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Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1995), 143–65 NOTES Introduction 1. On the formidable mythology of the Watergate experience, see Michael Schudson, The Power of News (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1995), 143–65. 2. Adam Gropkin, “Read All About It,” New Yorker, 12 December 1994, 84–102. Samuel Kernell, Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leader- ship, 2nd ed. (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1993), 55–64, 192–6. 3. Michael Baruch Grossman and Martha Joynt Kumar, Portraying the Presi- dent:The White House and the News Media (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), 19–28. See also Stephen Hess, The Government- Press Connection (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1984). 4. Kenneth T.Walsh, Feeding the Beast:The White House versus the Press (New York:Random House, 1996), 6–7. 5. Thomas E. Patterson,“Legitimate Beef:The Presidency and a Carnivorous Press,” Media Studies Journal 8 (No. 2, Spring 1994): 21–6. 6. See, among others, Robert Entman, Democracy without Citizens: Media and the Decay of American Politics (New York: Oxford, 1989), James Fallows, Breaking the News (New York: Pantheon, 1996), and Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York:Vintage, 1994). 7. Larry J. Sabato, Feeding Frenzy: How Attack Journalism Has Transformed Poli- tics (New York: Free Press, 1991) is credited with popularizing use of the phrase. 8. See, generally, John Anthony Maltese, Spin Control:The White House Office of Communications and the Management of Presidential News, 2nd ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994). 9. Jennifer Waber,“Secrecy and Control: Reporters Committee says Clinton Administration’s dealings with the press have become more antagonistic,” Editor and Publisher, 24 May 1997, 10–13, 33–4. 10. Sidney Blumenthal,“The Syndicated Presidency,” New Yorker, 5 April 1993, 42–7. 11. Patricia I. Dooley and Paul Grosswiler, “‘Turf Wars’: Journalists, New Media and the Struggle for Control of Political News,” Press/Politics 2 (No. 3, Summer 1997): 31–51. 168 MANAGING THE PRESS 12. James B. Lemert,“Adapting to Clinton and the New Media Reality,” Media Studies Journal 8 (No. 2, Spring 1994): 53–8. 13. On scandal coverage in the Clinton administration and the presidential re- sponse, see Howard Kurtz, Spin Cycle: Inside the Clinton Propaganda Machine (New York:Free Press, 1998). 14. David Domke, et al., “News Media, Candidates and Issues, and Public Opinion in the 1996 Presidential Campaign,” Journalism and Mass Com- munications Quarterly 74 (No. 4,Winter 1997): 718–37. 15. Schudson, The Power of News, 53–71. 16. The quotations are from Douglass Cater, The Fourth Branch of Government (New York:Vintage Books, 1959), 25. 17. The Federalist Papers, Clinton Rossiter, ed. (New York:Mentor, 1961), 517. 18. For overviews of the evolution of president-press relationship, see James E. Pollard, The Presidents and the Press (New York:Macmillan, 1947), and John Tebbel and Sarah Miles Watts, The Press and the Presidency (New York:Ox- ford University Press, 1985). 19. William David Sloan,“The Early Party Press:The Newspaper in American Politics, 1789–1812,” Journalism History 9 (1982): 19. On the details of gov- ernment patronage, see Culver H. Smith, The Press, Politics and Patronage: The American Government’s Use of Newspapers (Athens: University of Geor- gia Press, 1977). 20. The quotation is from Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism:A History of Newspapers in the United States through 140 Years: 1690–1940 (New York: Macmillan, 1949), 169. On the Jacksonian press, see Gerald J. Baldasty, “The Press and Politics in the Age of Jackson,” Journalism Monographs 89 (August 1984). 21. The citation is from Jeffrey Rutenbeck, “The Stagnation and Decline of Partisan Journalism in Late Nineteenth-Century America,” American Jour- nalism 10 (Nos. 1–2,Winter-Spring 1993): 38–60. 22. See generally, Carol Sue Humphrey, The Press of the Young Republic, 1783– 1833 (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1996). 23. For a recent overview of communications history research into this transition, see Timothy E. Cook, Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 20–60. Cook makes a useful distinction between direct govern- ment “sponsorship” of the press and indirect “subsidies,” such as lower postal rates. 24. For influential works that place the beginnings of this transition in the press to the 1830s and 1840s, see Michael Schudson, Discovering the News (New York:Basic Books, 1978), and Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981). 25. For a comprehensive overview, see Gerald J. Baldasty, The Commercializa- tion of News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992). NOTES 169 26. On the scholarly debate, see Michael Schudson,“Toward a Troubleshoot- ing Manual for Journalism History,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (No. 3,Autumn 1997): 463–76. 