COLORADO STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Greeley, Colorado

t h e INDEPENDENCE o f t h e Ph i l i p p i n e s

A Thesis in Partial Fulfillment of the of the Degree of Masters of Arts

by Julian R. Betita

Department of History and Political Science Division of Social Studies August 17, 1935 *

* c .

APPROVED JBTt

HAJOR PROFESSOR ^ J h JS i cJttLAJUO-t*— ______

DIVISIOH (A/-* t (/ * £ ABSTRACT THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE Julian R* Betits

1. Problem The purpose of the study in this field is to deter­ mine the political status of the Philippine Islands under the sovereignty of the ; to analyse the policy of the United States in regard to the independence of the Philippine Islands* and to find out what really is the desire of the Filipino people in regard to gaining their independence* The aims of this study are to give an account of the struggle for the independence of the Philippines by the Filipinos; to gather facts relating to the independence of the Philippines* and to organize these Tacts into a history of the independence of the Philippines*

2* Procedure The data for this study were obtained from the united

States documentst

Cl) The Congressional Records (2) The Executive Documents C3) The House Executive Documents ^ (4) Books and Magazines Items were interpreted in accordance with the meaning of each unit of the data and the content of the problem 11

discussed in these documents* Personal letters were sent

to Dr* Camilo Oslas* the Resident Philippine Commissioner at Washington, D* CT** in regard to some definite questions,.

3t* Findings

This study has shown that there is a harmonious rela­

tion between the United States and the Philippines* Thera has been a policy on the part of the American government

to free rather than to retain the Philippines, but this policy gave no definite date as to when the Philippines should he given their independence* The Filipinos are ad- most unanimous in their demand for their independence*

4* Recommendations Further research is needed in this field: (1} To determine the real policy of the united States in regard to the independence of

the Philippine Islands* C&) To determine the political status of the Philippine Islands under the sovereignty of

the United States* There are materials available for further research in this field* These materials are the Congressional Records* the Senate Executive Documents and the House Eat— ecutive Documents* PREFACE

The writer wishes to express his gratitude and appreciation to Dr* 01 iTer M* Dickerson, head of the

History and Political Science DlTiston, and to Dr* Thomas Mahan for their kind suggestions, criticisms, and guidance in. the completion of this study* Ack­ nowledgment is also made to Mr* Albert Carter for his help in gathering these materials* To Dr* Frederick L* Whitney, Director of the Graduate School of Colorado State College of Education, the writer also acknowledges indebtedness* Tv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT I

PREFACE iil

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 Leaders; I Revolt of 1898 3 of 1898 € Policy of the United States 4 CHAPTER IT BACKGROUND OF THE INDEPENDENCE CT THE PHILIPPINES T The StruggleAgainst Spain T Reformers 8 The Pact of Biacnabat© 8 General Aguinald©*s Ret torn 9 The Philippine Republic of 1899 I© The Legislative IT The Executive II The Judiciary IE The Administration of the State IS frea&y ©F Paris in I6S® 14 CHAPTER III THE POLITICAL STATOR OF THE PHILIPPINES IT The Jones Act of 1914 SO United States Party PI atforms ZZ

OIAPTER IT TOE DESIRES OF THE FILIPINOS FOR INDEPENDENCE ST Leaders of the Present T i m 38 Capacity for Se If -Governs* an t 30 The Experience of the Filipinos in Government 38

CHAPTER T SENTIMENT AGAINST INDEPENDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES 421 Economic Factors 43 Internal Danger 41 International Danger 41 Alienation of Territory is Unconstitutional 48 w

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUE!*)

CHAPTER m i SENTIMENT IN FAVOR OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE UNITED STATER 50 Strategic Difficulties: 53 Moral and Ethical Sentiments 54

CHAPTER Eli THE ADVANTAGES CF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE 58

The Filipinos* Loirs for Liberty 58 Uncertainty of the Status of the Philippines 50 Uncertainty of Economic Conditions in the Philippines 62 American Investment and Commerce 64

CHAPTER VIII DISADVANTAGES OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE ST Disadvantages to the Philippine Isiazsis ST Disadvantages to America 69 CHAPTER IE CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENT T3

The of I90T T3 The Organic Act of 1909 T4 The Jonas Act of 1916 T4 The Tyding-McDuff e Act TT GCNCLUSIONS 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER I

introduction

The independence of the Philippines is one of the greatest problems of the Philippine Islands at well as a major problem for the United States* The greatest desire of the Filipino people is to be a free and independent people* They wanted, under any circumstances to manage their own governmental affairs* Their desire to be free was shown in their struggles against the Spanish rule in the Philippine Islands and also during the early period of the American occupation in the Islands* Leaders

One of the leaders of the early movement for the in­ dependence of the Philippine Islands was Dr* Jose Rlzal* He was educated in one of the Jesuit Colleges in Manila*

He continued his studies in Spain* Later he traveled in other European countries* While traveling in Europe he wrote two novels describing the social,po1itic&l, and economic conditions of the Philippine Islands* He also set forth ideas of reform* These books spread throughout the country and made him very popular among the Filipinos* His reform ideas and his movement for independence were also accepted by the people throughout the Islands* On z

the other hand his hooks made him an enemy of the Spanish government. Chi his return to the Philippine Islands he was arrested and in 189E, he was deported to Mindanao. Later he asked permission from the Spanish government to go to Cuba as a surgeon. He was permitted to go but the same year (1896) a great revolt occurred in , near

Manila* Dr. Jose Hisal wets taken to Manila and on Becem- her 30, 1896, he was convicted of treason and was shot by the Spanish officials. This act added to the national feeling of the Filipinos to drive out the Spaniards from the country and proclaim themselves an independent nation. Other able leaders of this period were Father Pflaez, Father Bures, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera* Mareelo H. del Pilar, Graclano Lopes Jalna, Imelio Aguinaldo, Apolinarlo Mabinl, and Andrea Bonefacia.* These leaders had orga­ nized fighting forces against the Spanish government under the command of General Emelin Aguinaldo. After a year of guerilla warfare, peace was signed in 1897 between the Filipino revoltionary leaders and Spaia.^ The treaty was called the Pact of Biacnahato. By this trashy Spain promised to pay General Aguinaldo the sum of $800,000 as an idemnity to the leaders of the revolution, to the widows,

— - . h . , Fernandez, The Philipplne Republic- pp. 9-10. gi m a . . p. 35. to the orphans, and to those who had lost their property during the disturbances** The Spanish government promised reforms by giving the Filipinos a part in the government* The leaders of the Filipinos agreed to live in exile* Revolt of 1896

When General Emelio Aguinaldo and his thirty associates arrived in Hongkong** only on*~half of the sum promised in the treaty was paid to them* so complaint was made about it*

The Spanish government said that the promise to surrender all arms was not fulfilled by the Filipinos, so the full amount was not paid* Mistrust between the two parties developed again* Bevolts had occurred in many * This time the tide of events was on the side of the Fili­ pinos who proclaimed themselves champions of the common cause* Filipino liberty and freedom*

General Emelio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippine Islands and began his operations against the Spanish forces*2 He was nearly successful in capturing all the provinces except the city of Manila which remained under the control of the Spaniards* With the help of Admiral Dewey who was sent by the United States government to destroy the Spanisli fleet at the harbor of Manila, Aguinaldo was able to defeat

Record* 71 Gong*, 3 Sess*, Vol* 74, pt* IV* 38S2E Z, 2 ssional Record. 71 Cong** Z Seas** Vol* 7E, pt* VIII 841 4

the Spanish forces at Manila-

On January 2 1 1 8 9 9 p Aguinaldo with his revolutionary

leaders established a government which he asked foreign

powers to recognise- His group amid popular enthusiasm framed a republican constitution at - He convened a congress and appointed a cabinet- Treaty of Peer is of 1890

The result of the war between the United States and Spain in regard to Cuba was a surprise to the Filipinos*. The treaty of Paris ceded the Philippines to the United States and the United States in return paid $2G*GQQrOOQ to Spain-1 The Filipinos protested strongly against this act* but their protests were of no importance- This misunder­ standing led the two countries to war- The war lasted for nearly three years- Peace was restored and the American government began to formulate her policy in regard to the

Philippine Islanda- Policy of the United States

President McKinley at the inception of the American occupation of the Philippines announced the American policy toward the Philippines in these words::

T Senate Executive Documents, 5T Cong-, 1 Sess-, XXVI (Serial

454517 " \ 5

*The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to develop, to educate, to civilise, to train,them in the science of self-government* This is the path of duty which we must follow or be recreant to a mighty trust committed to us** In 1899* President McKinley sent the first and he expressed the hope that the members would be received by the Filipinos as representatives of a liberating rather than a conquering nation* In 1900, President Me&inley sent the second Philippine Commission to which he gave the following instructions:

*Tn all the forms of government and administrative provisions which they are authorised to prescribe* the commission should bear in mind that the government which they are establishing is designed not for our satisfaction or for the expressions of our theoretical views, but for the happiness of the Filipinos; the measures adapted should be made to conform to their customs, to their habits, even to their prejudices to the fullest of just and effective government*^ Many congressional acts were passed by the to satisfy the desires of the Filipinos to be a free

and independent nation* The Organic Act of 1902: was passed* It provided for the creation of a Philippine legislative

assembly to be elected by the Filipino people* In 1909* the Payne-Aldrich Act was passed* It provided for free trade

between the two countries*

I ^ Congressional Record* AT Cong** I Seas** To I* AS* pt* Til* S35iT Z House Report* 68 Cong** I Sees*, He* TG9* 1-1T* a

The Jones Act of 1916r authorised the Filipinos to manage their own governmental affairs with little inter­ ference from the American government*

The Filipinos are fighting hard on this act* They are insisting that the form of government promised in the preamble of that act is already established In the Philip­ pines and that independence should be granted to them,, absolute and complete*

\ T

CHAPTER II

BACKGROUND OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Struggles Against Spain.

