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THE LICHENS of BRITISH COLUMBIA Illustrated Keys

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THE LICHENS of BRITISH COLUMBIA Illustrated Keys Special Report Series 8 THE LICHENS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Illustrated Keys Part 1 — Foliose and Squamulose Species Ministry of Forests Research Program 1 9 9 4 ISSN 0843-6452 The Lichens of British Columbia Illustrated Keys Part 1 — Foliose and Squamulose Species by Trevor Goward, Bruce McCune, and Del Meidinger (Illustrations by Trevor Goward) Ministry of Forests Research Program 1 9 9 4 AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS This report has been prepared for the Research Program, Ministry of Forests by: Trevor Goward Herbarium, Department of Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 Mailing Address: Edgewood Blue, Box 131 Clearwater, B.C. V0E 1N0 Bruce McCune Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Cordley Hall 2082 Oregon State University Corvallis, Oreg. 97331-2902 Del Meidinger B.C. Ministry of Forests 31 Bastion Square Victoria, B.C. V8W 3E7 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Goward, Trevor. The lichens of British Columbia, illustrated keys. Part 1, Foliose and Squamulose species. (Special report series, ISSN 0843-6452 ; 8) Includes bibliographical references: p. 181 ISBN 0-7726-2194-2 1. Lichens - British Columbia - Identification. 2. Lichens - British Columbia - Geographic distribution. I. McCune, Bruce. II. Meidinger, Dellis Vern, 1953- . III. British Columbia. Ministry of Forests. Research Branch. IV. Title. V. Series: Special report series (British Columbia. Ministry of Forests) ; 8. QK587.7.B7G68 1994 589.1'09711 C94-960252-3 © 1994 Province of British Columbia. 1996 Reprinted with corrections. Published by the Research Program Ministry of Forests 31 Bastion Square Victoria, B.C. V8W 3E7 Copies of this and other Ministry of Forests titles are available from Crown Publications Inc., 546 Yates Street, Victoria, B.C. V8W 1K8. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to several people for assistance with this project. Teuvo Ahti and Irwin Brodo kindly reviewed the entire text for accuracy, while several other lichenologists commented on individual genus accounts: Othmar Breuss (Catapyrenium), Gunnar Degelius (Collema), Theodore Esslinger (Melanelia, Neofuscelia, Physcia, Physconia and Phaeophyscia), Per Magnus Jørgensen (Leptogium, Pannaria and Parmeliella), Bruce Ryan (Rhizoplaca) and Einar Timdal (Hypocenomyce and Psora). Chiska Derr and students of the 1993 lichen class at Oregon State University also provided comments on an earlier draft of the keys. Teuvo Ahti, Brian Coppins, Theodore Esslinger, Bernard Goffinet, Thomas Nash, John Thomson, Einar Timdal, Tor Tønsberg and William Weber provided taxonomic opinion on various critical specimens. In addition: Olivia Lee, of the University of British Columbia, packaged, labelled, sorted and shipped thousands of lichen specimens to the senior author, and also cheerfully responded to his occasional requests for lichen literature; Helen Knight spent many hours helping to produce the dot maps; Irwin Brodo and Pak Yau Wong were gracious hosts at the National Museum of Natural Sciences (CANL); Robert Bringhurst, Irwin Brodo, Karen McKeown, Richard Hebda and Roger Rosentreter commented on earlier drafts of proposed common names; Linda Geiser (U.S. Forest Service) kindly made available various unpublished dot maps of the lichens of southeast Alaska; and Yorke Edwards and Andy MacKinnon provided funding through the Royal British Columbia Museum and B.C. Ministry of Forests, respectively, for the drawings that accompany the text. For their help in processing and proofreading the text, as well as bringing the maps and figures to camera-ready, we thank Heather Strongitharm, Susan Bannerman, Malcolm Martin, Hannah Nadel, Merton Palmer, Steve Smith, Paul Nystedt and Dave G. Butcher. Finally, this manual is fondly dedicated to Wilfred Schofield, of the University of British Columbia, whose continued support and friendship have directly and indirectly made it possible. Thanks Wilf! iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ iii INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Interpreting the Species Accounts ........................................................................................................... 2 Understanding Biogeoclimatic Zonation .................................................................................................. 5 Identifying Lichens ................................................................................................................................... 10 Making Use of Lichen Chemistry ............................................................................................................. 13 A Note on Common Names ..................................................................................................................... 14 KEYS TO GENERA OF FOLIOSE AND SQUAMULOSE LICHENS ....................................................................... 15 Making Use of the Keys ........................................................................................................................... 15 Key A: Lichen Growth Forms .................................................................................................................. 16 Key B: Nonstratified Foliose and Squamulose Lichen Genera of British Columbia ................................ 17 Key C: Stratified Squamulose Lichen Genera of British Columbia ......................................................... 18 Key D: Stratified Foliose Lichen Genera of British Columbia.................................................................. 22 KEYS TO SPECIES OF FOLIOSE AND SQUAMULOSE LICHENS, BY GENUS .................................................. 30 APPENDIX 1. Distribution maps of rare and infrequent foliose and squamulose lichens in British Columbia ....... 141 APPENDIX 2. Excluded species ............................................................................................................................ 163 GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 165 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................................... 169 INDEX .................................................................................................................................................................... 175 TABLES 1 Distributional units and their definition ............................................................................................................. 3 2 Summary information on the biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia .......................................................... 5 FIGURES 1 First- and second-order lichen floristic studies in British Columbia to 1992 ..................................................... 1 2 “Life zones” of British Columbia ....................................................................................................................... 4 3 Biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia ........................................................................................................ 9 4 Thallus: stratified/heteromerous ....................................................................................................................... 10 5 Thallus: nonstratified/homoiomerous .............................................................................................................. 10 6 Organs of attachment....................................................................................................................................... 11 7 Lichen growth forms ......................................................................................................................................... 12 8 Surface details ................................................................................................................................................. 12 9 Reproductive structures ................................................................................................................................... 13 v INTRODUCTION Approximately 1100 species of lichens have been reported to occur in British Columbia (B.C.). Although this figure may appear impressive, lichens are among the most poorly documented elements of the province’s macroscopic flora. Judging from the rate at which new species are being added to the lichen flora, it seems likely that hundreds of addi- tional lichens await discovery in this province. Moreover, our understanding of the frequency status of the vast majority of species remains dolefully incomplete. To date, comprehensive lichen studies have been conducted in only two regions of the province: the Queen Char- lotte Islands and southeast Vancouver Island. The macrolichen flora of Wells Gray Park is also reasonably well docu- mented. Most of the remainder of the province has received scant attention. Important collections have been made in the regions indicated in Figure 1, but most of these studies are unpublished and the specimens are now scattered in various herbaria. A major impediment to the study of lichens in British Columbia is the lack of comprehensive keys to the species. This manual helps to correct this situation by providing illustrated keys to all “leaf” and “scale” (foliose and squamulose) lichens known
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