger explains (1955: 8) that symbolic truth of theme can be revealed from the characters, action, and poetry but the essential symbolic truth usually comes from the characters. The author uses the characters in order to illustrate ideas. As also said by Wellek, through the characters, we can understand our nature with complex problems of personality, motivational, and desire (1962: 33).

George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman which is subtitled A Comedy and A Philosophy is a drama of ideas. A. C. Ward (1950:31) describes in his book

Bernard Shaw, that, in Man and Superman, the essence idea is more emphasized rather than the plot itself. There is the thought of George Bernard Shaw about the idea of Superman. George Bernard Shaw’s idea of Superman was adopted from

Friederich Nietzsche’s philosophical concept. George Bernard Shaw himself was a socialist figure. As a socialist, it was common that he was influenced by

Friederich Nietzsche’s philosophical concept because Friederich Nietzsche was the one who developed idea of socialism.

The idea of Superman is a philosophical concept made by Friederich

Nietzche, a German philosopher. It is a philosophical concept of one man or a society who is able to surpass social boundaries. A superman is supposed to be higher than common men, because he can surpass society’s morality, intelligence, and spirituality levels. The common men refer to the society. Nietzsche describes this philosophical concept in order to draw about the goal of human effort, which are finer and stronger individuals, judges of life, and the creators of values. Life

Force is an important value that someone called superman has. A real superman has Life Force as an energy to live (Ward,1950:36).

As argued by Chesterton, every character in George Bernard Shaw’s story has a significant role. George Bernard Shaw’s character is not merely a plain character but a kind of representation (1909:163). Each of character in George

Bernard Shaw’s literary works stands for an idea. Furthermore, Chesterton also states that George Bernard Shaw was very careful in creating their characters. He often made characters who have become universal figures such as; Methuselah,

Saint Joan, and Don Juan. His stories which included those characters are his reconstructions of ideas.

The Idea of Superman becomes the theme of this play, as revealed in the title of Man and Superman, but there is an interesting value about the depiction of a unique character, Don Juan. As argued by George Bernard Shaw in the Epistle

Dedicatory of Man and Superman, the story of Don Juan in his play is intended to

retell the legendary character of Don Juan. He was challenged by the critic Arthur

Bingham Walkley to write a new version of Don Juan (Shaw: 1903: x).

Reviewing the title of the play, the playwright did not include the name

Don Juan, but Superman. Depend on this evidence, George Bernard Shaw wanted to reveal the idea of Superman using the character of Don Juan, as what he said his preface of Man and Superman ,that the character of Don Juan is someone who is able to distinct the good and bad values. This means George Bernard Shaw compares the character of Don Juan to the characteristics of the Superman, as he said:

Philosophically, Don Juan is a man who, though gifted enough to be exceptionally capable of distinguishing between good and evil, follows his own instincts without regard to the common statute, or canon law; and therefore, whilst gaining the ardent sympathy of our rebellious instincts (which are flattered by the brilliancies with which Don Juan associates them) finds himself in mortal conflict with existing institutions, and defends himself by fraud and farce as unscrupulously as a farmer defends his crops by the same means against vermin (Shaw, 1903: xi)

Don Juan character is usually described as a womanizer or a seducer. He is always seen in a perspective which places him as a person who sees women as his preys. He loves every woman he seduces. Then Don Juan character is known as a universal figure of womanizer. Its name is used to call someone who has characteristics related to women seduction. His seductive ability to women became his popular characteristic (Ferrand,2005: 2).

Furthermore, George Bernard Shaw argues that Don Juan in the play is not characterized conventionally as what people think about Don Juan typically. Don

Juan in Man and Superman is ‘a Don Juan of ideas’; a figure who represents ideas. He is not ‘a womanizer Don Juan’. George Bernard Shaw emphasizes that

the figure of Don Juan is not only a womanizer or seducer but a person in a philosophical manner. By stating his argument, he tries to reconstruct the common mindset that takes Don Juan as only a womanizer without ideological value

(Shaw, 1903: xii). Specifically, Don Juan in Man and Superman is drawn in order to represent a man who is supposed to be the Superman.

In particular, inside Man and Superman, the depiction of the unique Don

Juan is represented through some characters. George Bernard Shaw retold the legendary character of Don Juan from his point of view by splitting Don Juan into two characters. They take their roles together in revealing the main theme, the idea of Superman. This study is made to get a deep understanding about the theme by analyzing the significance of the selected characters.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to limit the study and to make it clear with its focus, the writer has made two research questions related to the topics. The questions are formulated as follows.

1.How are the characters Representing Don Juan depicted?

2.What are the significances of the characters Representing Don Juan in

revealing the idea of Superman?

C. Objectives of the Study

Referring to the explanation in the Background of the Study and the

Problem Formulation above, this study, firstly, is trying to understand the

characters representing Don Juan in the story. Secondly, the study is to find out what are the significances of characters representing Don Juan in revealing the

Idea of Superman, there will be an explanation why the selected characters, which are related each others, to reveal the idea of superman.

D. Definition of Terms

The writer wants to clarify the meaning of “Superman” that is used in this thesis by defining as follows.

Idea of Superman is Friederich Nietzsche’s philosophical concept about the goal of human effort. It is an expectation of human development. Superman is an idealization of human being. He has more values than the other men. He is the man who can surpass the old values of human being (Copleston,1954: 393-394).

The word ‘Superman’ itself is used as singular but in deeper understanding, it also means plural, as a kind of society type. Superman is a higher type of men. According to Paul Edwards the word “mensch” includes women as well as men. It refers to the higher type of men who create their own values out of their abundance (1967:509). In other words, the Superman refers to a certain high qualified society.

Copleston (1954: 396) defines that The Superman is the creative genius who will be the highest cultural product. He has some characteristics as the higher type of man. A real Superman is a person who is having the attitude of a free spirit, pragmatist view of truth, sceptical of life. He is also critical, rational, optimistic, and, relativistic.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

Well known British playwright, George Bernard Shaw is famous as the great British writer after William Shakespeare. This British writer, who was born in Ireland, was not a playwright in his first career but after he considered that drama has a propagandist value, he turned to be a playwright. George Bernard

Shaw believed that the theatre is able to fulfil an important social function by teaching, but the plays that dominated Victorian stage said nothing about the audiences lived in. Then, through his plays, he has become a pillar of modern drama. George Bernard Shaw’s golden period as a dramatist was from 1903-1925, the time when he wrote his best and most popular plays. One of George Bernard

Shaw’s great plays is Man and Superman (1903). Man and Superman is a serious and intellectual play, however it is a comedy. Shaw wrote more about his opinions on the issues touched by the play than about the story of the play itself (http

//:www.amrep.org/past/superman/super1.html).

The evidence that this play is an intellectual play is in the preface of the play. A characteristic of George Bernard Shaw’s play, as can be seen in Man and

Superman, is in the length preface before the acts. Every preface in his drama is propaganda. There are social, political and religious opinions can be found there, which were collected into a single volume in 1934. In that time George Bernard

Shaw was known as the playwright but actually he was an idealist, as said by

Ludovici:

It would, however, be a great mistake to suppose, as many still do, that Shaw’s gradual conquest of his Age was the struggle of an innovator whose public required to be educated up to his aesthetic forms and to his ideas before they could appreciate him. This was not the case; for, as a matter a fact, most of his ideas he advanced were already victorious or nearly so before he became their interpreter (1950: 163).

Man and Superman is considered to be a drama of propaganda. In fact, when Shaw tried to perform it, no one would put it on the stage. Then, he dare to publish it himself, hoping that public would appreciate his philosophical thinking inside the story of Man and Superman. The story of Man and Superman shows a perfect balance between entertainment and intellectual manners. He was inspired by a legendary European figure of womanizer who was found in many European literary works before. It was Don Juan, one of the great legendary characters in

European literature (http //:www.amrep.org/past/superman/super1.html).

Utterback in Don Juan and the Representation of Spiritual Sensuousness, defines that the character of Don Juan from Tirso de Molina’s El Burlador de

Sevilla to Mozart’s Don Giovanni has always been represented as a libertine and seducer who is finally punished by supernatural power because of his sexual crime. In Man and Superman, George Bernard Shaw sets something different from his predecessor. Shaw is more attracted to the philosophical implication of the Don Juan story. Don Juan is described as a person who pursues his own desires, unintentionally breaks morality, canon, and law. Then, he also ignores the sexual aspect of Don Juan by transforming Don Juan into ‘Dona Juana’, the female Don Juan, the husband-hunting woman (1979:630).

Pierre Ferrand, in Some Metamorphoses of Don Juan, states that George

Bernard Shaw, through Man and Superman, cynically reversed the conception of romantic Don Juan which was made by Tirso de Molina, Moliere, Mozart, and other popular writers. George Bernard Shaw emphasized Don Juan as a revolutionary person who has superman thinking of mankind’s future. His story of

Don Juan reflects his serious ideology although it is a parody of the myth

(Ferrand, 2005: 7).

Ward argues that George Bernard Shaw is a believer of Friederich

Nietzsche’s philosophical concept. His belief in the Life Force stands as the main trunk of his work, Man and Superman. He was drawn to Nietzsche’s concept of the Superman (Ubermensch), and through Don Juan he dramatizes his belief about the genetic forces that drive mankind forward. So far, related to his view about

Life Force, He makes his own view about marriage which is to be an interesting topic inside the story of Man and Superman. Marriage has a stern biological purpose which romantic love is no more than an enticing prelude. A. C. Ward then states that in the disposition of the Life Force, self-sacrifice may be nothing better than the sacrifice of others to one’s own self will, self indulgence, possessiveness, or spiritual pride (Ward,1950: 36).

Chesterton states in his book, George Bernard Shaw, that George Bernard

Shaw has made a superstition to represent another superstition to introduce

Nietzsche’s idea. In Man and Superman, the character of Don Juan represents the idea of Superman. Both of Don Juan and Superman are superstition. They are not

existed. George Bernard Shaw, as the playwright, shows his own unique way in order to introduce himself to the public as a Nietzschean (1909:202-210).

The writer considers that the reviews above are very helpful. In this thesis, the writer is going to analyze deeper about the depiction of Don Juan which focuses on the Don Juan’s characteristics to reveal the idea of Superman.

However, the other reviews have not analysed deeper about the certain detailed characteristics of Don Juan which represent the idea of Superman. By reviewing the characters representing Don Juan, the idea of Superman is clearly seen so that the readers will understand about the idea of Superman.

B. Review of Related Theories a. Theories of Character and Characterization

The writer draws some theories about character and characterization because character is the object of this study. Therefore, in order to understand deeply about the characterization, there are some theories about character and characterization which were formulated from some books.

Hugh Holman (1986: 81) says that characters inside literary works are the personalised ideas. Every character has qualities which represent some values.

These values are ideas. In Holman view, a character is a brief draft that describes a personage who has definite quality. Character’s quality relates to the idea of moral construction of human personality. In brief, each character has his own value.

Meanwhile, Barranger, in his book Understanding Plays (1990:340), states that drama is the most unique representational art because it represents reality by using real human beings. Character in drama is a real fictional aspect that used by the author because it is used to be presented. Even, character in drama is more emphasizing than other literary works because he speaks directly.

Furthermore, Barranger (1990: 341) suggests some several ways in order to approach characters in drama, as follows;

1. What playwright says about them in stage directions.

2. What characters say about one another in dialogue.

3. The moral or ethical choices that determine their destinies.

Another critic, Richard Abcarian (1998: 21) also describes about characters in drama, according to his opinion, the type of characterization in plays is similar to the characterization in another types of literary works like prose. So, how are the way to analyze it is similar too. Especially, In modern plays, characterization is usually described in stage directions that establish physical characteristics: gender, age, physique, clothing, and class.

In A Student’s Guide to Literature, Colwell (1968: 13) elaborates two basic meanings of character. Every character involves two basic qualities, morality and personality. A character’s personality can be seen from his characteristics, while his morality is an idea behind his existence. A character is morality and personality blend.

Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1981: 20) says that the character can be divided based on the importance. Characters can be categorized into major

and minor. Major character can be called primary character which takes central role in the story. Major character is a character that is relevant to every single event at the story. Meanwhile, minor characters are characters that appear in particular setting. They have an important value to become the background for major characters. Their roles are less important than the major characters because they are not fully developed and functioned in story to support the development of the major characters.

Reviewing about the development of the characters, Perrine in Literature:

Sound and Sense (1974: 71) defines that characters inside literary works could be divided into static or dynamic character. A Static Character is the same type of person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning. In the other hand, A

Dynamic Character is a character who undergoes permanent changes in some aspects of his character, personality, or outlook. He could be very different person at the end of the story.