For almost four centuries the Philippines were the scene of great oppression and tyranny* This was because the Spanish officials were selfish and corrupt*1 They

were intere&ted only in their self aggrand isement and not in the welfare of the Filipinos* The people of the Philip­ pines obviously complained against this kind of rule* The

first criticism was leveled at the Gtatholie friars who acquired vast estates* Priests were in control of the local government and many of them were accused of Immoral­ ity*^ The second criticism was directed at the government* Although the people were taxed so heavily, they had no voice in the government* The people* therefore, reacted

to this situation by refusing to cooperate with the gov­ ernment, in any way* Various uprisings and revolts occunsd* Later the Filipinos were given seats in the Spanish aortas but It was too late*3

^Congressional Record* VI ea>ng*r I Sees** Vol* 7Z, pt* II* 1^5o—1V5T* pt. VIII, 84X0- 3IMd» 8

Reformers The movement that culminated in temporary indepen­ dence began as early as 1878* Uprisings and revolts had oceuned in every island of the Philippine Islands*^-

The greatest reform leader of this period was Dr*

Jose Rizal* Dr* Jose Rizal wets educated in one of the

Philippine colleges* Re continued his studies in Spainr and he traveled much in other countries of Europe* While he was traveling in those countries, he wrote two novels* The first novel was entitled Nole Me Tangere* The second novel was called El Fil idusterismo* In these books he set forth the ideas of reforms* Dr* Rizalts novels were cir­ culated throughout the Philippines and his reform ideas were accepted by the Filipinos but he made himself an enemy of the Spanish government* In 1896 Don Steelio Aguinaldo and other leaders organized a fighting force against Spain* This uprising of 1896 resulted in the execution of Dr* Jose Rizal* His death made him a national hero of the Philippines* The Filipinos had fought bravely and courageously but they were defeated again*

The Pact of Biacnabato

At the conclusion of this revolt the treaty o t peace

^P* Tireat, The Far East, pp* 840~84£* was signed between the revolutionary leaders and Primo de Rivera* a Spanish official* The treaty was called the Pact of Biacnabato-* It was signed in 1896* The pro­ visions are:

I* General Emeli© Aguinaldo and the thirty leaders undertook to leave the Philippines and not to return until so authorised by the Spanish government*. 2* The Spanish government agreed to pay the rebels the sum of |SOO*OO0» 3* The rebels promised to deliver up their arms

and munitions of all kinds to the Spanish government* 4* Both sides agreed to conclude an armistice for three years for the applications and develop­ ment of the reforms in the different parts of" the Islands*^

General Aguinaldo *a Retorts

The uneasiness and the bad treatment by the Span lards during the Spanish rule was not adequately reformed* Wien the Hlspano-American war was declared* the Filipinos saw

^Congressional Record* 71 Cong** 3 Sees** Yol* 74, pt* IV* 3862* ^Ibid*

THE UDEARY COLORADO STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GREELEY, COLORADO 1 G

an opportunity to realize: their national aspiration* Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and began his operations against Spain*1- General Aguinaldo and other

leaders were able to defeat the Spanish forces in every­ one of the Islands except the city of Manila* With the

help of the American forces they were able to capture the city of Manila*

On January 81, 1899* at Malolos General Aguinaldo with the help of other revolutionary leaders was able to establish the Philippine Republic*

The Philippine Republic of 1099 The Filipinos had already in mind the kind of govern­ ment they were going to have in case they became a free and independent people* While the rebellion was going on against Spain, the Filipinos were busy framing their con­ stitution. The Filipino representatlvea assembled at

Matlolos in the of Bulacan* The constitution like the preamble of the constitution of the United States had provisions which provided for a common defense, promoted the general welfare* established justice and insured the benefits of liberty among the people*

1 Congressional Record. 71 Gong** Z Sess** Wol* 72, pt* Till* 84TT7 2Ibid., pt. II, 175?- II

This newly promulgated instrument proclaimed that the political association of all Filipinos constituted a nation* called the Philippine Republic, the sovereignty of which resided exclusively in the people* It defined the govern­ ment of the Republic, which was declared free and indepen­ dent as one that should he popular * representative, alter­ native* and responsive* that the powers should he exercised by three distinct branches called the legislative* the executive and the judicial*

The Legislative The provided for was unicameral and was: called the assembly of the representatives* The members were to be elected for four years* They were elected to represent the whole nation, and not exclusively the locality which chose them* They were to be exempted from prosecution or molestation for opinions expressed or votes cast in the performance of their work, and from imprisonment, detention or apprehension unless authorised by the assembly* The assembly which the President of the Republic was to convoke yearly waa to hold sessions of three months, but it could meet also at other times for the performance of certain functions or when summoned to meet in extra sessions*

The Executive The executive power was vested in the President of the Republic. He was to he elected for a term of four years

and be eligible for re-election* The powers of the execu­ tive were r

To supervise and insure the execution of the law; to command the army and navy; to direct the diplomatic and commercial relations with other countries* and with the previous consent of the assembly; t© declare war and approve treaties; to appoint members of the council; and to grant pardons* Moreover, he had the right with the concurrence of a majority of representatives to dissolve the assembly* hut in such a case he was directed to order a new election within three months; also to initiate legislation* and to approve all legislative measures or reject them through a suspensive veto* The Judiciary

"The judicial power was vested in a and other courts prescribed by law* The supreme court was headed by the Chief Justice who, like the Attorney General* was to he chosen by the assembly with the concurrence of the President of the Republic and the Council of the Government* The organization and memberships of the court were to he governed by special laws* There was to be only one system of law for all citizens throughout the Republic*"*

^L* Fernandez* op* cit** pp* 143-147* IS

The M m ini s tr at ion of the State It was the duty of the government to present to the

assembly a budget of income and expenses, setting forth the alteration made in those of the preceding year and inclosing

the balance of the last fiscal year in accordance with the law* This ought to he done every year* This budget should be presented to the assembly within ten days following its convening**

The government could not borrow money or dispose of any property of the state unless authorized by law* The public debt which was contracted by the government of the Republic

in accordance with the constitution was under the special guaranty of the nation* All laws relating to income, public expenditures or public credit were considered as a part of the budget and published as such* The representative assem­ bly should fix each year, at the request of the President of the Republic, the military forces of land and sea* No payments of any kind should be made except in accordance with the law of the budget or special lews in the form or under the responsibilities fixed thereby*^

The constitution was completed on the twenty-first day of January* 1899* This document was considered the first oriental constitution which set forth the principles that

^Senate Executive Document. 56 Cong., 1 Seas., XLTC (Serial M M } " ' 2m d . 14 sovereignty resided in the will of the people* The people of the Philippines were glad and conten­ ted, of course, to live in a free Republic of their own creation* This Republic lived for a short period*

Treaty of Paris in 189®

The treaty of Paris in 1898 ended the Spanish-American war* but the said treaty led to the Filipino-Amerlean guer­ illa warfare* The Filipinos were busy organising their own govern­ ment while negotiation was in progress in Paris between the

Spanish and American representatives* The Filipinos sent a representative to the conference but unfortunately he was not received as a representative of a nation* The America®: representatives were the sole negotiators on the peart of the Philippines; thus arose the misunderstanding between the Filipino leaders and the American forces at the city o t

M m ila* The Filipino Insurgent forces at Manila attacked the United States forces under General Otis and Rear Admiral ©ewey** The Filipinos were driven back with great loss* This was the beginning of a somewhat intermittent struggle of the Philippine insurgents against the authority of the United States in the Philippines*

1 Senate Executive Document» 56 Cong*, Z Sess*, II (Serial 4089)* The guerilla warfare lasted for nearly three years* and practically disappeared upon the capture of General Emelio Aguinaldo in the spring of 1901*1 The Treaty of Paris was ratified on January 6* 1899-

The previsions of the treaty in regard to the Philippines

are the following:

1* "Spain ceded to the Uhited States the archipelago

known as the Philippine Islands, and the comprehending

Islands lying within the following line: it line running from West to East along or near the twentieth parallel of

North latitude* In return the United States will pay to Spain the sum of f20*000*000.... «... &* "The United States will admit the Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippines on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United States* This privilege of admission will only last for ten yearfe* 3 * "Spain should evacuate the Philippine Islands* and the United States will sand back at her own expense the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war in the cap­

ture of Manila*

4* "Spain will upon the signature of the treaty release all prisoners of war and all persons detained or imprisoned for political offenses during the insurrection*

*H* Williafflr The Historians* History of the World* XXIII* 9093*. > 5* *Spain relinquished ell wharves, buildings*

barracks* ports* public highways and other Immovable pro­

perty to the tTnited States, but she should be allowed to establish offices In the ports or in any place In the Philippine Islands*.**

T Senate Executive Document* 55 Cong** 3 Sesa*.* I (Serial CHAPTER III

THE POLITICAL STATUS OF THE PHILIPPINES The American period in the Philippines began on August 13* 1898* This was the military government under General

Merritt* and It lasted until 1901*^ During these years*

1898—1901, peace was restored and the confidence of the people was regained upon the proclamations of the policies and pledges of the authorized American spokesmen* President McKinley announced the American policy toward the Philippine Islands* “Our concern is not for territory* nor trade* or empire for the people whose interests and destiny were put in our hands* No Imperial designs lurk In the American mind* They are alien to the American spirit* •The Philippines are ours* not to exploit but to develop, to civilis*, to educate, and to train them in the science of self-government* This is the path of duty which we must follow or be recreant to a mighty trust committed to us**2. In 1899* President McKinley sent over the first Philip­ pine Commission* and he expressed the hope that these members would be received by the Filipinos as a sign of m liberating rather than a conquering nation*

^Congressional Record* 71 Gong** Z Sess** Vol* 7Z, pt* II* IT5T* 2 House Rebort> 68 Gong*, 1 Sees** No* 709* 1-17* In 1900, President McKinley again sent the second Philippine Commission and he gave the following instruc­ tions :

•In all the forms of government and administra­ tive provisions which they are authorised to prescribe the commission should bear in mind that the government which they are establishing is designed not for our satisfactions nor for the expression of oir theoretical views* but for the happiness, peace* and prosperity of the people of the Philippine Islands; and the measure adopted should be made to conform to their customs, to their habits, and even to their prejudices* to the fullest extent consistent with the accom­ plishment of the indispensable requisites of just and effective government**1 Chief Justice Howard Taft* who was appointed by President McKinley as the chairman of the second Philip­ pine Commission and who became later the first civil governor in the Philippines:* saidt •'From the beginning to the end of the state papers which were circulated in these Islands as authori­ tative expressions of the executive* the motto was that *tfce Philippines is for the Filipinos* and that *the United States government is here for the Filipinos* for their benefit, for their eleva­ tion, and for their civilisation* **2 President in 1908, in his message to congress statedr

•Beal progress toward self-government is being made in the Philippine Islands** IS

President Wilson* In a message to the Filipino people delivered by Governor Harrison in 1913, said:

•STe regard ourselves as trustees anting not for the advantage of the United states tot for the people of the Philippines.' Every step we take will be taken with a view to ultimate indepen­ dence of the Islands as a preparation for that independence **1

President Wilson In his message to the United States

Congress in December, 1913* stated: •By their counsel and experience rather than by our own we shall learn how best to serve them and how soon it will be possible and wise to withdraw our supervision**2

President Harding in his reply to the Philippine Legislative Mission in 1923 said: •I can only commend the PhillipIne aspirations to independence and complete self-sovereignty* None in toerlea would wish yon without national aspir­ ation* Yoowould be unfitted for the solemn, duties of self-government without theau*^ President Coolidge, in his letter dated February 31* 1984, to Honorable Manuel Roxas, of the * and hrad of the Philippine Mission to the United States in 1934 wrote:

