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UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Pluralistic Realities and Tenuous Paradigms: Critical Examinations of Race and "Normativity" in Japanese/American Multiethnic and Multiracial History Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4j3997h8 Author Ong, James Man Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Pluralistic Realities and Tenuous Paradigms: Critical Examinations of Race and “Normativity” in Japanese/American Multiethnic and Multiracial History A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Asian American Studies by James Man Ong 2014 © Copyright by James Man Ong 2014 ABSTRACT OF THIS THESIS Pluralistic Realities and Tenuous Paradigms: Critical Examinations of Race and “Normativity” in Japanese/American Multiethnic and Multiracial History By James Man Ong Master of Arts in Asian American Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, Chair In both the US and Japan in recent decades, multiethnicity has become an increasingly significant phenomenon for Japanese/Americans. Though relative minorities in the past, mixed individuals have become an emerging demographic as successive generations of individuals of Japanese and non-Japanese ancestry have transgressed social barriers, ethnic racial boundaries and national divides, blending diverse ancestries and cultures into unique syntheses. While individuals may be independently optimistic about this burgeoning diversity, others have resisted, at times violently. Multiethnic and multiracial Japanese/Americans have historically faced prejudice and discrimination on the basis of their fraught racial positionality. Despite improvements, this thesis argues that racial violence continues to tacitly resonate in the present, thus refuting the notion that the US has become a “post racial society.” This project analyzes past and contemporary systems in both the US and Japan in order to identify and critically analyze structures of racial power which circumscribe mixed experiences. ii The thesis of James Man Ong is approved. David K. Yoo King-Kok Cheung Robert Chao Romero Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2014 iii For anyone who has ever felt lost, hurt or challenged because they were seen as “in-between.” You and your stories are valuable. iv Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction, Structure, Theoretical Framework, and Research Goals ....................................... 1 Theoretical Framework: Discursive Normativity and Multiethnic Racialization ..................................... 2 Structure .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Terminology ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Global Mixed Race ................................................................................................................................. 13 Immediacy of the Issue ........................................................................................................................... 16 Research Goals........................................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter II: The Double Enforcement of Color Lines: Multiethnic Japanese Americans and Interracial Families during the Incarceration .................................. 27 Pre-war Socialscapes .............................................................................................................................. 31 Decisions to Incarcerate “In-between Americans” and “State” Racialization ........................................ 33 The Cost of Imposing Race, Mainstream Receptions ............................................................................. 36 Internal Communal Tensions .................................................................................................................. 42 Voices of Multiethnic Prisoners .............................................................................................................. 45 Japaneseness beyond Camp .................................................................................................................... 51 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 53 Chapter III: Abject Political and Social Citizens: Japanese Amerasians in Occupied Japan ...................... 59 The End of Japanese Colonialism and the Racial State(s) of the Occupation ........................................ 62 An Occupied Japan ................................................................................................................................. 66 Defining Racialized Citizenship ............................................................................................................. 70 Beyond Legality, Defining a Social Citizen ........................................................................................... 77 Objects of Scorn ...................................................................................................................................... 78 The Consequences of Juridical Racism, Growing up in “Social Death” ................................................ 81 Marked Voices ........................................................................................................................................ 84 The Perpetuation of “Social Death” ........................................................................................................ 88 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 91 v Chapter IV: Multiethnic People in Monoracial Spaces: Postwar Mixed Japanese/American Oral Narratives................................................................................. 101 Imagining Alternative Identity in Postwar Japanese American Communities ..................................... 103 The Power of Names: Social and Legal Challenges for Multiethnics with “Ethnic” Names ............... 104 Eclipsing the Private Self: Family, History, and Public Views ............................................................ 107 When Race Trumps Culture: Multiethnic Racial Hierarchies and notions of “Blackness” .................. 109 The Right to Representation, The Right to Community: Multiethnics as Leaders ............................... 112 Passers not Pluralists: Whiteness Disarmed .......................................................................................... 116 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 118 Chapter IV: Conclusion and Potential Implications of this Study ............................................................ 123 Where have we come from? ................................................................................................................. 126 Where are we going? ............................................................................................................................ 129 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 135 vi Acknowledgements: There are far too many people I wish to thank for helping me get this project completed and for supporting me throughout the process in various capacities. First and foremost, I am deeply and utterly indebted to my chair and advisor, Lane Ryo Hirabayashi. Without his gracious support and kind advice before entering the UCLA Asian American Studies Program, I would not have had nearly the confidence that I did. Moreover, this project would have never gotten off the ground were it not for his insight and knowledge of the materials. Lane has done so much more than endowed knowledge; he has also been an invaluable source of moral and intellectual support. His generosity knows no bounds. He has encouraged me with many opportunities to teach, create, do research and learn at a level that was extremely rigorous and rewarding. I was truly blessed to meet him. My committee members King-Kok Cheung and David Yoo deserve huge praise. Their constructive suggestions about both the content and form of the overall project were invaluable. I cannot thank them enough for their tremendous support and for taking extra time needed to give me direct feedback through multiple drafts. I would especially like to thank Professor Cheung for all her advice on the very early drafts of these chapters during my first year in the program. I would also like to thank my committee member Robert Chao Romero in particular. I respect Professor Romero for so many reasons, both professional and personal. His mentorship and moral support really gave me the final boost I needed. As I was coming to the end of the first draft, the professor reminded me of the importance of this scholarship beyond myself and my immediate field. He
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