Rohrberger and Woods (1971:20-21) give another similar theory about characters and characterization. So far, characters can be differentiated according to their function in the story. Characters can be divided into protagonist and antagonist. A protagonist is the most important character. He or she is the one to whom all the events in the story have relevance. Meanwhile antagonists are the other major characters of a story that oppose the protagonist. The antagonist characters are not always bad guys who oppose the protagonist character but they take a role in the main conflict inside the story.

Roberts in his book Fiction: An Introduction of Reading and Writing differentiates characters into round and flat character. A round character is complex in temperament and motivation. A round character is usually the major figure in a story and usually considered as hero or heroine and also to be a protagonist. A flat character is built around a single idea or quality. He is not strongly depicted as an individual but only a representative. A flat character is usually minor character (1987: 121).

b. Theory of Superman

One of the popular ideas of Friederich Nietzche’s philosophical concept is about Ubermensch. This term is usually translated into Superman. Walter

Kaufmann translates Ubermensch into Overman. The word uber is referred to

‘over’. In some resources, Nietzche’s philosophical concept of Ubermensch is translated into Overman. In fact, the term ‘overman’ and ‘superman’ are already same. They stand for Nietzsche’s philosophical idea of Ubermensch. The term

‘over’ and ‘super’ simply define about the philosophical meaning beyond. The value of ‘super’ signifies ‘over’. The Superman is a person who is able to overpass common values. As Kaufman (1956:102) says that the human has overpassed monkey, so that the human will overpass the superman.

This philosophical concept emerges in Nietzche’s philosophical review book entitled Also Sprach Zaratusthra. In his view, Nietzsche tells about

Zarathusthra, a figure of Zoroasterianism religion in ancient Persia. Then, through the character of Zarathustra inside the book, he states his popular idea about the

Superman. Nietzsche introduces the idea of Superman in order to attack religion, especially Christianity. Through the character of Zarathustra, he proclaims the

Superman to be the meaning of the life and warns the people to ignore those who promise other hopes (Kaufmann,1956:103-111).

According to Paul Edwards (1967:509) the word “mensch” includes women as well as men. As told by Zarathustra, Superman is used as singular but the term is not only applied to individual. It refers to the higher type of people who create their own values out of their abundance. The Superman is a newborn society that will replace the old society. Friederich Nietzsche intended to suggest the socialism as The Superman. The Superman society is socialistic society that will take over the humankind.

The Superman is a superior individual who is rising out of the mass mediocrity. Nietzsche suggests that the aim of human effort is not the happiness of the mass but solely the improvement of the type. Society is only considered as an instrument for the improvement of the superman. As stated by Durant, “Society is used to be machine to the production of a new species” (1954: 425). In addition, the superman can be procreated only by human selection and ennobling education.

So the higher individuals should marry other persons in the same level. The best should marry the best. Love does not have its main position in marriage. It is considered as a legal impediment to marriage. “The purpose of marriage is not merely reproduction, it should also be development” (Durant,1954:425).

Another Critic, Frederick Copleston (1954:393-394), states that the idea of

Superman is used to reveal the idea of the death of God. It means the death of

Christian God. God is dead means that the idea of God can no longer provide values. Even, Zarathustra said that the idea of God gives a fake hope. The

Superman is the creator of new values. In this way, it appears as a solution to the problem of the death of God.

According to Nietzsche as told by Edwards, the only thing that the

Superman wants is power. In brief, the human life force is the will to power. It is the urge to dominate and to master. All creatures desire this, but only a man who has achieved sufficient power, is able to turn the Life Force into a flood of creative energy. The ideal man, the "Superman," will achieve the Life Lorce in mastering his own existence. Then, he will follow the will to power that serve to set his existence (1967:511).

As added by Durant, the Life Force builds the character of Superman. In other words, all of his behaviour and attitude are affected by his Life Force which means the will to power. It will make the power of personality in which energy, intellect, and pride are harmonised into a man personality (1954:426). These characteristics are also called ‘Master Morality’, while the mass mediocrity characteristics are called ‘Slave Morality’.

As described above, the figure of Superman has will to power as his Life

Force. Will to power plays a role as life force which drives every aspect in activities and attitudes. This means that the will to power is inside the Superman’s personality as a basic motive. From this point of view, Nietzche admires Julius

Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte. Even, The Superman is a person who has Caesar and Napoleon’s values in one personality. (Edwards,1967:510-511).

A Superman is a person who is able to transvaluate the old values which is still existed. Transvaluation is one factor in which the figure of Superman is created. He can create his new values. One of the old values is the idea of God in

Christianity. In general, this idea is striking the transcendence because it is a cause of the existence of God. Then, the transcendence is needed to be transvaluated.

The transvaluation includes the doctrines of eternal recurrence, atheism, and nihilism (Copleston,1954:395-397).

The transvaluation can be summarized as follows. The eternal recurrence is Nietzsche’s concept the universe. According to him, the universe is cyclist. It has been recurring, and will continue to recur in a same pattern. The universe will be destroyed. Then, the same world configuration will return again eternally.

Time is viewed as cyclical. The universe has no start or end. Superman himself is someone who is able to revolute this cycle by his awareness.

The eternal recurrence is related with the idea about the death of God.

From this point of view, the God does not exist. The universe is not God’s creature. There is no heaven and hell because the universe will recur in the same pattern again and again. This is also a refusal of the transcendent which is the

God. It is also a radical atheism because the God has no role in the world order.

That is why Nietzsche called that the God is dead. Then, it can be stated that this is a kind of nihilism.

In the eternal recurrence, the universe is shown as something pathetic, as described by Copleston, the whole life, every moment, every suffering, every agony, and every humiliation would be repeated countless times (1954:394).The

figure of Superman does not view this pathetic reality in pessimism. The real

Superman would be able to face the reality with joy. Power to say ‘yes’ is his attitude of life to face the eternal recurrence. It was the yes-saying attitude of life, an inner strength of Superman to face the eternal recurrence reality.

By revaluating those values, The Superman is able to know the good and evil. He could distinct things as good and bad. This ability to analyse the reality will lead him to consider reality has good and bad aspects. Then, the Superman is an individual who could make genius decisions (Copleston, 1954: 395-397).

So far, Copleston (1954: 396) defines that The Superman is expected to be the creative genius who will be the highest cultural product. He has some characteristics as the higher type of man. A real Superman is a person who is having the attitude of a free spirit, pragmatist view of truth, sceptical observe of life. He is also critical, rational, optimistic, and, relativistic. The Superman is a synthesis of another Nietzche’s concepts. They are Appolonian versus Dyonisian.

A true Superman is a Dyonisian although he also takes some Apollonian values.

Human behaviour is devided into two contradictory valuations. Duran

(1954: 407-408) elaborates these, as follows: Apollonian takes Apollo, the god of sun, as its symbol. It means peace, leisure, repose, aesthetic emotion, intellectual contemplation, philosophic calm, and logical order.

Meanwhile, Dyonisian characteristics are the opposite of Apollonian.

Dyonisian is closer to the personification of The Superman than Apollonian. As its name, Dyonisian, was taken from Dyonisos, the god of wine. It symbolises

revelry of ascending life, joy in action, ecstatic emotion and inspiration, instinct in adventure, dauntless suffering.

The Superman is the goal of Nietzsche’s philosophy. He creates his new values of morality. According to his view, morality lies in strength not in kindness, so that the goal of human effort is not the elevation of the whole mankind but only the development of the finer and stronger individuals. In brief, the goal of life is not mankind but the Superman. If the Superman does not reveal, the mankind does not improve, even it does not exist. The better and finer individuals who are sensible and able to improve the humankind will be the new hope of humankind (Duran, 1954:424).

C. Review of Don Juan character

Don Juan is a legendary fictitious character. The name 'Don Juan' is used figuratively as a synonym for a 'seducer' or 'womanizer'. The term Don Juan has been used by hundreds authors, playwrights, song writers, poets etc as their character in their works. As recorded by Pierre Ferrand (2005:1), it was used by

Tirso de Molina in El Burlador de Sevilla at 1630. It has also become popular fictitious characters in literature alongside the other characters of Don Quixote,

Faust, and Hamlet. Most of authors and playwrights characterise Don Juan as a figure of a young libertine. Don Juan is always depicted as an unrepentant womanizer, who loves every woman he seduces, and who gets sex with every seduced woman, but later he will be punished in the hell.

Actually, the character of Don Juan is developed in hundred years. Don

Juan lost much of his characteristics which were given by his early creator. The early versions of Don Juan story have depicted this character in philosophical and moral point of view. Tirso de Molina who firstly makes the character of Don Juan was a priest. He made Don Juan character in order to show a portrait of a bad guy who will be punished because of his anti religiousness. Then, the character of Don

Juan was transformed into the figure of contemporary Don Juan; the profligate lover or a romantic seeker for ideal womanhood (Banks:1989). Now, the character is always seen figuratively in a perspective which places him as person who sees women as his prey.

The characterization of Don Juan can be divided into two different points of views. There are sexual manner and philosophical manner. The early versions are different from the next versions. The first recorded version, El Burlador de

Sevilla by Tirso de Mollina and the previous versions depicted Don Juan as a negative figure in morality. Don Juan is a villain punished by dragged to the hell.

So far, the purpose in using Don Juan character, as shown by Tirso, is about moral value. In deep, this character is shown by practical moralist in order to depict a character that will be punished in hell because of a libertine disregard of God and social norms. (Ferrand,1989:4). Then, in the next versions, Don Juan, has been popular as a womanizer. His description moves to a character that has less philosophical values. Don Juan seems as a passionate lover young man.

Gordon Banks in Don Juan as Psychopath says that Don Juan is an archetype. He is a universal figure or a myth of a womanizer. The name ‘Don

Juan’ is a new term used to call a womanizer man. Don Juan also symbolises a patriarchal system. He is also a symbol of anti feminism because women are considered as objects of men activity . His seductions to many women places him as a picture of the superior man(http://www.gordonbanks/gordon/donjuan.html).

As told by Mozart in Don Giovanni, Don Juan is a Spanish nobleman who is always accompanied by his servant, Leporello. Don Juan is attempting to seduce Donna Anna the daughter of Don Pedro, the Commandatore of Seville.

Then Don Pedro angry and challenges Don Juan to a duel, but he is killed. Donna

Anna and her Fiancé, Don Ottavio, promise to revenge Don Juan because of Don

Pedro’s death. At last, Don Juan is dragged into Hell by the statue of Don Pedro.

In hell, Don Juan meets the devil and makes a discussion about what he has done in his life. Then, the next versions of Don Juan depicted the similar minor characters and plot. The characterisation of Don Juan is also not changed because he is always depicted as womanizer (Ferrand,2005:3).

The character of Don Juan in almost literary works is always depicted as a libertine young man who seduces women. Banks (1967:142) describes Don Juan as a character who lacks insight of his behaviour for himself and other people.

Banks also adds that the stereotypes of Don Juan are almost same in hundred years. Don Juan is a half villain who does not feel guilt or remorse of his reputation. Gareth Cox (1998:18) also states that Don Juan has some qualities as his main characteristics; there is philanderer, libertine, women pursuer, intellectualist, and prosperous person. Don Juan is a figure which represents many

values, such as: revolution, innovation, creativity, difference, rebellion, and obsession of moral hypocrisy.

The characterization of Don Juan is developed for hundred years. The early versions of Don Juan have revealed the moral values. Then, it has developed into philosophical values. Nowadays, the common figure of Don Juan is more sexual and less philosophical. Concerning about some works about Don Juan,

Utterback (1979: 633) argues the topics that represented are much more vary. Don

Juan is also represented atheism or anti Christianity. For hundred years, Don Juan is an ideal figure of idealism.

According to Thomas E. Hart, the characteristics of Don Juan can be summarized as follows: philanderer, women pursuer, libertine, prosperous, intellectual, revolutionary, innovative, creative, different, rebellious, and obsessed with moral hypocrisy (http://www.comtehart/jungian/freudian/shaw.html).

As remark by George Bernard Shaw in epistle dedicatory of Man and

Superman, there are many authors who give strong contribution in developing the

Don Juan character; they are Moliere, Mozart, Byron, and Goethe. The character of Don Juan in Man and Superman, as told by George Bernard Shaw himself is different. He is a universal character reviewed from particular point of view.

D. Theoretical Framework

In this study, the writer wants to analyse the significance of the Characters

Represent Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman. Thus, some reviews and theories would be applied in order to accomplish the analysis. In this part, the

writer will explain the importance of each review and theory in conducting the analysis.