Record* 72 ©ang** 3 Sesat** Wol* 74, pt*¥I* 34331 ^W* Harm and G* Dombran, Current Problems in toerlean ais tPE3> P» I M * * Records 71 Cong** 3 Seas** Tol* 74* pt* ¥1*

a ST.Ul COLLEGE OF EDUCATION QftcUcY, COLORADO m

* It is not possible to believe that the American people would wish to continue their responsibility in regard to their sovereignty said administration in the Islands- It is not conceivable that they would desire merely because they possessed the power, to continue exercising any measure of authority over a people who could better govern themselves on a basis of complete Independence- If the time comes when it is apparent that independence would be batter Cor the Filipinos from the point of view of both domestic affairs and their status in the world, and if the time-comes that the Fill* pino people desire complete independence, it is not possible to doubt that the American government and people will gladly accord it-* Former Governor James Smith, one of the early civil

of the Philippines In 1911- saidr

*The evolution of a government bjr teerleans assisted by .Filipinos into a government of the Filipinos assisted by Americans and the education and preparation of the people for popular self- government, was the broad policy of President McKinley, of President Roosevelt, of (Governor Taft- of Governor iright- of Governor Ide, and of all their successors- It is the policy of today-*1

The Jones Act of 1916 If there had been any doubt as to the purpose of the United States toward the Philippines, the cer­ tainly (dispelled it- The title of the Jones Law is an act to declare the purpose of the people of the United

ngressional Record- 71 dong-- 3 Sess-, Vol- T4, pt- MI- 5624- ^ States as to the future political status of the Philippines- The preamble of the Jones las states: “Whereas It

was never the intention of the people of the United States in a war with Spain to sake a war of conquest or territorial

aggrandizement; and

“Whereas it is as it has always been the purpose of the people of the United States to withdraw their sovereignty over the Philippines and to recognise their independence as soon as a stable form of government can be established therein-*^

The Filipinos contended as they have always before and since the passage of the Jones lav on August 29, 1916- that they have succeeded in establishing a stable government -

For thirty-five years under the American occupation In the Philippines peace and order have been maintained- The

Filipinos are exercising all the functions of government with the exception of sovereignty- The Filipinos elect the Philippine Senate of twenty—two members- two of them being appointed to represent the non-Christian Filipinos*

They also elect eighty-six members of the house- nine members being appointed to represent the non-Christian

Filipinos- This legislative body called the bicameral

1 Congressional Record- 71 Cong-- 3 Sess-- Vol- 74, pt- II- 2111- ^ouse Report, 68 Cong-, I Sess-, No- 709, 1-15- legislature enacts the laws of the Philippines

tBalted States Party Platforms

Politics in the United States played a very important part in regard to the independence of the Philippines*

Politics possesses great power which influences the action of Congress In retaining or granting the independence of the Philippines*

The Democratic Party Platforms In 1900, the Democratic party announced its platform concerning the Philippines in the following words* *We condemn and denounce the Philippine policy of the present administration* It has involved the Republic in an

unnecessary war, sacrificed the lives of many of our noblest

sons, and placed the TBalted States, previously known and applauded throughout the world as the champion of freedom, in the false and un-American position of crushing with

military forces the efforts of our former allies to achieve liberty and self-government* The Filipinos cannot be

citizens without endangering our civilization; they cannot be subjects without imperiling our form of government; and as we are not willing to surrender our civilization nor to convert the Republic into an empire, we favor an immediate declaration of the nation** purpose to give the Filipinos, first, a stable government; second, independence; and. 25 third, protection from outside interference, such as has been given for nearly a century to the Republics of Cen­

tral and South America**3-

In 1904, the Democratic party had a section in its party platform dealing with the imperialistic movement of the Uhited States in the Orient* This section declared that the Democratic party favors the preservation of an open door policy for the world* s commerce in the Orient without unnecessary entanglement* The party insisted that the Filipinos should be given their freedom as has been accorded to Cuba*

The platform of 1908, of the same party declared its belief that the United States would declare her purpose to recognise the independence of the Philippine Islands as soon as a stable form of government could be established! such independence, thereafter to be guaranteed by the

United States, as the United States guarantees the inde­ pendence of Cuba, until the neutralisation of the Islands could be secured by treaty with other powers* In recog­ nising the independence of the Philippines the United States government should retain such land as should be

^Senate Executive Document, 65 Cong*, I sees*, XXI„ CSerial 6556}* ^ 341 considered necessary for coaling stations and naval bases- In I9ISr the Democratic party denounced the policy of imperialism and colonial exploitation in the Philippines or elsewhere-

In 1916,, the Democratic party indorsed the provisions of the bill recently passed by the House of Representatives further promoting self-government in the Philippines- This bill is what is called the Jones Act of 1816.,. giving the

Filipinos more powers In their government - In 1980, this party favored the granting of indepen­ dence without unnecessary delay to the people of the Philip- pines- In 1984, the Democratic party declared that the Fili­ pino people had succeeded in maintaining the stable government and had thus fulfilled the only condition laid down by Congress as prerequisite to the granting of inde­ pendence- The platform declared that It was now the sole duty of the United States to keep the promise to the Fili­ pinos by granting them immediate independence-*

Republican Party Platform;:

In 1900- the Republican party commended the adminis­ tration in its efforts to secure civil service for public

tr-*

Senate Executive Document. 63 Oong., I Seas., XXI (Serial 6536). service in the Philippines and that employment in the pub­ lic service in the territory or territories should be confined so far as practicable to the Filipinos* The party declared that the Filipinos should have the largest measure of self-government consistent with the welfare of the Filipinos*^

The People** Platform The People party platforms in I9QQ demanded the ces­ sation of the *war of extermination* by giving the Philip­ pines their independence» thus enabling the Filipinos to

establish a stable government of their own creation*

Silver Republican Platform The Silver Republican platform in 1900 believed in self-government for the Philippines:— a government by the consent of the governed— and was unalterably opposed to a government based upon force* As the people of the Philip­ pines could not be made citizens without endangering

American civilization the Philippines should be given their independence*^ In 1924 the Progressive party declared its point of view in regard to the independence of the Philippines^

^Senate Executive Document» 65 Gong*, 1 Sess»r XXI (Serial 653? K ^House Report* 68 Cong*, I Sess*, No* ?09, 1-12* "Resolved, that the party favors the immediate and complete independence of the Philippine Islands, in accordance with the pledges of official representatives of the American people-"*

*House Report» 68 Cong -, 1 Sess - r No - 709, 1-12,

COLORADO S7/:TC COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GREELEY, COLORADO 2 T

CHAPTER IV THE DESIRES OF THE FILIPINOS FOR INDEPENDENCE. There is, today, practically no division among the people of the Philippine Islands in their attitude toward independence* The greatest and highest hopes and desires of the Filipinos are to see their country a free aid in­ dependent nation* The spread of education throughout the

Philippines in recent years * an increased participation in public affairs,, wider and more intricate knowledge of the problem of government* and the valuable experiences gained through actual practice in a popular legislative assembly have not only contributed in preparing the Fili­ pinos for self-government but have quickened and intensi­ fied greatly their desire to beeomer a free and independent people**

Among the older leaders in the independence movement of the Philippines is Dr* Jose Rizal* the greatest hero* martyr, educator, author and social worker of the Philip­ pine Islands* It was his unselfish work that gave unity and strength to the Filipinos in their struggles against the Spanish tyranny* General Email© Aguinaldo* who commanded the Filipino forces against the Spanish and American forces who later

*House Document- 62 Cong*, 2 Seas*, No* 15, 3-4* became- the president of the short-lived Philippine Republic* was considered the greatest Filipino leader for independence of his time* Another early leader was Andres Bonifacio* the founder of the revolutionary society called whose sole

purpose was to resist the Spanish rule in the Philippine Islands-*

Apolinario Mabani* who was the secretary of Emelio Aguinaldo* was given credit for the formation of the

constitution of the Philippine Republic- Ghregario H- del

Pelar* one of the greatest generals of the Philippine forces* had defended bravely the Tila Pass, one of the

greatest battles in the history of the Philippines-

Leaders of the Present Time President Manuel Queson is unquestionably the outstand­ ing Filipino leader- He is unselfish and untiring in his devotion to the cause of the Philipplnes- At present he is the president of the insular senate. He has been in this position for many years- Since its inception he has been the head of the Philippine Indepen­ dence Mission to the United States. His name is connected with the Jones Organic Act of 1916-

*B- Harrison* The Corner-Stone of Philippine Independence. 2 B

I* Gabaldan and P* Guevara are Senior Resident Com­

missioners from the Philippines who are fighting hard for the independence of their people* Senator Clarin is one of the three Filipinos who has served continuously as legislator from the first opening of the * He is the chairman of the com­ mittee on finance* has been a member of various important committees* and at different times he acted as President pro tempore of the Insular Senate* He is a man of great

ability* and he understands the aspirations of his people* He has always presented them as being unitedly in favor of

Philippine independence* Senator Seri© Asmena was the speaker in the House of

Representatives for many years* He is largely responsible for the spread of American idealism in the Philippine Islands* During the early period of the American occupation he was chosen leader of the people* He was and still is conscious of the benefits resulting from the American and Filipino relationships* With his undaunted patriotism and broad­ mindedness, he was able to bring about an agreement with the Hnlted States concerning the present political status of the Philippines* Dr* C^melo Osias, political leader* author* educator, and social worker of the Philippines* is another present day leader- He was the first Filipino division superinten­ dent of schools- former member of the directorate of the bureau of education- He is President of the National

University at Manila, Philippine Islands- He mas elected junior resident commissioner from the Philippines to the United States Congress from March 4, 1929- to March 2,

1935- Mm Philippine Resident Commissioner in the United ♦ States Congress he labored unceasingly for the independence of the 15,000,000 Filipino people -

Capacity for Self-Government a- General Progress Are the Filipinos ready for self-government? Some

American statesmen doubt that the Filipinos are ready for aelf-goverEHBent- On the other hand, it is very clear that the Filipinos believe they are ready for self-government-* There is no question but that Filipinos have made progress in every governmental department- The last eight years, in which the Filipinos have been given a larger control of governmental affairs, there, has been a notable increase of the agencies of social and political progress* such as schools, reads, public buildings*

I Senate Executive Document- 63 Cong., 1 Sess-, D C CSerial 31

hospitals* etc* In 1913, when the Filipino people had even less share in the government than they have now, there were

enrolled in the public schools 460*05(1 pupils* In 1921 there were nearly a million students* In 1913* there were only 2*934 public schools! in 1920 there were 5*944 schools* In 1913* there were 2*171 kilometers first class roads In use; «?• '( In 1921, the figure had Increased to 4*698*8 kilometers* In

addition* 5*000 kilometers of second class roads wears In

use In 1921* In 1913 there were no dispensaries where the f poor could be given medical treatment; In 1921 there were & £ ever 800 dispensaries* In 1913* the appropriation for medl- F * eel aid to the poor people was A 1,545*3X2*25; In 1921 the

sum was #* 3*153 *< F- Social and economic progress has Increased greatly during: m this period* In 1913* there were hardly a do sen women ra clubs I r«~ In 1921 there were 342 In active work* The value of commerce | in the Philippines in 1913 was only fi 202*171*484; In 1920 i it Increased to ft 601*124*276* The area of land being culti­

vated In 1913 was 2*361*483 hectares; by 1920 the land under

cultivation had increased 38 per cent* i The present condition In the Philippines* even as I’ alleged In the Wbod-Forbes report, compared favorably with

