Index

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 609 2/13/2018 12:50:32 PM Member names appear in bold (surnames in ALL CAPS) Bold page numbers denote Member profiles Italicized page numbers denote references to images and image captions

A 452, 452, 558 – 59, 581 77, 81– 84, 280 – 300, 454 – 61 459, 462, 469n citizenship and, 277, 279 – 80, 306n, 559 military service of. See military service, Bordallo, Ricardo J. (Ricky), 371, 422 Abelarde, Pedro E., 17, 55 – 56 constitution of, 279, 414 Members of Bordonaro, Molly, 488 Abercrombie, Neil, 363, 401, 424, 426, 451, creation of Territorial Delegate position Congress Borseth, Peter, 164, 166 453, 522, 548 – 49 and, 280, 412, 428, 449 – 50, 602 statutory representation and, 3, 6, 11, 24n, Box, John C., 120 Abscam scandal, 340 – 41 diaspora and, 4 – 5, 430, 440, 444 – 45, 546 52 – 53, 85 – 86, 90n, 102 – 255, 258, Boxer, Barbara, 461– 62 Ackerman, Gary, 556 economy of, 415, 428, 432 – 33, 559 279 – 80, 366 – 75, 412 – 23, 428 – 35, Boykin, Frank W., 12 Adams, Alva, 235 – 36 fono, 279 439, 480 – 85, 558 – 61, 580 – 81 Bracero Program, 321– 22 Adams, Ansel, 291 Instrument of Cession, 278 surrogate representation and, 2, 23n, 328, Bradley, Bill, 399 Aglipay, Gregorio, 194 statehood and, 207 332, 358, 361– 62, 400 –10, 430, 445, Bradley, Willis, 278 Agnew, Spiro, 351 territorial status of, 2, 2, 17, 43, 207, 259, 447, 476, 607 Brands, H. W., 17, 54, 57 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 48, 51, 51, 66, 105, 124, 276 – 79, 277, 369, 421– 22, 446 women Members of Congress and, 12, 14, Brinkley, Alan, 5 136, 140, 146, 194, 214 World War II and, 277– 79 281, 281, 358 – 65, 424 – 27, 451, 539, Broder, David, 380 Air Force, United States, 320 – 21, 330, 354, American Samoan Commission, 207 542 – 51, 554 – 59, 566 – 68 Brooke, Edward W., 309n 506, 552 American Sugar Refining Corporation, 149 Asiatic Barred Zone, 10, 40 – 42 Broussard, Edwin, 192 AKAKA, Daniel K., 14, 71, 292, 336, with Disabilities Act, 382 AUSTRIA, Steve, 440, 452, 506 –10, 507 Bureau of Insular Affairs, United States, 2, 342, 344, 362, 396 – 403, 397, 451– 52, Anderson, Clinton P., 279 52, 55, 57, 57, 124, 128, 130 – 31, 139 – 40, 459– 61, 460, 539, 546, 549, 551, 580, Anderson, Glenn M., 370, 382 B 142, 150 – 51, 235 591, 594 Ansari, Eileen, 478 Babbage, John, 320 Bureau of Public Roads, United States, 76, chairmanships and, 282, 400, 452, 591, Anti-Bullying Caucus, 496 Babbitt, Bruce, 292 207 594 Anti-Saloon League, 117 Baca, Joe, 478 Burlingame Treaty. See Treaty of Trade, committee assignments of, 281– 82, Aoki, Dan, 343 Bacon, Robert, 189 – 90 Consuls, and Emigration 398 – 400, 582, 585, 587– 90 apportionment and redistricting, 20, 76, 229, Bader, Charles, 474 Burns, John A., 209, 211, 281, 285 – 86, early political career of, 396, 398 358, 506, 509, 529, 542, 562 Bailey, Thomas A., 5 332 – 33, 338, 343, 350, 358, 396 House career of, 398 – 99 Ariyoshi, George R., 396, 398 Baker, Bob, 474 Burton, Phillip, 279 – 80, 280, 284, 366, 368, military service of, 396 Army, United States, 11, 40, 61– 62, 62, 73, Baker, Newton, 167 371– 72, 428, 448, 448 Native Hawaiian advocacy and, 398, 84, 206, 244, 250, 256, 259, 261, 262 – 65, Baldwin, Henry Alexander, 25n, 200 Bush, George H. W., 292, 298 – 300, 399, 400 –1, 460, 461, 549 262, 267, 282, 318 –19, 330, 336, 348, Bandholtz, Harry H., 146, 148 407, 426 – 27, 480, 558 Senate career of, 362, 399 – 403, 427 351, 378, 396, 428, 461, 503, 509, 520, Bankhead, William, 83 Bush, George W., 292, 309n, 384, 401, 406, sugar industry and, 399 522 – 23, 544 – 546, 560, 562 Baruch, Bernard, 175 459, 483, 489 – 90, 500, 560 al-Assad, Bashar, 547 U.S. Army Forces in the Far East Bateman, Herbert H., 562 Bush, John E., 104 Alaska, 215, 285 – 86, 343, 399, 401 (USAFFE), 62 Bayh, Birch, 361 Butler, Hugh, 279 Aleutian Islands, 293 – 94, 297, Arthur, Chester A., 37, 37 Becerra, Xavier, 12, 454 Byrd, Robert, 341– 43, 352 309n – 310n, 600 -Pacific Triangle, 270 – 71, 273 – 75 Begg, James, 201 Byrnes, John W., 12 constitution of, 285 Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, 292, Bell, Alphonzo, Jr., 390 Pribilof Islands, 293 – 94, 600 292, 454 Bell, Jasper, 64, 252 C statehood and, 285 – 86, 286, 350 Asian Pacific American Heritage Week, 293 Bendetsen, Karl R., 295 C. Brewer & Company, 67. See also sugar Alaska‒Yukon‒Pacific Exposition, 116 Asian Pacific American Members of Congress, Benishek, Dan, 529 industry Albert, Carl, 290, 319, 361, 379 – 80 characteristics BERA, Ami, 440, 540 – 41, 540 Cailles, Juan, 186 Alexander & Baldwin, 67. See also sugar background and pre-congressional Bernanke, Ben, 523 Caldwell, Kirk, 344, 523 industry experience of, 50 – 51, 75, 261– 69 Bernstein, Joan Z., 294 Alien land laws, 10, 34, 39 – 40, 272 – 73, 318 committee assignments, 582 – 90 Berry, Francis J., 148 anti-Asian discrimination in, 316, 319 – 20 Alien Property Custodian, U.S. Office of, 260, committee chairmanships of, 12, 340 – 42, Berryman, Clifford K., 33 anti-Asian policies of, 9–10, 37– 39, 267, 267, 288 380, 452, 490, 559, 591– 94 Berryman, Jim, 286 272 – 73, 318, 376 Alien Spouses of Members of the Armed discrimination and, 105, 115, 318 –19, Beveridge, Albert, 43, 43 – 45 anti-Asian violence in, 37– 38 Forces Act, 272 340, 351, 353, 400 Bingham, Jonathan, 465n Asian Pacific American representation and, Alunan, Rafael, 7 diversity of, 3 – 4, 13, 270, 281, 292, Bitterman, Mary, 426 301, 316 – 27, 376 – 95, 404 –11, 474 – 79, Amache Camp. See Granada War Relocation 439 – 40, 443 – 44, 450 – 52, 454, Black, Hugo, 268 494 – 98, 540 – 43, 552 – 55, 564 – 67, 580 Center 455 – 56, 463 Blaine, James G., 69 California Gold Rush, 9, 34, 36 Amerasian Immigration Act of 1982, 442 – 43, experience in Washington, DC, 52 – 53 Blakeslee, George H., 136, 139, 143n Calvert, Ken, 564 600 family and ethnic roots of, 3 – 5, 281, Blanco, Kathleen Babineaux, 500 Calvo, Paul McDonald, 371 Amerasian Independent Voice of America, 319 – 20, 328, 338, 366, 396, 400, 426, BLAZ, Ben Garrido, 21, 278, 282 – 84, 307n, Camacho, Carlos S., 560 443 438 – 40, 450 – 52, 462, 474, 476, 500, 368, 372, 418 – 23, 419, 449, 458 – 62, Camacho, Felix, 484 Amerasians, 442 – 43, 600 502, 506, 508, 512, 515, 540, 542, 459, 480, 483 , 4 – 5, 274, 431, 438, 441, 558, American Civil Liberties Union, 297, 354 562, 596 Blount, James, 70 600 American Indians, 34, 215, 321, 343, 398, language barrier and, 50, 73, 75, 105 – 6, Boehner, John, 363, 502, 506, 509, 515, immigration and, 13 400 –1, 432, 461, 544, 551 136, 140 – 41, 149, 212, 232, 320, 391 522 – 23 Camp McCoy, 348 American Red Cross, 175, 259, 263, 336, 376 leadership positions and, 282, 341– 42, Boggs, Hale, 350, 368 Campbell, Thomas, 381, 494 , 277– 80 379 – 80, 420, 431, 463, 549, 595 Bonior, David, 407 Cannon, Joe, 76, 116, 140 Asian Pacific American representation and, legislative interests of, 21, 54 – 62, 64 – 66, Bordallo, Madeleine, 373n, 454, 459 – 60, Cantor, Eric, 515 –16 3, 12 –13, 279 – 80, 412 –16, 428 – 35,