27. George Juergens, Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), 16, points out that Pulitzer seemed to overlook the possibility that reliance on advertisers also might restrict newspaper independence. 28. Jeffrey B. Rutenbeck,“Newspaper Trends in the 1870s: Proliferation, Pop- ularization, and Political Independence,” Journalism Quarterly 72 (Summer 1995): 361–75. Gerald J. Baldasty and Jeffrey Rutenbeck,“Money, Politics and Newspapers: The Business Environment of Press Partisanship in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Journalism History 13 (Summer-Autumn 1989): 60–9. 29. Michael E. McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics (New York:Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1986), 42–68. 30. McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics, 3–11. 31. Richard L. Kaplan, “The Economics and Politics of Nineteenth-Century Newspapers: The Search for Markets in Detroit, 1865–1900,” American Journalism 10 (Nos. 1–2,Winter-Spring 1993): 84–101. 32. Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 2–6. 33. William David Sloan and James D.Startt, eds., The Media in America:A His- tory, 3rd ed. (Northport,Ala:Vision Press, 1996), 210–13.Tebbel and Watts, The Press and the Presidency, 168–98. 34. Martha Joynt Kumar, “The White House Beat at the Century Mark,” Press/Politics 2 (No. 3, Summer 1997), 10–13, documents that presidential contact with the press in this period was more extensive than the isolation claimed by earlier scholars. 35. On the mythology of the Price anecdote, see Rodger Streitmatter, “William W.Price: First White House Correspondent and Emblem of an Era,” Journalism History 16 (Spring-Summer 1989): 32–41. 36. Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley (Lawrence, Kans.: Re- gents Press of Kansas, 1980), vii, argues that McKinley revitalized the of- fice to become the first modern president. 37. See George Juergens, News from the White House:The Presidential-Press Re- lationship in the Progressive Era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), and Robert C. Hilderbrand, Power and the People: Executive Manage- ment of Public Opinion in Foreign Affairs, 1897–1921 (Chapel Hill: Univer- sity of North Carolina Press, 1981). On World War I propaganda, see Stephen Vaughn, Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism and the Committee on Public Information (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980). 38. The quotation is from J. Frederick Essary, Covering Washington: Government Reflected to the Public in the Press (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927), 18. See 170 MANAGING THE PRESS also Essary, “Uncle Sam’s Ballyhoo Men,” American Mercury 23 (August 1931): 419–28. 39. For a formative work on this theme, see Elmer C. Cornwell Jr., Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979 [1965]). See also George Edwards III, The Public Presidency:The Pursuit of Pop- ular Support (New York:St. Martin’s Press, 1983), and Betty Houchen Win- field, FDR and the News Media (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990). 40. Jeffrey K.Tulis,“The Two Constitutional Presidencies,”in Michael Nelson, ed., The Presidency and the Political System, 3rd ed. (Washington,D.C.: Con- gressional Quarterly,1990), 85–115.Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Prince- ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987), 182, 186. Mary Stuckey,“The Rhetorical Presidency: A Nexus for Scholarship,” PRG Report 20 (No. 2, Fall 1997): 6–8. 41. See generally the works of Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1980). 42. On this aspect of progressivism, see Robert H.Wiebe, The Search for Order (New York:Hill and Wang, 1967). 43. Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1994), 2–3. 44. William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver,“1990s Presidential Poll,” Pres- idential Studies Quarterly 25 (Spring 1995): 375–7. Chapter 1. McKinley and the First White House Press Corps 1. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Imperial Presidency (Boston: Houghton Mif- flin Co., 1973), 82–90. 2. Hilderbrand, Power and the People, 3–4. 3. W.Dale Nelson, Who Speaks for the President? The White House Press Secre- tary from Cleveland to Clinton (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1998), argues that Cortelyou was the first modern press secretary. 4. See Richard V.Oulahan, unpublished memoirs,“Early Newspaper Experi- ences,” Chapter 2, Box 1, Richard V. Oulahan Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library. 5. Leonard D.White, The Republican Era: 1869–1901 (New York:Macmillan, 1958), 1–12. 6. Pollard, The Presidents and the Press, 541–5. 7. Ritchie, Press Gallery, 181–4. See also Ritchie, “‘The Loyalty of the Sen- ate’:Washington Correspondents in the Progressive Era,” Historian 50 (Au- gust 1989): 574–91. 8. Harold W.Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Poli- tics (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1988), 48. 9. Jean Folkerts and Dwight L.Teeter Jr., Voices of a Nation:A History of Mass Media in the United States, 3rd ed. (Boston:Allyn and Bacon, 1998), 246–7.
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