House Executive Document * 67 Gong** 3 Sess** Ho* 511* 1-100* those existing In many nations whose right to national sovereignty is not ©pen to the least question-*

The extent the Filipino people have taken over govern­ mental responsibility is shown in the Filip Inlzat ion of

off leers in the army or constabulary- In 1914, there were

839 American officers and only ninety Filipino officers; in

1921, there were fourteen toerican officers and 362 Filipino i officers-

- toother striking example of the Filip In ization is to

be found In the Philippine Civil Service- Out of 9,386 J' ' ^•employees- in 1914 there were 3,143 Americans and 7,238 were ? Filipinos- In 1921, out of 13,854 employees in Civil Service there were 714 Americans and 13,280 Filipinos- At the ^present time only one to two per cent of all the officials

’ in the Philippines are American and the rest are Filipinos-1 f Y The Commission of Ide, which was sent to the Phil ip- & '-A found through the entire record of over twenty years positive facts demonstrating the Filipino capacity for

national independence and self-government- The Commission

if ©and a Filipino plan for general free education; improve­ ment in sanitation; a vast public works program; the

fostering of agriculture. Industries and commerce; banking facilities; improvement of ports, an efficient civil service

ass Executive Document. 67 Cong-, 3 and 4 Sess-, No- 511 »1Q- 33

examinations; an independent Judiciary department^ constant

development of self-government in the local and central

government; and the adaptation for free and. orderly exercise of popular suffrage*.

h* Orderly Elections

The insular,, provincial and municipal governments of the Philippine Islands rest on the free and peaceful suf­

frage of the people* The Filipinos elect members of the insular legislature, provincial governors, members of the

provincial board, municipal {residents, and members of the municipal councils*^ The people were interested in the elections* Every

election passed without any disturbance* There was always

a quiet acceptance by the minority party of the results of

the popular votes*^

It is admitted by the Wood—Forbes Mission, which was

sent to the Philippines* that order hasheen properly maintained* The insular police and the constabulary soldiers have proved to be dependable and thoroughly efficient* In general the Filipino people are orderly and law-abiding people* to the obligation for national life, the Wood-

*Houae Executive Document, 67 Gong** 3 and 4 Seas** Bfe» 511. I-1QG* ^ ~ SIbid» 34

Forbes Mission recognised that there were people in the government of the Philippines that would do erred it to any government in the world* The Mission found that the legis­ lative chambers are always conducted with dignity and decorum and are composed of representative men*

Another recommendation that the Wood-Forbes Mission gave was that the Filipinos are * by nature and tradition* hospitable and courteous to foreigners* There has been no anti-foreign agitation or outbreak* The business of the foreigners has been amply protected and will continue to be protected under the independent Philippines*2'

The Wood-Forbes report stated that the Supreme Court of the Philippines has the respect and confidence of the

Filipino people* Since 19X4 the courts of the first instance have been* in the most part, presided over by Filipinos* They have maintained a standard which in general com­ pares favorably with the state courts of the TIhion* From August 31, 1911* to September X* 19X3, during the last two years of Governor Forbe*s admintstrat Ion* only

25*1 per cent of the decisions appealed from the court o t first Instance were reversed by the Supreme Court * From

___ X •House Executive Document* 67 Cong** 3 and 4 Sess** Bo* 511* X—XOG* * 35

March 3* 1919* to March 4* 1921, another period of two years with Filipinos in control* the percentage of rever­ sals was decreased to 80*8 per cent* The number of cases disposed of by the court of first instance from 1906: to

1913 inclusive was as much as 82*528* The total number of cases disposed of In the same length of time, with the

Filipinos in control* was 111*2KFF ace an increase of 34*829*44** d* Education Education is one of the factors that will help in maintaining a self-government of the Philippines* During the American occupation* the number of pupils in the schools has increased from 227*600 in 1904 to 1*111*500 in 1928*

In 1930 twenty-eight per cent of the total budget of the Philippines was devoted to the educational asetiwities of the people*. This is a great contrast to an expenditure of four to five per cent in the possasfctibns of many colonial powers* Table I will show the contrast in the educational activities in the Philippines with other far eastern ter­ ritories* The total enrollment for the year 1933 and 1934 remained practically the same* ler the school year 1932-33

*House Executive Documents 4? Gong** 3 and 4 Sess** No* 511* 1-1QQ* TABLE I

SCHOOL POPm^tTICHr FOR EASTERN DEPENDENCIES (*}

Number of Territories : Total children in Percentage rpopulation the schools X : 2 3 €

I* Philippines :12*000,000 1*111*500 9*26 2* Dutch East Indies:50*000*000 1*500*000 3*0 3* Korea :X9*QG0*000 515*000 2*T 4* French In&o-Cbin«:20*QOO*QQO 200*000 1*0

a» American Yearbook* 1929, p* 16* 3 7

the enrollment was 1*204*375 as compared with 1*213*419

the year before* A decrease in enrollment was reported

only in the secondary school department** The total ex­ penditure of the schools in 1934 decreased from $15,. 132*184 to |I3*955*530 due to the shortage in funds. The most sub­

stantial progress in education was the re-opening of 3*760 classes in 945 municipalities in all pro vine ess. Enrollment

in the elementary schools increased slightly. There was improvement in methods of instruction and concrete progress was made in health and vocational education. Despite the remarkable school development since its inception In 1900* the Philippine government is today providing school facili­ ties for only 37 per cent of the Filipino children of school age; 1. e*r between the ages of seven and seventeen inclu­ sive*^

Any unprejudiced critic will find, after an impartial examination* that the Filipinos have successfully created a condition which demonstrates: that they are able to manage their own affairs. They are able to maintain law and order

and can afford equal protection to all* whether natives or foreigners* The stability of the present government is

I American^Yearbook» 1934* p* 161* ^Congressional Record. 71 Gong., 2 Sess., Vol* 74, pt* VIII* 5411* 38

maintained entirely by Filipinos*^

Tbe Experience of the Filipinos in Government a* Filipino Representatives in Spanish Gortas The Filipinos ere not lacking in administrative ability nor in actual experience in governmental activities* There were Filipino deputies in the Spanish Cortes* or parliament,

during a portion of the first half of the nineteenth century* In 1820, when the Filipinos sere asking for reforms in the

Philippines* there were seventeen Filipinos who sat in the Spanish Cortes^

b* Malolos Government When the Filipinos were struggling to break away fro© Spain, they had in mind the set up of their own government* The Philippine constitution written by Apolinario Mafcsni and proclaimed by the Malolos government in 1899 was justly regarded as a most able, intellectual achievement*^ Jlteong the officers of the Philippine Republic* established by Emelio Aguinaldo in 1899 in the * were Filipinos of learning* of great ability* and of unrestionable

^Congressional Record* 71 Cong** 8 Sess** Vol* 74* pt* VIII* 8409* ^House Report* 82 Cong** 2 Sess** No* 808* pt* II* 9* 3 A ■ Congressional Record* 71 Gong** 2 Sess** Vol* 72* pt* XI* 1757* m patriotism* ^©me of theses leaders are still holding positions of trust and responsibility underthe present government*

Two of its members have been commissioned to represent the Philippines as Resident Commissioners to the United States* One of them today is occupying a seat on the floor of the House of Representatives*^ During the time of the Philip­ pine revolutionary government at Malolos under the presidency of General Aguinaldo, a commission was appointed to work abroad for the recognition of the Philippine Republic* This commission was composed of , President; General Emelio R lego, Vice President; Gregario Aranit a*

Secretary; , Pedro Ropas, Jose Losada* Antonio

Regidor, Felix Roxas and Jose Albert t members of the com­ mission*2

Mr* Agoncillo went to Paris to represent the interests of the Filipinos before the Peace Conference of Paris in 1898 but the peace commission, composed of the Spanish end American representatives, refused to see him* The interests of the Filipinos received no considearation* After the Treaty of Paris was signed, Mr* Agoncillo entered a for mad protest against the treaty but he was not successful* He then embarked for the United States to attempt negotiations

^Housa Report* 62 Cong** 2 Sess*, Ho* 60S* pt* III * 8-9 %a. Kolaw, op* alt** pp* SI-81* with the American government in regard to the Independence of the Philippines** On January 5* 1899, Mr* Agoncillo*e, secretary* Mr* Sexto Lopez* addressed a letter to the

Secretary of State requesting that Mr* Agoncillo he accorded the privilege of an audience with him to arrange for a rep­ resentative to the President of the tin!ted States* Mr* Lopez suggested the advisability of an understanding between the prospective nations, the Philippines: and the United States* Mr* Agoncillo was not successful in his attempt to negotiate with the President of the United states*^

At the present time the Filipinos are practically in control of the government*.

e* In the Courts Dr. Schurman, the distinguished president of Cornell University who was a member of the f irst commission to the

Philippine Islands In 1900, said:: ""Whatever he done with them* (Mohammedans} the civilized or the Christian people of Luzon and the Viseyas desire independence* They are fairly entitled to it; and should vdry soon be intrusted with it* In their educated men* there are as thorou^j gentlemen as one may meet in Europe or in America* This Christian people has fore­ ordained leaders* That there are many highly educated and thoroughly cultured Filipinos has not been and will not be questioned * There are many, who having received their education at the best schools and universities in Europe, have

*R* Kolaw* op ait** p* 6 2 *.

