Erwin Schulhoffs Flammen

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Erwin Schulhoffs Flammen Erwin Schulhoffs Flammen Die Genesis der Oper und einige analytische Betrachtungen Jirˇí David The reflection of Erwin Schulhoff (1894-1942) in secondary literature up to now consists of two major approaches: on the one hand he is perceived as a “Modemusiker” composing music influenced by jazz, dadaism and other avant-garde tendencies of the 1920s, on the other hand as a composer who reacted actively to the social situation and manifested his inclination to the left side of the political spectrum (this approach is based mainly on his compositions from the 1930s). Die Flammen is the only opera by Schulhoff who finished it at the turn of his two composing phases (completed in 1929, the premiere took place in 1932). Die Flammen stems from the context of musical drama between the two World Wars which is characterised by the loss of a clear canon of musical means. The libretto (created in 1922- 1924) corresponds with the expressionistic drama of the beginning of the 1920s including effects of dramatic alienation. Nevertheless, Schulhoff’s compositional style in this work is not in perfect accordance with the definition of musical expressionism. Unperiodical melodic ideas are covered by polyharmony and instrumentation with important timbre function. Schulhoff achieves this not only by the use of complicated harmonies, but also by the work with atonal intervallic structures and periodical lines which points out the constructivic features of his composing. Another analytical impulse represents the semantical work with jazz. In this opera jazz is not used as an element of renewal for European music like at the beginning of the 1920s. In context with the libretto, jazz appears in moments of dark passion, crime and negative power. We can conclude that this role of jazz in Die Flammen hints towards a changing attitude of the composer to the positive influence of jazz in European music and his later reserve to the use of jazz in important works (symphonies III-VI). Erwin Schulhoff ist für die tschechische bzw. für die mitteleuropäische Musikwissen- schaft kein Unbekannter. Die bisher erschienene, ihm gewidmete Literatur bietet jedoch, abhängig von der Zeit ihres Entstehens, ziemlich unterschiedliche Bilder seines Lebens und akzentuiert unterschiedliche Momente seines Schaffens, gleichgültig, ob es sich um wissenschaftliche Werke, Memoirenliteratur oder Journalistik handelt. Diese Tat- sache wäre an sich nicht ungewöhnlich, eine ähnliche Bandbreite ist auch bei vielen Musicologica Austriaca 28 (2009) 182 Jirˇí David anderen Persönlichkeiten nicht nur der musikalischen Welt zu finden und hängt mit der Veränderlichkeit der Forschungspräferenzen zusammen. Nur bei wenigen Komponisten begegnet man jedoch einem so mannigfaltigen, ja sogar widersprüchlichen Schaffen, das derart viele Impulse für verschiedene Interpretationen bietet, wie eben bei Schulhoff. Ohne nun die bereits ziemlich große Menge von glorifizierenden, wenn auch gut gemein- ten Artikeln vermehren zu wollen, muss man doch feststellen, dass die schöpferische Entwicklung Schulhoffs tatsächlich bemerkenswert ist. Viele Ereignisse, von denen men- schliche Schicksale in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts geformt wurden, haben hier den kompositorischen Werdegang eines Einzelnen beeinflusst. Am Beginn steht die Erfahrung seiner Prager jüdischen Herkunft und jene der noch an der Spätromantik orientierten Ausbildung an den Konservatorien in Deutschland; weiters die Erfahrung des Ersten Weltkrieges, der Ursache des „Todes des Ästheten“1 in der europäischen Kunst, was Schulhoff zur neuen Formulierung seiner künstlerischen Position im Geist des „Dadaismus“ und schließlich zu der des musikalischen enfant terrible geführt hat. Dieses Charakteristikum hat ihn dann wenigstens bis Ende der 1920er Jahre begleitet, als es in seiner Weltanschauung und auch in seiner Meinung bezüglich seines eigenen Schaffens zu einer tiefen inneren Wandlung gekommen ist, die sich in seinem Streben nach einer betont linksorientierten, sich an die breite Öffentlichkeit wendenden Kunst ausgedrückt hat.2 Von hier ausgehend kann man – vereinfacht gesagt – in der damaligen und auch in der späteren historischen Literatur zwei Seiten des Komponisten feststellen: Auf der einen steht Schulhoff als ein „Modemusiker“,3 der zuerst dadaistische Spielereien komponiert und dann eine bunte Stilpalette von Elementen der Jazz- und Tanzmusik bis zum Neoklassizissmus verwendet hat, auf der anderen der Schulhoff der Dritten bis Sechsten Symphonie (aus den Jahren 1935-41) und der Kantate Kommunistisches Manifest (1932).4 Obwohl dieses zwiespältige Bild Schulhoffs auf sachlichen Argumenten und seinen eigenen persönlichen Aussagen beruht, ist es trotzdem problematisch, wenn nicht irreführend. Den Verbindungslinien zwischen den verschiedenen Phasen seiner 1 So charakterisiert der tschechische Philosoph František Krejčí symbolisch und eher literarisch die durch den Krieg verursachte Neugestaltung der Werte in Bezug auf die Kunst. Siehe František Krejčí, Doba. Essaye z roku 1915 [Die Zeit. Essays aus dem Jahre 1915], Praha 1916, S. 36-56. 