Review of the Related Studies show that George Bernard Shaw was an influential figure in his time. He was a person with some ideas to proclaim. As a socialist, he was intended his ideology. Significantly, his works are his propaganda. His plays were absolutely ideas to be presented.

Theories of character and characterization are composed from some books in order to analyse the depiction of Characters Representing Don Juan. The depiction of characters in drama can be seen from their appearances and competences in enrolling the plot. By understanding their characterization and other factors, using theories on characters, they will be obviously analysed.

Meanwhile, theory of Superman is needed to elaborate its description.

After answering the first question of Problem Formulation, this theory will be applied in finding out the significances of Characters Representing Don Juan. Idea of Superman, which is analysed in this play, will be detected on the selected characters using the theory of Superman.

Furthermore, Review the history of Don Juan’s character is needed in order to elaborate the common characteristics of Don Juan figure. Don Juan, who is became a universal figure, later will be compared with the idea of Superman.

Don Juan in Man and Superman is a figure who is emphasized. So, the historical side is important because Don Juan who is presented in Man and Superman is a myth who has historical background.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a drama entitled Man and Superman. This drama is sub-entitled A Comedy and A Philosophy. It is a drama written by a famous

British playwright, George Bernard Shaw.

Man and Superman was first published in 1903. It becomes George

Bernard Shaw’s popular work. It had been performed many times in London and other cities in Great Britain that time (Chesterton,1909:161). This edition itself was published by Penguin Books in London at 1954. This book contains of four parts.

The first part is the playwright’s preface called Epistle Dedicatory. This part is a long essay made by the playwright. George Bernard Shaw has made this drama in order to answer the challenge of Sir Arthur Bingham Walkley. As explained by George Bernard Shaw himself in the first paragraph of Epistle

Dedicatory, he was challenged to make a story about the legendary character of

Don Juan. He also explains deeply his opinion about the character. In this part, the playwright tells his introduction of his remade story of Don Juan from his point of view.

Then, the second part is the drama itself. It contains of four acts with a dream sequence as an interlude in act three. Act I takes place in a room belonging to Roebuck Ramsden. In this act, the two story lines are revealed. The first is the relationship of John Tanner (Jack) and Anne Whitefield (Ann). The second is the

story of Violet Robinson (Violet) and Hector Malone (Hector). It also shows how the main character (John Tanner and Anne Whitefield) play important ideas to affect the minor characters.

Act II is about John Tanner (Jack). He has conversation with his chauffeur,

Enry Straker (Enry) and Octavius Robinson (Tavy), brother of Violet Robinson.

In the last of the act, Enry tells that Jack is the true goal of Ann’s Pursuit. Jack recognises it and he decides to leave them in order to escape.

In Act III, Jack tries to escape from Ann by travelling over Europe. Then, a group of pirates kidnaps them. The leader of the pirates, Mendoza has good conversation with Jack. Then, they sleep and the story moves to the dream sequence which depicts a story of Don Juan in hell.

The story of Don Juan in hell is an interlude of Act III. It depicts new characters which are very similar with the previous characters. The main character, John Tanner or Jack, acts as Don Juan Tenorio. And the other characters play as his opponents in philosophical debate. The name of the characters in this sequence is same as the character’s names of the early versions of Don Juan story. They are Don Juan Tenorio, Dona Ana de Uola, Ottavio, and

Don Pedro. This part is clearly shown the character of Don Juan which is stated by the playwright in the Epistle Dedicatory. The sequence is over when Jack and

Mendoza wake up.

The Act IV is the last act. In this act, all the characters meet each other.

The story takes back into the real setting in which Jack, Ann, Hector, Violet, and the other characters exist. In the last, Jack accepts Ann as his future wife.

The third part is called The Revolutionist Handbook. It is divided into some parts. Each part describes about one interesting topic. In the face, it is written that it was written by John Tanner M.I.R.C, Member of Idle Rich Class.

This part is an addition of the drama part. Meanwhile, this is an integrated part of the work structure.

Similarly, the forth part is also an addition. It is a compilation of quotes which entitled Maxims of the Revolutionist. It contains many quotes which are related to the revolution idea.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach used in the study is philosophical approach. This approach relates philosophical issues. It is useful to understand George Bernard Shaw’s

Man and Superman which presents a philosophical concept of Friederich

Nietzche. The philosophical approach emphasizes on the philosophical teachings, as Guerin, A Handbook of Critical Approaches, states his idea about philosophical approach as follows:

“This approach goes back as far as classical Greek and Roman critics. Plato, for example, emphasized morals and utilitarianism; Horace stressed dulce et utile (delight and instruction). Among its most famous exemplars are the commentators of the age of neoclassicism in English literature (19660 – 1800), particularly Dr. Samuel Johnson. The basic position of such critics is tat the larger function of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues. They would interpret literature within a content of the philosophical thought of a period or a group” (1979: 29).

The writer takes philosophical approach for the analysis is based on the main idea of philosophical approach, as told above, that philosophical approach probes philosophical issues inside the work of Man and Superman. As described

in introduction, Man and Superman is a drama of ideas. It wants to present the idea of Superman. In this thesis, the writer will study the idea of Superman seen from its characters, who representing Don Juan. By using the philosophical approach, the writer is able to probe the philosophical issues of Nietzsche

Philosophy about Superman.

C. Method of the Study

In conducting the analysis, the writer applied the following. The first step was reading the main source that is the play Man and Superman itself. The process of reading will be led to the problems related in problems formulation.

The second step was finding the data related to the problems using library research. Library Research is used as the method of the study. Two kinds of data used in this study, they are primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were George Bernard Shaw’s work, Man and Superman, which is sub-entitled A

Comedy and A Philosophy, includes all parts inside; Epistle Dedicatory, Man and

Superman, The Handbook of the Revolutionists, and, The Maxims of the

Revolutionists. The secondary sources are some sources that are related to the research problems. They are theories of characters and theories of Superman by

Friederich Nietzche.

Using these theories, the study went further with the step of collecting data. All the data are taken from both printed texts and web site references. The printing source of the data is taken from the printed text of the play, Man and

Superman, published by Penguin books, 1954. The next data are taken from the theories sources which contain theories of characters and theories of Superman.

The last step was to answer the problems. The first part of the analysis will discuss the characters representing Don Juan in the story. There are two characters representing Don Juan in the story; John Tanner as the main character, and the character named Don Juan in the sequence of Act III. Then, the second part, will describes the significances of the characters representing Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman. The two characters have different characteristics although they represent the same figure. The writer will discuss their significances one by one. Finally, the writer will draw the conclusion of the analysis in the final part of the thesis.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In order to answer two questions in Problems Formulation, this part will be divided into two sub-chapters. Each chapter explains the elaboration of the problem one by one. The first part will discuss the characters representing Don

Juan. Then, the second part explains their significance in revealing the idea of

Superman. The deep analysis of the selected characters and their significance in revealing the theme of the story will be elaborated.

Explicitly, the character named Don Juan Tenorio emerges in the interlude of Act III. This character is absolutely the character representing Don Juan. This interlude is emerged when the main character, John Tanner, gets sleep. He has a dream. In his dream, John Tanner recognises himself as a Spanish noble man, named Don Juan Tenorio. Don Juan Tenorio in dream sequence represents the main character, John Tanner.

The writer considers that both characters, John Tanner and Don Juan

Tenorio, are representations of Don Juan. Both of them share the distribution in revealing the idea of Superman as the representations of Don Juan. These two characters have some characteristics related to Don Juan in previous versions.

Before coming to the discussion about their significance in revealing the idea of Superman, it has to be discussed first who John Tanner and Don Juan

Tenorio are. The characters will be defined as follows;

A. The Characters Representing Don Juan

1. John Tanner (Jack)

The play itself is a story about Don Juan. The main character, John

Tanner, is the playwright’s depiction of Don Juan character. The name ‘John

Tanner’ is taken from ‘Don Juan Tennorio’, the previous name character of Don

Juan story. The playwright makes an adaptation to the character by changing the name into ‘John Tanner’ which sounds English. Inside the story of Man and

Superman, John Tanner is described as the successor of Don Juan Tennorio, the medieval Spain nobleman.

The first specific characteristics of John Tanner, who represents Don Juan in Man and Superman, is pursued by woman rather than be himself as women pursuer. John Tanner characterization breaks the reputation of the common Don

Juan characteristics. Characterization of Don Juan in Man and Superman does not include his ‘womanizer side’. Obviously, George Bernard Shaw declares in his preface that the play is a new story about Don Juan but Don Juan Tenorio in Man and Superman is not like other characterizations of Don Juan in previous versions.

And so your Don Juan has come to birth as a stage projection of the tragi- comic love chase of the man by the woman; and my Don Juan is the quarry instead of the huntsman. Yet he is a true Don Juan, with a sense of reality that disables convention, defying to the last the fate which finally overtakes him. The woman's need of him to enable her to carry on Nature's most urgent work, does not prevail against him until his resistance gathers her energy to a climax at which she dares to throw away her customary exploitations of the conventional affectionate and dutiful poses, and claim him by natural right for a purpose that far transcends their mortal personal purposes (p.xix).

John Tanner is a major character of the story. He takes an important role in the story. He always makes interventions in every event in the story. Even, Tanner

makes dominant ideas and suggestions in all problems emerged during the dialogues. His action also influences other characters. As Rohberger and Woods

(1971:20-21) stated, the major character is the one to whom all the events in the story have relevance.

The characterization of John Tanner who is usually called ‘Jack’ can be found in the stage direction. According to Barranger in Understanding Plays, stage direction gives significant characteristics to the character (1990: 340). From the stage direction, the characteristics which are made by the playwright are clearly shown. John Tanner has certain characteristics which are interesting and extraordinary. His characteristics show his strong existence. He influences other elements of the story because he is described as a megalomaniac, a person who is obsessed with the desire to power.

He is a susceptible man. He is easily affected by something. After the death of Mr. Whitefield, according to his last will, two persons are appointed to be

Ann Whitefield’s guardians. They are Roebuck Ramsden and John Tanner.

Tanner indicates that there is a mistake. He guesses that his appointment as Ann’s

Guardian is a conspiracy. Then, he expresses his strongly protest to Roebuck

Ramsden and Octavius Robinson. John Tanner argues that Ann has a hidden purpose behind his appointment as Ann’s guardian. John Tanner argues that Ann herself makes the will. In his view, Ann also controls people around her by pretending behind the last will of her father. Both of John Tanner and Roebuck

Ramsden are the target of Ann’s obsession. The appointment of John Tanner as

Ann’s guardian is a trap. John Tanner compares Ann as a cat with two mice as its guardians.

TANNER. It's only too hideously true. [He throws himself into Octavius's chair]. Ramsden: get me out of it somehow. You don't know Ann as well as I do. She'll commit every crime a respectable woman can; and she'll justify every one of them by saying that it was the wish of her guardians. She'll put everything on us; and we shall have no more control over her than a couple of mice over a cat (Act I:p.51).

John Tanner’s argument to protest shows his sensitivity. His sensitive characteristic is not the same as Octavius Robinson’s sensitiveness. If Octavius

Robinson has sensitivity as a naive romantic man who is easily affected by his feeling, John Tanner is able to know the problem beneath the situation. He has sensitivity to recognise mistakes in some events.

As Barranger (1990: 340) suggests that what characters say one another in the dialogue is very important in order to understand characterization, what John

Tanner says to other characters will be significant. John Tanner shows his certain characteristics reviewing from what he does, says, and thinks to other male and female characters. The other male characters are Roebuck Ramsden, Octavius

Robinson, and Enry Straker. Significantly, his respective view to the female characters as Ann Whitefield and Violet Robinson is clearly shown. Vice versa, what the other characters reveal are explains what kind of person he is.

Tanner’s attitude to the female characters shows his indirectly respect to the figure of women. The way he thinks about Ann Whitefield and Violet

Robinson is different. If the other characters take Ann as a good young girl,

Tanner sees her as a clever woman in negative perspective. Meanwhile, Tanner

appreciates Violet Robinson, even the other characters do not. Then, it will be explained as follows;

Sarcastically, John Tanner thinks that Ann is dangerous. He warns

Octavius about the danger of Ann’s will. He means to tell the hidden dangerous purpose of Ann. Tanner’s description of Ann emphasizes her sexuality power.

From Tanner’s point of view, Ann is described as “one of the vital geniuses”, and as “a woman who will probably do everything she means to do without taking account of other people” (Act II,p.95). Tanner compares her with animals. As what he says, Ann is a cat (Act I: p.65.). In the other hand, Octavius respects Ann very much. Even, he confesses that he loves Ann. Tanner warns Octavius many times that Ann is like an animal because Ann’s love is a love of food. The comparison to animal is enlarged from cat, tigress to lioness.

