Pablo Ocampo 1853–1925
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Separate Interests to National Agendas Hispanic-American Members of Congress in the Civil Rights Era, 1945–1977
Separate Interests to National Agendas hispanic-american members of congress in the civil rights era, 1945–1977 In June 1952 two long-running but often dissimilar paths of Hispanic-American congressional history converged, if only for a moment. At issue was the transformation of Puerto Rico from a colonial territory to a U.S. commonwealth. Under Puerto Rico’s proposed constitution, the island’s new government, the Estado Libre Asociado (Free Associated State or ELA), would be linked to the U.S. mainland by matters involving foreign affairs, but its authority to govern locally would be enhanced. Congress initially approved the concept, but quickly split over a constitutional human rights provision that had wide support among the Puerto Rican people. In the U.S. Senate, one faction sought to establish Congress’s ability to approve or reject amendments to the island’s constitution, essentially stripping Puerto Ricans of sovereignty.1 One such advocate bluntly argued that Congress essentially had the option to “give them a constitution or not give it to them.” Dennis Chavez of New Mexico, on the other hand—often that chamber’s lone proponent for boosting Hispanic civil rights—pushed back: “The Puerto Ricans did not ask us to take [their political rights]; we took them,” he said. In areas of the world where the U.S. was then working to contain the spread of communism, including in the Caribbean Basin, Chavez noted that America’s efforts would be aided by treating Puerto Ricans with more equanimity.2 Chavez’s intervention in the debate foreshadowed an important trend in this era—the increasing cooperation among advocates for Hispanic issues on a national scale. -
Teodoro R. Yangco 1861–1939
H former members 1900–1946 H Teodoro R. Yangco 1861–1939 RESIDENT COMMISSIONER 1917–1920 NACIONALISTA FROM THE PHILIPPINES nown as the “Rockefeller of the Philippines,” Ateneo de Manila University, one of the Philippines’ Teodoro Yangco, whose business acumen most prominent finishing schools. His father eventually and wealth made him the islands’ leading remarried to Victorina Obin, and from this union Teodoro Kphilanthropist, enjoyed a brief, symbolic term as a gained three step-siblings : Pacita, Luisa, and Luisito.2 Resident Commissioner in the U.S. Congress. Yangco Teodoro graduated from Ateneo de Manila University with followed in the tradition of Benito Legarda and Manuel a bachelor of arts degree in 1880. He enrolled in the law Earnshaw when he was selected as one of the islands’ two program at the University of Santo Tomas for one year, concurrent Resident Commissioners on a track reserved but his father encouraged him to pursue a commercial for leading industrialists and merchants. These men degree instead of law. Yangco studied business in Madrid tended to be gradualists on the independence question for a year but left disgusted. “Except for the fact that I was as opposed to their colleagues, who came from overtly entitled to a vacation,” he recalled, “my time was wasted. political backgrounds and tended to espouse the popular I learned little or nothing of value.” Yangco moved on to will of Filipinos who favored immediate autonomy. But Ealing College, a small school in West London, where he as a staunch ally of Manuel L. Quezon, who sometimes lived between 1882 and 1886.3 disagreed with his friend on tactics but not objectives, Upon returning to the Philippines in 1887, Yangco Yangco believed that, in the wake of the Jones Act, full worked for his father to learn the business from the ground freedom remained the central aspiration for Filipinos. -
The Conflict of Political and Economic Pressures in Philippine Economic
This dissertation has been Mic 61-2821 naicrofilmed exactly as received BRAZIL, Harold Edmund. THE CONFLICT OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC PRESSURES m PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1961 Political Science, public administration University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE CONFLICT OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC PRESSURES IN PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for tjie Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Harold Edmund Brazil, B, S., M. A» The Ohio S tate U niversity 1961 Approved by Adviser Co-Adviser Department of Political Science PREFACE The purpose of this study is to examine the National Economic Council of the Philippines as a focal point of the contemporary life of that nation. The claim is often made that the Republic of the Philippines, by reason of American tutelage, stands as the one nation in the Orient that has successfully established itself as an American-type democracy. The Philippines is confronted today by serious econcanic problems which may threaten the stability of the nation. From the point of view of purely economic considerations, Philippine national interests would seem to call for one line of policy to cope with these economic problems. Yet, time and again, the Philippine government has been forced by political considerations to foUcw some other line of policy which was patently undesirable from an economic point of view. The National Economic Council, a body of economic experts, has been organized for the purpose of form ulating economic p o licy and recommend ing what is economically most desirable for the nation. -