610 H ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICANS IN CONGRESS

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 610 2/13/2018 12:50:32 PM CAO, Anh (Joseph), 13, 436, 438, 439, 451, Clarke, James, 58, 152 Crane, Philip, 558 Welfare, United States, 309n, 361, 393 457, 457, 512 –18, 513 Cleveland, Grover, 70, 70, 114 Cranston, Alan, 391– 92 Department of Homeland Security, United Carlisle, Peter, 523 Cline, Cyrus, 150 Crist, Charlie, 503 States, 363 Carr, Bob, 383 Clinton, Hillary, 343 Crowley, Joe, 556 Department of Justice, United States, 18, 80, Carr, Elan, 553 Clinton, William J. (Bill), 292, 292, 342, Crowley, Kawika, 547 266 – 67, 288 – 89, 297, 384, 401, 458, 514 Carson, Robert, 333, 335n 363, 384, 406 – 8, 422, 449, 449, 453, 453, Cruz, Manuel, 480 Department of State, United States, 41, 46, Carter, Charles L., 70 461, 477, 480, 494, 540, 554 Cuaresma, Ildefonsa, 212, 214 66, 69, 270, 278, 321 Carter, Jimmy, 280, 283, 292, 294, 295, 371, Coast Guard, United States, 61, 244 Cuba, 42 – 44, 43, 45, 72, 104, 142, 602 Department of the Interior, United States, 392, 406, 486 Coble, Howard, 458 Cullinane, Michael, 16 –17, 22, 48, 138 22, 278 – 79, 283, 295, 348, 368, 371– 72, Case, Ed, 344, 363, 402, 522, 548, 550 – 51 Cohen, Lizabeth, 5 Cummings, Elijah, 12 374n, 414, 433, 446 – 47, 449, 459, 465n, Castle & Cooke, 67. See also sugar industry Cohen, William, 354 Cunneen, Jim, 494 489, 509 Castle, William Richards, 70 Coke, James L., 17 Cutting, Bronson, 60, 216 Department of the Treasury, United States, Cayetano, Ben, 427 Cold War, 11–13, 270 –71, 273, 275, 277, 54, 129, 193, 223 – 24, 235 – 36 Cecilio, Aurelio, 183 280, 287, 300, 316, 320 – 21, 382, 391, D Department of Veterans Affairs, United States, Celler, Emanuel, 273, 275 415, 420, 436, 438, 452, 482. See also Dakota Territory, 36 541, 544, 547, 553, 565 Cementerio del Norte, Manila, 153, 161, communism; Internal Security Act of 1950 Dale, Jack, 62 Department of War, United States, 54, 116, 183, 194 Coleman, Peter Tali, 558 Daley, William, 407 128, 130, 189, 224, 240, 262, 266, 295, Census Bureau, United States, 4, 4, 299, Collins, Susan, 399 Daniels, Josephus, 117 330 434n, 457, 553 Collins, Wayne, 288 Daniels, Roger, 5, 16, 18, 22, 290 Dern, George, 235 Census, United States, 3 – 4, 19, 41, 87n, 319, Colmer, William, 350 Danielson, George E., 293 – 94 Dewey, George, 32, 45, 45, 46, 66 366, 373n, 415n, 422n, 443 – 44, 449 – 50, colonialism, 2, 6 – 7, 16 –17, 42 – 48, 66, Darrow, Clarence, 80 Dillingham, Ben F., 339 462, 464n, 469n, 506, 509, 529, 562, 85, 128 – 30, 142, 146, 152, 164, 169, Dávila, Félix Córdova, 85 Dillingham, Walter, 122n 598 – 99 182, 191– 93, 207, 217, 220, 236, 242, Davis, Cushman K., 46 Dingley Tariff Act, 56, 139 Chae Chan Ping v. United States. See 245, 276 – 77, 316, 436, 446. See also Davis, Dwight F., 7, 182, 190, 215 discrimination, 9 –13, 17, 35 – 42, 44 – 45, Supreme Court, United States imperialism Day, William R., 46 47, 70, 73, 84, 93n, 117, 181– 83, 186, Chamorro people, 4, 21, 278, 306n, 366, Comite de Intereses (Committee of de Guzman, Alejandro, 214 189 – 90, 207, 215, 226, 228, 235 – 36, 368, 371, 421, 422n, 444, 448 – 49, 458, Filipino Interests), 138 de Lafayette, Marquis, 216 243 – 45, 258, 260 – 69, 272, 276, 287– 90, 480, 482 – 84 Comite de la Union Nacional (Committee of de Lugo, Ron, 283, 369, 371, 421 293 – 300, 316, 318 – 21, 324n, 336, 348, Chamorro Language Commission, 483 the National Union), 138 DE VEYRA, Jaime C., 8, 19, 50 – 51, 58 – 59, 351– 52, 354, 358, 362, 388, 392, 401, Chapman, Oscar, 279 Commission on Wartime Relocation and 85, 85, 161, 164 – 70, 165, 174 – 76, 177n, 404, 421, 431, 445, 458, 496, 529, 543. Chen, Ping, 350 Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), 5, 178, 180 – 81, 186 See also internment; redress; Supreme Chiang Kai-shek, 331 21, 293 – 96, 293, 296, 298, 342, 354, de Veyra, Sofia, 164, 166 Court, United States Chillingworth, Charles F., 17 392 – 93, 600 Declaration of Independence, 351 Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 270, 440, 599 China committee assignments. See Asian Pacific Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 516 District of Columbia, 76, 279, 382, 421, 430, anti-Chinese policies in United States, 12, American Members of Congress, Degetau, Federico, 23n 449, 482 37, 40 – 42, 41, 44, 119 – 20, 269 – 72 characteristics DELGADO, Francisco A., 217, 220 – 25, 221 Dixon, Julian, 299 anti-Chinese violence in United States, 37 communism, 12, 258, 270 – 71, 273 – 75, 285, Democratic Congressional Campaign Dizon, Joseph, 371 Cold War and, 270 – 72 289 – 90, 319 – 21, 330 – 32, 340, 436, 438, Committee (DCCC), 380, 408 DJOU, Charles, 13, 440, 520 – 25, 521, 532, foreign relations with United States, 12, 440 – 41, 474, 520, 600. See also Cold War Democratic National Committee, 198, 340, 548 – 49 331– 32, 340, 407– 8, 426 – 27, 431, Compact of Free Association, 449, 466n 547 Dodd‒Frank Wall Street Reform and 488 – 89, 494 Compact with the Republic of , 466n Democratic National Convention, 58, 167, Consumer Protection Act, 400, 555 immigration and, 5 – 6, 9 –10, 34, 36 – 37, Coney, J. H., 17 191, 339, 344, 368, 483, 547, 556 Doi, Nelson, 398 36, 40, 44, 66, 69, 71, 79, 86, 87n, Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Democratic Party, 55 – 58, 60, 104, 108, Dole, Robert, 282, 336, 348 119 – 20, 259, 269 –72, 276, 334n, (CAPAC), 5, 14, 15, 281, 342, 362 – 63, 128 – 29, 150 – 52, 167, 192, 198, 200 –1, Dole, Sanford B., 67, 69 – 75, 69, 74, 81– 82, 439 – 41, 443 – 44, 455, 462, 486, 520, 400, 449, 451, 452 – 54, 452, 453, 454, 208, 275, 282, 285 – 86, 291, 318 –19, 104 – 5, 107– 8, 114 –15 522, 556, 602 456 – 63, 467n, 482, 488, 494, 496, 514, 340, 343 – 44, 361, 379 – 81, 407, 457, 486, Doughton, Robert, 252 Tiananmen Square, 426 517, 543, 597 488 – 90, 494, 509, 515, 517, 528, 550 Draemel, Milo, 260 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 9, 12, 37, 37, Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), 453, Asian Pacific American representation and, Drinan, Robert F., 309n 41, 42, 258, 270, 270, 543, 598, 601 454, 467n 198 – 203, 316 – 26, 336 – 87, 396 – 417, DUCKWORTH, Tammy, 440, 452, 539, Christensen, Donna, 450, 450 Congressional Caucus on India and Indian- 428 – 35, 480 – 98, 526 – 34, 540 – 57, 544 – 45, 544 CHU, Judy, 15, 440, 453, 454, 458, 462, Americans (CCIIA), 453 560 – 68 542 – 43, 542, 597 Congressional Gold Medal, 11, 436, 437, Asian Pacific Americans and, 457 E Cincinnati Commercial Club, 140 461, 461, 462, 462, 469n, 494 Territory and, 105, 114, 198, 204, EARNSHAW, Manuel, 131, 149, 151, Civil Liberties Act of 1988, 298, 298, 300, Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC), 206 – 8, 285 – 86 158 – 63, 159, 166, 172, 174 – 75 342, 383, 393, 407, 600 452 – 54, 467n Philippine Islands and, 7, 55 – 58, 60, East-West Center, 332, 334n, 549 civil rights, 12, 15, 118, 264, 285, 289, 291, Congressional Progressive Caucus, 494, 496 128 – 29, 150 – 51, 167, 188, 191, 236 Edwards, Clarence, 2, 128, 130, 150 322, 328, 332, 340, 342, 351– 53, 361, Conner, William R., 508 Democratic Women’s Caucus, 362 Edwards, Don, 451, 453 363, 388, 392 – 93, 427, 452, 454, 494, Constitution, United States, 3, 34, 38, 44, 52, Denby, Charles, 46 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 84, 230, 265, 271, 598. See also discrimination; internment; 114, 184n, 195n, 279, 296 – 97, 319, 343, Department of Agriculture, United States, 81 286 – 87, 286, 319 – 20, 324n redress 355, 369, 381, 431, 563, 598 Department of Commerce, United States, Eisenhower, Milton S., 265, 265, 303n Civil Rights Act of 1957, 321 contested elections, 105, 120, 228, 372, 420 116, 496, 567 ELIZALDE, Joaquin M., 51, 61, 62, 237, Civil Rights Act of 1964, 332, 342, 351, 393 Convention of 1900, 277– 78, 277 Department of Defense, United States, 240 – 47, 241, 250, 276 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 351 Conyers, John, 526 283 – 84, 568 Ellender, Allen, 235 Clark, James Beauchamp (Champ), 44, 44, Cooley, Harold, 319 Department of Education, United States, 496 Elliott, Lawrence, 339 73, 84 Coolidge, Calvin, 41, 181, 189 – 90, 195n Department of Health and Human Services, Elmer, William, 269 Clark, William, 489 Cox, Creed, 235 United States, 299, 406, 442, 500, 517, Emanuel, Rahm, 515 CLARKE, Hansen, 13, 440, 526 – 31, 527 Cramton, Louis, 200 541 Emergency Detention Act, 289 – 90, 301, 352. Department of Health, Education, and See also Internal Security Act of 1950

