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Opuscula Philolichenum, 6: 87-120. 2009

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Opuscula Philolichenum, 6: 87-120. 2009 Opuscula Philolichenum, 6: 87–120. 2009. Lichenicolous fungi and some lichens from the Holarctic 1 MIKHAIL P. ZHURBENKO ABSTRACT. – 102 species of lichenicolous fungi and 23 lichens are reported, mainly from the Russian Arctic. Four new taxa are described: Clypeococcum bisporum (on Cetraria and Flavocetraria), Echinodiscus kozhevnikovii (on Cetraria), Stigmidium hafellneri (on Flavocetraria) and Gypsoplaca macrophylla f. blastidiata. The following lichenicolous fungi are reported for the first time from North America: Monodictys fuliginosa, Stigmidium microcarpum and Trichosphaeria lichenum. The following lichenicolous fungi and lichens are reported as new to Asia: Arthonia almquistii, Arthophacopsis parmeliarum, Cercidospora lobothalliae, Clypeococcum placopsiphilum, Dactylospora cf. aeruginosa, D. frigida, Epicladonia sandstedei, Everniicola flexispora, Hypogymnia fistulosa, Lecanora luteovernalis, Lecanographa rinodinae, Lichenochora mediterraneae, Lichenopeltella peltigericola, Lichenopuccinia poeltii, Lichenosticta alcicornaria, Phoma cytospora, Polycoccum ventosicola, Roselliniopsis gelidaria, R. ventosa, Sclerococcum gelidarum, Scoliciosporum intrusum, Stigmidium croceae, S. mycobilimbiae, S. stygnospilum, S. superpositum, Taeniolella diederichiana, Thelocarpon impressellum and Zwackhiomyces macrosporus. Twenty-eight species are new to Russia, 15 new to the Arctic, five new to Mongolia and nine new to Alaska. Twenty lichen genera and 31 species are new hosts for various species of lichenicolous fungi. INTRODUCTION This paper deals chiefly with lichenicolous fungi of the Russian Arctic and thus continues the previous publications on the subject (mainly: Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996, Zhurbenko 2008a). The results of this study will be particularly helpful to those studying lichenicolous fungi of arctic regions that have been poorly explored and collected, such as North America, because many species likely have wide distributions reflecting the circumpolar distributions of their hosts. In addition to new and interesting reports of lichenicolous fungi data pertaining to some interesting lichen finds are also included. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lichenicolous fungi were specifically searched for on the following hosts: parmelioid and cetrarioid lichens, Arthrorhaphis, Baeomyces, Biatora, Brigantiaea, Bryocaulon, Bryodina, Bryonora, Bryoria, Buellia, Caloplaca, Candelariella, Catapyrenium, Dermatocarpon, Diploschistes, Fulgensia, Hypogymnia, Lecidoma, Lepraria, Lobaria, Lobothallia, Lopadium, Megaspora, Micarea, Mycobilimbia, Mycobilimbia, Nephroma, Ophioparma, Phaeorrhiza, Placopsis, Placynthium, Polyblastia, Protoblastenia, Protoparmelia, Psora, Solorina crocea, and Toninia. In total about 500 specimens of lichenicolous fungi and lichens were studied. Most of specimens are housed in LE, however additional specimens in the following herbaria were also examined: M, TUR, herb. Diederich and herb. Zhurbenko. The material was examined and photographed using Zeiss microscopes Stemi 2000–CS and Axio Imager A1 equipped with Nomarski differential interference contrast optics. Microscopical examination was done in water, 10 % KOH (K), phloxin (1% in water), lactophenol cotton blue (LCB), Melzer’s reagent 1 MIKHAIL P. ZHURBENKO – Lab. of the Systematics and Geography of Fungi, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov 2, St.