Quintin Paredes 1884–1973
H former members 1900–1946 H Quintin Paredes 1884–1973 RESIDENT COMMISSIONER 1935–1938 NACIONALISTA FROM THE PHILIPPINES s the first Resident Commissioner to represent eventually moved to Manila and studied law under the the Philippines after it became a commonwealth direction of another of his brothers, Isidro. He worked during of the United States, Quintin Paredes worked the day, studied at night, and after passing the bar exam, toA revise the economic relationship between his native Paredes briefly took a job with the Filipino government in archipelago and the mainland. Paredes championed Manila before moving to the private sector.4 Paredes married Philippine independence, constantly reminding policymakers Victoria Peralta, and the couple had 10 children.5 of his home’s history as a valuable and vital trading partner. In 1908 Paredes joined the solicitor general’s office In testimony before congressional committees and in in Manila as a prosecuting attorney and rapidly rose to speeches on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives, the solicitor general post in 1917. The very next year, Paredes countered common misconceptions about Filipinos Paredes accepted the job as attorney general, becoming and worked to place the islands on stable economic footing as the Philippines’ top lawyer. Within two years, he became they moved toward independence. secretary of justice in the cabinet of Governor General One of 10 children, Quintin Paredes was born in the Francis Burton Harrison, a former Member of the U.S. northwestern town of Bangued, in the Philippines’ Abra House of Representatives from New York. President Province, on September 9, 1884, to Juan Felix and Regina Woodrow Wilson nominated Paredes to serve as an Babila Paredes. -
Some North American Birds in Panama
422 J•w•, NorthAmerican Birds in Panama. I[AukJuly SOME NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS IN PANAMA. BY L. L. JEWEL, C. E. DUR•5'Gthe greater part of 1911 and up to September,1912, the author lived at Gatfin, Canal Zone, and nearly all Sundays and holidays (luring this period were spent in collectingand studying native birds. Naturally, many birds of the A. O. U. Check-List were observed, some resident in Panama and some transients or winter visitors. After July, 1911, records of the occurrence of suchhave beenkept as completelyas availabletime would allow. In many casesspecimens were taken as recorded.in the annotated list following. Gat fin is situated sevenmiles inland and directly south of Co16n, at the beginningof what are practically the first foot hills of the Isthmus. The coast-lineswings so far in just west of Co16n,how- ever, titat only three or four miles of low fiat land- some of it very marshy-- separatesGatfin from the bay. Indeed, salt water now comesup the old French canal, the East Diversion and the new American eanal, to the very door of Gatfin. The valley of the Rio Chagresis here about a mile and a half wide and is now, of course,filled acrossby the Gatfro locks,dam and spillway. This constructionwork has destroyedmuch cover,but on the other hand, the clearingsmade in and about the town of Gatfin and the partial filling of Gatfin lake have perhapsmade the locality more attractive to certain migrant birds from the north. To the south of Gatfin the ridgesdiverge rapidly with miles of the Black Swamp country stretchingbetween them and only a few thiekly grown knolls lessthan one hundred feet high scatteredhere and there. -
W.M. Adkins Account Books, 1909-1948
ADKINS, W. M. ACCOUNT BOOKS 1909-1948 Processed by: Harriet C. Owsley Archives & Manuscripts Unit Technical Services Section Date Completed: October 22, 1969 Accession Number: 1111 Location: I-H-1 INTRODUCTION The W. M. Adkins Account Books, 1909-1948, chronicle and reflect the operation of the general merchandise store of W. M. Adkins in Erin, Houston County, Tennessee. The collection was obtained through the agency of Miss Louise Davis, Children’s Museum, Nashville, Tennessee. The collection occupies 2.1 linear feet of shelf space and number 150 items and 12 volumes. There are no restrictions on the materials and single photocopies of unpublished writings may be made for purposes of scholarly or individual research. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE This collection of accounts and account books is for the general merchandise store of William M. Adkins in Erin, Tennessee, for the dates 1909-1948. It is composed of twelve volumes of account books and approximately 150 items. The volumes contain inventory lists, daily accounts of sales, and payments received in cash and produce. The account books reflect that the store carried a great variety of merchandise, examples of which range from hardware to groceries, dry-goods, ready-to-wear, wire and cheese. There are some bills, notes, and receipts that include accounts for the schooling of Hubert Fulton Adkins at the John Locke School which later became the Morton Elliott Junior College located at Elkton, Kentucky. Hubert graduated at the Morton Elliott Junior College in 1922. He attended, for a short time, Southwestern Presbyterian University, Clarksville, Tennessee. Some business and personal correspondence for the years 1915-1962 make up the remainder of the collection. -