2 I b l d .. p . 6 4 . returned to the Philippines and are prominent in the professional and educational life in the Islandav Some of these have achieved much dis­ tinction* Of the seven members of the supreme court of the Philippines, there are three Fili­ pinos* Hon. Cayetans Arellano, a Filipino is the chief justice* The attorney general is Hon* Fgnacib Vlllamar* a Filipino* There are four executive departments of insular government of which the finance and justice are presided over by Gregorio Araneta* The director of labor is a Filipino, the Hon. Manuel Tine* The codifi­ cation committee is composed of three Americans and three Filipinos* The chairman of it is a Filipino, the Hon. Manuel Arello**! Of the twenty-nine judges in the court of first instance fourteen are Filipinos* Practically all the judges in the lower courts are Filipinos* The provincial boards of the provinces are composed of a governor, a treasurer and a third member* The governor and the third member of the organized provinces, with a single exception of Batanes Province, are elected by the people and are in every instance Filipinos*^ On June 30, 1911, over 70 per cent of all the provin­ cial officials in the Philippines were Filipinos, and out of 18,500 municipal and officers there are but three American municipal officers ♦ in the self-governing municipalities*S

*Bouse Beport» 6% Cong*, Z Sess** No. 60&, pt* II, 8*

2 I b t d . _

3 Ibld.. p. IQ. d* In the Legislature The la* making body of the Philippine Islands is called the * It is composed of two housesr the House of Representatives and the Senate* The represen­ tatives are elected by popular vote for the term of four years and senators are elected also by popular vote for the term of six years* The representatives and senators in the legislature are all Filipinos* They have had this legisla­ tive experience for thirty years** In 19J^ Governor General Stlmson, who was Governor General of the Philippines* declared that the record of legislation produced by the Philippine Legislature was *most creditable** The Filipinos have not, of course, had the opportunity of full self-government because the Ghited

States appoints the Governor General*^ For the greater part of this period, the Philippine government has been largely in the hands of the Filipinos*3

■^Congressional Record* 71 Gong*, 3 Sess*. Vol. 74. nt.* VI. i&sn - gI M d . . . 3 House Report, 68 Cong*, I Sess** pt* II, 1-17* CHAPTER V

SENTIMENT AGAINST INDEPENDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES

Economic Factors

There are people in the UnitednStates who believe that when the United States*'give* the Philippines: its independence economic conditions will become bad- This is due to the Test that the economic life of the Philip­ pines is dependent upon American trade** When the United States does grant ’the independence of the Philippines and places tariff restrictions on Philippine goods, the entire economic life of the Islands will be affected* Practically all the sugar, coconut oil, and embroideries go to the United States*. About 30 per cent of the hemp, 6& per cent of the copra, 43 per cent of the tobacco also finds good markets in the ttoited States*2 In 1931, the Philippine imports from the United States were estimated at $55*000*000 the imports from other countries were estimated at

$37,000,000* In the same year the Philippine exports to

the United States amounted to about $95,000,000; whereas the exports of the Philippine products to other countries

*W. Hann and 0* Bombrom, Current Problems in American History. p* 114* " ’ 2 Congressional Record, 71 Cong*, 2 Sess*, Vol* 74, pt* VIII, 8422* 44 amounted to $25,000*000-1

In 1933 the external trade showed an increase both In volume as In value over 1932 trade- In 1953 the total trade with the Unite! States and foreign countries amounted to $180,451,815, anc increase of f5*718,649, or 3 1/3 per cent over 1932- Exports were valued at 1105,771*053, an

increase of 11 per cent over 1932- The Philippine trade shows a great dependence on the American market- Exports to the United States comprised more than 68 per cent of the total- Total Imports amounted to $74*680,762, a decrease of 6 per cent- Of this total amount, 56 per cent came from the United States- The balance of trade in favor of the Islands amounted to over $31,000*000- This situation is entirely due to the increase in the shipments of sugar, coconut oil, copra, cigars and cordage to the United Statea- This situation is a cause for groups in the United States to oppose the granting of independence to the Philippine

Islands^ and for other groups insisting upon such inde­ pendence -

Some portions of the business class in America insist on the retention of the Philippines for business reasons-

^American Yearbook> 1934, p. 161. 2 B- Harrison, op- cit., p- 296- 45

This class in the United States has invested millions of dollars in the Islands*^ ihis group has spent large sums of money for lobbying in Washington, B. C., because they

hare in mind that the granting of independence mould be

harmful to their commercial and political interests*

Senator Hiram Bingham has asked:

*120 you think that the American people would hare paid §£0,000,000 for something that they knew they were going to give mp in such a short time?*2 It is declared that the American business men and investors hare built up a profitable trade in the Islands upon the assumption that the Philippines would remain indefinitely under the American flag*^ The establishment of a tariff against the American goods which would follow upon the granting of Philippine independence would inter­ fere with this trade* In view of the doubtful stability of a purely Filipino government, independence will impair the value of commercial investment* Moreover, Philippine

government bonds which are practically all held by American Investors would immediately depreciate in value

following independence**

^Congressional Record, 71 Cong*, 2 Sess., Vol* 74, pt* VIII, 8423* 2 It)ld. 3 » B. Harrison, op* eit.» p.^297* *Congresslonal Hecord. 71 Cong., Z Sess., Vol. 74, pt* VIII, 8522* 46

From the standpoint of national interest, Mr* CTanftl

Thompson, the head of the commissioners who were sent to the Islands by President Hoover in 1921, said:

*We need the Philippines as a commercial base, and the retention of the Philippines will otherwise by of great benefit to our Eastern relation*.*

Admiral Hilary Jones has declared? *The na»y considers that we must possess bases in the Philippines*. They sure vital to our operation In the western pacif ic-— so vital that 1 consider their abandonment will be.the abandonment of our Interest in the Far East*.1 He also points out that the Filipinos do not have suf- f icient resources to maintain an independent government * The

existing budget is not largg enough to maintain an army, navy

end diplomatic services which independence supposedly require- Independence would mean a depreciation of the Philippine currency and a deterioration in public work, education* ft public health, and other activities of benefit to the people*. Mr- Carmi Thompson states that independence would

cause ^economic disaster to the Philippines-* Mr- Stimson who has been Governor General of the Philip­ pines declared that independence would mean *slmost total collapse of the sugar, tobacco, coconut oil, embroidery and other principal industries of the Islands-*

^Congressional Record, T1 Gong-- Z Sess-, Vol* T4, pt- VIII, 8422* ^Congressional Record- VI Gong*, Z Sess-, Vol- 74, pt- VIII, 8423* 4T

Internal Danger Independence la very much opposed by some people in the

United States on the ground that it would he harmful to the

Filipinos themselves* It is said that the Filipinos lack a common language and religion* There is a wide gulf between the Christian and the non-Christian Filipinos* Independence to the Filipinos might mean civil war to those people* Mr* Car mi Thompson submitted a report to President

Coolidge in 19E& which declared that independence would lead

to an oligarchy or in splitting the Islands into warring

factions led by chieftains of the various language groups*

in an article in the Saturday Evening Post* written before he became Governor* General» Mr* Thompson declared

that independencewould mean Apolitical domination over

the main population of tha Islands by an oligarchy of more

politically competent groups** He also declared that

independence would mean *an eventful foreign submission and control by the more powerful race in the neighborhood***

International Banger

An argument against independence is the belief that it would be harmful from an international standpoint* H would stimulate the desires for freedom in India, French

* ■ " * 1 '■"*"■ ...... I Congressional Record* T1 Cong*,. Z Sess*, Vol* V4, pt* VIII, 8424* Indo-China, the Dutch East Indies, Kora a and Formosa where seditions or revolutionary movements are already smouldering*.

If these countries should secure their freedom* widespread civil war would he hound to result* Foreign intervention

would therefore become inevitable* Thus* naval reduction will he impossible and the status quo in the Orient today would be upset with disastrous results to world peace and international good will*^

Alienation of Territory is Unconstitutional

By the treaty with Spain* ratified in February* 1699*

the Philippine Archipelago held under the Spanish sovereignty was ceded to the United States* Under the terms of this treaty the tfoitod States agreed to pay Spain the sum of

f&O,000*000 within three months* The Congress of the United

States appropriated money* ratified the treaty and the rati-

f icat ion was proclaimed*

The Philippine Islands ceased in the language of the

treaty to he Spanish* Ceasing to he Spanish the Philippine

Islands ceased to he a foreign country* They came under the complete and absolute sovereignty and dominion of the United States* and so became territory over which civil

h t . Kalo*0£. eit., pp. 43-47. gr Senate Executive Document- S^Oong** 3 Sess*, I (Serial 37S5}*

* « • j L i * * * QOLOitADO STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GREELEY, COLORADO government can be established* The Philippine Islands, like Porto Bice, were by virtue of the treaty, ceded as I conquered territory or territory ceded by way of indemnity* When the Spanish sovereignty was extended to the Islands in 1565 no Filipino nation was destroyed or sup­

planted, for r none existed* The inhabitants» numbering

about 500,000, occupying limited areas of the coasted,

plains, were split into tribal groups, speaking different

languages* These tribes of Malay origin were themselves invaders, the aborigines being the pygmy black people new known

as the Negritoes* In the exercise of her domain Spain took

over the unoccupied and unclaimed a rea s of the archipelago--

the forest, the agricultural and the mineral lands* These lands were held and administered as crown lands for over three hundred years* Upon the occupation by Water leans this

80 per cent of the land wees ceded to the United States* By

giving the Philippines their independence, it is a violation o of the United States constitution by Congress*

lCongrwatonal Record. 63 Cong., I Sasa., Vol. 67, pt. XI, 7585. 50

CHAPTER VI SENTIMENT IN FAVOR OF I102EPENDENC1 IN THE UNITED STATES

For many years the Filipinos have tried to gain public approval in America to assist in their independence movement*

Little success marked these attempts. However, in the last few years many American groups have become interested in the cause of Philippine Independence* Among the groups

which are in sympathy with the independence movement are the agricultural and labor groups.1

The Philippine Islands export great supplies of sugar

to the United States, The figures show that in 1931, sugar amounting to $49,963,105 was shipped to the United s' p ! States.* Since the Philippines1 exports to the United States are exempt from all tariff duties, the Philippine sugar is able to compete with the American beet and cane

product. Sugar organizations realize that if the Philip­

pines are to be given their independence, all imports from

the Islands may have to meet the high tariff duties of

the Hawley-Smooth tariff law. ^

1W. Haaa and 0. Dombrow, Current Problems in American History, p. 113* 2 Congressional Record. 71 Cong., 2 Seas., Vol* 74, pt. VIII, 8422.

Haaa and 0. Dombrow, op. cit.. p. 113. Labor organizations favor independence on the ground that American workmen in the Pacific coast region have to compete with Filipino labor. Since the Filipinos are

exempted from the immegr&tion law, they enter the United States without restrictions. The coming in of cheap

Filipino labor is very detrimental to the American labor interests. If the Philippines are to be given their indep­ endence it would be, of course, possible to exclude im­ migration from the Philippine Islands; thus, independence might be benefieal to American labor*A

The representatives of various groups, the Farm

Bureau Federations, the National Grange and other, are now actively working in Congress in behalf of changing the present relationship between the United States and the

Philippines. They have not demanded any unduly rigorous action op the part of Congress against the Filipino people, but they are asking that consideration should be given to the American interests.

These deligiites claimed that in the 114,000 square miles of territory there are vast agricultural ar*a*fk> capable of great development and production. They claimed, also, that 80 per cent of the imports from the

......

lanal Record. 71 Cong., 3 Sees., Vol. 72, pt-II, Philippine Islands consist of farm products and only 20 per cent of the exports of the United States to the Philippines are farm products.*

Only about one-seventh of the area of the Philippines

at the present time is developed. These figures give

some idea of the extent to which the farmer in America has an interest in the forced competition with Philippine products. Vhj&e the Agricultural imports from the Philipp­ ines are increasing, the United States, at the same time, is developing irrigation systems which are converting to agricultural purposes Seme of the vast areas of lands in

- 2 the western part of the country. These groups have been advocating the independence of the Philippines for more than thirty-two years*

The question of immigration has become crucial* It is impossible for the United States to treat the Filipinos as subjects and at the same time treat them as aliens to pre­ vent their entry into the United States. It would be a tyrannical act for the United States to exclude the Filipinos from this country. The only way to exclude them

1 Congressional Record, 71 Cong., 3 Seas., Vol, 74, pt. XI, HTtl ~ ' ’ o ^ Congressional Record. 71 Cong., 3 Sess., Vol. 74, pt. IX, 2113. 53

1 is to give them their independence.