TANNER. Why, man, your head is in the lioness’s mouth: you are half swallowed already – in three times – Bite One, Ricky: Bite Two, Ticky, Bite Three, Tavy: and down you go. (Act I:p.63).

From what he thinks about Ann, Tanner is a person who likes to be different with others. His difference lies in his mindset. He is more critical than the others. As described above, he can critically analyze how Ann action reflects her hidden motivation. Using his smart thinking, Tanner is also able to find out the real danger in Ann’s desire. According to Tanner, Ann’s attitude is similar to an animal’s activity. An animal loves its prey in order to eat, as a Bengal tiger loves its meal (Act I: p.66).

John Tanner has a sharp view. He recognizes that he is Ann’s main goal.

He knows that with the pretence of respecting her father’s last wishes, Ann

humbly says she would like Tanner to remain in the joint capacity as guardian with Roebuck Ramsden. In fact, he already knows that she is setting her trap for him.

When the plot reveals about Violet Robinson, the sister of Octavius

Robinson, John Tanner still suggests his critical thinking. Violet is pregnant. She confesses that she has married but she refuses to mention the name of her husband. Her family give her a negative prejudice because of this case. In the other hand, Tanner bravely gives her a sympathetic support. Once again, he shows his bravery by opposing the others. Tanner persuades them, that Violet is a representation of human, especially a woman who takes her role to improve humankind evolution.

TANNER. Brutal! Good Heavens, man, what are you crying for? Here is a woman whom we all supposed to be making bad water color sketches, practising Grieg and Brahms, gadding about to concerts and parties, wasting her life and her money. We suddenly learn that she has turned from these sillinesses to the fulfilment of her highest purpose and greatest function--to increase, multiply and replenish the earth. And instead of admiring her courage and rejoicing in her instinct; instead of crowning the completed womanhood and raising the triumphal strain of "Unto us a child is born: unto us a son is given," here you are--you who have been as merry as Brigs in your mourning for the dead--all pulling long faces and looking as ashamed and disgraced as if the girl had committed the vilest of crimes. (Act I: p.67)

Then, how he does or says to the other male characters shows his progressiveness and modernity. He dislikes Roebuck Ramsden and Octavius

Robinson because Octavius is naïve and Ramsden is obsolete. Tanner’s characteristics are often found in his criticisms to them.

His progressiveness lies in his critical thinking. Tanner is able to reveal the new ideas that oppose convention in society. He says about his hate of obsolete ideas and everything that related to tradition or convention. Explicitly, he expresses his frontal opposes to Roebuck Ramsden, someone who represents traditionalism and anti-progress. He says that Ann is in irony because she is under control of an old man with obsolete ideas.

TANNER. It's all my own doing: that's the horrible irony of it. He told me one day that you were to be Ann's guardian; and like a fool I began arguing with him about the folly of leaving a young woman under the control of an old man with obsolete ideas. RAMSDEN. [stupended] My ideas obsolete!!!!! (Act I:p.51).

He often reveals controversial topics from the overthrowing of governments to the role of women in the daily life. He negates all the topics revealed by Ramsden because Tanner considers those topics as moral hypocrisies.

His radical view places him as a revolutionist who wants to break all the hypocrisies seen in his eyes. What he calls hypocrisies are those which are related to social and moral issues in English society in that time.

TANNER. [seriously] I know it, Ramsden. Yet even I cannot wholly conquer shame. We live in an atmosphere of shame. We are ashamed of everything that is real about us; ashamed of ourselves, of our relatives, of our incomes, of our accents, of our opinions, of our experience, just as we are ashamed of our naked skins. Good Lord, my dear Ramsden, we are ashamed to walk, ashamed to ride in an omnibus, ashamed to hire a hansom instead of keeping a carriage, ashamed of keeping one horse instead of two and a groom-gardener instead of a coachman and footman. The more things a man is ashamed of, the more respectable he is….(Act I: p.55)

In general, Tanner accuses that the English society is a materialization of what he called hypocrisy. Ramsden is a representation of that hypocrisy. He

seems that he is the only one progressive man in the middle of obsolete society.

Once, he confesses that he is a reformer and an iconoclast (Act I: p.78).

John Tanner makes interesting debates with Roebuck Ramsden and

Octavius Robinson in act I. What they reveal in their dialogue shows how brilliant

Tanner is. He is able to think and criticize the reality in which Ramsden and

Octavius are not. He seems rejecting all the conventional ideas and offering a new paradigm. An example of his view is about the inner force of women. The women, according to Tanner, are the persons who have inner forces to power. They practice several ways to control and manage her emotion and desire. They serve the higher idea of controlling the process of reproduction. Men are instruments of women’s purpose.

TANNER. That is the profoundest of mistakes, Tavy. It is the self- sacrificing women that sacrifice others most recklessly. Because they are unselfish, they are kind in little things. Because they have a purpose which is not their own purpose, but that of the whole universe, a man is nothing to them but an instrument of that purpose (Act I:p.64).

John Tanner also states his argument commenting other issues to show his reversal of tradition. He writes a book entitled The Revolutionist’s Handbook and

Pocket Companion, By John Tanner, M.I.R.C. (member of the Idle Rich Class), which is printed behind the play. In almost issues that are revealed in the dialogues, John Tanner insists on his own argument. He pretends to criticize the government, society, role of women, Christianity, and especially the moral hypocrisy.

Tanner is a progressive thinker who is different with other characters in the story. He seems to asking all realities and suggests new ideas. He knows that

the society do not have the new solution. What he means by ‘Superman’, as a kind of higher humankind that is not yet existed. From his argument, it can be viewed that the Superman he means is not only a super power individual. He refers to the super power society who will replace the common society. Then he admires a new emerging socialistic people as he states in his debate with Enry Straker, his chauffeur;

STRAKER. [unimpressed] That's because you never done any Mr Robinson. My business is to do away with labor. You'll get more out of me and a machine than you will out of twenty laborers, and not so much to drink either. TANNER. For Heaven's sake, Tavy, don't start him on political economy. He knows all about it; and we don't. You're only a poetic Socialist, Tavy: he's a scientific one. (Act II: p.94)

Tanner indirectly respects Enry Straker, his chauffeur, because he is also a socialist who has progressive ideas. His respect shows his appreciation to the emerging of socialist society. As he confesses, he is a noble english socialist.

According to his perspective, the socialist society will take over the old society.

His statement about socialism reflects his idea that the conventional things should be replaced by progressive things. Socialist society is qualified people who will offer the renewal for humankind (Act II: p.62-63).

Colwell in his book, A Student’s Guide to Literature, describes that a character is personality and morality blend (1968: 13). Tanner’s characteristics can be viewed from his morality side. Tanner is a believer of the power of Life

Force. He states that all the aspects in the universe are generated by the Life

Force. He recognizes this supreme power which controls survival. The Life force

has developed the human species from the lower level of animals. The purpose of

The Life Force is also the motive of life (Act IV: p.218).

When Tanner recognizes that Ann tries to trap her, he escapes by travelling over Europe with Enry Straker. He knows that Ann will pursue him to be her husband. Tanner looses his bravery while recognizing a problem related to relationship and marriage. When his car is crossing Sierra Nevada, a desert in

Spain, a group of pirates intercept them. The pirates do not rob them but take them as parts of their debate.

Tanner is very welcome with any persons who have progressive thinking as he has. It can be seen that the leader of the pirate, Mendoza, has a friendly discussion with them. They have a nice discussion about everything. Mendoza is also a revolutionist. He is able to understand Tanner’s idealism. Their discussion shows their revolutionist thinking and radical point of view.

MENDOZA. [with dignity] Allow me to introduce myself: Mendoza, President of the League of the Sierra! [Posing loftily] I am a brigand: I live by robbing the rich. TANNER. [promptly] I am a gentleman: I live by robbing the poor. Shake hands. (Act II:p.122)

As described before, Tanner very concerns with politics. Then, it is also revealed again that he is a person who has strong urge to make his political view comes true. Like Straker, Mendoza attracts Tanner so much because of his progressive ideas. They respect each other although they have a debate. Tanner is an open-minded person. He can appreciate what Mendoza says. In some aspects they have the same opinion, for example about politics.

MENDOZA. That is true, sir. A movement which is confined to philosophers and honest men can never exercise any real political

influence: there are too few of them. Until a movement shows itself capable of spreading among brigands, it can never hope for a political majority. (Act II:p.125)

John Tanner is not really a perfect as the main character who roles the story. He has an undefeatable idealism. He is depicted as a perfect hero. In fact, he still has fear. He worries about marriage. He knows that marriage is a way to create Superman. Marriage is one of natural process that can not be rejected. As a man with philosophical view, he accepts the philosophical concept of the marriage, but naturally, he does not like marriage. He rejects marriage in order to live with his own way.

As Perrine (1974: 71) stating about dynamic character, John Tanner is that kind of character. Once, Tanner thinks that he is a Superman but then, he recognized that The Superman does not reveal yet. He declares that Ann is right.

Even, Tanner confesses that marriage is an inevitable process that can not be rejected. By accepting Ann as his wife, he surrenders to the natural process of marriage. Lastly, He gets rid of his own will to serve the universe will that is the

Life Force.

Finally, John Tanner accepts Ann’s offer as her husband. John Tanner gives in to the inevitability of marriage and agrees to wed Ann. His decision is made under his belief of creative evolution and the Life Force. Depend on

Tanner’s statement; the Life Force generates Ann to seek the ideal man as her husband. The Life Force also urges Ann to marry Tanner in order to give birth to the Superman. Both of Tanner and Ann are the geniuses. Marriage is a way to make the new qualified generation, which in Tanner belief that is the Superman.

TANNER. [seizing her in his arms] It is false: I love you. The Life Force enchants me: I have the whole world in my arms when I clasp you. But I am fighting for my freedom, for my honor, for myself, one and indivisible. (Act IV:p.218)

As a philosophical man, John Tanner views everything from his philosophical point of view. Everything he knows has philosophical aspects and every activity has philosophical motives. His point of view and mindset about philosophical manner also implies in his action. For him, an ideology is needed to improve mankind. His idea about moral hypocrisy, the Life Force, and better generation are the result of his philosophical point of view.

Obviously, Tanner is an exaggerative person. He over reacts about everything he looks. He thinks deeply about every aspect of life and gives comment about everything because he is easily offended or sensitive. His over reactive attitude about his appointment as Ann’s guardian, the hidden inner power of woman, and his escape from Ann’s pursuit are the result of his exaggeration.

So the writer concludes that John Tanner is a unique character with unique characteristics. He is placed as the hero of the play. John Tanner or Jack is a person who reveals the problematic issues. His extraordinary attitudes are made as the result of his powerful qualities as a progressive man who is able to observe mistakes in daily activity.

2. Don Juan Tenorio

The character named Don Juan emerges in the sequence of Act III. This sequence reveals in John Tanner’s dream. He found himself as a Spain noble man named Don Juan Tenorio. As the writer stated above, this play is a story about

Don Juan but the playwright has made it into a new version which is still related to the previously versions.

This sequence of Act III is a dream interlude which is intended to be a continuation of previously Don Juan story. It begins when John Tanner, Enry

Straker, and Mendoza the leader of the pirate group get sleep. The characters, who are similar to the previously plot, reveal. The main characters in the play are presented as dead characters from : Ann Whitefield as Donna Anna, Ramsden as her father, Don Gonzalo the Commendatore, Mendoza, the bandit who captures

Tanner, as Lucifer or the Devil, and John Tanner himself as Don Juan Tenorio, as written in stage direction:

……It is all very odd. ………… Don Juan, of course; but where? why? how? Besides, in the brief lifting of his face, now hidden by his hat brim, there was a curious suggestion of Tanner. A more critical, fastidious, handsome face, paler and colder, without Tanner's impetuous credulity and enthusiasm, and without a touch of his modern plutocratic vulgarity, but still a resemblance, even an identity. The name too: Don Juan Tenorio, John Tanner. Where on earth---or elsewhere--have we got to from the XX century and the Sierra? Another pallor in the void, this time not violet, but a disagreeable smoky yellow. With it, the whisper of a ghostly clarionet turning this tune into infinite sadness:……… (Act III: p.132)

It was told that Don Juan was in hell. Don Gonzalo himself is the father of

Donna Anna de Uolla. The next version of Don Juan has depicted that Don Juan killed Don Gonzalo after seducing Donna Anna. Then, Don Gonzalo becomes a statue. The statue of Don Gonzalo tries to revenge by dragging Don Juan into the hell (Ferrand,2005:3-5).