INDEX H 611

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 611 2/13/2018 12:50:33 PM Emmons, Delos, 260 – 61, 260 Frick v. Webb. See Supreme Court, United 283 – 84, 418, 420 – 21, 423n, 468n, Asian Pacific American representation and, Endo, Mitsuye, 268 – 69 States 482 – 83, 484n 1, 3, 9, 19, 35, 75, 102 – 22, 198 – 210, Ensign, John, 401 Friedman, Milton, 528 Commonwealth Act, 283, 421, 449, 226 – 31, 581 Environmental Protection Agency, United Frye, William P., 46 482 Bayonet Constitution, 67– 69, 102, 112, States, 503, 517 Fuimaono, A. U., 307n, 428 Guam Excess Lands Act, 284, 420, 482 114 Equal Rights Amendment, 332 Furse, Elizabeth, 486 Guam Land Returns Act, 482 citizenship and, 74, 78, 83, 229 Ervin Committee. See Select Committee on Guam Meritorious Claims Act, 283 congressional delegations to, 9, 69, 72, 76, Presidential Campaign Activities G Guam Organic Act, 278, 279, 283, 366, 371, 76, 116 Ervin, Sam, 340 GABALDON, Isauro, 35, 58 – 59, 93n, 418, 447, 482, 602 constitution of, 70 – 71, 73, 73, 81, 84, Escamilla, Antonio G., 140 – 42 167– 68, 178 – 85, 179, 186, 188 – 89, 191, Guam War Claims Commission, 459, 468n 102, 114, 207, 228, 230, 424 Espinas, J. E., 60 195n, 214 Guam War Claims Review Commission Act, Democratic revolution of 1954, 84, 230, Evensen, Albert, 350 GABBARD, Tulsi, 440, 452, 546 – 47, 546 459, 483 330, 338, 350 Evins, Joe, 352 Gandhi, Mohandas, 316 Guam World War II Loyalty Recognition Act, economy of, 8 – 9, 66 – 68, 76 – 78, 82, 106, Executive Order 10264, 279. See also Garcetti, Eric, 552 421, 460 112, 116 –19, 127– 28, 200, 204, 206 – 8, American Samoa Garner, John Nance, 192, 216, 224 Guantanamo Bay, 509 229, 261, 264 Executive Order 589, 598 Garrison, Lindley Miller, 92n Gubser, Charles S., 378 Equal Rights Commission, 82 – 83, 208 Executive Order 9066, 264, 264, 290, 291, Gear, George D., 105 GUEVARA, Pedro, 7, 8, 35, 60, 60, 93n, Equal Rights League, 69, 104 291, 294 – 95, 600. See also internment Geary Act of 1892, 598, 601 169, 181– 82, 186 – 97, 187, 215, 222, 224 haoles and, 9, 66 – 69, 71, 73 – 75, 77– 79, Executive Order 9102, 264, 600. See also Geisel, Theodor, 264 Gutierrez, Carl, 371 102, 104 – 6, 108, 112, 114 –15, 119 – 20, internment Gephardt, Richard, 407 285, 348 GI Bill, 84, 338, 350, 396, 400, 421, 565 H Home Rule Commission, 80, 226 F Gibbons, Sam, 406 H. Hackfeld & Company, 67. See also sugar homesteading in, 76 – 77, 79, 106, 118 –19, Fairfield, Louis, 181, 189 Gila River War Relocation Center, 265. See industry 201 FALEOMAVAEGA, Eni F. H., 279 – 80, 284, also internment Haig, Alexander, 353 immigration and, 71– 72, 74, 78 – 79, 292, 307n, 412, 428 – 35, 429, 445, 452, Gill, Thomas P., 332, 350, 352 Haldeman, H. R., 340 206 – 8 452, 459, 558 – 59, 592 Gillett, Frederick, 168 Haley, James A., 12 Japanese-American internment in, 260 – 63 familial connections, 596 Gingrich, Newt, 300, 407, 528 Hall, Jack, 331 leprosy and, 77, 106 – 8, 115, 206 Farrington, Elizabeth, 285, 285, 426 Glenn, John, 355 Halloran, Daniel J., III, 557 Liberal Patriotic Association, 102 Farrington, Joseph, 230, 285, 285 Goldberg, Arthur J., 309n HANABUSA, Colleen, 440, 522 – 23, 532, maps of, 67, 81 Farrington, Wallace R., 120, 201 Goldwater, Barry, 333 548 – 49, 548 migration to mainland United States, 37, Fasi, Frank, 330, 424 Good, James W., 7 Hannemann, Mufi, 362, 424, 426, 546 44, 74 Fauntroy, Walter, 373n Goodness, P. J., 17 Harding, Warren G., 41, 58 – 59, 119, monarchy in, 6 – 7, 6, 9, 67– 72, 68, 69, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), United Gore, Al, 381 167– 68, 180 – 81, 214 71, 72, 76 – 77, 102, 104, 106, 112, States, 260, 264, 271, 340 – 41, 514 Government Accountability Office, United Hare, Butler, 60, 192, 216 114 –16, 118, 226, 400, 460, 461 Federal Drug Administration (FDA), United States, 545 Hare‒Hawes‒Cutting Act, 60 – 61, 192 – 93, revolution in, 67– 71, 102, 104 States, 369 Granada War Relocation Center, 265, 292, 212, 217, 234, 601 suffrage in, 67, 69 – 71, 104 – 5, 108, 120 Federal Emergency Management Agency 309n, 494. See also internment Harrington, Michael, 361 sugar industry in, 9, 66 – 67, 67, 71, 76 – 78, (FEMA), United States, 400, 503, 517 Great Depression, 60, 81, 204, 206, 20 8, 215, HARRIS, Kamala, 539, 552, 566, 566 78, 81, 85, 118 –19, 206 – 7, 229 Federated States of Micronesia, 448, 466n 236, 318, 390, 506, 509 Harrison, Francis Burton, 8, 151, 174, 232 tariffs and, 9, 67, 77– 78, 206 Ferguson, Gil, 458 Great Society legislation, 13, 332, 342, 358, Hart, Gary, 486 Territorial Loyalty Board, 209 Finch, Robert, 390 360, 390 Hart, Philip, 275, 282, 336 World War II and, 42, 84, 260 – 63, 264, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States, 482, Green, Al, 454, 462 Hart‒Celler Act of 1965. See Immigration 338 484n Green, Edith, 361 and Nationality Act of 1965 See also statehood Fisher, Walter, 118 Gromoff, Ishmael V., 309n Hatfield, Mark, 343, 353, 394 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 201 Fleming, Arthur S., 309n Guam, 277– 80, 449 Hauler, John, 528 Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, 9, 76 – 77, Flood, Daniel, 361 Asian Pacific American representation and, Hausserman, John W., 62 79, 112, 119, 208, 226, 551n Florida 12, 14, 279 – 84, 366 – 75, 418 – 23, 428, Havana, Cuba, 42 – 43, 43 Hawaiian Independent Party (HIP), 74, 104 Asian Pacific American representation and, 480 – 85, 581 Hawaii Hawaiian Organic Act, 9, 73 – 74, 76 – 77, 568, 581 citizenship and, 277– 79, 283, 306n, 366, Asian Pacific American representation and, 81, 85, 104, 108, 109n, 114, 119, 121n, Foley, Tom, 354, 383 418, 482 12 –13, 328 – 64, 396 – 403, 424 – 27, 200 –1, 226, 229, 601 Fong Yue Ting v. United States. See Supreme Cold War and, 12, 277, 482 520 – 25, 532 – 34, 546 – 51, 580 – 81 Hawaiian Rehabilitation Bill, 77, 119 – 20 Court, United States Commission on Self-Determination, 283, economy of, 339, 342 Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association (HSPA), FONG, Hiram L., 10, 17, 19, 71, 84, 372, 421 statehood and, 3, 8 –11, 35, 44, 69, 75, 81– 83 271, 271, 281, 287, 290, 328 – 35, 329, commonwealth status of, 372, 418, 421, 77, 80 – 86, 83, 118, 122n, 209, 226, Hawes, Harry, 60, 216 352 – 53, 398, 426, 446 – 47, 447, 465n 449, 480, 482 228 – 30, 276, 281– 82, 284 – 87, 286, Hawley, Willis, 191 Forbes, W. Cameron, 58, 59, 160, 168, 180 constitution of, 283, 370 – 72, 374n 330, 338 – 39, 350, 358, 520, 522, 550, Hay, John, 34 Ford, Gerald R., 13, 290, 291, 291, 360, 368, creation of Territorial Delegate position, 602 HAYAKAWA, Samuel Ichiye (Sam), 293 – 96, 374n, 448, 448, 560, 600 279 – 80, 368, 450, 602 sugar in, 338, 351, 399 293, 388 – 95, 389, 593 Ford, Harold, Sr., 406 economy of, 278, 366, 369 – 70, 420 – 21, See also Hawaii Territory Hayden, Tom, 391 Ford, Wendell, 343 482 Hawaii Admission Act, 230 Heart Mountain Relocation Center, 6, Fortas, Abe, 295 immigration and, 449 Hawaii Omnibus Act, 338, 344n 264 – 65, 264, 267, 267, 282, 293 – 94, 301, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, 11, 11, 22, Legislative Political Status Commission, Hawaii Territory, 8 – 9, 66 – 84, 601 376. See also internment 261, 262 – 63, 262, 266, 274, 293, 296, 374n annexation of, 2, 6, 9, 32, 37, 43 – 44, 44, Heen, William, 338 298, 301, 310n, 336, 338, 343, 348, 355, statehood and, 370 68 – 75, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77– 79, 81, 85, Heftel, Cecil, 333, 424 407, 436, 461– 62, 461, 462 territorial status of, 2, 17, 277– 78, 370 – 72, 104, 106, 108, 114, 118, 200, 226, 229, Helms, Jesse, 297– 98, 355 Fourteenth Amendment, 34, 87n, 598 421– 22, 446 – 47, 465n 284, 601 Hemenway, James, 115 Frear, Walter Francis, 8, 73, 118, 120 war claims and, 420, 458 – 60, 468n anti-Asian discrimination in, 70 – 74, Hernández, Joseph Marion, 24n Frenzel, William, 297 World War II and, 259, 269, 277– 79, 78 – 84, 119 – 20, 228, 348