Strategic Difficulties

The Philippine Islands, from a military standpoint, 2 has become a burden rather than an asset. Every one,

especially military men who have studied the conditions, must

admit that the Philippines are the weakest point of American defense. The theory is that if any nation in the Orient

should attack the United States, she would attack at that point. Should the Philippines be invaded, the United States

would either have to send an army possibly twice as large as they sent to Prance during the World War or lose pos­ session of the Islands. The United States would have to

send a force sufficient to resist attacks along 6,000 miles of border, or sufficient to expel an enemy force that secured a footing in the Islands.

The Japanese, moreover, believe that in view of the distance of the Philippines from the United States an

American Havy large enough to defend the Islands would be large enough to attack Japan. Thus, the problem of inde-

1Congressional Record. 71 Cong., 3 Sess., Vol. 74, pt. VI, 5623.

^Congressional Record. 71 Cong., 3 Sess., Vol. 74, pt. VIII, 8423. 3 Congressional Record. 69 Cong., 1 Sess., Vol. 67, pt. V, 5362. 54

pendence for the Philippines has created difficulty "between 1 the United States and Japan. A large number of authorities believe that regardless of size the American navy could not

defend the Philippines at the outbreak of the war.

Former President Roosevelt wrote in 1914 that, in case the United States were attacked by a foreign power, the

Philippines would be our "heel of Achilles."^

In 1915-16, Secretary of Whr Garrison and Senator Henry Lodge declared that the Philippines are a military

liability to the United States. General Franklin Bell had stated that the possession

of the Philippines is not in the slightest degree necessary

to the welfare of the United States in so far as military or strategical requirements are concerned.

In 1924 Secretary of War Week declared: "If I were going to view this question entirely from the standpoint of military or other benefits, I should say let the 3 Philippines go." Moral and Bthical Sentiments

There are moral and ethical sentiments that move the

^Congressional Record. 71 Cong., 3 Sess., Vol. 74, pt. VI, 5623. ^Congresslonal Record. 71 Cong., 2 Sess., Vol. 74, pt. VIII, 8425. 3rbid. , 8425. 55

people of the United States in favorlag the graattag of in-

dependence to the Filipino people. These sentiments are based upon the solemn eonvenant of spokesmen of the United States.

The United States’ promises to the Filipinos in the

Jones Act of 1916 have been referred to. Foot great Pres­ idents of the United States: Presidents McKinley, Taft, Roosevelt and Wilson have all eneonraged the Filipinos in their aspiration for independence.

The preamble of the Jones Act of 1916 declared that it m s the purpose of the people of the United States to "with­ draw their soverignty over the Philippines and to recognise their independence as soon as stable government can be es- 1 tablished therein.* Bven President Harding, who supported General Wood’s effort to overthrow Governor General Harrison’s system of semi-responsible government, which had been estab­ lished in 19SE, said: "I can only commend the Philippine aspiration to Independence and complete self-soveriegnty. Ho backward step is contemplated. Ho diminoation of yonr z domestic control is to be sought.*

1 B. Harrison, ©£* clt., p. 192. g Go^resslonal Record, 71 Cong., Z Sees., Vol. 74, pt. Till, 06

President Roosevelt made the pronouncement, which has been referred to, that he believed that within a generation the Filipinos woaid determine whether they desired their

Independence* Five years later President Wilson in an ad* dress to both honses of Congress and to the Filipino people through the Governor General stated: "Every step we will take will be taken with a view of nltimate independence of 1 the Islands** The continaation of the present regime of the United

States in the Philippine Islands is repugnant to the United States Ideals and is a violation to the sacred promises of the American statesmen*

The Filipinos are able to maintain a stable govern­ ment, so that they are entitled to independence* For a namber of years Filipinos have occupied all the positions in the local administrations and legislators, and the vast majority of positions in the central government* The interest of the people in politics is an essential element to democracy. There are racial and lingolstlc differences among the people, but these differences shoold be no greater handicap to self- government than they are in soch belingual and multilingual countries as Egypt, Iraq, Switzerland, Yugoslavia and Czech-

Congressional Rcoord, 71 Cong*, 5 Sess*, Vol. 74, pt. YI, 57

oslavakia. Mr* Cameron Forbes, although bo is not in favor

of inddpendenee at this time, ©aid: "It is, of conrae, true that the difference in language make© common understanding more difficult. Bat the faet is the people are all reason­ ably similar in type, generally so in religion, have the same ideals, characteristics and are imbued throaghont with great pride in their raee and desires for its advancement which should make them capable tinder a common language of being welded into a united and thoroughly cohesive body politic......

Once these moral and ethical promises are carried oat the Filipinos will bs in a position to act. In the realisa­ tion of independence the Filipinos will bs in a position to best express their gratitude to America for all that she has done to help them. 58

0BIPTEE Til THE AMAN3AGBS OF PHI1IPPIUE INDEPSNDEUCB

The Filipinos' love for liberty The Filipinos want to see their flag flying over the archipelago* To them it is a sign of national dignity and national identity. They want their independence because they feel that it is a sacred thing given by Cod to all nations, large and small.

According to President l&anuel Q ties on, President of the Insular senate, and the unquestioned leader of the Filipinos for many years, “the Filipinos like to see their government run like hell by the Filipinos rather than see their govern- ment run like heaven by the foreigners.” This thought in­ spired the people to work for their independence and if it comes it will be a great force for national unity. According to Dr. Comelo Oslas* ex-Resident Commissioner from the Philippines to lashington, 2). C., the Filipino people have weighed, and weighed carefully, the consequences of independence. They are very willing and ready to be set aside to drift in the international seas. They were ready yesterday and are ready now. No one need worry over possible difficulties.- in the Philippines. The Filipino people have 59

been schooled in adversity. They hare gone through wants, war and difficulties, without release* They have borne the burden of dependency politely and heroically for fear hundred

years* They have mapped oat the coarse of their national destiny* They glory in sacrifice. They know that suffering is hitter and unbearable if it is compulsory, hat they also

realized that voluntarily, especially if it ia for the liberty

of their country*^ That challenge will have a great effect upon the national expansion of the Philippine Islands*

- ' S.- Uncertainty of the Status of the Philippines

The Philippine independence will remove the uncertainty in the political, economic and social conditions of the Pilipinos* The Philippine Islands is a possession of the United States, but Pilipino people are not citizens of ths United States nor can they become citizens except in very few oases. The Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines. In such a case the people of the Philippines are neither eitlzeas of the united States nor citizens of a free country* They are citizens of the Philippines and subjects of the 60

United States* These people belong to a Malayan race* Their traditions and geographical enviromenta are oriental* bat the greater part of their laws are foreign laws* For thirty-five years these people have been cinder the United States. They are living away from America* a distance of 7,000 miles from the western eoast of the United States. These 13*000*000 people were thrown by a great war nnder the control of a western nation* and today they find themselves* as a part of that nation, to be in law and fact neither American e it is ensmor foreigners* At the present time the Filipinos are practically in control of their government* The municipal and provincial governments are in the hands of the Filipinos* In the insnlar government, there are very few American officials, yet the American government has great power in the national as well as in the inter-national affairs of the Philippines. According to ths organle act of 1916, the President of the United States with the consent of the , appoints the Governor* Senegal, who is the executive head of the government of the Philippine Islands; the viee-Governor General, who is the head of public instraction; the aaditor; and the depnty aaditor. The Governor General has the snpreme executive power over all the departments and bar sans of the

COLORADO S.A’I COUICA CF LDUCATION GREELEY, COLORADO 61

Philippine government. According to this act the Philippine

legislature will enjoy general legislative powers with some 1 restrictions. The Pilipinos elect all members of the legislature ex­ cept the eleven members who are appointed by the Governor General with the consent of the Philippine Senate. Yet the United States, under the organic act, exercises the following control: retains responsibility for the executive branch of government, and has the power of veto over legislation. This power of veto of the United States government over the acts of the Philippine legislators take three main forms: (1) Certain types of legislation cannot go into effect without the consent of the President of the United States. These include all bills relating to the tariff with countries other than the United States and all bills concerning public 2 lands, timber, mining, immigration and currency. (2) The veto power of the Governor General. (3) Congress has the power to annul any act of the

Philippine legislature, the same as it ean the act of any territorial legislature.

1

Barrisoh* p£. cit., p. 192 62

While one half of the members of the Supreme Court

are Pilipinos, yet the President of the United States, with the consent of the Senate, appoints them. The United States Supreme Court also has jurisdiction over the judgements of

the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands in any cases involving any constitutional questions in which the value

in controversy exceeds $25,000*

Uncertainty of Economic Conditions in the Philippines Public ©pinion in the Phi1ippine Isiands opposed very much the development of their natural resources by the foreigners.,

because they believed it would delay their independence*1

These rich natural resources can be developed faster when

the Philippines are an independent nation* The attention of

the people has always been toward political affairs. The political independence of the country is their deepest in­

terest* With a definite settlement of the independence question the people will cease to be restless. In the midst

of political contentment, they will devote their time and energies along other lines of national and inter-national 2 endeavor*- :

^Senate Ibceeutive Documents* 63 Gong., 1 Sess*, XXI (Serial 6536)7 ....

P Congressional Hecord. 71 Cong., 3 Sess., Yol. 74, pt* II, 2115. 63

The Island possess sufficient financial resources to

enable an independent national existence. Once the political state of the Philippines has been settled, the national

resources of the country and the business energy of its

people will unquestionably be developed. Hew mar&ets for the goods of the Philippines will be opened and trade and

commerce with other nations will increase. Under the ex­ isting conditions there can be no hope for economic progress. The industrial stagnation will become increasingly acute as long as American and foreign capital hesitates to enter the

archipelago.^ The immediate grant of independence to the Philippines

would free the people of the Philippine Islands from the bad ^effect of the present state of uncertainty. It would bring greater economic stability and eventually capital would come in. An independent Philippines would remove the constant

problem before the business circles of tariff relations, over which the Philippines have no control. With independence,

the Filipinos would,develop greater responsibility in govern­

mental matters because full responsibility can only be fos­

tered by having complete authority.

1 ^ Congressional Record. 69 Cong., 2 Sess., Vol. 68, pt. V, 5787-88. 64

American Investment and Commerce

American and foreign capital are afraid to enter the

Philippine Islands so long as the political status of the Islands is uncertain. The early grant of Philippine in­

dependence will do away with the distrust and suspicions of American capital, not only in the Philippines, hut among the Oriental countries. Thus, commerce and investment will

advance very rapidly.