The story begins when the old woman is asking Don Juan about the way to heaven. Unfortunely, she recognizes that she was in hell. Don Juan suddenly recognizes her as Donna Ana when she turns herself back as a young woman.

They talk each other until Don Pedro, Donna Ana’s father, come. Don Pedro appears in the form of a statue. They make a debate about life virtues and sins.

Don Juan seems that he is different. He has his own valuation. Don Pedro and

Donna Ana are not able to follow Don Juan’s critical view.

Applying the theory of character stated by Abcarian (1998: 21), the characterization of Don Juan Tenorio can be depicted from what he does, what he says, and what other characters say or reveal. The writer will describe the depiction of the character of Don Juan using that theory of character. The other theories of character will be stated later. The character of Don Juan will be described as follows:

According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1981 : 20) the character of Don Juan Tenorio is categorized as a minor character. He appears in particular setting and his role is the background of John Tanner as the major character. Although he enrols an important value as the major characters do, the character of Don Juan Tenorio is not fully developed. His existence is to support the development of John Tanner as the main character.

Don Juan plays as a sceptical person who doubts about everything which is considered as the right thing. He denies the reality that is commonly accepted by people. His speeches seem to reject all things than to accept those. According

to his philosophical concept, he was trapped in undeveloped place which does not support him to surpass higher level of humankind.

He gives strong cynical statements to the ideas, issues, and concepts which are considered as the right things. His first cynical statement is addressed to Ana’s mindset. Ana thinks that praying is a way to do in order to go to the heaven. Ana is not satisfied with her fate of being sent down to hell in spite of all the good conduct piled up in her life. She insists that heaven should be her reward.

Meanwhile, Don Juan strikes her misconception by telling that because of what she has done, she must stay in hell. Don Juan explains to her, however, that there are many good people like her in hell. He states that hell is the place of honour, justice, and morality. He states directly that all her prayers deliver her into hell as her reward (Act III:p.148).

Cynically, he argues that Christianity does not improve society. He also criticises Catholicism, although he is a catholic. Depend on his argument,

Christianity does not offer the significant improvement to the society. Catholicism which he means Christianity offers the idea of transcendent equality in the name of God. Don Juan denies the equality because some people are not in the same level as the others. According to Juan this idea is unrealistic. He rejects the unrealistic idea of Christianity because that is conventional and obsolete. He points out that the conventional idea of Christianity has a responsibility for moral degradation (Act III: p.155).

DON JUAN. ….Later on, Liberty will not be Catholic enough: men will die for human perfection, to which they will sacrifice all their liberty gladly. (Act III:p.155)

By using cynical statements toward Christianity, he indirectly opposes the transcendent force. He believes that the transcendent idea can be replaced by intellectual idea. Transcendent idea brings down the humankind to the lowest level. It does not also prepare the coming of the better generation. The transcendence he means refers to the hell. With his long speeches, Don Juan, strongly criticize the transcendence as something hopeless and give no advance.

He replaces the idea of transcendence with his concept of the Life Force.

He says that the Life Force is the most powerful energy to generate universe to the great advance. The Life Force works to make individual strives and progress. The followers of Life Force will seek the higher purpose of life. By using the energy of Life Force, Don Juan tries to break death and degeneration.

Then, Don Gonzalo, the commander who is transformed into a stone statue, pays visit from heaven. Don Gonzalo is Ana’s father. Once, he has forgotten her daughter’s name. Don Gonzalo takes no offence to Don Juan who has killed him. He wants to get away from heaven because he knows that hell is a place of pleasure. He is bored with his realistic life in heaven. He sometimes descends to hell to ask the devil in order to join with other people in hell.

Next, Lucifer, the devil appears. As the leader of the best society in hell

(page 143), he has sympathy about happiness, love, pleasure, and beauty. He refuses the idealistic life view of Don Juan. In his view, a life is an enjoyment.

On the other hand, Don Juan is bored in hell. He thinks that hell is an unrealistic substitution of the reality. What Don Juan and the statue seeks are

different. As the idealistic realist, Don Juan tries to find out the meaning of life, while the statue is a character who wants to find out pleasure.

Don Juan’s cynical view is impressed in his anti-thesis of the mainstream idea in hell. He accuses that the hell morality is not appropriate for him. Hell which is similar to earth is not the place of idealism. As a philosophical idealist man, he rejects the existence of hell. He under estimates the devil and hell by saying that hell is an eternal boring life. It is a place of honor, glory and peace but for him it is nothing.

DON JUAN. Then you must stay here; for hell is the home of the unreal and of the seekers for happiness. It is the only refuge from heaven, which is, as I tell you, the home of the masters of reality, and from earth, which is the home of the slaves of reality. The earth is a nursery in which men and women play at being heros and heroines, saints and sinners; but they are dragged down from their fool's paradise by their bodies: hunger and cold and thirst, age and decay and disease, death above all, make them slaves of reality: thrice a day meals must be eaten and digested: thrice a century a new generation must be engendered: ages of faith, of romance, and of science are all driven at last to have but one prayer, "Make me a healthy animal." But here you escape the tyranny of the flesh; for here you are not an animal at all: you are a ghost, an appearance, an illusion, a convention, deathless, ageless: in a word, bodiless. …….(Act III:155)

Lucifer, the devil, states that Don Juan is the only person who is different in hell. Lucifer views Don Juan as a sarcastic libertine who is not appropriate for the hell. According to Lucifer, hell is the place with no social, political, religious, and sanitary questions. In hell, appearance is appreciated as beauty, emotion as love, sentiment as heroism, and aspiration as virtue. There is no hard fact to contradict, but a universal melodrama. Meanwhile, Luciver agrees with Juan’s

statement that hell is like earth but he refuses Juan’s opinion that hell is a paradise for common people (Act III: p.156).

Don Juan’s criticism against Lucifer shows his rejection of mass morality.

For him, hell is other name of mass morality. He makes a protest against hell society although he is a member of hell society. He considers himself as advanced man who is not appropriate to the hell society. As an individualist, Don Juan is preferred to oppose the mainstream idea of the hell. Hell is the place of static ideas, eternal pleasure, and endless idiocy. He resolutely pronounces that he is not belonging to the hell but the other place, the heaven.

DON JUAN. ……… from earth, which is the home of the slaves of reality. The earth is a nursery in which men and women play at being heros and heroines, saints and sinners; but they are dragged down from their fool's paradise by their bodies: hunger and cold and thirst, age and decay and disease, death above all, make them slaves of reality: thrice a day meals must be eaten and digested: thrice a century a new generation must be engendered: ages of faith, of romance, and of science are all driven at last to have but one prayer, "Make me a healthy animal." (Act III:p.148)

The next characteristic of Don Juan is intellectual. He always views everything from his philosophical point of view. Don Juan believes that the intelligence is one factor to form the Superman. He realizes himself as a critic who criticizes the natural process in order to reveal the Superman. He places the great emphasize on intellectualism. His purpose is to open the consciousness of thinking. This consciousness of thinking is a kind of awareness. The awareness is the competence to create the higher truth of life. In Don Juan words the consciousness is ‘a mind’s eye’, he refers to it as follows;

DON JUAN. ….But to Life, the force behind the man, intellect is a necessity, because without it he blunders into death……..so it is evolving today a mind’s eye that shall see, not the physical world, but the purpose of life, and thereby enable the individual to work for that purpose instead of thwarting and baffling it by setting up shortsighted personal aims as at present (Act III, p.151).

As an intellectual, Don Juan tries to criticize every aspect in natural process. His philosophical concept is elaborated in every topic revealed in the discussion. Lucifer also confesses that Don Juan is too intellect for the hell. As

Lucifer says, Don Juan is a selfish egoist who is not belong to the hell.

DON JUAN. You are making me ill. THE DEVIL. There! [Appealing to the statue] You hear, sir! Oh, by what irony of fate was this cold selfish egotist sent to my kingdom, and you taken to the icy mansions of the sky! (Act III;p.143)

His thought also impresses that he is a person who is anti obsolete.

Lucifer, the devil as the leader of the hell, is obsolete character. As an obsolete person, he represents his society. When Don Juan debates the devil, he also criticizes the hell as the place of no progression and the people inside it. For Don

Juan, the hell is the place of unreal and the home of happiness seekers. This hell condition does not give Don Juan awareness. That is why he considers that the hell and all the peoples inside it are obsolete. He is the only man who opposes that.

DON JUAN. ….But here you escape the tyranny of the flesh; for here you are not an animal at all: you are a ghost, an appearance, an illusion, a convention, deathless, ageless: in a word, bodiless. There are no social questions here, no political questions, no religious questions, best of all, perhaps, no sanitary questions. Here you call your appearance beauty, your emotions love, your sentiments heroism, your aspirations virtue, just as you did on earth; but here there are no hard facts to contradict you, no ironic contrast of your needs with

your pretensions, no human comedy, nothing but a perpetual romance, a universal melodrama (Act III: p.148).

Don Juan Tenorio is the only character who shows his optimism despite his sceptical view. He finally, chooses heaven because the heaven is the place of contemplative spirit of self-consciousness and the hell is place of eternal spirit of pleasure seeker. He realizes that he lives in a bad situation but he makes a decision to prepare his better future. The only way to do is to leave hell and to move to heaven because heaven is the place belongs to superior humans like him.

He believes that his idealism will be appreciated there, as what he says that heaven is the place which belongs to the masters of reality Act III:p.148).

B. Significances of Characters Representing Don Juan in Revealing the Idea of Superman

The idea of Superman is a philosophical concept raised by Friederich

Nietzsche which is revealed in George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman.

Reviewing from its title, it is obvious that the playwright depicts about the idea of

Superman as the theme.

In the preface, the playwright does not explicitly confess that the play depicts the theme of Superman. In other hand, George Bernard Shaw writes that this play is the next story version of legendary character of Don Juan. The writer found the interesting point that why not the playwright made the name Don Juan as its title. It can be concluded that the idea of Superman and the character of Don

Juan has significant value to build the story.

Holman (1986:81) states in his theory of characterization that character is a brief draft that describes a personage who has a definite quality. Its quality relates to the idea of moral construction of human personality. In brief, each character has its own values. It can be concluded that the value of the character is a construction of idea. Through the figure of Don Juan the idea of Superman is revealed. Then, the figure of Don Juan which is represented into two different characters is very significant. In this part, the writer wants to elaborate what their significances are.

1. John Tanner

According to Barranger in Understanding Plays, character is a representation. Character is used by the playwright to represent some ideas. It is the most unique representational art because it represents idea throgh human being. In Man and Superman, the character of John Tanner is also a representation. The playwright sets him up as a personalised idea.

The name John Tanner is related to the other version of Don Juan story.

Ferrand (2005:3), in Some Metamorphoses of Don Juan, states that the character named Don Juan is depicted in Mozart’s Don Giovanni. In that version, Don Juan

Tenorio is a Spanish nobleman who is accompanied by his servant, Leporello.

Don Juan is attempting to seduce Donna Ana the daughter of Don Gonzalo (the

Commandatore of Seville). Then Don Gonzalo is angry. He challenges Don Juan to a duel. Unfortunately, Don Pedro is killed. Donna Ana and her Fiancé, Don

Ottavio promise to avenge Don Juan because of Don Gonzalo’s death. At last,

Don Juan is dragged into Hell by the statue of Don Gonzalo. In hell, Don Juan

meets the devil and makes some discussion about what he has done in his life.

George Bernard Shaw takes Mozart’s version of Don Juan story as a source. It can be seen from the similarity of their name; Don Juan Tenorio as John Tanner,

Donna Anna as Ann Whitefield, and Don Ottavio as Octavius Robinson. This also shows that the story of Don Juan in Man and Superman has a close connection with the previous version.

I have adapted this simple device to our occasion by thrusting into my perfectly modern three-act play a totally extraneous act in which my hero, enchanted by the air of the Sierra, has a dream in which his Mozartian ancestor appears and philosophizes at great length in a Shavio-Socratic dialogue with the lady, the statue, and the devil. (Shaw,1903:xvi)

The character of John Tanner is a representation of the previous Don Juan character. He has some characteristics which are identical with common characteristics of previous Don Juan. The character of Don Juan has become popular fictitious figure in literature as it is used by authors, playwright, song writers, and poet. In Man and Superman, John Tanner is still characterized as a young libertine but he is not a lover or a romantic seeker for ideal womanhood. It can be concluded that John Tanner is Don Juan character from George Bernard

Shaw’s point of view. John Tanner is a representation Don Juan because he has a characteristic as a libertine young man. The other common characteristic of Don

Juan is his strong sexual side. The character of Don Juan is also usually recognized from a perspective which places him as a person who sees women as his preys. In other hand, Jack Tanner, as a new version of Don Juan character, is depicted as an interesting young man who is not a womanizer. He is a man who does not pursue woman but a man who is pursued by a woman.