612 H ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICANS IN CONGRESS

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 612 2/13/2018 12:50:33 PM Herring, George C., 43 deportation and, 37, 273, 288 262, 282, 293, 301, 310n, 336, 338, 244, 250, 253, 269 Hirabayashi v. United States. See Supreme family reunification and, 3, 13, 272, 276, 400, 407, 461– 62 Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), Court, United States 301, 360, 442 – 43, 455 – 56, 523 party leadership positions, 282, 341– 42, 266, 266, 273, 276, 292 – 94, 309n, 392 Hirabayashi, Gordon, 268, 268 H-1B visa, 13, 440, 455 – 56, 455 463, 595 Japanese-American Evacuation Claims Act, HIRONO, Mazie K., 14, 344, 401, 440, 451, labor and, 2 – 3, 6, 9 –10, 13, 34, 36 – 38, Pearl Harbor and, 256, 258 – 60, 263 289, 600 522, 539, 550 – 51, 550 36, 66, 69, 72, 78 – 79, 120, 206 – 8, redress and, 11, 293 – 94, 296 – 97, 300, 354 JARRETT, William P, 4, 5, 75 – 78, 198 – 202, Hitler, Adolph, 388 215, 235, 242 – 43, 245, 275, 316, Senate career of, 339 – 43, 350, 353, 399 199, 204, 206 Hoar, George Frisbie, 7, 73 321– 22, 440, 455 War and, 339 JAYAPAL, Pramila, 440, 567, 567 Hobson, David L., 506 refugees and, 1, 12 –13, 13, 41, 269 – 72, and, 339 – 40 Jefferson, Thomas, 351 Holifield, Chet, 290, 352 274 – 75, 301, 332, 369 – 70, 438, 438, Inouye, Hank, 398 Jefferson, William, 514 –15 Holland, Spessard, 276 440 – 43, 442 Institute of Peace, United States, 353, 355 Jenkins, Daniel, 562 Hollings, Ernest, 299 restriction of, 2, 9 –10, 12 –13, 34 – 38, 37, Internal Security Act of 1950, 271, 289, 300, Jim Crow laws, 43, 70. See also discrimination Holstein, Henry L., 17 40 – 42, 42, 44, 78 – 79, 86, 207, 215 –16, 352, 600 JINDAL, Bobby, 440, 451, 500 – 5, 501 Home Rule Party, 74 – 75, 105, 107– 8, 223, 234 – 35, 258, 264, 270 – 76, 300 –1, International Monetary Fund, 245 – 46 Johnson, Albert, 41, 41 114 –15 332, 388, 442 – 43, 453, 456, 543, 598 International Space Station, 353 – 54 Johnson, Harold T., 12 Honda v. Clark. See Supreme Court, United trends in, 2 – 4, 13, 40 – 41, 275 – 76, 281, internment, 5 – 6, 10 –11, 18, 263 – 69, 282, Johnson, Lyndon B., 3, 13, 17, 274 – 76, 275, States 332, 334n, 438 – 40, 443 – 45, 455 – 56, 287– 300, 363, 457– 58 281, 285, 332 – 33, 338 – 39, 342, 351, 360, HONDA, Mike, 445, 452 – 54, 454, 457– 58, 462, 469n citizenship and, 288 390, 439, 465n 457, 494 – 98, 495, 514, 517, 597 World War II era and, 269 – 73 enactment of, 10, 258, 260 – 61, 287 Johnson – Reed Immigration Act. See Hood, Ron, 508 See also discrimination end of, 269, 288, 290 – 91 Immigration Act of 1924 Hoover, Herbert, 60, 191– 92, 214 –15, 217 Immigration Act Amendments of 1957, 271 evacuation and, 10, 256, 257, 263, 263, Joint Committee on Hawaii, 82 – 83, 228 Hoover, J. Edgar, 264 Immigration Act of 1917, 40 – 41, 40, 598 268, 287, 288, 289, 291– 92, 294 – 95, Joint Committee on the Trust Territories of Horton, Frank, 292 Immigration Act of 1924, 10, 40 – 42, 42, 79, 300, 376, 379, 392, 404, 445 the Pacific, 277 House Democratic Caucus, 53, 75, 105, 282, 122n, 273, 599 families in, 266 Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine 341, 379, 382, 412, 454, 494, 514, 561 Immigration Act of 1990, 455, 455 land and assets lost, 10, 39, 260, 288, 291 Affairs (JPC), 61, 236 – 37, 239n House Office Building (Cannon), 127, 140, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 12, lasting effect of, 10 –11, 258, 264, 289 – 92, Jones Act of 1916, 55 – 56, 58 – 61, 146, 149, 223 273 – 74, 273, 455, 599 294 – 97, 300, 376, 379, 384, 406 – 7, 151– 53, 158, 161, 164, 166 – 69, 172, House Republican Conference, 53, 75, 105, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 3, 457 174 – 75, 178, 182, 186, 188, 190, 601 107, 558 13, 13, 270, 274, 274, 275, 276, 301, 332, life in, 265 – 66 Jones, John Marvin, 229 House Rules. See Resident Commissioner, 421, 438, 439, 440, 450, 599 Members of Congress in, 11, 282, 293 – 95, Jones, William A., 57– 58, 57, 92n, 150 – 53, Philippine Islands; Territorial Delegate Immigration and Naturalization Service 297– 98, 301, 348, 376, 378 – 79, 404, 155n, 167, 175 House Un-American Activities Committee (INS), United States, 264, 271 406 – 7, 445, 494, 554 – 55, 564 Jones‒Costigan Act, 56, 81– 82, 194, 224, (HUAC), 271, 289, 352 Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, 598 National Register of Historic Places, 292 603 HOUSTON, Victor S. (Kaleoaloha), 4, 25n, imperialism, 1– 2, 16, 32, 35, 38, 42 – 43, protests in, 267– 68, 288 Judd, Lawrence, 80, 208 75 – 76, 76, 78 – 80, 82, 201, 204 –10, 45 – 46, 45, 50, 52, 66, 75, 84 – 86, 102, redress for, 11, 18, 282, 287– 90, 293 – 300, Judd, Walter, 270 – 71, 273 205, 226 138, 183, 215, 251, 253, 316, 449, 482. 309n, 310n, 311n, 342, 354 – 55, 376, Hoyer, Steny, 299 See also colonialism 383 – 84, 392, 407, 426 K Huddy, George H., 17 Independent Home Rule Party. See Home remembrance of, 11, 282, 290 – 93, Kajihara, Harry, 298 Hull, Cordell, 63 Rule Party (HRP) 296 – 97, 300, 309n, 342, 360, 384, 392, Kalakaua, King David, 67– 68, 67, 102, 105, Humphrey, Hubert, 339 Independientes, 50 460, 463 112, 120 Hurricane India, 321 violence by camp administration, 267 KALANIANAOLE, Jonah Kuhio, 6, 6, 8, Gustav, 514 immigration and, 10, 40 – 41, 269, 273, See also World War II; civil rights; 17, 19, 25n, 71, 75, 85, 85, 112 – 22, 113, Iniki, 400 276, 300, 318 –19, 439, 443 – 44, 455, discrimination; redress; Supreme Court, 204, 226 Katrina, 438, 457, 457, 502 – 3, 512, 463 United States committee assignments of, 116, 582 – 83, 514 –16 Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Iolani Palace, 68, 68, 72 585 – 86 Rita, 502 Act of 1975, 441, 599 Iran-Contra Affair, 14, 281– 82, 341 congressional delegations to Hawaii and, Indochina Refugee Children Assistance Act , 13, 39, 71, 78, 264, 266, 273, 290, 76, 116 I of 1975, 332 292 – 93, 295 – 96, 295, 303n early political career of, 68, 75, 108, Iaukea, Curtis P., 120, 122n INOUYE, Daniel K., 6 – 7, 10 –11, 11, 14, Iuli, Matthew, 415 114 –15 Ichord, Richard, 352 14, 17, 19, 21, 71, 86, 259, 259, 263, Hawaiian monarchy and, 67– 69, 71, 75, Ickes, Harold, 75 274, 275, 281, 287, 287, 290, 291– 94, J 112, 114, 118 Ige, David, 532 293, 295, 301, 301, 332 – 33, 336 – 46, Jackson, Henry, 465n Hawaiian statehood and, 82, 118 Ikejiri, Ron, 293 337, 354 – 55, 370, 398, 400 – 2, 458 – 59, Jackson, Robert, 268 legislative style of, 9, 75 – 77, 116 –17 461– 62, 462, 468n, 534, 548 – 49, 560, Jameson, Charles H., 320 experience in Washington, DC, and, 115 Asian Pacific American representation and, 591, 593 – 95 , 60, 161, 228 Native Hawaiian advocacy and, 76, 78 – 79, 544 – 45, 568, 581 chairmanships and, 281, 340, 342 – 43, anti-Japanese policies in United States, 118 – 20 ilustrados, 16, 47– 50, 124, 126, 158 399, 452, 591, 593 – 94 37– 39, 42, 44, 122n, 258, 260 – 69, Kalauokalani, David, 114 Immediatistas, 7, 50 civil rights and, 342 – 43 287– 90, 295 – 297, 300, 336, 352, 354, Kalaw, Teodoro M., 180 immigration, 9 –10, 16, 18, 35 – 38, 44, 229, committee assignments of, 281, 339, 392, 404 Kau, Francis, 5 269 – 76, 282, 328, 331– 32, 360, 438 – 41, 582 – 83, 587– 90 foreign relations with United States, 41– 42, Kauhane, Charlie, 334n 444 – 45, 450 – 51, 455 – 56, 467n early political career of, 84, 338, 358 71– 72, 117, 242, 273, 431 Kaulia, J. W., 105 assimilation and, 9, 35, 44, 79, 120, 243, earmarks and, 342 Gentlemen’s Agreement, 78 Kawananakoa, David, 74, 105, 112, 114 –15, 266, 272, 293, 295 – 96, 320, 334n, foreign policy and, 340 immigration and, 6, 10, 12 –13, 34, 36 – 42, 118 392 – 93 House career of, 338 – 39, 358, 360 44, 66, 71– 72, 78, 82 – 84, 86, 87n, 120, Kefauver, Estes, 240 citizenship and, 6, 10, 12 –13, 34, 36 – 40, internment and, 290, 342, 383 258 – 60, 263 – 64, 267, 269, 273 – 74, Kegley, Carl, 319 61, 74, 78, 83, 84 – 86, 87n, 88n, Iran-Contra affair and, 341 276, 281, 285, 288, 336, 439, 443 – 44 Kellogg‒Briand Pact, 194 258 – 59, 263, 266 – 67, 270 – 73, 300, military service of, 11, 11, 256, 259, 262, Philippine Islands and, 8, 38, 62 – 63, Kennedy, David M., 5 318 –19, 388, 393, 455 – 56, 523 180 – 81, 183, 188, 194, 222 – 23, 240, Kennedy, John F., 12, 272, 274 – 75, 274,