The early grant of Philippine independence is the best remedy for the growing labor unrest in the western states, resulting from the influx of Filipino laborers, which can not be regulated or effectively checked so long as the Philippine Islands are under the American flag. It would be, therefore, a means of regulating immigration from the

Philippines, for the Islands people would be considered as foreigners. Freeing the Philippine Islands will surely lighten the burden of the tax-payers in the United States.* There are in the Islands 17,370 soldiers of whom 12,277 were Americans and 5,093 were Filipinos. It is estimated that it costs the

1gongrelsional Record. 70 Cong., 3 Sess., Vol. 72, pt. II, 1171-2300. 65

United States government #1,500 annually to maintain each soldier in the foreign service* The total cost that was computed in 1911 was over #26,000,000.1 If naval bases were retained some of these soldiers would have to remain in the Islands but many could be withdrawn*

It is true that during the past years in which the

Philippine products have had free access to the markets of the United States, the value of the trade between the two countries was materially increased* However, the increase of export trade to the Philippines from the United States, is not great enough to equal the cost of maintaining an army or navy there, The grant of Philippine independence will do away with much competition between the agricultural products of the

United States and the Philippine Islands* We know that

80 per cent of the agricultural products of the Philippines are sent to the United States, free of duty* An independent Philippines would be grateful to America* It would continue its existing economic relations with the

United States to the mutual benefits of both parties.

*House Report. 64 Cong., 1 Sess., No. 499, pt. II, 1-17.

/ 66

Much of the above is speculation and belief. Only actual test can determine just how things will work out.

The Filipinos believe conditions will be essentially as described above.

/ CHAPTER VIII DISADVANTAGES OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

Disadvantages to the Philippine Islands The Philippine Islands at the present, lime are enjoying many opportunities and benefits from the United States of

America because of the political ties between the two ^

countries* Among these benefits are the free tariff, army

and navy protection and representation in the United States Congress at the expense of the United States government*

The governmental machinery of the Philippines is practi­ cally all in the hands of the Filipinos; but a great influence is also exerted by the American government through the congress of the United States* Supervision is also given by the

American officials who are holding certain important positions in the Philippines* The loss of this guiding influence would undoubtedly be pf great consequence to the Filipino people* There would be in the event of the American withdrawal certain increases in the cast of government in the Philippines

in maintaining the cost of consular services and diplomatic officials to the different independent countries* There would be additional expenses to be met in the ccact i^d geodetic^ survey and an increase in the cost of maintaining insular police* There would be an increase in taxation to 68

be met by the people of the Philippines in the maintainance

of the aifay and navy, which was estimated to cost the United States over #86,000,000 a yearThis heavy taxation that would be imposed upon the people to meet the great needs of

the Philippine government will create an embarrassment on the part of the people for they have not experienced it before# The Philippine Islands would also find difficulties in the early stage of independehce in their future financial operations* The Filipino leaders are aware of the conditions

which will arise in financing the future development in the Islands; but they also feel that such financial problems

can be overcome if the uncertainty in the political status

can be renoved, and also if the relationships between the United States ahd the Philippines is friendly# This situation is similar to that of the small republican countries in South America* ;:">'

There is a tendency for a big and powerful nation to be

interested in a small country whose natural resources are rich# The Philippine ...Islands as a nation, small as it is,. f cannot defend themselves in time of aggression* It is to their disadvantage if the United States will leave them alone#

^House Report, 64 Cong., 1 Sess*, No 499, 1-47# / . 69 H

The fear is held also that there may be in i&fce Orient certain overcrowded nations who would populate the sparsely

settled but rich territory of the Philippines Vicente Villiamen, a Fillipino lawyer and economist, has

expressed his point of view dn the disadvantages of the

Philippines in the early shags of independence, as followes:^

"To the Philippine nation the problem of international security would be of gravest character# This embraces the disturbing questions of imperialism, militarization, extraterritoriality, mass immigration, and economic penetration# There is no discoverable evidence that the machineries of international conciliation and adjustment including the League of Nations have functionsed satisfactorily in the Far Fast# "The people of the Philippines are happy and are prospering Jffitder the Ameflddn rule# Therefore, separation from the United States means less of tariff protection, dislocation of industries, depletion of foreign and domestic commerce, removal of American support to the Philippine financial structure, and increased taxation# Separation from the United States means exclusion of Filipinos fg*pm the United States, loss of military and diplomatic protection, and? discharge of Filipinos fi*o® the United States services♦" Disadvantages to America

One of the greatest developments 6 t the past has been

the tremendous increase in the United States trade with the

Far East, including Asia and some of the Pacific Islands.

1Congressional Record* 71 Cong#, 3 Sess., Vol# 74, pt I 2115#

^Congressional Record, 69 Cong.. 2 Sess., Vol 68, pt# II 1903^

/ 70

In 1920 the American trade to the Far Bast amounted to 5

per cent, and in 1929 the trade was approximately 21 per cent over the total trade of 1929 and still increasing. Statistics of trade show that in 1925 exports from the United

States to the Far Bast amounted to $668,000,000, and the im­ ports amounted to $1,369,000,000. The total trade then be­ tween the United States and the Far Bast amounted to $2,037,000,000. This total trade was the first record in the commercial history of the United States that the Oriental commerce exceeded that

of the European countries.* In the Philippine Islands alone, the trade of the United

States was greatly decreased during the ten years preceding

the annexation. The United States exported to the Philippine Islands ^

such products as flour, petroleum, leather, iron and steel.

The Philippines exported to the United States sugar, hamp,

and copra. Similar reports for 1888 show that the exports of the

United States to this same area amounted to $165,000; ten

years later when the Philippines were annexed to the United N o States the total trade decreased to less than $100,000.

^Congressional Record. 69 Cong., 2 Sess., Vol 67, pt. XI, 11894. 7 %*;#©wry, Territorial Growth of the United States, p. 216. 71

The cause of the decrease in trade between the United States

and the Philippines was due largely to the imports of the Philippines from the European countries, such as Great Britain, France, Spain and Germany. The total trade between

the Philippines and these countries amounted to $15,520,000.

At the present time the trade between the Philippines and the United States has increased to 15 per cent over the total trade of 1932, or a total of $93,000,000. In 1933 the

exports to the Philippines from the United States amounted to $44,800,000.1

Asia maintained its position as the second continental

market for the United States taking 17.4 per cent of the total exports. Japan was again third, taking $143,400,000 worth of American merchandise. The sales to China amounted

to $63,200,000 and to British India amounted to $19,900,000.

The imports from Asia are valued at $426,000,000; from Japan, $128,400,000* from China, $43,100,000; from British 2 Malay, $60,000,000, and from letherland India, $33,100,000.

This increase of trade between the United States and

the Oriental countries will continue as long as the Philippines are a distributing trade center of the Orient. Within the reach of the Philippine Islands are found several hundred

^The American Year Book. 1934, p. 262.

' 2rbid., p. 264. 72

millions of the earth1s population.

In order that the United States could have a fair Bhare in the commerce of China, Japan, Australia, and India, the Philippines are always needed.3"

By having Manila, the Capital of the Philippine Islands,

the United States is able to ship her goods to all parts of

the Orient. Prom the point of view of national interests in commerce,

Mr. Carmi Thompson, who was sent to the Philippines in 1929, has declared: "We need the Philippines as a commercial base, and the retention of the Philippines will be of great benefit to ourreastern relations.2 Por these reasons the giving of independence to the

Philippines will be of great commercial disadvantage to America*

1 W. Mowry, 0£. cit.. p. 217. 2 Congressional Record. 71 Cong., 2 Sess., Vol, 74, pt. VIII, 3422.

/ 73 /

CHAPTER IX CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENT

From the expressions of Presidents McKinley, Roosevelt,

Taft and Wilson it is clear that the established American policy has been one looking to the ultimate complete independence of the Philippines. It is well to remember that at the time each of these expressions was made, the Philippine government was controlled almost entirely by the Americans.

The Fifty-seventh Congress, on July 1, 1902, gassed

Act number 235, known as the Organic Act for the Government of the Philippine Islands. This ast provided for a general election and the creation of the popular legislative chamber, the Assembly, which was to become the Philippine Legislature. This legislature was difided into two chambers, the Philippine Commission and the * The members of the Philippine Commission were to be appointed by the President of §he United? States while the members of the lower house were elected by the people. The Organic Act of 1907

The Organic.,Act of 1907 gave the Filipinos a chance to appoint two resident commissioners to the United States with powers to speak an legislation affecting the Philippine

Islands; but these commissioners had no vote. In 190S the the number of commissioners was increased by one more 74

Filipino member*1 Tbe Organic Act of 1909

The Organic Act of 1909 or the Payne- Aldrich Act, provided for ^ree duty on Philippine goods entering the United States, and free duty on American goods entering the Philippine Islands*.

The Jones Act of 1916

In 1916 the Congress of the United States passed a law that is knovi$ as the Jones Act* This law gave the Filipinos a very large share in their own government* It placed all the important executive, legislative and administrative powers in the hands of the Filipinos, except that exercised by the Governor General and the Auditors* It created a popularly elected legislature to which was committed the control of all the elfairs in he Islaflds.2 The Jones law changed the legislature that had been composed of the Philippine commission and lower house into a Senate and House of Representatives. There are twenty-four members in the Senate, elected for six years, and ninety-one members in the House of Representatives elected for the term of four S i L>lL> M Klw o. cit., 204-218. op. pp. Kalaw,^M. 3 2 h ntdSae xrie somecontrol.exercisesStates the United General,Governorthe elevenareby appointed except who and thePhilippines.and oes icuigaporaino oe, u sbet to subjecta ofmoney, including appropriation but powers, c, o o eel h rvsos eaigt theappointive relatingto the repeal toprovisions norAct, ubro seii rsrcin. ThePhilippine?legislature specific restrictions.ofnumber cannot legislate on the tariff between the United Statesthethetariff cannoton between United legislate ThePhilippinelegislature representatives.senators and is not permitted to violate the bill pf rights in the in violatepfrightsJonesthe toisbill notpermitted departments and bureaus of the government. He also is re­ is Healso thebureausgovernment. of and departments sponsible for the executing oftheexecutingthelaw.^sponsiblefor rsdn f h ntdSae ihte consentthe oftheStates the United ofwith PresidentUnited ttsSnt. ehs h speepwroe l the supremeover thehaspower Heall StatesSenate. yte oenrGnrl torepresenttheGeneral Governorthenon-Christain by provinces General of the Philippine Islands. He is appointed by the is appointed Heby Islands. thePhilippineGeneral of two senators and nine representatives. These areappointed These representatives. senatorstwoand nine years. All the members are elected by popular voteexceptelectedare the by popular All members years. . arsn o. cit.. op.172. Harrison, p.B. 8417. 72, VIII, 71Cong.,2Sess., Vol.pt. Congressional Record. hl teFlpn epeeetal theelectall the legislators, Filipinopeople While ne h oe a^ h hlpie enjoy legislative the Philippines Jones Law^ Under ne h oe a, h xctv i te Governor isthe theexecutivetheJones Law, Under COLORADO COLORADO REE, COLORADO GREELEY, STATE 4 COLLEGE OF EDUCATION EDUCATION OF 4 STATE COLLEGE

75

76

(1) It has a veto power over legislation* (2) The Congress of the United States has the power to annul any

act of the Philippine legislature*. In the organization of the judicary department, the

United States has some edhtrol over it. There are four Filipino judges and fiVd American judges*. These are all appointed by the Presid^it, *lt£ tge consent of the United

States Senats* The Supreme Court of the United States seconding to the Jones act has jurisdiction over the

questions in which the value in controversy e x c e e d s $26,000*3.