Philippine Independence in U.S. History: a Car, Not a Train
Philippine Independence in U.S. History: A Car, Not a Train Daniel Immerwahr Northwestern University Pacific Historical Review, forthcoming August 2020 The Fourth of July, 1946, was an unusual Independence Day for the United States. On the one hand, it commemorated the thirteen colonies’ dec- laration of independence from the British Empire. But on the other, it was the day when the Philippines, the largest colony the United States had ever held, gained freedom from the U.S. Empire. In Manila, a specially stitched U.S. flag with one star from every Philippine province descended the flagpole. Up the same pole rose the Philippine flag, previously banned by colonial officials. “There were not many dry eyes in the crowd,” an observer noted.1 Independence was a significant turning point, and scholars of Philippine history have been particularly attentive to its character. Did it secure freedom or merely grant “independence without decolonisation,” as Alfred W. McCoy has put it?2 They have asked, too, about the consequences of independence for domestic politics. There are disagreements, but what no one debates is that independence was a major event, sending large waves crashing in all directions.3 In U.S. historiography, however, the events of 1946 have made hardly a ripple. Discussions of the loss of the country’s largest colony, containing ap- proximately 18 million people at the time, rarely feature in the broad narratives about the United States that synthesize the field’s findings. The relevant vol- ume in the comprehensive Penguin History -
The Development of the Philippine Foreign Service
The Development of the Philippine Foreign Service During the Revolutionary Period and the Filipino- American War (1896-1906): A Story of Struggle from the Formation of Diplomatic Contacts to the Philippine Republic Augusto V. de Viana University of Santo Tomas The Philippine foreign service traces its origin to the Katipunan in the early 1890s. Revolutionary leaders knew that the establishment of foreign contacts would be vital to the success of the objectives of the organization as it struggles toward the attainment of independence. This was proven when the Katipunan leaders tried to secure the support of Japanese and German governments for a projected revolution against Spain. Some patriotic Filipinos in Hong Kong composed of exiles also supported the Philippine Revolution.The organization of these exiled Filipinos eventually formed the nucleus of the Philippine Central Committee, which later became known as the Hong Kong Junta after General Emilio Aguinaldo arrived there in December 1897. After Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines in May 1898, he issued a decree reorganizing his government and creating four departments, one of which was the Department of Foreign Relations, Navy, and Commerce. This formed the basis of the foundation of the present Department of Foreign Affairs. Among the roles of this office was to seek recognition from foreign countries, acquire weapons and any other needs of the Philippine government, and continue lobbying for support from other countries. It likewise assigned emissaries equivalent to today’s ambassadors and monitored foreign reactions to the developments in the Philippines. The early diplomats, such as Felipe Agoncillo who was appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary of the revolutionary government, had their share of hardships as they had to make do with meager means. -
Legislative Branch
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH CONGRESS One Hundred and Ninth Congress, Second Session The Senate The Capitol, Washington, DC 20510 Phone, 202–224–3121. Internet, www.senate.gov. President of the Senate (Vice President of the DICK CHENEY United States) President pro tempore TED STEVENS Majority Leader BILL FRIST Minority Leader HARRY REID Secretary of the Senate EMILY REYNOLDS Sergeant at Arms BILL PICKLE Secretary for the Majority DAVID J. SCHIAPPA Secretary for the Minority MARTIN PAONE Chaplain BARRY BLACK The House of Representatives The Capitol, Washington, DC 20515 Phone, 202–225–3121. Internet, www.house.gov. The Speaker J. DENNIS HASTERT Clerk KAREN L. HAAS Sergeant at Arms WILSON L. LIVINGOOD Chief Administrative Officer JAMES M. EAGEN III Chaplain REV. DANIEL P. COUGHLIN The Congress of the United States was created by Article I, section 1, of the Constitution, adopted by the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787, providing that ‘‘All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.’’ The first Congress under the Constitution met on March 4, 1789, in the Federal Hall in New York City. The membership then consisted of 20 1 Senators and 59 Representatives. 1New York ratified the Constitution on July 26, 1788, but did not elect its Senators until July 15 and 16, 1789. North Carolina did not ratify the Constitution until November 21, 1789; Rhode Island ratified it on May 29, 1790. 25 VerDate Aug 04 2004 12:29 Jul 19, 2006 Jkt 206692 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\GOVMAN\206-692\206692.002 APPS10 PsN: 206692 VerDate Aug 042004 12:29 Jul19, 2006 Jkt206692 PO00000 Frm00036 Fmt6997 Sfmt6997 C:\GOVMAN\206-692\206692.002 APPS10 PsN: 20669 26 UNITED STATES SENATE THE VICE PRESIDENT U . -