INDEX H 613

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 613 2/13/2018 12:50:34 PM 322, 331, 338, 404, 427 Luján, Manuel, 371– 72 355 Congressional Asian Pacific American Kennedy, Robert F., 275 Lungren, Dan, 294, 297, 540 Matthews, Francis, 279 Caucus (CAPAC) and, 14, 362 – 63, 451, Kerns, Bob, 476 lynching, 37. See also California; Mayo, Katherine, 93n, 181, 183, 184n, 189 453, 460, 597 Keynes, John Maynard, 509, 528 discrimination McCain, John, 342 – 43 congressional reform and, 376, 378 – 80 KHANNA, Ro, 440, 496, 567, 567 McCandless, Lincoln Loy, 25n, 80, 118, 120, early political career of, 19, 378, 378 – 80 kibei, 266 M 198, 200, 207– 8, 226, 228 internment and, 263 – 64, 266, 293 – 95, Kido, Mitsuyuki (Mits), 350 Ma, Seokuk, 477 McCarran Act. See Internal Security Act 293, 294, 295, 297, 297, 298, 301, Kiess, Edgar, 182, 190 Mabitac, Battle of, 186 McCarran, Patrick (Pat), 273, 273, 352 301, 376, 378 – 79, 383 – 84, 407 Kilpatrick, Carolyn Cheeks, 526, 528 MacArthur, Arthur, Jr., 56 McCarran‒Walter Act of 1952. See military service of, 378 Kim, Donna Mercado, 532 MacArthur, Douglas, 62 – 64, 62, 248, 250, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 national infrastructure and, 381– 83 KIM, Jay C., 13, 292, 439, 451– 52, 474 – 79, 506 McCarthy, Colman, 391 party leadership positions and, 12, 379 – 83 475, 592 Magellan, Ferdinand, 421, 466n McClory, Robert, 294 redress and, 11, 293 – 98, 300, 300, 407 Kim, June, 474, 477– 78 Magnuson, Warren G., 294 McCloy, John J., 295 technology and, 381 King, Edward, 167 Malcolm X, 528 McCormack, John, 3, 253, 286, 350 Minidoka War Relocation Center, 265, 267, KING, Samuel Wilder, 4, 19, 19, 25n, congress, 48, 124, 136 McCormick, Cyrus, 174 267, 291– 92. See also internment 75 – 76, 75, 80, 82 – 84, 82, 83, 226 – 31, Mamiya, Ron, 293 McCoy, Alfred W., 146, 154n MINK, Patsy Takemoto, 12, 14, 19, 86, 227, 261 Manifest Destiny, 34, 45, 85. See also McCrery, Jim, 500, 504n 280, 281– 82, 281, 290, 292, 338, 352, King, William, 189, 191, 228 imperialism McDuffie, John, 61, 61, 193 358 – 64, 359, 398, 442, 447, 451– 53, 451, Kipling, Rudyard, 45, 45 Manila Bay, Battle of, 32, 34, 45, 66, 73 McIntyre, Frank, 57, 57, 128, 150 – 51 453, 592, 595, 597 Kleberg, Richard, 223 Manila, Battle of, 63 McIntyre, Marvin, 19 Congressional Asian Pacific American Kleindienst, Richard, 333 Mann, James R., 76, 120 McKay, Lamar, 516 Caucus (CAPAC) and, 14 Knutson, Harold, 64 – 65, 65 Mansfield, Mike, 340, 465n McKinley Tariff, 68 Mitchell, Clarence M., 294 , 5, 13, 44, 439, 443 – 44, 556. See also Manzanar War Relocation Center, 265, 267, McKinley, William, 9, 43, 45 – 47, 46, 48, 58, Mitchell, George, 341, 355 North Korea; 289, 291– 93, 291. See also internment 66, 68, 71– 74, 74 Mitchell, Hugh B., 309n , 13, 318, 378, 431, 474 Maori people, 119 McNamara, Edward H., 526 Mitchell, John, 73 Korematsu v. United States. See Supreme Marcantonio, Vito, 242 – 43 McNerney, Jerry, 454 Mojica, Ambrosio, 164 Court, United States Marcos, Ferdinand, 254 McNutt, Paul V., 64 Mondell, Frank, 180 Korematsu, Fred, 268 Marine Corps, United States, 61– 62, 278, McPhee, Henry, 286 Monroney, Mike, 247n Korzybski, Alfred, 388 418, 543 Medal of Honor, 11, 262, 336 – 37, 462 Moreno, Celso C., 105 KRISHNAMOORTHI, S. Raja, 440, 568, Markham, George, 105 MENG, Grace, 440, 454, 556 – 57, 556 Morgan, John Tyler, 66 568 Marsden, Joseph, 70 Mexican-American War, 3 Moses, Bernard, 89n – 90n Kwock, Lenore, 343 Marshall Islands, 277, 431, 448 – 49, 466n Mexico-United States Interparliamentary Moss, John, 404, 406 Martin, Joe, 289 Group, 322 Mrazek, Robert, 443, 443 L Martin, Patrick M., 323 Michelson, Melissa, 496 Murphy, Frank, 268 – 69 La Follette, Robert, 214 Marutani, William J., 309n Michigan MURPHY, Stephanie, 568, 568 La Guardia, Fiorello, 200 Masaoka, Etsu, 273 Asian Pacific American representation and, Mutual Security Act, 322, 334n Lacy, James, 474 Masaoka, Mike, 273 526 – 31, 581 Myer, Dillon, 267 Ladd & Company, 67. See also sugar industry Massie case, 79 – 80, 82, 208 Micronesia, 17, 446 – 49, 446 Lange, Dorothea, 256, 257, 265 Massie, Thalia, 79, 208 Micronesian Claims Act of 1971, 283 N Langston, John Mercer, 562 Massie, Thomas, 79 – 80, 208 Midway, Battle of, 261– 62, 261, 348 Najera, Francisco Castillo, 63 , 13, 274, 438, 441, 600 matais, 278 – 79, 306n, 412 Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of Nakasone, Kentoku, 262 Lawrence, Brenda, 529 MATSUI, Doris, 404, 408, 445, 451– 52, 1962, 370, 441, 599 Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 354 League of Nations, 194 462, 554 – 55, 554, 596 Mikuma, 261 National Aeronautics and Space Leahy, Patrick, 344, 555 MATSUI, Robert T., 11–12, 12, 20, 281, Milias, George W., 378 Administration (NASA), 354 Lee, Erika, 5, 16, 37, 440, 445 292, 294 – 99, 293, 298, 354, 383, military service, Asian Pacific American National Association for the Advancement of Lee, Wen Ho, 458 404 –10, 405, 451– 52, 458, 554, 596 Members of Congress, 228, 552, 562 Colored People (NAACP), 562 LEGARDA, Benito, 2, 35, 48 – 53, 50, 52, MATSUNAGA, Spark M., 14, 17, 19, 21, 71, Afghanistan War, 520 National Commission on Educational Equity 53, 55, 124 – 34, 125, 139 – 40, 142, 149, 84, 281– 82, 281, 282, 290, 292 – 93, 292, Iraq War, 452, 532, 544, 546 and Excellence, 496 158, 160, 172, 601 293, 295, 298, 348 – 56, 349, 360, 362, Korean War, 378, 418 National Committee for Redress (NCR), Lewis, Meriwether, 489 399 – 400, 427, 592 – 95 , 428, 433 293, 293 Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 63 chairmanships and, 592 – 94 World War I, 226 National Council for Japanese American LGBT Equality Caucus, 494, 496 civil rights and, 351– 55 World War II, 11–12, 11, 229 – 30, 256, Redress (NCJAR), 293 – 94, 294 Li’a, Tufele, 430 committee assignments of, 281, 350 – 53, 258, 261– 63, 301, 309n, 336, 338, 348, National Development Company of the LIEU, Ted, 552 – 53, 552 582, 585 – 89 350 – 52, 396, 407, 420, 423n, 461– 62, , 240 Liliuokalani, Queen, 67– 71, 69, 72, 77, 102, Hawaiian statehood and, 350 461, 462 National Highway System (NHS), 382 – 83 104, 108, 112, 114 –15, 118 House career of, 290, 290, 294, 300, Miller, Gary, 478 National Historic Landmarks, 309n, 509 Lincoln, Abraham, 316 350 – 52, 360 Miller, George P., 288, 288 National Japanese American Student Linebarger, Paul, 146, 148 internment and, 290, 300, 352, 354 – 55, MINETA, Norman Y., 10, 19, 21, 86, 272, Relocation Council, 266 Lingle, Linda, 401, 551 360, 383 282, 282, 290, 292 – 94, 292, 293, 295, National Origins Act of 1924, 10, 207. See Long, Oren, 331, 338 – 39, 350 military service of, 261– 62, 293, 310n, 298, 300, 301, 301, 362 – 63, 376 – 87, also Immigration Act of 1924 Longworth, Nicholas, 76 348, 350 – 51, 407 377, 451, 459, 463, 591– 92, 597 National Park of American Samoa, 433 Louisiana party leadership position and, 282, 282, appropriations process and, 383 National Park Service, 292, 557 Asian Pacific American representation and, 595 budget process and, 380 – 82 National Park System, 509 500 – 5, 512 –18, 581 redress and, 293 – 94, 295, 296 – 98, 298, chairmanships and, 12, 282, 379 – 83, 452, National Reform Party, 67, 69, 104 Louisson, A. L., 204 354 – 55, 407 591– 92 National Register of Historic Places, 291– 92 Lowery, William, 298 Senate career of, 296 – 98, 352 – 55, 398 committee assignments of, 378 – 79, 583, National Republican Congressional Lowry, Michael E., 309n sugar industry and, 351 585 – 87 Committee, 522 Luce, Henry, 269 United States Institute of Peace and, 353, National Statuary Hall Collection, 422