How far the character of John Tanner represents Don Juan character is seen in his characteristics which are similar to common characteristics of Don

Juan in many literature works. The commonly characteristics Don Juan figure are depicted in the personality and the philosophical view of John Tanner.

The characterization of John Tanner can be evaluated in two different ways. There are sexual manner and philosophical manner. This distinction is related to the common characteristics of Don Juan. The review about Don Juan is also divided into two different points of views; sexual manner and philosophical manner (Ferrand, 1989:4-5). In fact, the characteristics of John Tanner reviewed from philosophical manner is closely similar to the common characteristics of

Don Juan.

John Tanner, as described in stage direction, is a sensitive, susceptible, exaggerative, earnest man (Act I: p.50). He is also described as a megalomaniac.

As he gets into to the story, he is seen as a strong character that is able to affect the events and other characters. He has significant qualities which are different and influential. His significant qualities are depicted in several characteristics, as follows; extraordinary, progressive, philosophical, critical, idealist, and intellectual.

The characteristics of John Tanner are the evidence that he represents the character of common Don Juan reviewed from a philosophical perspective.

According to Banks (1967:142) the stereotypes of Don Juan are almost same in hundred years. The stereotype characteristics of Don Juan character from philosophical perspective are libertine, intellectual, revolutionary, innovative,

creative, rebellious, and obsessed with moral hypocrisy (Cox, 1998:18). These qualities represent the values, such as: revolution, innovation, creativity, difference, rebellion, and anti-moral hypocrisy. It is obvious that John Tanner has also these characteristics and represents the same values. As seen in Act I, John

Tanner is implicitly depicted as a person who inherit the characteristics of Don

Juan.

TANNER. [over his shoulder, from the bookcase] I think you ought to call me Mr Tanner. ANN. [gently] No you don't, Jack. That's like the things you say on purpose to shock people: those who know you pay no attention to them. But, if you like, I'll call you after your famous ancestor Don Juan. RAMSDEN. Don Juan! (Act I: p.62)

The sexual manner of common characteristics of Don Juan character is also revealed through the character of John Tanner. From the point of view of man and woman relationship, John Tanner is obviously seen as Don Juan. As like the other versions, character named Don Juan is always depicted from his emphasized sexual point of view. Mostly people agree that the character of Don Juan is a person who has significant relationship with woman. John Tanner also has significant relationship with Ann Whitefield although he is not depicted as a womanizer like the common Don Juan character. Their sexual conflict influences the personal development of John Tanner and the story.

The play Man and Superman has the different thing about the sexual side of

Don Juan character. John Tanner does not inherit the romantic characteristic of the previous Don Juan characters. John Tanner is described as an interesting young man but he has no willing to pursue woman. Inversely, he is pursued by woman.

His relationship with Ann Whitefield shows his weakness. This is something unique point that the character of John Tanner who represents the common Don

Juan character is not a womanizer but an object of woman pursuit, as seen in Act

IV; he is forced by Ann Whitefield to marry her.

TANNER. I will not marry you. I will not marry you. ANN. Oh; you will, you will. TANNER. I tell you, no, no, no. ANN. I tell you, yes, yes, yes. TANNER. NO. ANN. [coaxing--imploring--almost exhausted] Yes. Before it is too late for repentance. Yes. TANNER. [struck by the echo from the past] When did all this happen to me before? Are we two dreaming? (Act IV: p.218)

The significant point of the relation between John Tanner and the common

Don Juan character is that the characterization of John Tanner is created in order to be related with the common characteristics of Don Juan character. This reference is emphasized by the character of John Tanner from philosophical and sexual perspectives. This interrelationship is very significant in order to represent implied values of the common Don Juan character inside the personality of John

Tanner.

As described above, the common characteristics of Don Juan, except as a womanizer, are a revolutionary, intellectual, innovative, and rebellious. He is shown as a libertine disregard of God and social norms. John Tanner is the same person. He rejects the mainstream of social opinions and takes his own ideas. As the previous versions Don Juan character, John Tanner is a person who is different and extraordinary. His society considers him as a half villain. In other words, he is

a person who does not obey social norms and habit. In brief, John Tanner is a society negative figure as Don Juan was.

This negative prejudice of John Tanner is already shown by Roebuck

Ramsden. In Ramsden’s opinion, Tanner is viewed as a negative figure. Ramsden describes Tanner’s book as the most infamous, the most scandalous, the most mischievous, the most black guardly book that ever escaped burning at the hands of the common hangman (Act I: p. 61). Ramsden’s negative view represents the social norms because he is an old noble gentleman who has important position in the society.

As discussed above, that John Tanner represents the common Don Juan character, now the writer comes to the deeper discussion about how John Tanner as the representation of Don Juan reveals the idea of Superman. The existence of

John Tanner is to reveal the idea of Superman, as told by Chesterton in his book,

George Bernard Shaw, the playwright makes a superstition to represent another superstition (1909:202-203). So, he has a significance point as a character who reveals the theme of the story.

The main significance of John Tanner in revealing the idea of Superman is his existence as a representation. The character of John Tanner is a representation of a legendary figure named Don Juan. In particular, the character of John Tanner has more significances rather than a representation of Don Juan. He also represents the idea of Superman. By referring to the common characteristics of

Don Juan, the playwright intends to represent the idea in the form of fictitious character. In brief, he is a representation of the idea of Superman.

John Tanner’s significance as the representation of the idea of Superman can be elaborated in three ways. The first is his characteristics. John Tanner characteristics will be compared with the characterization of Superman according to the theory of Superman. The second way is Tanner’s philosophical view. The most emphasizing characteristic of John Tanner is his philosophical view. From this point, it can be found that Tanner is a progressive thinker who reveals the

Idea of Superman. Then, the third way is found in Tanner’s attitude or action.

Tanner’s attitude implies some part of the idea of Superman. Its action dictates the idea unconsciously but give strong emphasize to the revealing idea of Superman.

The characteristics of John Tanner are closely similar to the concept of individual Superman characterization. Copleston (1954:396) defines that The

Superman is a creative genius who has certain characteristics as critical, rational, and optimistic, and relativistic. He is also a person who is having the attitude of free spirit, pragmatist view of truth, and sceptical view of life. John Tanner, as described in the play, is a person who has those qualities. He is described as a progressive intellectual who is easily offended. John Tanner is a person who likes to oppose everyone. Base on his view, the other people around him and the society he lives in are the products of moral hypocrisy. Tanner’s qualities are some evidences that show his characteristics which are similar to the Superman characteristics. The Superman is a person who is able to valuate the society as what Tanner states a criticism for society as follows;

TANNER. My dear Tavy, your pious English habit of regarding the world as a moral gymnasium built expressly to strengthen your character in, occasionally leads you to think about your own confounded principles when you should be thinking about other people's

necessities. The need of the present hour is a happy mother and a healthy baby. Bend your energies on that; and you will see your way clearly enough. (Act I: p.72)

John Tanner’s criticism toward religion especially Christianity represents the

Superman values in his personality. That refers to Nietzsche’s philosophical concept of Superman. Nietzsche introduces the idea of Superman in order to attack religion, especially Christianity (Kaufmann, 1956:103-111). John Tanner cynically criticizes the religion because he wants to offer another idea which is to be the real meaning of life.

His criticism about religion is one of the implications of the other value of an individual Superman. This value is about transvaluation. According to

Copleston (1954:395-397), transvaluation is one factor in which the figure of

Superman is procreated. A Superman is a person who is able to transvaluate the old values which still exists. Comparing to John Tanner, he is a young revolutionist who creates his own new values. His debates show that he opposes the obsolete ideas represented by Roebuck Ramsden. The one thing that he offers is to replace the religion. He suggests his idea about socialism. Tanner cynically criticism about religion and his indirect offer of the new idea about socialism are very Nietzschean. Through the idea of Superman, Friederich Nietzsche also suggested a socialistic society to replace the society based religion. Tanner ideas are organised into a book entitled THE REVOLUTIONIST’S HANDBOOK AND

POCKET COMPANION by John Tanner, M.I.R.C. (Member of the Idle Rich

Class).

Tanner’s ability to distinct between good and bad is also an implication of transvaluation. Tanner is able to transvaluate things and then he can make distinction between what is good and what is bad from his point of view. Related to Nietzsche’s philosophical concept, this attitude is called moral transvaluation.

A real Superman is a higher type of man who can recognise the good and evil.

This ability to distinct the reality and to consider it as good and bad will lead him to make genius decision (Copleston, 1954:396).

John Tanner is a high qualified individual because he has many more certain qualities than the other characters. These certain qualities make him as a higher individual as the characterization of an individual Superman. He criticizes the society because he thinks that the society does not give improvement. Tanner points out that the society is not improved yet because it’s mass morality. This mass morality will forbid the birth of the new better generation; the Superman society. As a different individual who is the most qualified than the other peoples,

Tanner is not an ordinary person. As an extraordinary person, he lives among the common people. He is a kind of a superior individual who is closely related to the description of an individual Superman as Durant (1954: 425) states that a

Superman is a superior individual who rising out of the mass mediocrity. Tanner represents Nietzsche’s suggestion about the aim of human effort. According to

Nietzsche’s idea of Superman, the aim of human effort is not the happiness of the mass but solely the improvement of the type. John Tanner is a kind of person of that type. He overpasses the common people’s qualities. Then, he becomes the new type of man; someone who is different and higher than the others.

Then, the writer comes to the discussion about John Tanner’s philosophical view. It gives importance in revealing the idea of Superman because Tanner’s philosophical view is the playwright’s thought. Through John Tanner’s philosophical view, the idea of Superman is implicitly dictated. Tanner does not state explicitly about the Superman but from his speech, the philosophical idea of

Superman can be found.

Tanner’s philosophical views which are related to the elaboration of the idea of Superman are described in three interesting topics. They are the Life Force, better generation, and the importance of women. According to Nietzsche’s idea of

Superman, these factors are needed to the procreation of the Superman. John

Tanner states those factors as interesting topics without directly stating their importance to the procreation of the Superman.

John Tanner believes that he is being under the control of the Life Force.

During the play, the concept of the Life Force is absurd. There is no description about what the Life Force is but Tanner confesses that the Life Force generates his life. Tanner is very inspired with the existence of the Life Force. He even says that without the Life Force, the humankind does not live. What he does is to serve the

Life Force inside him. He also believes that the Life Force is embodied inside Ann

Whitefield’s will. There is a will to power behind Ann’s motive to pursue Tanner.

When he finally accepts Ann as his wife, he realises that he can not run away from the power of the Life Force.

ANN. Flatterer. Why are you trying to fascinate me, Jack, if you don't want to marry me? TANNER. The Life Force. I am in the grip of the Life Force.

ANN. I don't understand in the least: it sounds like the Life Guards. (Act IV: p.216)

According to the theory of Superman, the Life Force is a basic motive of life. The Life Force is also one factor to procreate the Superman. All living creature has basic motive but the Life Force in Nietzsche’s context is different.

The Life Force is an energy which drives every aspect in activities and attitudes.

In Friederich Nietzsche’s definition, the Life Force is the will to power. The only thing that the Superman wants is power. In brief, the Superman’s Life Force is the will to power (Edwards,1967:511).

Tanner is a person who is very inspired by the Life Force. He confesses that all his actions are done under the control of the Life Force. His action implies that he is a person who has a will to power. Reviewing from his attitude, the will to power can be seen from Tanner’s strong urge to dominate the situation. He often opposes other peoples; even he wants to make a revolution. His strong urge to dominate shows him as a person who has will to power.

The characterisation of John Tanner as a person who adores very much the existence of the Life Force is a significant evidence that Tanner is an individual

Superman. The definition of Life Force according to Nietzsche’s philosophical concept is an energy that drives human to live. The Life Force means the will to power. The individual Superman is a person who is very obsessed by his will t power in his daily attitude. This description of an individual Superman, who is very influenced by the Life Force, is closely related to the character of John

Tanner

His decision to marry Ann is his acceptace of the power of Life Force. He realizes that he is not the only person who has the will to power. He really understands that Ann is the embodiment of Life Force. Ann’s strong will to marry him is the evidence of Life Force. He accepts to marry her in order to give birth to the better generation that is the Superman type.