The Jones act of 1916, declared the purpose of the people

of the United States as to the future political status of the^ people of the Philippine Islands, and the purpose of proceeding for a more authononous government for these Islands*^ In the preamble of the Jones law it is stated that ^independence should be granted to the Philippine Islands when a “stable government can be established therein*M The people of the Philippines claimed that a stable government is

already established in the Islands, so after many years of hard fighting in the United States Congress another congressional

act was passed galled the Hawes-Cutting Act, entitled, "An

Congressional Record. 71 Cong., 2 Sess., Vol. 77, pt* VIII 8419.

2House Report, §4 Cong., 2 Sess., No* 499, pt. II 1-17. 77

Act to enable the people of the Philippine Islands to adapt a constitution and form of government in the Philippine Islands, to provide for. the independence and other purposes,"

By a concurrent resolution dated, October 18, 1933, the Philippine legislature declined to accept the act* In the resolution declining to accept the Hawes-Cutting Jhct, the Philippine legislature appointed a legislative committee to come to the United States ahd to give reasons to the government and people of the United States for their objections to the act*. The committee also petitioned the President for some changes therein*

The Tyding-McDuffe Act

The 73rd congress of the United States at its sedond session again took up the question of the Philippine Inde­ pendence and enacted the Tyding-McDuffe act, entitled, "An act to Protide for the complete independence of the Philippine Islands, and for the adaption of a constitution and form of government and other purposes for the Philippine Islands." On March S4, 1934, the United States President signed the bill and on April 30, 1934 the Philippine legislature un­ animously accept eel the act.3*

%ouse Resolution, 75 Cong., 2 Sess., No. 127, pt. III.

/ 78

The Tyding-McDuffe Act provides for the establishment of a commonwealth government Ander a constitution drafted by a constitutional convention elected for the purpose, and for the establishment by the Philippines ofcm fdmj&iyely independent government ten years after the date of the inarguration £ftthe commonwealth government*

The President of the United States is to appoint a United States High Commissioner to the commonwealth of the Philippine Islands. The Philippine Islands will appoint one Resident Commissioner to the United States. The Philippine government will be a republican form of government. As soon as the constitution is made by the Filipinos it will be submitted to the President of the United St&tes.

When the President of the United States approves it, it will

be sent back to the Philippine Islands to be submitted the the people for rejection or for ratification. During the first ten years no act of the Philippine legislature affecting currency, coinage, imports, exports and immgration shall become a law until approved by the President of the United States. Foreign Affairs also shall be under the direct supervision and control of the united Sitates for a similar period.

The Philippine Islands recognize the right of the 79

United States to expropriate property for public uses, to maintain military and armed forces in the Philippines, and upon the order of the President to call into service all nulitary forces organized by the Philippine government* The President of the United States is requested at the earliest practicable date to enter into negotiation with foreign powers with a view to a conclusion of a treaty for the perpetual neutralization of the Philippine Islands when the independence shall have been achieved*

Until the end of the ten year period trade relations will continue to be governed exclusively by the congress of the

United States* The Tyding-McDuffe law contemplates no changes in the existing trade relation, except as regards to quotas on sugar, coconut oil, and cordage until the beginning of the sixth year* After the commonwealth is inaugurated, a series of taxes are to be increased yearly on Philippine exports to the United States* The problem of immigration will take effect immediately on,acceptance of the iaw* It gives the Philippines a quota of fifty persons a year* Upon the inauguration of the Philippine government, other provi­ sions of the law'will become effective including the establish­ ment Of quotas on certain products of th£ Philippines. Such is the political status of the Filipinos and the policy of the

United States to the Philippine Islands |is contemplated in CONCLUSIONS:

1* Independence is one of the greatest desires of the

Filipinos* They fought for it during the Spanish rule as well as in the early period of the American occupation and still they are fighting for it in the United States Congress*.

2* The Filipino people are almost unanimous in their demand for independence*. 3* The government of the Philippines is in the hands of the FIMpInoa except in some higher offices.. They have made great progress in the way ©I self-government*. 4. The political status of the Filipino la uncertain* He is not a citizen of the United States nor is he a citizen of a foreign country* but he is a citizen of the

Philippine Islands* 5*. The policy of the American government is to free rather than to retain the Philippine Islands* &* There are some important groups C agricultural,, labor, etc*} in America whose interests demand some action on the part of the united Staters Congress to settle once and for all the national aspiration of the Filipinos*

T* The early grant of Philippine independence will be of material benefit to the farmers and to agricultural interests* 81

8* The early grant of Philippine independence will solve the problems of immigration and a growing labor

unrest among the states bordering on the Pacific coast resulting from the influx of Filipino laborers*

S» The granting of independence to the Filipinos will lessen the burdens of the tax-payer in the United States*

10* The United States may lose her trade distributing center in the Orient by granting the Philippines their

i nde pe nde nee*

11* The Filipino people cam only be satisfied when they are independent even though they realise the serious hardships that may follow* 18* The Philippine Islands should be given a complete independent government within ten years after the date of the inaugur at ion of the commonwealth government*

/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliographical Aids

■X. (banning* Edward; B. A- Hart;- J. F. Turner, Guide t the Study and Reading of Aaterican History. Ginn an3 Company, Boston, 1912..

2. Griffin, A* B., Lists of Banks of the: Philippine Islands. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. I9G3.

Source Materials Congressional Records

71 Cong., 1 S m s ., Vol. 72, pt. II. 71 Cong., 2 S e e s ., Vol. 72, pt. II. 71 Cong., 2 Sesst, , Vol. 74, pt. VIII 71 Cong., 2 S e s s ., Vol. 72, pt. VIII 71 Cong., 3 S e s s ., Vol. 72, pt. VIII 71 Cong., 3 S e s s ., Vol. V4, pt. VIII 70 Cong., 3 S e s s ., Vq I, 71, pt. II. 69 Cong., 1 S e ss. , Vol. 67, pt. XI. 69 Cong., I S m s ., Vol. 67, pt. VI. 69 Cong*, 1 S e s s ., Vol. 67, pt. V. 69 Cong., 2 S eas. , Vol. 68, pt. V. 69 Cong., 2 S e s s ., Vol. 68, pt. II. 68 Cong., 1 Sesar , Vol. 65, pt. X. 60 Cong., 1 S eas. , Vol. 65, pt. I. 69 Cong., 1 Sess*., Vol. 65, pt a IV. 60 Cong., 1 Sess*, Vol. 65, pt* V. 68 Cong., 1 S e s s ., Vol. 65, pt. VII. 60 Cong., 1 Sess., Vol. 65, pt. XI. Senate Executive Documents

69 Cong., 1 Sess., XIX (Serial 8557}. 63 Cong., 1 Sess., X U (Serial 6536*. 57 Cong., I Sess., XXVI (Serial m s } . 56 Cong., 1 Sess., XL IV (Serial 3558). 56 Cong., 2 Sess., II (Serial 4089}. 55 Cong., 3 Sess., I (Serial 3725}.

House Executive Documents

68 Cong., 1 Sess., No. 709, (Serial 8229). 67 Cong., 3 Sess., Vo. 511, (Serial 8215}. 83

64 Cong*, I Seas*, Mo* 499* (Serial 6904}„ 62 Cong*, Z Seas*, No* 301* (Serial 6129)* 62 dong*.* E Sess— , Mo* 606, (Serial 6131J* C- Secondary Materials

1. Beacon, 4* 0*, Character a and Capacity- of the Fili­ pinos* Government Printing Office* Islington * D* C. *

E, Brown, 4* J*r The Nee Bra of the Philippine Islands* Dodd, Estes and Company, Hew York* 1901* 3* Browne, William* The Far East and the New America* Dodd* Mead and Company, .New York, 1921-

4- Bryan, William, Republic or Empire, The Independence Company, Chicago, 1899*

5* Bonwan, 1* G** An Argument for the Independence of the Philippine Islands. John Morris and Company* New York, 1900*

6* Fernandes, L* H*, The Philippine Republic» Longmans, Green and Company, New York* 1926* T* Forbes, W, C** The Philippine Islands,, Houghton Mifflin and Company, New York, t9E8*

8* Harrison, Burton, The Corner-Stone of Hillippine Independence * The Century Company, New York, 1927* 9* Hart, R* W., The Philippines Today. Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, 1928*

10* Kalan, Maximo, The Case of the Filipinos* The Century Company, New York, 1916*

11* Kalan, Eaailm©* The Government of the Philippine Islands, The Century Company, New York, 19IE* IE* Latane* J* H*, A History of American Foreign Policy, III* Dorm, Doubleday Page and Company, New York, 1929*

13* Pugh, M* A*, Resources and Trade of the Philippine I si ends. Government Printing Office, Washington, D> C- * 19E6* 14. Russel, G. E., Outlook for the Philippines, The Century Company, New York, 1922. 15. Steiger, F. N.; H. 0. Bezer; and Conrado Benitez, History of the Orient, Ginn and Company, New York. 1929.

16. Williams, S. H., The Historians* History of the World, XXIII, The History Association, Loncfon, 1904. IT. Willis, George, The Philippine Problem, Government Printing Office, Printing 5, Washington, B. Ct., 1900.

IS. Willowghley, W. F., Territories and Dependencies o£ the United States. The Century Company, feew York, 1905.

S. Scientific and Theoretical Methods 1. Langois, C. U., Charles Seignobos, Introduction to the Study of History, Bach worth and Cbmpany, London, 1898.

2. Magazines

1. Crocket, Austen, "Do the Filipinos Need Independence?" The Independent. LXXTT, 1577-92 (June 19, 1213}. 2. Bay, William, "Judge Taft and the Philippine Comls- sionera." The Independent, LIII. 648-50 (March 15, 1200). 3. "Independence of the Philippines," The Independent. LXXXV (January 15, 1920}. 4 . Kalan, Maximo, " W h y the Filipinos Expect Independence." Foreign Affairs, X, 304-15 (January, 1932}. 5. Lopez, Sixto, "The Philippine Question," The Indepen­ dent, LI, 3333-40 (December 14, 1899}. 6. Queson, Manuel, "Why the Philippines Desire Indepen­ dence." The^ Independent. LXX1V, 9 5 - 6 (January II, 1912). 7. Queson, Manuel, "The Greatest Desire of the Filipinos," Current History, XX, 239-45 (November, I92X).