-Petersburg, 197376, Russia. – e–mail: [email protected] 87 (MLZ), Lugol’s iodine, directly (I) or after a KOH pre–treatment (K/I), Brilliant Cresyl blue (BCr) or Congo red (CR) solutions. The length, breadth and length/breadth ratio (l/b) of asci and ascospores are given as: (min–){ X –SD}–{ X +SD}(–max), where min and max are the extreme values, X the arithmetic mean, and SD the corresponding standard deviation. Microscopical measurements were made in water, unless otherwise indicated. Sizes of asci were rounded to the nearest 1 μm, those of ascospores to the nearest 0.5 μm. Terms for simple plane shapes and colors mostly follow Stearn (1992: 539) and Petersen (1996), respectively. Authors of host lichens are omitted. CATALOGUE Abbreviations: ap. – apothecia, Is. – Island, M. Z. – M. Zhurbenko, Mt(s). – Mountain(s), Pen. – Peninsula, th. – thallus. Lichens are designated by “*”. 1. Abrothallus cladoniae R. Sant. & D. Hawksw. NOTES. – Apothecia convex to applanate, constricted at the base, sessile, dark sepia to blackish, epruinose, up to 0.25 mm diam. Epithecium olive–brown, K+ blue–green; hypothecium dark olive–brown. Ascospores pale to medium olive–brown, soleiform, 1–septate, constricted at the septum, easily disintegrating into 2 cells, (6–)6.5–8.5(–9) × 3–3.5(–4) µm (n=21), finely verruculose, overlapping biseriate in the ascus. Pathogenic effect not observed. The specimen slightly differs from the protologue of Abrothallus cladoniae (Hawksworth 1990), where its apothecia are said to often be shortly stipitate and densely green pruinose, hypothecium brown, ascospores 7–11 × 3–4.5 µm and the fungus is said to decolorize podetia of Cladonia (Hawksworth 1990). New to Alaska. SPECIMEN EXAMINED. – U.S.A. ALASKA.: Kobuk Valley Wilderness, 67°07’N, 159°03’W, alt. 50 m, Picea glauca forest, on Cladonia pyxidata (podetia), 8.viii.2000, M. Z. 00457 (LE 233620). 2. Abrothallus parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Arnold NOTES. – Abrothallus parmeliarum has often been considered to be restricted to Parmelia s. str. (e. g., see Hafellner 1998, Diederich 2003). However, according to Ave Suja (pers. comm.), this species has a wider host range. Ascospores of specimens on Parmelia are (12–)13–17(–19) × (5–)5.5–7(–8) μm (n= 61) and those on Asahinea are (13–)14.5–17(–20) × (4.5–)5.5–7(–8) μm (n=28). Asahinea is a new host genus for Abrothallus it is also the first report of a lichenicolous fungus on Asahinea. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. – RUSSIA. MURMANSK REGION: Tumannyi, 69°01’N, 35°48’E, alt. 150 m, sparse Betula forest, on Melanohalea septentrionalis (on galls induced by Phacopsis oxyspora), 19.viii.1997, M. Z. 97343:a (LE 233260:a); Kolvitsa, 67°05’N, 32°59’E, on boulder among meadow, on Parmelia saxatilis (th.), 12.viii.1975, A. Dombrovskaya (LE 233270). YAMAL PEN.: Neromayakha River, 70°10’N, 69°10’E, tundra, on P. omphalodes ssp. glacialis (th.), 16.vii.1990, O. Khitun (LE 233380). TAIMYR PEN.: Dikson Is., 73°30’N, 80°20’E, alt. 30 m, boulder field in tundra, on P. omphalodes ssp. glacialis (th.), 7.vii.1990, M. Z. 90368:b (LE 207697:b); Bol’shaya Bootankaga River, 74°17’N, 98°04’E, stony tundra, on Asahinea scholanderi (th.), 8.vii.1991, V. Kuvaev (LE 233021); S of Levinson–Lessing Lake, 74°24’N, 98°46’E, alt. 100 