Tanner’s next philosophical view which reveals the idea of Superman is about the procreation of better generation. Tanner’s cynically criticism about society shows in his dislike of the unimproved society. This criticism is a kind of hatred of mass mediocrity. The society, according to Tanner, takes mass morality so it does not allow to the procreation of better generation.

What Tanner means about the better generation is a type of Superman peoples. As defines by Kaufmann (1956:103-111) the origin word of Superman is

Ubermensch. The word ‘Mensch’ includes women as well as men. The meaning of Superman is used as singular but that is not only applied to individual. It refers to the higher type of people who create their own values. Related to the higher type of people as Nietzsche meant, socialism will be raised as the solution of undeveloped religious society.

Tanner as the representation of individual Superman reveals the idea of

Superman society. The English society in which Tanner lives is a mass mediocrity. That society only produces common peoples. So, the goal of the humankind has not reached yet. Related with Theory of superman, the goal of the humankind is not the elevation of the whole mankind but only the development of the finer and stronger individuals.

The emphasizing point of Tanner’s view is that he implies the Superman generation is a kind of socialistic society. He indirectly states that the English society in that time refers to mass, mediocrity, slave morality, and obsolete peoples. He reveals that the new better and higher generation is the socialists. The

Superman people in his mind are a socialistic society who will be procreated soon.

It can be concluded that the Superman type is the socialist society.

TANNER. Are you all Socialists here, may I ask? MENDOZA. [repudiating this humiliating misconception] Oh no, no, no: nothing of the kind, I assure you. We naturally have modern views as to the justice of the existing distribution of wealth: otherwise we should lose our self-respect. But nothing that you could take exception to, except two or three faddists. TANNER. I had no intention of suggesting anything discreditable. In fact, I am a bit of a Socialist myself (Act III: p.124).

Then, the last view of John Tanner which strengthens the idea of Superman in the story is his view about the role of women. Tanner gives strong emphasizing value to women as the agents of Superman procreation. Women have the important role to give birth to the Superman. This role is a natural process. As described above, the type of Superman as individual and socialistic will bear. So, women have their significance to the born of the Superman.

In the process of the Superman procreation, women take men as their instruments to give birth to the Superman. This view tries to reveal that women are shown as strong creatures. John Tanner states this view with his appreciation of the characters of Ann Whitefield and Violet Robinson.

Tanner appreciates Violet’s pregnancy as a process to fulfil the highest purpose and greatest function as a woman. Woman is not only considered as ordinary creature but a creature who has impulse to create a better generation, as

he says that ‘vitality in a woman is a blind fury of creation’ (Act I:p.64). He also adds that women "have a purpose which is not their own purpose, but that of the whole universe, a man is nothing to them but an instrument of that purpose”.

TANNER. …….They accuse us of treating them as a mere means to our pleasure; but how can so feeble and transient a folly as a man's selfish pleasure enslave a woman as the whole purpose of Nature embodied in a woman can enslave a man? (Act I:p. 65)

Furthermore, he implies the power of women in the context of his relationship to Ann Whitefield. While Nietzsche states his idea that a person, who is Superman like, will be able to make better generation, Tanner states that the women are the heroines. The women, as represented by Ann Whitefield, are manifestation of the will to power. They play their role in the process of reproduction. In brief, the women has significant role to the materialization of the

Superman.

Then the last way of John Tanner to represent the idea of Superman lies on his attitude. His attitude makes implied revelation of the idea of Superman.

During the play, the most significance attitude of John Tanner is his decision to accept Ann’s offer to marry her. This is done as the last action in the play. So,

Tanner’s decision does mean something important.

Finally, Tanner is defeated. He is not able to reject the power of Life

Force. John Tanner tries to dodge the power of Life Force although he is very inspired with it. In fact, he is defeated. He has to marry Ann.

TANNER. [despairingly] Oh, you are witty: at the supreme moment the Life Force endows you with every quality. Well, I too can be a hypocrite. Your father's will appointed me your guardian, not your suitor. I shall be faithful to my trust.

ANN. [in low siren tones] He asked me who would I have as my guardian before he made that will. I chose you! TANNER. The will is yours then! The trap was laid from the beginning. ANN. [concentrating all her magic] From the beginning from our childhood--for both of us--by the Life Force (Act IV:p. 218).

Will to power as a life force which generates humankind is an absolute truth in the concept of Superman. As an individual Superman, Life Force which signifies the will to power is a compulsion. John Tanner’s case points out that without Life Force, the Superman type can not be procreated. Will to power as the

Life Force which generates humankind is an absolute truth in the concept of

Superman. As an individual Superman, Life Force is a compulsion. John Tanner’s decision points out that without the Life Force, the Superman type can not be procreated. According to Nietzsche as told by Edwards (1967:510-511) the one characteristics of the Superman is will to power. An individual Superman is a person who has will to power as his life force.

Tanner’s decision to marry Ann is a resolution. His decision implies a resolute action to justify the power of the Life Force as one absolute factor of the

Superman procreation. Indirectly, he justifies the factor of the Superman procreation; the inevitability of marriage as the victory of the Life Force. Durant

(1954:425) defines that the purpose of marriage is a development in order to strengthen the improvement of the type.

Tanner’s acceptation of marriage shows that the idea of Superman is not only pointing on individual characteristics but a concept of higher generation. In wider perspective, the Superman is a higher society who creates its own values.

The members of superman society have higher values because they born from the

higher individuals. As a society that has superior members, there is an obligation to keep the purity of the members. That is why the best should marry the best.

This Tanner’s last action also signifies an individual Superman attitude to face the realities. The figure of Superman inside the character of John Tanner does not face the reality in pessimism. He is able to face the reality in joy. This attitude refers to the yes-saying attitude of life as the inner strength of Superman in

Nietzsche’s theory.

John Tanner does not one hundred percents depicts the characteristics of

Superman. John Tanner is only a representation. As a fictional character, he represents half common characteristics of Don Juan which relates to the characteristics of individual Superman. In order to find out the fully depiction of the idea of Superman, the character of John Tanner should be interpreted because as a representation of Don Juan character, he is not really similar to common Don

Juan. Another half characteristics of John Tanner is George Bernard Shaw’s propaganda of socialism in a form of the idea of Superman.

Lastly, the writer will conclude the significance of John Tanner in revealing the idea of Superman. Obviously, John Tanner represents the common

Don Juan character. The character of Don Juan himself has become a universal figure. He conventionally symbolises some ideas. The character of Don Juan is used by the playwright because he has certain characteristics which are similar to the characteristics of Superman. As Nietzsche admired Julius Caesar and

Napoleon Bonaparte as figures who has will to power as their life force, George

Bernard Shaw as the playwright tries to depict the modern Don Juan character

through the character of John Tanner. The playwright has a tendency to make relevancy on the figure of Don Juan. So, he made an adaptation of Don Juan figure through the character of John Tanner.

2. Don Juan Tenorio

The significance of Don Juan Tenorio character is in his relation with the previous version of Don Juan story. As explained by George Bernard Shaw in the preface of Man and Superman, the story and characterization of Don Juan in this play is very influenced by the story of Don Juan by Mozart entitled Don

Giovanni. This influential relationship is intentionally depicted by playwright in order to make comparison, as seen in the stage direction;

One recognizes the Mozartian strain; and on this hint, and by the aid of certain sparkles of violet light in the pallor, the man's costume explains itself as that of a Spanish nobleman of the XV-XVI century.(Act III:p.132)

Mozart’s Don Giovanni depicts Don Juan is the same as the other versions. Don Juan is seen as a libertine; a half villain man who disobeys social norms. In fact he is a real womanizer. He makes many conquests which mean he has many women as his preys. Even, his servant counts all the women who have been pursued, included Dona Anna. Don Juan is also a murder. He kills Don

Gonzalo, Dona Anna’s father, in a duel. Later, the ghost of Don Gonzalo who transforms as a statue comes to invite him into a dinner. Unfortunately, the ghost of Don Gonzalo drags him down into the hell. Finally, Don Juan is punished in hell (Utterback, 1979:630).

The previous story versions of Don Juan which are represented by

Mozart’s Don Giovanni have certain implied meanings. These implied meanings are the social moral values. The common figure of Don Juan is always seen as a libertine. In moral point of view, libertarian symbolises the disregard of God. In social point of view, someone who disregards of God values should be punished.

The punishment itself is a concept of hell. This concept was influenced by the religion teaching, specifically Christian teaching, which defines that God will take the right people in heaven and the sinner will be overthrown in hell.

The story of Don Juan in hell inside Man and Superman wants to make a transvaluation of the previous moral concept. This transvaluation is seen in the distinction between heaven and hell. The universal conception explicates that heaven is a place of God and his followers or peoples who accepts moral values, while hell is the opposite of heaven. Hell, where the devil rules, is a place of sinners or peoples who disregard God. The scene of Don Juan Tenorio in hell inside the play Man and Superman gives a different interpretation. The hell is the place of the social morality followers. The peoples, who were good in the living world, are sent in hell. The example is Donna Ana. When she lived, she was a religious person, as told that she was a faithful daughter of the church (Act

III:p.133), but then after she died, hell is belong to her. The interesting point is that hell is the place of social morality. In other hand, heaven is the place of peoples who refuse the transcendent and they who have been the disregards of

God. This reversed concept is a transvaluation made by the playwright in order to

reveal the Idea of Superman. As described above, transvaluation is a one factor included in the Idea of Superman.

THE STATUE. [chuckling] I can tell you that, my dear. It's because heaven is the most angelically dull place in all creation: that's why. (Act III:p.145)

Don Juan in hell is the inner personality of John Tanner in real world. He represents the ideal self of John Tanner. Reviewing this character will recognised the basic mindset of John Tanner. Don Juan implies what John Tanner thinks about. This absurd character is the core of the John Tanner’s point of view. Then,

Don Juan also reveals the Idea of Superman. He plays as the spokesman of the

Idea of Superman.

The hell according to Don Juan is the representation of the real world. He states many negative concepts of hell as follows; a place of unreal; the home of happiness seeker; a place of static ideas, eternal pleasure, and endless idiocy; and a paradise of common people. His speeches obviously show that the characteristics of hell and heaven are turned upside down with the common point of view.

DON JUAN. My dear Ana, you are silly. Do you suppose heaven is like earth, where people persuade themselves that what is done can be undone by repentance; that what is spoken can be unspoken by withdrawing it; that what is true can be annihilated by a general agreement to give it the lie? No: heaven is the home of the masters of reality: that is why I am going thither. (Act III: p. 148)

Don Juan’s scepticism about the hell shows his transvaluation. What is considered as a good one is turned into a bad thing. Hell is a form of a mass mediocrity. What Don Juan considers as a good one is hell, as he says that heaven

is the home of the master of reality (act III,p.148). In brief, what are good are not in heaven and what are bad are not in hell. They are reversed.

This situation implied the idea of Superman opposes the idea of God. The idea of Superman as implied in the existence of Don Juan tells that the hope of mankind is not God but Superman. The existence of hell and heaven is not what people think as dictated in religious teaching.

Don Juan also reveals the other factor of Superman; that is the Life Force.

Don Juan does not define explicitly the will to power as the meaning of Life

Force. He emphasizes the meaning of the Life Force as creative power to produce the Superman. In other words, the energy that drives humankind to the great elevation is the will to power.

DON JUAN. … … so would I enjoy the contemplation of that which interests me above all things namely, Life: the force that ever strives to attain greater power of contemplating itself. What made this brain of mine, do you think? Not the need to move my limbs; for a rat with half my brains moves as well as I. Not merely the need to do, but the need to know what I do, lest in my blind efforts to live I should be slaying myself. (Act III: p. 149)

The figure of Superman as proclaimed by Nietzsche has will to power as his basic motive or Life Force. The will to power as the Life Force drives living things. The figure of individual Superman is a person who consciously aware of this force. All the Superman want is power.

Don Juan, who has a reputation as a libertine, releases himself from the common mindset. He is a character representing creative power. Don Juan behaves as the Life Force drives him, because it does not concern with mass morality. The Life Force is the will to power. It belongs to the persons who take

master morality. Don Juan himself is a figure who gets out from mass mediocrity.

He also proclaims that he is a ‘master’. What he means is that he is a person who takes master morality.

The Life Force influences Don Juan to transvaluate the old values which still exists. The values itself are the idea of God in Christian religion. He can create his new values. His new values can be concluded as the reverse of the Idea of God in Christianity. Using the theory of Superman, as stated by Copleston

(1954:395-397) this behaviour is a kind of radical atheism.