614 H ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICANS IN CONGRESS

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 614 2/13/2018 12:50:34 PM Nationality Act of 1940, 279, 288, 599 OCAMPO, Pablo, 2, 35, 50, 50, 51, 52, 55, 167, 176, 181, 223 64, 91n, 124, 127– 31, 139, 141– 42, Native American Indian Heritage Month, 432 126 – 27, 129 – 31, 136 – 44, 137, 148 Philippine Independence Act. See 151, 160 – 61, 177n, 191– 92, 194, 201, Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Odlum, Jacqueline Cochran, 319 – 20 Tydings – McDuffie Act 216, 220, 223, 235 – 37, 242, 252, 603 Act, 401, 551 Ohio Philippine Islands, 7– 8, 45 – 66 territorial status of, 7– 8, 16 –17, 32, 35 – 36, Native Hawaiians, 3 – 6, 8 – 9, 34, 66 – 71, Asian Pacific American representation and, annexation of, 44 – 46, 85, 563n 45, 47– 50, 48, 51, 52, 55 – 61, 73, 91n, 68, 72 – 79, 72, 82, 85, 102, 104 – 9, 112, 506 –10, 581 Asian Pacific American representation and, 126 – 30, 138, 140 – 42, 143, 149 – 51, 114 –15, 118 – 20, 198, 207– 9, 215, 226, Omuro, Takeshi, 262 3, 8, 13, 19, 35, 48, 50 – 53, 124 – 97, 153, 154n, 164, 166 – 68, 178, 180 – 83, 230, 285, 336, 342, 396, 398 – 401, 424, 100th Infantry Battalion, 22, 262, 262, 293, 212 – 25, 232 – 55, 580 186, 188 – 90, 193, 212, 217, 220, 234, 426, 444, 460 – 61, 460, 549, 551, 551n 348, 350, 461, 461 assembly, 49 – 52, 52, 59, 126 – 27, 130 – 31, 254 Naturalization Act of 1790, 39 Onorato, Michael Paul, 154n 136, 138 – 39, 141– 42, 148 – 50, 158, war with United States, 7, 47, 136, 146, Navy, United States, 9, 32, 43, 45, 61– 62, 72, Oregon 160, 166, 174, 178, 180, 186, 217, 222, 186, 212, 232, 248 76, 80, 80, 116, 181, 189, 193, 201, 204, anti-Asian policies of, 10, 39 232, 234, 237 World War II and, 8, 42, 62 – 65, 153, 245, 206, 208, 226, 228 – 30, 261, 277, 278 – 79, Asian Pacific American representation and, Cabinet Crisis, 59 248, 250 – 53, 266, 269, 269 278, 279, 283, 366, 388, 428, 446, 602 10, 486 – 92, 581 citizenship and, 61– 62, 215 –16, 242 – 43, See also colonialism; discrimination; Nehira, Alice Tanabe, 295 Organization of , 292 246n, 273, 342 imperialism; Resident Commissioner, Nelan, Charles, 16 Ornstein, Norm, 408 commission, 46 – 52, 46, 47, 48, 52, 57, Philippine Islands Neuhardt, Sharen Swartz, 508 OSIAS, Camilo, 7, 19, 51, 60, 191– 93, 89n – 90n, 126 – 27, 129 – 31, 138 – 40, Philippine Organic Act of 1902, 49, 60, 138, New Deal, 318, 380, 388, 390, 509 212 –19, 213, 222 142, 148 – 51, 158, 160, 166, 222 141, 143n, 148, 601 New York Osmeña, Sergio, 7, 59 – 60, 59, 61, 62, 64, commonwealth status of, 8, 8, 52, 61– 62, Philippine Rehabilitation Act, 64, 251– 53, Asian Pacific American representation and, 142, 148, 151, 160, 164, 166, 168, 174, 64 – 65, 146, 153, 181, 184n, 188 – 89, 602 556 – 57, 581 178, 180, 183, 186, 191– 92, 214, 216 –17, 194, 195n , 196n, 220, 222, 224, 232, Philippine Tariff Act. See Philippine Islands, New Zealand, 119, 431 245, 250 234 – 37, 240, 243 – 44, 248, 251– 52 tariffs New, Harry Stewart, 119 Ostertag, Harold C., 12 constitution of, 8, 60 – 61, 64, 124, 167, Philippine Trade Act, 64, 251– 52, 603 Newlands, Francis, 73, 601 Otis, Elwell S., 124 169, 181, 184n, 189, 192 – 94, 195n, Philippine-American Rehabilitation Ng, Wendy, 5 – 6, 24n Ozawa v. United States. See Supreme Court, 216 –17, 222, 234, 245 Commission, 64, 95n, 251 Ngai, Mae M., 17–18, 334n, 440 United States creation of Resident Commissioner Philippine-American War, 2, 46 – 50, 56, 85, nikkei, 282, 287, 292 – 94, 296, 309n position, 49 – 50, 126, 138 136, 186, 212, 232, 248 Nimitz, Chester, 260 P economy of, 7, 35, 53 – 56, 54, 58, 60 – 61, Phillips, John, 319 Nineteenth Amendment, 120, 166 Pallone, Frank, 453 64 – 65, 91n, 124, 126 – 32, 136, Pinkham, Lucius E., 17, 198 , 84, 260 – 62, 264, 266 – 70, 273, Palma, Rafael, 164 140 – 42, 161, 166, 174 – 76, 191– 94, Pirozzi, Elia, 478 288 – 89, 288, 290 – 92, 295 – 96, 295, Palomo, Tony, 368 196n, 216, 220, 222 – 24, 232, 235 – 37, Pope Leo XIII, 109n 303n, 336, 358 Panama Canal, 391– 92 240, 242 – 45, 251– 53 Porterfield v. Webb. See Supreme Court, Nishi family, 267 Pangelinan, Vicente, 422 elections in, 138, 148, 183, 186, 188, United States Nixon, Richard M., 280, 290, 328, 331– 33, PAREDES, Quintin, 19, 197n, 224, 232 – 39, 194, 214 Portuguese Republican Club, 115 339 – 40, 351– 52, 360, 378 – 79, 390, 233, 240 embassy in United States, 66, 235, 240, Poston Relocation Center, 265, 404, 445, 424, 474 Parker, Sam, 104 – 5 244 – 45, 247n 445, 554. See also internment No Child Left Behind Act, 400, 483, 563 Partido Democrata, 214 gender equality in, 166 Pownall, Charles, 278 Nobuyuki, Karl, 293 Partido Federal (Federal Party), 49, 126, 138, immigration and, 6, 10, 39, 41– 42, 60, Presidential Medal of Freedom, 336, 384 Nofziger, Franklyn (Lyn), 391 154n 242 – 43, 245, 276, 439, 443, 455, 463 Presidential Proclamation 4417, 291, 291, 600 North American Free Trade Agreement Partido Independista Immediatista, 50, 148 independence of, 2, 7– 8, 11, 17, 25n, 35, prohibition, 117 (NAFTA), 407, 409n, 476 Partido Nacional Progresista (National 46 – 50, 56 – 66, 65, 85 – 86, 90n, 124, , 2, 3, 23n, 43, 45, 53, 90n, North Korea, 271, 273, 431, 474, 477, 523 Progressive Party), 50, 90n, 126, 138, 142, 126 – 27, 130, 136, 138 – 40, 142, 146, 105 – 6, 116, 127– 28, 140, 182, 206, 279, North, Oliver, 14, 341 149, 154n 148 – 53, 154n, 158, 160 – 61, 164, 284, 370, 422, 483, 602 Northern Mariana Islands, 445 – 50 Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party), 167, 172, 174 – 76, 178, 180 – 83, 186, Asian Pacific American representation and, 50, 52, 60, 90n, 138 – 39, 142, 148, 153, 188 – 94, 207, 212, 214 –17, 220, 222, Q 13, 560 – 61, 581 154n, 164, 167, 178, 180, 183, 188, 214, 232, 234 – 37, 240, 242 – 45, 246n, 248, Queen of Peace Shrine and Gardens, 443 citizenship and, 560 217, 234 251– 54, 273, 276 QUEZON, Manuel L., 8, 8, 19, 32, 52 – 53, Commonwealth of (CNMI), 421, 445 – 50, Paschoal, Manuel, 330, 334n Japanese occupation of, 8, 62 – 63, 63, 183, 53, 56 – 63, 57, 58, 63, 90n, 131, 142, 448, 483, 602 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 218, 237, 244 – 45, 250, 269, 506 144n, 146 – 56, 147, 158, 160 – 61, 164, constitution and, 448 508, 515 –16, 549, 555, 563 migration to mainland United States and, 166 – 69, 172, 174 – 76, 178, 180, 182 – 83, creation of Territorial Delegate position Payne, Sereno, 55, 55, 129 – 30, 136, 141 44 186, 188, 190 – 94, 196n, 214, 217, 222, and, 445, 449 – 50, 452, 602 Payne‒Aldrich Tariff Act, 54 – 55, 55, 129 – 31, nationalism in, 8, 47, 50, 57, 85, 126, 136, 224, 234 – 37, 240, 243 – 45, 246n, 247n, territorial status of, 277, 421– 22, 444, 141– 42, 161, 603 138, 146, 149, 244 248, 250, 601 446 – 48, 465n, 483 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 9, 11, 67, 80, 112, 117, Philippine army, 248, 250 Quinn, William, 286, 352 World War II and, 446 206, 258, 259, 259, 328, 376. See also Philippine national guard, 220, 232 R Northwest Ordinance, 52 World War II Philippine press bureau, 167– 68, 176 race, 13, 16, 17, 34, 36, 40, 42, 44 – 45, 63, Pelosi, Nancy, 408, 434, 451, 453, 490, 522, plebiscites in, 61, 189, 192, 194, 195n, 72 – 73, 79 – 80, 85, 104, 114 –15, 119, 139, O 555 216, 228 151, 183, 189 – 90, 204, 206 – 8, 228, 268, O’Brien, Leo, 286 Pentagon, 370, 545 revolution against Spain (1896), 7, 46, 48, 278, 285, 289, 295, 300, 319 – 21, 331– 32, O’Day, Caroline, 242, 246n Perea, Pedro, 1 51, 51, 85, 124, 136, 142, 146, 164, 336, 340, 350 – 51, 353 – 54, 358, 388, 401, O’Mahoney, Joseph C., 279 Perez, Pedro (Pete) Diaz, 368 172, 186, 212 431, 454, 454, 462, 496, 529, 541. See also O’Neal, Emmet, 245 Personal Justice Denied, 295, 296, 354 Spanish regime in, 43, 46, 124, 136, 142, civil rights; discrimination O’Neill, Thomas P. (Tip), 294, 323, 378 – 81, Peters, Gary, 529 164 RADEWAGEN, Aumua Amata Coleman, 398, 406 Peters, Linda, 486, 488 sugar industry in, 54, 55, 56, 127– 31, 139, 433, 452, 558 – 59, 558, 593 Obama, Barack, 336, 343, 345n, 401, Peters, Scott, 454 141, 149, 191– 92, 216, 224, 236 – 37, Rangel, Charlie, 398, 454 460 – 62, 462, 467n, 488, 490, 496, 504, Peterson, James, 278 240, 242, 246n, 251 Rankin, Jeannette, 84, 84 508, 515 –16, 522 – 23, 542 – 44, 547, 549, Phelan, James D., 38, 38 tariffs and, 7, 8, 17, 54 – 56, 54, 56, 60 – 61, 557, 559 Philippine American Chamber of Commerce, Rankin, John, 80, 80, 82