English Literacy: Legal Sanction for Discrimination Arnold H
Notre Dame Law Review Volume 45 | Issue 1 Article 2 6-1-1971 English Literacy: Legal Sanction for Discrimination Arnold H. Leibowitz Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Arnold H. Leibowitz, English Literacy: Legal Sanction for Discrimination, 45 Notre Dame L. Rev. 7 (1969). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol45/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Law Review by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENGLISH LITERACY: LEGAL SANCTION FOR DISCRIMINATION Arnold H. Leibowitz* I. Introduction Recently the United States Supreme Court decided two cases which brought to the fore the complex question of the degree of political participation per- mitted non-English-speaking persons in the United States. The first, Katzenbach v. Morgan,' sustained the constitutionality of section 4(e) of the Voting Rights Act of 19652 - legislation which had invalidated state English literacy tests applied to individuals who had acquired a sixth grade education in American schools where English was not the language of instruction. The second, Cardona v. Power,' questioned, without deciding, the constitutionality of English literacy tests applied to a person literate in another language. These two cases discussed only one area of American public life - voting where participation is legally dependent upon knowledge of the English language. Similar statutory prescriptions are found elsewhere covering access to, or opera- tions of, schools, businesses, public offices, and various governmental operations. -
Trinity College Bulletin, July 1909
Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Trinity College Bulletins and Catalogues (1824 - Trinity Publications (Newspapers, Yearbooks, present) Catalogs, etc.) 1909 Trinity College Bulletin, July 1909 Trinity College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/bulletin Recommended Citation Trinity College, "Trinity College Bulletin, July 1909" (1909). Trinity College Bulletins and Catalogues (1824 - present). 22. https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/bulletin/22 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Trinity Publications (Newspapers, Yearbooks, Catalogs, etc.) at Trinity College Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Trinity College Bulletins and Catalogues (1824 - present) by an authorized administrator of Trinity College Digital Repository. TRINITY COLLEGE BULLETIN (NEW SERIES) VOLUME VI. NUMBER 3 ADMINISTRATIVE NUMBER HARTfORD, CONNECTICUT JULY, 1909 TRINITY COLLEGE BULLETIN Issued quarterly by the College. Entered January 1!, 1904, at Hartford, Conn., as second class matter, under the Act of Congress of July 16, 1894. The Bulletin includes in its issues: the College Catalogue, Reports of the Pr&ident, Treasurer, and Librarian; Announcements and Circulars of Information. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN OF TRINITY COLLEGE HARTFORD, CONN. JULY, 1909 The Reverend F . S. Luther, LL.D., President, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. Sir :-In accordance with Title XV., Section 3, of the Statutes, I beg to submit herewith the annual report of the work and progress of the College Library, and the · tenth which it has been my privilege to make. · No event of striking or unusual importance has marked the work of the year. Our activity has, as usual, been of a quiet, busy, effective nature, and largely and necessarily of a routine character. -
COLORADO STATE COLLEGE of EDUCATION Greeley, Colorado
COLORADO STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Greeley, Colorado t h e INDEPENDENCE o f t h e Ph i l i p p i n e s A Thesis in Partial Fulfillment of the of the Degree of Masters of Arts by Julian R. Betita Department of History and Political Science Division of Social Studies August 17, 1935 * * c . APPROVED JBTt HAJOR PROFESSOR ^ J h JS i cJttLAJUO-t*— ______ DIVISIOH (A/-* t (/ * £ ABSTRACT THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE PHILIPPINES Julian R* Betits 1. Problem The purpose of the study in this field is to deter mine the political status of the Philippine Islands under the sovereignty of the United States; to analyse the policy of the United States in regard to the independence of the Philippine Islands* and to find out what really is the desire of the Filipino people in regard to gaining their independence* The aims of this study are to give an account of the struggle for the independence of the Philippines by the Filipinos; to gather facts relating to the independence of the Philippines* and to organize these Tacts into a history of the independence of the Philippines* 2* Procedure The data for this study were obtained from the united States documentst Cl) The Congressional Records (2) The Senate Executive Documents C3) The House Executive Documents ^ (4) Books and Magazines Items were interpreted in accordance with the meaning of each unit of the data and the content of the problem 11 discussed in these documents* Personal letters were sent to Dr* Camilo Oslas* the Resident Philippine Commissioner at Washington, D* CT** in regard to some definite questions,.