Don Juan in Man and Superman reveals atheism as Nietzsche’s idea of

Superman. Meanwhile, Don Juan as the representation of Superman reveals atheism in different way. The difference lies on the existence of heaven and hell.

Nietzsche’s values transvaluation can be defined as follows. The universe has been recurring, and will continue to recur in a same pattern. Later, the universe will be destroyed. Then, the same world configuration will return again eternally. Time is viewed as cyclical. It has no start or end. From this perspective, the God is not exited because there is no heaven or hell. There is no transcendent world which is belonging to the God. It is a radical atheism because the God has no role in the universe order.

DON JUAN. What of that? It is not death that matters, but the fear of death. It is not killing and dying that degrade us, but base living, and accepting the wages and profits of degradation. Better ten dead men than one live slave or his master. Men shall yet rise up, father against son and brother against brother, and kill one another for the great Catholic idea of abolishing slavery. (Act III: p.155)

Don Juan’s transvaluation is little bit different but it has the same content.

George Bernard Shaw, through the character of Don Juan in hell, depicts that

heaven and hell exist but their existence are not reward and punishment as the defined by the religious teaching. They represent moralities. People who follow heaven or hell are the representation of the society types. People in heaven are a society that takes master morality. Meanwhile, people in hell are a society that takes slave morality. In other words heaven symbolises the higher humankind and hell symbolises the mass mediocrity.

As stated above, hell and heaven are not punishment and reward. They are a kind of choice. Someone is able to leave it as Don Juan leaves hell and Don

Gonzalo leaves heaven. There is no strict distinction because God does not exist although the devil is existed. People in both places have conscious will to choose as what they like.

The people who choose heaven as his place have Dionysian characteristics. These characteristics belong to the Superman type. Those characteristics are revelry of ascending life, joy in action, ecstatic emotion and inspiration, instinct in adventure, and dauntless suffering. As Don Juan says the heaven is the place of Masters of Morality. This represents Nietzsche’s distinction about morality. Heaven represents Master morality which builds the characteristics of the Superman type. It will make the power of personalities in which energy, intellect, and pride are harmonised.

Hell is absolutely the reverse of heaven. The characteristics of hell are

Apollonian. Peace, leisure, aesthetic emotion, philosophic calm, and logical order serve are its characteristics. As opposed to heaven, hell is a place of mass morality. In theory of Superman, mass morality is mass mediocrity because its

effort is the elevation of the whole mankind not only the development of the stronger individuals as heaven. The hell is a place of common people. This situation is called slave morality.

This play is full of distinctions. The character of Don Juan himself is also represented by two characters; John Tanner and Don Juan Tenorio. Both of them share distribution on representing Don Juan. The Idea of Superman is an absurd idea which is difficult to define; George Bernard Shaw tries to explain in his own perspective. The distinction method enables the reader or audience to transvaluate values about what is good and bad. The unique Don Juan characterization in Man and Superman is in its distinction between the previous Don Juan character who is considered as conventional Don Juan, and the modern Don Juan as depicted in

Man and Superman. The readers and audience of Man and Superman can find out why the modern Don Juan transforms into passive while he always depicted active in sexual manner. Don Juan does not feel suffer in hell as a punishment. In Man and Superman, Don Juan shows his existence as the agent of the Life Force; a person who has will to power.

Don Juan’s decision to leave hell is his resolution. Many distinctions in the universe order show that there are many factors that will support and degrade the concept of Superman. His leaving shows his choice. It implies what is the right thing between that distinction, in particular the distinction of hell and heaven. He moves to heaven, the place of Masters of reality, as his action that the Superman society should be procreated. Don Juan’s action is similar to John Tanner’s

decision to marry Ann as his wife. It implies that the Superman will be not procreated in the way of thinking but it must be done with real actions.

Finally, the writer concludes the significances of Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman. Don Juan Tenorio is John Tanner’s ego. His figure in hell scene explains the basic motive of John Tanner in the real world. Don Juan is a personification of what John Tanner thinks in his mind. His existence also defines the core teaching about the idea of Superman according to Nietzsche’s concept.

Together with John Tanner, he plays the significant representations in revealing the idea of Superman.

Both of John Tanner and Don Juan Tenorio as the characters representing Don Juan figure are the materialization of Superman concept. The idea of Superman is an abstract idea. Nietzsche emerged the idea of Superman as a philosophical concept. Meanwhile, that idea has wider implication to the society. So, the depiction of modern Don Juan in characters of John Tanner and

Don Juan Tenorio will make the concept of Superman easily understandable. The readers or audience will able to understand the personalized idea of Superman in those two interesting characters.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this part, the writer concludes the discussion of the study entitled The

Significance of Characters Representing Don Juan in revealing the idea of

Superman seen in George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman. The conclusion of the study is drawn according to the analysis made in the previous chapter.

As argued by George Bernard Shaw in the Epistle Dedicatory of Man and

Superman, the story of Don Juan in Man and Superman is intended to retell the legendary character. Characters in George Bernard Shaw’s Man and Superman have a significant role. The characters are not merely plain characters but representations. As discussed in Analysis, the characters represent the theme.

Although the idea of Superman becomes the theme of this play, as revealed in the title of Man and Superman, there is an interesting value about the depiction of a unique figure, Don Juan who is depicted into two different characters. Don Juan himself is not a new fictitious character that is created by George Bernard Shaw.

Don Juan in Man and Superman is a character who refers to fictitious legendary character of Don Juan. This point gives a hypothesis that the characterization of

Don Juan figure inside Man and Superman has significances to reveal the idea of

Superman.

The main significance of the characters representing Don Juan is a representation of values. Both two characters of John Tanner and Don Juan

Tenorio represent Don Juan. The figure of Don Juan himself is a legendary

fictitious character. The name 'Don Juan' is used figuratively as a synonym for

'seducer' or 'womanizer'. Then, he becomes universal figure because his reputation developed by many literary works which depicted him. Don Juan was used by hundreds of authors, playwrights, song writers, poets etc as their character in their works. Furthermore the characters representing Don Juan in Man and Superman are not only representations of a universal figure of Don Juan. John Tanner and

Don Juan Tenorio represent the theme of the play, which is the idea of Superman.

As Barranger (1990:340) said about representation, character is a representational art because the existence of the character is to reveal the theme of the literary work. Through the work of Man and Superman, a figure of Don Juan is retold in particular point of view in order to reveal the idea of Superman. In brief, the characterization of Don Juan in Man and Superman represents characters who has certain values included in the idea of Superman. From this representation, the idea of Superman is revealed.

The common characteristics of Don Juan figure are used in order to be compared with the characteristics of individual Superman. The existence of Man and Superman’s figure of Don Juan, as represented by John Tanner and Don Juan

Tenorio, signify the core values of the idea of Superman. They are personalized ideas of Superman which can be evaluated from many aspects.

John Tanner’s characteristics signify the individual Superman characterization value. John Tanner, who is depicted as a young progressive thinker, is an embodiment of the Superman characteristics. His opposition to obsolete ideas and common society refers to the theory of Superman about

transvaluation. A Superman is a person who is able to transvaluate old values and creates his own new values.

Then the philosophical thinking of Don Juan Tenorio in hell signifies the core of Nietzsche’s teaching about the Superman. The idea of Superman is revealed through the speeches of Don Juan Tenorio. The character of Don Juan

Tenorio is obviously seen as the spokesman of the playwright about the idea of

Superman. Don Juan’s long speeches are like a teaching rather than a dialogue. He states many implied values. Actually, Don Juan teaches the values of Superman without stating the word ‘Superman’. From his speeches, the idea of Superman can be detected.

Both of John Tanner and Don Juan Tenorio share the distribution aspects in revealing the idea of Superman. John Tanner is a realistic side of an individual

Superman. He plays as a person who has Superman qualities in his personality.

Tanner shows how as a Superman type-person reacts in his daily life. In other hand, Don Juan Tenorio signifies the idealist side of an individual Superman. He is inner ego of John Tanner. His existence indirectly explains about what Tanner thinks.

Tanner and Juan together emphasize their duty on revealing the Idea of

Superman by stating that the Superman has not come yet. What they mean refers to the Superman society which is not created yet. It has an implied meaning that the socialism has not come yet while the meaning of the Superman society is a socialist society. Their last significant decisions are also their resolution that the

Superman is not procreated in the way of thinking, speeches, or attitude but in real action.

The idea of Superman is an abstract idea. Friederich Nietzsche wrote the idea of Superman as a philosophical concept. Meanwhile, that idea has wider implication to the society. The depiction of Don Juan in characters of John Tanner and Don Juan Tenorio will make the concept of Superman easily understandable.

Finally, their significance as characters that represent the same universal figure of

Don Juan in revealing the idea of Superman is their existence as personified idea.

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APPENDIX

SUMMARY OF THE PLAY

ACT I

The story takes time in the last years of the nineteenth century. Roebuck Ramsden is in his study room. He is enjoying his activity; reading the mail. Suddenly, Octavius Robinson comes. They have a conversation about the death of Ann Whitefield’s father. Octavius is very sad about Ann’s condition. Both of them have sympathetic feeling to Ann. The next topic to be discussed is about John Tanner, a friend of Octavius. It is shown that Ramsden does not like Tanner as he does not like his book entitled ‘A Revolutionist handbook’. Then, John Tanner comes. Tanner who is often called ‘Jack’ reveals that he and Ramsden have been appointed together as the guardians of Ann’s Whitefield. Tanner shows his protest about his appointment as a guardian of Ann Whitefield. Tanner and Ramsden involve in the debates, because they do not like each other. Octavius himself takes a neutral position because he has close relationship to both of them. Anna enters and gets involved into the conversation. She insists to take his father last wish to accept Tanner and Roebuck as her guardians. When Ann and Tanner make a conversation, it becomes obvious that Ann is in love with Tanner. It is also revealed by Ann that Violet Robinson, the sister of Octavius, is pregnant. Tanner is the only one person who give her sympathy because oh her pregnancy. Tanner congratulates Violet on following her own will rather than convention. As people assume she is not married but then, she reveals that she was married. Violet refuses to mention the name of her husband.

ACT II

The Act takes place in outside of Tanner’s house. Henry Straker, Tanner’s chauffeur is working on his employer’s car. After he fixed the car, Octavius comes and joins into their discussion. Then some of the characters from Act I appear. They want to make a journey using motor cars. The group is supposed to split up in two motor cars. Secretly, Ann forbids Rhoda, her sister, to ride with Tanner. She makes an arrangement to ride with Tanner. An American man named Hector Malone is introduced. He is very interested with Violet. Then it was clear that Hector is Violet’s husband. They keep secret their marriage because of some reasons related about their different background. Straker tells Tanner that Tanner is the goal of Ann’s pursuit. He warns Tanner that is not Octavius who will be Ann’s husband but Tanner. At once, Tanner realizes Ann’s will. He orders Straker to drive his car to make a journey around Europe in order to escape from Ann.

ACT III

This is set in the dessert of Spain. Tanner and Straker are capture by a group of pirates. The leader of the pirate, Mendoza congratulates them. The pirates do not rob them but takes Tanner and Straker in their discussion. They talk about socialism because they are socialists. Then, they get sleep. They have the same dream. The next scene starts. The characters of the dream are based the legend of Don Juan. The characters in the dream are similar with the characters in the previous plot. John Tanner becomes Don Juan Tenorio, Ann Whitefield as Donna Ana, Roebuck Ramsden as Don Gonzalo, and Mendoza as Lucifer, the devil. They have conversation interesting conversation in hell. Like John Tanner who always oppose everything, Don Juan Tenorio is also rebellious. He becomes the other character’s opponent in conversation. At the end of the dream, Don Juan goes to heaven; Don Gonzalo, who is performed as the statue, and Lucifer, the Devil, stay in hell; while Donna Ana is vanished. The scene is over when Tanner and Mendoza awake. They realize that they shared the dream but can not remember it. Soon, they are found by the police. Ramsden and Ann come. They meet together again. The police do not arrest the pirates because Tanner considers them as his guards.

ACT IV

The last act takes place in a Spanish town. The new character named Hector Malone reveals. It is obvious that there are two persons named Hector Malone. They are father and son. Mr. Malone sr. is an American born Irish rich man who wants to see his son marries English noble woman. Then, both of Mr. Malone have a conflict. Mr. Malone jr. refuses his father intervention. Cleverly, Violet persuades her father in law to provide an income for her and her husband. Ann Whitefield shows her willing to marry Tanner. He refuses Ann’s offer but lastly he accepts it. Finally, Tanner decision to marry Ann is a closing. The play ends.