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Challenge of Japanese-Peruvian Descendent Families in the XXI Century

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Challenge of Japanese-Peruvian Descendent Families in the XXI Century Challenge of Japanese-Peruvian descendent families in the XXI century, Peruvian dekasegi in Japan: Overview of Socio Economic Issues of Nikkei by LAGONES VALDEZ Pilar Jakeline DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Development Doctor of Philosophy GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NAGOYA UNIVERSITY Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Naoko SHINKAI (Chairperson) Sanae ITO Hideto NISHIMURA Tetsuo UMEMURA Approved by the GSID Committee: March 07, 2016 1 Acknowledgements First, I would like to give my gratefulness to Professor SHINKAI Naoko, my academic advisor, for her priceless academic guidance throughout my research term at the Graduate School of International Development in Nagoya University. I achieved my goals as a graduate student with her useful and professional advices. She also gave me an invaluable guidance for my social life in Japan. She encouraged and supported me warmly. I would also like to deeply thank Professor ITO Sanae and Professor NISHIMURA Hideto, who supported me with valuable comments. I would like to appreciate Professor FRANCIS Peddie for important comments in my dissertation. I also thank to all my seminar members, who helped me with their experience and knowledge. In Japan, they became my family members. I felt so happy to meet them in my life. I appreciate the Peruvian Consul in Japan, who gave me the permission to do my interview survey to Peruvian Nikkei. I also thank to the Peruvian Nikkei community, they permitted me to enter their home to observe and interview with questions regarding to my research during my field work. At the department of GSID in Nagoya University I would like to thank all my professors. I acquired a lot of professional and useful advices for my academic education. Finally, special thanks to all my friends in Japan for their invaluable social support. Jakeline Lagones i Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research Questions ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Conceptual framework ................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Research Methodology................................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Outline of the Dissertation........................................................................................................... 9 1.7 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................... 11 1.8 The Research Sites ..................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Japanese Migration, Challenges and Settlement .............................................. 15 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 15 2.2 The Japanese in Peru ............................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 First Stage: The success of Japanese immigrants in Peru in small business ................. 17 (1899- 1989) ................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Second Stage: Nikkei Peruvian Migration to Japan (1990s) ........................................... 20 2.2.3 Third Stage: Demographic characteristics of Nikkei Peruvians who stayed in Japan and returnees to Peru: significance of return migration, overview of savings, human and social capital. ................................................................................................................................. 27 2.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 42 ii Chapter 3: Main Characteristics of Nikkei Peruvians Who Remained in Japan ............ 44 During and After the Lehman Shock (2009-2014) ............................................................... 44 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 44 3.2 Peruvian Nikkei affluence & outflow ....................................................................................... 45 3.2.1 Nikkei Family ...................................................................................................................... 46 3.2.2 Japan’s new immigration policy in 1990 ........................................................................... 49 3.2.3 Nikkei Families in Japan: Newcomers in Japan After 1990 ........................................... 50 3.2.4 The World Economic Crisis of 2008 .................................................................................. 53 3.3.1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.3.2 Interviews (2009-2014). ....................................................................................................... 55 3.3.3 Data collection ..................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.4 Data Description .................................................................................................................. 58 3.3.5 Model: Logistic Regression Model..................................................................................... 59 3.3.6 Variables analyzed in 2009 and 2014: ............................................................................... 60 3.4.1 Regression Results 2009-2014: Probit Model Output 2009-2014 .................................... 60 3.4.2 Interpretation of the variables in the quantitative analysis ............................................ 61 3.5 Qualitative Analysis ................................................................................................................... 63 3.5.1 Qualitative results: Interview results 2009-2014 from five Nikkei families who continued living in Japan............................................................................................................. 63 3.5.2 Qualitative results: variable results in 2014 ..................................................................... 65 iii 3.6 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 67 3.7 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 73 Chapter 4: The Challenges for Second Generation Nikkei Peruvians in Japan After the Crisis of 2008: Characteristics of Second Generation Nikkei Peruvians and their Differences in Employment Status ........................................................................................ 75 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 75 4.2 Nikkei Peruvian Second Generation ........................................................................................ 76 4.2.1 The language development and education of second generation Nikkei Language ...... 77 4.2.2 Identity problems ................................................................................................................ 79 4.2.3 Second generation Nikkei employment status problem in the Japanese labor market 81 4.2.4 The Lehman Shock and its consequences for second generation Nikkei Peruvians in the Japanese labor force .............................................................................................................. 82 4.3 Characteristics and Differences of Nikkei Peruvians Who Remain in Japan: Second Generation, 2009-2014 ..................................................................................................................... 84 4.3.1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 84 4.3.2 Interview (2015) ................................................................................................................... 85 4.3.3 Data collection ..................................................................................................................... 85 4.3.4 Data description .................................................................................................................. 85 4.3.5 Model: Chi-Square Test ..................................................................................................... 85 4.3.6 Variables analyzed in 2015 ................................................................................................. 86 4.4.1 Q-square Test: 2015 ...........................................................................................................
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