INDEX H 615

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 615 2/13/2018 12:50:35 PM Rayburn, Sam, 3, 229, 285 – 86, 336, 338 Rohwer Relocation Center Memorial Social Security legislation, 406 – 8, 415, 486, Yasui v. United States, 268 Reagan, Ronald, 297– 98, 298, 341, 353 – 55, Cemetery, 291 529, 551, 565 surrogate representation, 2, 23n, 328, 332, 371, 381, 390 – 93, 398, 406 – 7, 420, 424, ROMULO, Carlos Peña, 3, 3, 12, 19, 24n, Sodhi, Balbir Singh, 458 358, 360 – 61, 400, 430, 445, 447, 476 426, 443 237, 248 – 55, 249, 302n Soli, Aumeoualogo Salanoa, 412 Sutherland, Daniel, 201 Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, 67, 602 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 10, 11, 61– 63, 61, Solis, Hilda, 542 Sutton, Richard, 350 Red Cross. See American Red Cross 63, 80, 82, 193 – 94, 208, 217, 224, 229, South Korea, 431, 443, 455, 474, 476 – 78, Swalwell, Eric, 496 redress, 10 –11, 18, 282, 287– 90, 293 – 301, 235 – 36, 239n, 244 – 45, 250, 261– 62, 523 Swanson, Claude, 306n 309n, 310n, 342, 354 – 55, 376, 383, 264 – 65, 264, 265, 269 – 70, 272, 287, 291, Soviet Union, 42, 254, 270, 321, 353 Swint, Curran, 5 392 – 93, 407, 426, 457, 600 348, 392, 458, 494, 509, 600 Spanish-American War, 3, 6, 9, 17, 32, Redress Administration, Office of, 299 Roosevelt, Theodore, 38, 38, 47, 50, 71, 104, 35 – 36, 43, 46 – 47, 46, 54, 72 – 73, 78, 84, T Reed, Richard, 343 107, 115 –16, 126, 139, 598 86n, 127, 204, 232, 248, 259, 277, 446, Taft, Helen Herron, 49 Reed, Thomas Brackett, 16 Root, Elihu, 45 482, 509, 563n, 602 Taft, William H., 2, 16, 45, 47– 50, 48, Reform Party, 67, 69 Rostenkowski, Dan, 406 – 7 Spickard, Paul, 444 54 – 55, 54, 58, 90n, 91n, 118, 124, Refugee Act of 1980, 442, 442, 599 Roxas, Manuel, 7, 66, 188, 191– 92, 216, Spooner, John C., 47, 49, 73 126 – 31, 138 – 42, 149 – 50, 160, 190 Refugee Relief Act, 271, 599 232, 234 Stagg, Samuel W., 177n Taitano, Carlos, 279 refugees. See immigration Rusk, Dean, 275 Stand Against Violence and Empower Native Taiwan, 440, 455, 486, 552 Reid, Marilyn, 506 Russo, Marty, 398 Women Act, 400 TAKAI, Mark, 532 – 34, 533, 548 – 49 Reid, Whitelaw, 46 Stanley, Peter, 16 –17, 48, 53, 90n, 124, TAKANO, Mark, 445, 564 – 65, 564 Republic of Palau, 449, 466n S 151– 52, 160 tariffs. See Philippine Islands, tariffs Republican National Committee’s Asian SABLAN, Gregorio Kilili Camacho, 13, 440, Stark, Pete, 496 Tateishi, John, 293, 293 American Advisory Council, 509 450, 450, 454, 462, 560 – 61, 560 State Children’s Health Insurance Program Tavaglione, John, 564 Republican National Convention, 167, 191, Sablan, SN., 560 (S-CHIP), 509 Tenorio, Pedro A., 450, 560 332 Sablan, Vicente D., 560 statehood, 44 Terrace v. Thompson. See Supreme Court, Republican Party, 41, 104 – 5, 107– 8, 198, SAIKI, Patricia, 297, 297, 298, 399, 424 – 27, Alaska, 285, 286, 350 United States 204, 289, 330, 424, 484n, 508, 515 –17 425, 451 American Samoa, 207 Territorial Delegate Asian Pacific American representation and, San, Lee, 41 District of Columbia, 342, 421 constituent service and, 284, 414 102 –10, 112 – 22, 204 –10, 226 – 31, , 290 – 91, 295 Guam, 370 experience in Washington, DC, and, 75 328 – 35, 388 – 95, 418 – 27, 474 – 79, SAUND, Dalip Singh (Judge), 10, 10, 12, 12, Hawaii, 8 – 9, 11, 17, 35, 44, 44, 69, 75, 77, language barrier and, 75, 105 – 6, 368 500 – 25, 558 – 59 15, 19, 258, 272 – 73, 272, 281, 300, 300, 80 – 86, 118 –19, 122n, 207, 209, 226, legislative interests of, 9, 77, 106 – 7, 117– Asian Pacific Americans and, 456 – 57 316 – 26, 317, 327, 451, 502 228 – 30, 276, 282, 284 – 87, 286, 330, 19, 280 – 82, 420, 452 Hawaii Territory and, 68, 71, 75, 77– 78, Sayre, Francis B., 61 338 – 39, 350, 358, 520, 522, 550, 602 legislative style of, 3, 9, 75 – 76, 105 – 6, 114 –15, 200 –1, 230, 285 – 86 Scalise, Steve, 502 statutory representation. See Asian Pacific 116 –17, 129, 149, 186, 206, 284, 368, Philippine Islands and, 7, 55 – 58, 128 – 29, Schatz, Brian, 549 American Members of Congress, 414, 431, 482 151– 52, 167, 180, 191– 92, 236 Schurman, Jacob, 46, 47, 47 characteristics; Territorial Delegate; relationship with other Members of Resident Commissioner, Philippine Islands, 3, SCOTT, Robert C. (Bobby), 451– 52, 454, Resident Commissioner, Philippine Islands Congress, 116, 280, 284, 366, 368, 3, 6 – 8, 7, 8, 11–12, 16, 16, 19, 35, 35, 48, 508, 539, 562 – 63, 562, 592 Stefan, Karl, 253 372, 428 50 – 53, 61, 563n segregation, 10, 38, 309n, 320, 336, 393, Stevens, John, 69 – 70 travel of, 77, 84, 120, 127, 140, 229, 284, appointment of, 24n, 52, 174, 197n, 214, 562. See also Asian Pacific American Stevens, Ted, 293, 342 – 43 368 222, 234, 240, 242, 246n, 248, 250 Members of Congress, characteristics; civil Stimson, Henry L., 182 – 83, 190 – 91, 215, See also American Samoa; Guam; Hawaii creation of, 49 – 50, 126, 138 rights; discrimination; race 245 Territory; Northern Mariana Islands experience in Washington, DC, and, Sei Fujii v. California, 39, 273 Stivers, Steve, 509 territories, United States, 2, 2, 34 – 35, 38, 42, 52 – 54, 53, 60, 214 Seidman, Harold, 279 Stone, William, 124 44 – 45, 49, 52, 85, 93n, 215, 236, 301, language barrier and, 53, 140 – 41, 149 – 50 Select Commission on Immigration and sugar industry, 9, 9, 55, 56, 67– 68, 67, 71, 368, 432, 561n, 598 – 99, 601– 3. See also legislative interests of, 54 – 62, 127– 31, Refugee Policy, 442 76 – 79, 78, 81, 81, 85, 118 –19, 127– 31, American Samoa; Guam; Hawaii Territory; 139, 149 Select Committee on Presidential Campaign 141, 149 – 50, 191, 206 – 7, 224, 228, 236, Northern Mariana Islands; Philippines legislative style of, 3, 52 – 53, 57– 59, Activities, 340 251, 338, 351, 399, 461 Islands; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands 127– 31, 140 – 42, 149 – 52, 160 – 61, Selective Service Act, 244 Big Five sugar companies, 67, 71, 77– 78, Tessier, Ed, 476 167– 68, 175 – 76, 180 – 82, 186, Senate Democratic Conference, 282, 341, 352 81– 82, 330 , 5, 321, 440 – 43, 520, 522, 600 188 – 94, 215 –17, 223 – 24, 242 – 45 Senate, United States Sugimoto, Henry, 258 Thayer, Wade Warren, 17 pre-congressional careers and political Asian Pacific American representation and, Sulzer, William, 129 Thielen, Cynthia, 402 experience of, 51, 124 2, 11, 14, 21, 258, 281, 287, 328 – 46, SUNIA, Fofó I. F., 12, 280, 284, 366, Thurston, John M., 75, 115 term length of, 24n, 52, 131, 149, 160, 348 – 56, 388 – 403, 439, 450 – 52, 539, 412 –16, 413, 430, 592 Thurston, Lorrin, 67, 69, 70, 82 197n, 222, 601 544 – 45, 550 – 51, 566 Supreme Court, United States, 16, 37, 39 – 40, Timberlake, Charles, 191 travel of, 127, 139 – 40, 161, 188, 214 treaties and, 45, 46, 69 – 73, 251– 52, 602 48, 54, 87n, 184n, 195n, 260, 268, 288, Tirona, Tría, 180 working relationships of, 53 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 342, 294, 303n, 371, 401, 552 Titcomb, Frederick, 339 See also Philippine Organic Act of 1902; 363, 399, 458, 496 Chae Chan Ping v. United States, 87n Title IX, 361– 62 Tydings – McDuffie Act Seuss, Dr., 264 Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 87n Tokiwa, Rudy, 299 Rice, Phillip L., 201 Sevilla, Porfirio U., 242, 246n Frick v. Webb, 87n Topaz War Relocation Center, 265, 267. See Rice, William H., 17 Sherman, John, 72 Hirabayashi v. United States, 268 also internment Richmond, Cedric, 517 Silva, Charles H., 338 Honda v. Clark, 288 Torres, Frank, 422 Río, Baltasar Corrada-del, 369 Simpson, Alan, 282 Korematsu v. United States, 268, 303n Towner, Horace M., 167– 68, 170n Rivenburgh, Bertram, 200, 207, 229 Smith, Allen, 352 Ozawa v. United States, 40 Trading with the Enemy Act, 288 Rizal, Jose, 161 Smith, Howard, 285 Porterfield v. Webb, 87n transcontinental railroad, 9, 34, 36 – 37, 36 Roberts, Owen, 260, 268 – 69 Smith, Roy, 278, 278 Terrace v. Thompson, 87n Transgender Equality Task Force, 496 Rocky Shimpo newspaper, 267, 267 Smithsonian Institution, 382, 454, 462, 555 United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 40 Trask, David, 229 Rodino, Peter, 442, 442 Smoley, Sandy, 406 United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 87n Treasury, United States, 129, 193, 223 – 24, Roe, Robert, 382 Smoot, Reed, 191– 92 Webb v. O’Brien, 87n 235 – 36 Smoot‒Hawley Tariff, 192, 196n, 216 , 7, 43, 45 – 46, 46, 54, 127,