2 Diese Lebensetappe Schulhoffs behandelt ausführlich Josef Bek, Erwin Schulhoff. Leben und Werk (Verdrängte Musik, Bd. 8), Hamburg 1994. 3 Dieser Ausdruck wurde aus Erich Steinhard, „Modemusiker Erwin Schulhoff“, in: Der Auftakt 9 (1929), Nr. 3, S. 80f übernommen. Siehe auch ders., „Aus einem Prager Musikmilieu“, in: Mu- sikblätter des Anbruch 7 (1925), Nr. 5 (Sonderheft des Anbruch, Mai 1925, Musikfest in Prag), S. 259-262. Auch in zwei Sammelbänden aus Schulhoff gewidmeten Konferenzen der letzten Zeit wird dieses Bild Schulhoffs vermittelt: Gottfried Eberle (Hg.), Erwin Schulhoff – Die Referate des Kolloquiums in Köln am 7. Oktober 1992 (Verdrängte Musik, Bd. 5), Hamburg 1993; Tobias Widmaier, Peter Korfmacher (Hg.), „Zum Einschlafen gibt’s genügend Musiken“. Die Referate des Erwin Schulhoff-Kolloquiums in Düsseldorf im März 1994 (Verdrängte Musik, Bd. 11), Hamburg 1996. 4 So wird er vor allem in der von der dogmatischen linksorientierten Ideologie beeinflussten Nachkriegszeit geschildert, siehe z.B. Věra Stará (Hg.), Ervín Schulhoff. Vzpomínky, studie a dokumenty [E. Sch. Erinnerungen, Studien und Dokumente], Praha 1958. Weiters vgl. Oldřich Pukl, Konstanty, dominanty a varianty Schulhoffova skladebného stylu [Konstanten, Dominanten und Varianten im kompositorischen Stil Schulhoffs], Praha 1986. Erwin Schulhoffs Flammen 183 kompositorischen Entwicklung, die z.B. in seinem symphonischen oder kammermusika- lischen Schaffen zu finden sind, ist nämlich bisher nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt worden. Er hat sich diesen Gattungen in den verschiedenen Etappen seines Lebens immer wieder gewidmet, es erscheint also möglich, trotz der auffälligen Wandlung seiner Weltanschauung, ein Kontinuum seiner Ausdrucksmittel festzustellen.5 Die Oper Flammen (WV 93), der dieser Artikel gewidmet ist, nimmt in Schulhoffs Schaffen – im Vergleich mit seinen Symphonien und anderen Formen – einen besonderen Platz ein. Obwohl sich der Komponist öfter dem Schaffen für das Theater gewidmet hat, ist sie sein einziges Opernwerk geblieben. Falls wir die These eines Bruchs in seiner schöpferischen Natur als Tatsache ansehen wollen, so wäre diese Oper als eines der letzten Werke seiner „formalistischen“ Periode zu bezeichnen.6 Zugleich handelt es sich jedoch um ein Werk, das Schulhoff immer geschätzt hat; er hat auch dessen baldige Ab- setzung vom Spielplan und das rapide Schwinden der Chancen auf weitere Aufführungen sehr schwer ertragen. Die Oper Flammen ist eines seiner Werke, die eine längere Ent- stehungszeit benötigt haben und steht also gewissermaßen an der Grenze seiner beiden kompositorischen Phasen. Viele Merkmale in ihr nehmen bereits den späteren Abschied Schulhoffs von seiner bisherigen Auffassung von der musikalischen Moderne vorweg. Die Genesis der Oper und ihre Verwandlungen Im Herbst 1923 kehrte Erwin Schulhoff nach mehrjährigem Aufenthalt in Deutschland in die Tschechoslowakei zurück. Er hatte schon einige kompositorische Erfolge zu ver- zeichnen, die bereits erwähnte Erfahrung der Dada-Richtung hinter sich und war auch als ausübender Künstler gut bekannt.7 Die Rückkehr nach Prag brachte ihm trotzdem schwierige existenzielle Probleme, die ihn bis ans Ende seines Lebens begleitet und sein Schaffen markant beeinflusst haben. Um seinen Lebensunterhalt finanziell zu si- chern, hat er ständig verschiedene Konzertangebote angenommen und Konzertreisen unternommen, die für ihn eine sichere Einnahme bedeuteten, ihn jedoch immer wieder von den groß angelegten Werken abgelenkt und – da sie eine größere Chance auf Ver- öffentlichung boten – zum Komponieren von kleineren kammermusikalischen Formen gezwungen haben. So war es auch im Fall der Oper Flammen, an der er fast acht Jahre gearbeitet hat. Diese zeitliche Spannweite ist allerdings nicht nur auf seine Beschäftigung mit anderen Aufgaben zurückzuführen. 5 Josef Bek überbrückt diese zwei Schaffensperioden Schulhoffs mit dem Begriff Avantgarde, der jedoch zu vieldeutig bleibt, weil er die innovativen Impulse praktisch der gesamten Musikentwicklung der Zwi- schenkriegszeit umfasst. Siehe Josef Bek, Avantgarda. Ke genezi socialistického realismu v české hudbě [Die Avantgarde. Zur Genesis des sozialistischen Realismus in der tschechischen Musik], Praha 1984, S. 133-170. 6 Die Verwendung des Begriffs „Formalismus“ im Zusammenhang mit Schulhoff entnehmen wir zu unserem Erstaunen dem Artikel von Josef Stanislav, „Ervín Schulhoff“, in: ders. (Hg.), Stati a kri- tiky [Artikel und
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