m, tundra, on A. scholanderi (th.), 29.vii.1995, M. Z. 95339 (LE 232972); S of Levinson–Lessing Lake, 74°24’N, 98°46’E, alt. 50 m, tundra, on P. sulcata (th.), 31.vii.1995, M. Z. 95351 (LE 233309); Bikada River, 74°50’N, 106°30’E, tundra, on P. omphalodes (th.), vii.1989, E. Pospelova (LE 233159). YAKUTIYA: Lena River delta, Cape Krest–Tumsa, 72°22’N, 126°42’E, alt. 50 m, tundra, on P. omphalodes (th.), 4.viii. 1998, M. Z. 98292 (LE 233239); Laptev Sea coast, Tiksi, 71°37’N, 128°51’E, alt. 100 m, tundra, on P. omphalodes (th.), 18.vii.1998, M. Z. 98293 (LE 233229). CHUKOTKA: Lavrentiya Bay, 65°35’N, 171°00’W, boulder field in tundra, on P. omphalodes (th.), 29.vii.1973, I. Makarova (LE 233269:a); Bezymyannoe Lake, 66°39’N, 176°40’E, stony tundra, on P. omphalodes (th.), 9.vii.1979, I. Makarova (LE 233179). ALTAI: Seminskii Pass, 51°05’N, 85°39’E, alt. 1350 m, coniferous forest, on P. sulcata (th.), 16.viii.2008, E. Popov (LE 247850). 3. Abrothallus prodiens (Harm.) Diederich & Hafellner NOTE. – Previously known in Siberia, and probably Asia, only from vicinities of Khanty–Mansiisk (Vainio 1928). 88 SPECIMEN EXAMINED. – RUSSIA. WESTERN SIBERIA: Verkhnii Taz Upland, Ratta River, 63°30’N, 83°55’E, alt. 100 m, Pinus forest, on Hypogymnia physodes (th.), 7.viii.1997, A. Dobrysh (LE 233167). 4. Arthonia almquistii Vain. NOTE. – Causes local discoloration of the host tissues. New to Asia. SPECIMEN EXAMINED. – RUSSIA. CHUKOTKA: Puoten Bay, 65°50’N, 170°30’W, stony tundra, on Amygdalaria panaeola (th.), 23.vii.1972, I. Makarova (LE 232861). 5. Arthonia cf. epiphyscia Nyl. NOTES. – Causes local discoloration of the host tissues. New to Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Both specimens on Phaeorrhiza sareptana var. sphaerocarpa (th., sometimes ap.). –RUSSIA. YAKUTIYA: junction of Indigirka and In’yali Rivers, 65°10’N, 143°10’E, alt. 450 m, steppe–like vegetation among Larix forest, 17.vi.1976, I. Makarova (LE 233202:a). CHUKOTKA: Enmyvaam River, 68°15’N, 166°03’E, tundra, 30.vi.1980, I. Makarova (LE 233232). 6. Arthonia excentrica Th. Fr. NOTES. – Sometimes induces gall–like swellings of the host thallus. All specimens in tundra on thalli of unidentified species of Lepraria, unless otherwise indicated. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. – MURMANSK REGION Barents Sea coast, Dal'nie Zelentsy, 69°07’N, 36°05’E, alt. 10 m, boulder field, on Lepraria neglecta group, 22.vii.1997, M. Z. 97348 (LE 233278); Shel’pino Bay of Barents Sea, 69°05’N, 36°12’E, alt. 10 m, coastal cliffs, 4.ix.1997, M. Z. 97350 (LE 233289); Barents Sea coast at Olenka River mouth, 69°02’N, 36°24’E, alt. 50 m, 6.ix.1997, M. Z. 97351 (LE 233268). TAIMYR PEN.: N of Levinson–Lessing Lake, 74°31’N, 98°36’E, alt. 200–300 m, 22.vii.1995, M. Z. 95364 (LE 233224); 24.vii.1995, M. Z. 95359 (LE 233307); 25.vii.1995, M. Z. 95358:b (LE 233257:b); S of Levinson–Lessing Lake, 74°24’N, 98°46’E, alt. 100–250 m, 28.vii. 1995, M. Z. 95363 (LE 233196); 29.vii.1995, M. Z. 95368 (LE 233187); 28.viii.1995, M. Z. 95362 (LE 233157), M. Z. 95367 (LE 233197); NW coast of Pyasino Lake, 70°00’N, 87°30’E, alt. 80 m, boulder field, on L. neglecta group, 24.vii.1983, M. Z. 83108 (LE 233318). YAKUTIYA: Lena River delta, Amerika–Khaya hill, 72°35’N, 126°18’E, alt. 50 m, 23.vii.1998, Yu. Cherkasova (LE 233327); 30.vii.1998, M. Z. 98295 (LE 233337); same delta, Cape Krest–Tumsa, 72°22’N, 126°42’E, alt.
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