616 H ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICANS IN CONGRESS

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 616 2/13/2018 12:50:35 PM 252, 602 Vitousek, Roy A., 330, 334n Woolley, John G., 117 Treaty of Trade, Consuls, and Emigration, Vitter, David, 500, 502 Worcester, Dean, 46, 89n 36 – 37, 602 Voinovich, George, 399 Work for Warriors Caucus, 565 Tri-Caucus, 454 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 332, 351, 562 Works Progress Administration, United States, Troubled Asset Relief Program, 515 Voting Rights Act extension of 1975, 393 266 Truman, Harry S., 64 – 65, 224, 245, 251, World Bank, 245 267, 270, 272 – 73, 277– 79, 279, 289, 352, W World War I, 40 – 41, 85, 117, 167, 181, 201, 418, 446, 601 Wagner, Bryan, 514 207, 220, 226, 232, 316, 446 Trumbull, Lyman, 88n Waihee, John, III, 362, 399, 427 World War II, 2, 3, 5 – 8, 11–12, 18, 35 – 36, Truscott, Lucian K., Jr., 261 Wainwright, Jonathan, 181– 83 39, 42, 51, 62, 84, 86, 153, 204, 208, 217, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), Wakasa, James Hatsuki, 267 229, 237, 242 – 45, 248, 256, 256, 257, 277, 306n, 360, 446 – 48 Waldron, Richard L., 476 258 – 72, 261, 262, 263, 274, 276 – 80, Trust Territory Organic Act, 447 Wall Street, 131, 400 282 – 83, 287, 292 – 93, 295, 300 –1, 309n, Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory of the Walter, Francis E., 273 319, 336, 338, 342, 350, 352, 354 – 55, Pacific Islands, 446, 601 Wanto Co. grocery store, 5, 263 360, 383, 392, 400, 407, 418, 420, 426, Tule Lake Segregation Center, 265, 266, War Brides Act of 1945, 272, 599 431, 436, 440, 445 – 46, 452, 457– 58, 267– 68, 288, 293, 309n, 404. See also War Claims Review Commission Act, 459, 460 – 61, 482 – 83, 484n, 506, 534, 555, internment 483 564 Tunney, John V., 390 – 91 War of 1898. See Spanish-American War censorship during, 260, 267 Turner, Mike, 509 War Powers Act of 1973, 339 military service of in, Tydings, Millard, 61, 64, 82, 193, 228, 306n War Relocation Authority (WRA), 264 – 67, 262, 266 – 69, 298, 303n, 336, 348 Tydings‒McDuffie Act, 8, 56, 61, 153, 264, 269, 288 – 89, 303n, 600. See also Pearl Harbor, attack on, 5, 10 –11, 11, 22, 193 – 94, 196n, 217, 220, 222 – 24, 234 – 36, internment 62, 84, 229, 256, 258 – 61, 258, 259, 601, 607 Warren, Robert Penn, 354 260, 263 – 64, 269, 295, 297, 330, 336, Tzu, Lao, 390 Wartime Civil Control Administration, 263 342–43, 348, 355, 376, 391– 92, 404, Washington 445, 458, 494 U anti-Asian policies of, 10, 13, 39 – 40 suspicion of Japanese Americans during, Underwood, James H., 480 Asian Pacific American representation and, 10, 18, 228, 258, 260 – 61, 263 – 69, UNDERWOOD, Robert A., 14, 292, 369, 567, 581 286 – 88, 290 – 91, 295, 297, 300, 336, 422, 440, 449 – 50, 449, 451, 453, 458 – 59, Washington, George, 216 348, 354, 363, 376, 392, 404, 458 480 – 85, 481, 597 Watergate Babies, 12, 379 World War II Valor in the Pacific National Underwood‒Simmons Act, 55, 603 Watergate scandal, 340, 378, 380, 391 Monument, 309n United Nations, 246, 254, 271, 277, 331, Watkins, Norman, 17 Wright, George Frederick, 328 446, Watts, J. C., 558 Wright, Jim, 294, 294, 297 Conference on International Organization, Waxman, Henry, 552 Wright, Luke, 90n 224 Webb v. O’Brien. See Supreme Court, United WU, David, 10, 440, 452 – 53, 486 – 92, 487, decolonization mandate of, 277 States 592, 597 General Assembly of, 248, 254 Webb, Jim, 400 United Nations Charter, 273 Weeks, John, 188 Y United Nations Security Council, 446 Weicker, Lowell, 340 YANGCO, Teodoro R., 16, 19, 85, 85, 161, United Nations Trusteeship Council, 447 Welch, Richard, 194, 206, 215 166 – 67, 172 – 77, 173, 180 United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind. See Western Defense Command (WDC), 264, Yasui v. United States. See Supreme Court, Supreme Court, United States 268, 268, 295 United States United States v. Wong Kim Ark. See Supreme WILCOX, Robert W., 1, 3, 6, 19, 23n, 35, Yasui, Minoru, 268 Court, United States 67– 69, 68, 71, 74 – 77, 102 –10, 103, Young, Don, 297, 298 Uno, Edison, 293 114 –15, 284, 284, 539 Young, Ellen, 556 USS Arizona, 259 Wilder, William Chauncey, 70 Young, Milton R., 309n USS Maine, 42– 43, 43, 72, 204 Wilhelm, Kaiser II, 32 Uyeda, Clifford, 293, 293 Wilkins, H. Ford, 66 Williams, Guinn, 196n V Williams, Harrison, Jr., 341 Vietnam Willis, Albert S., 70 “,” 13 Willis, Frank, 182, 190 immigration and, 13, 438 – 39, 441, Wilson, John H., 198, 200 443 – 44, 462 Wilson, John J., 340 Vietnam War, 13, 281, 328, 332 – 33, 339, Wilson, Pete, 298, 394 351, 360 – 61, 369, 379 – 80, 388, 420, 431, Wilson, William, 76, 116 433, 438, 440 – 42, 512 Wilson, Woodrow, 40, 41, 57– 58, 92n, Villamin, Vicente, 223 150 – 53, 161, 167, 170, 175, 177n, 180, Villaraigosa, Antonio, 542 188, 198, 232, 316 Violence Against Women Act, 400 Wise, John, 108, 114, 120, 200 Virgin Islands, 284, 369, 421, 483 WON PAT, Antonio Borja, 12, 19, 278 – 84, constitution of, 283, 371 366 – 75, 367, 418, 420, 422, 448, 449, representation in Congress and, 279, 382, 458 – 59, 483, 592 418, 428, 450, 602, 605 Wood, Leonard, 58, 59, 93n, 168, 180 – 81, Virginia 188 – 90 Asian Pacific American representation and, Wood‒Forbes Mission, 59, 168, 180 – 81, 183 562 – 63, 581 Woodring, Harry, 240

INDEX H 617

42940_12-APA-INDEX.indd 617 2/13/2018 12:50:35 PM