EMBARGOED UNTIL 26 JUNE 2019 2019 00:01 AM (CEST) © United Nations, June 2019. All rights reserved worldwide. ISBN: 978-92-1-148314-7 eISBN: 978-92-1-004174-4 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.XI.9
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E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/wdr2019 PREFACE
The findings of this year’s World Drug Report fill in same time clamping down on organized crime and and further complicate the global picture of drug trafficking. challenges, underscoring the need for broader inter- Opium production and cocaine manufacture remain national cooperation to advance balanced and at record levels. The amounts intercepted are also integrated health and criminal justice responses to higher than ever, with the amount of cocaine seized drug supply and demand. up 74 per cent over the past decade, compared with With improved research and more precise data from a 50 per cent rise in manufacture during the same India and Nigeria – both among the 10 most-pop- period. This suggests that law enforcement efforts ulous countries in the world – we see that there are have become more effective and that strengthened many more opioid users and people with drug use international cooperation may be helping to increase disorders than previously estimated. Globally, some interception rates. 35 million people, up from an earlier estimate of The World Drug Report 2019 also registers a decline 30.5 million, suffer from drug use disorders and in opiate trafficking from Afghanistan along the require treatment services. The death toll is also “northern” route through Central Asia to the Rus- higher: 585,000 people died as a result of drug use sian Federation. In 2008, some 10 per cent of the in 2017. Embargoedmorphine and heroin intercepted globally was seized Prevention and treatment continue to fall far short in countries along the northern route; by 2017 it of needs in many parts of the world. This is particu- had fallen to 1 per cent. This may be due in part to larly true in prisons, where those incarcerated are a shift in demand to synthetics in destination mar- especially vulnerable to drug use26 and face higher kets. The increaseduntil effectiveness of regional responses risks of HIV and hepatitis C transmission. Thisjune gap may also play a role. represents a major impediment00:01 to achieving the Sus- Countries2019 in central Asia, with the support of the tainable Development Goals and fulfilling the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime international community’s pledge to leave AMno one (UNODC), have committed considerable resources behind. to strengthening(CEST) regional cooperation through Synthetic opioids continue to pose a serious threat integrated UNODC country, regional and global to health, with overdose deaths rising in North programmes, as well as through platforms such as America and trafficking in fentanyl and its analogues the Central Asian Regional Information and expanding in Europe and elsewhere. The opioid Coordination Centre, the Afghanistan–Kyrgyzstan– crisis that has featured in far fewer headlines but Tajikistan Initiative and the Triangular Initiative that requires equally urgent international attention and its Joint Planning Cell. More research is needed, is the non-medical use of the painkiller tramadol, including to identify lessons learned and best particularly in Africa. The amount of tramadol practices that could inform further action. seized globally reached a record 125 tons in 2017; International cooperation has also succeeded in the limited data available indicate that the tramadol checking the growth in new psychoactive substances. being used for non-medical purposes in Africa is The Vienna-based Commission on Narcotic Drugs being illicitly manufactured in South Asia and traf- has acted swiftly in recent years to schedule the most ficked to the region, as well as to parts of the Middle harmful new psychoactive substances, and the East. UNODC early warning advisory has helped to keep The response to the misuse of tramadol illustrates the international community abreast of the difficulties faced by countries in balancing nec- developments. essary access for medical purposes while curbing Political will and adequate funding remain prereq- abuse – with limited resources and health-care sys- uisites for success. Efforts by Colombia to reduce tems that are already struggling to cope – and at the cocaine production following the 2016 peace deal
1 STIMULANTS 2019
with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia UNODC supports countries in putting their com- (FARC) are a case in point. Alternative development mitments into action through the application of initiatives have enabled farmers in central areas of international standards on the prevention and treat- the country previously under FARC control to aban- ment of drug use disorders and HIV, as well as don coca bush cultivation and join the licit economy. standards and norms on the administration of justice The result has been a drastic reduction in cocaine and the treatment of prisoners. We provide tailored WORLD DRUG REPORT production. However, in other areas previously con- technical assistance through our field offices and trolled by FARC, criminal groups have moved in to global programmes, and through toolkits and fill the vacuum and expand cultivation. Alternative research. development can succeed, but not without sustained I hope the World Drug Report 2019 will shed further attention and integration into broader development light on the world drug problem and inform inter- goals. national community responses. By working together The successes identified amid the many, formidable and focusing attention and resources, we can help problems that countries continue to face in grap- people get the services they need without discrimi- pling with drug supply and demand highlight that nation, promote security and bring criminals to international cooperation works. The challenge justice, safeguard health and achieve the Sustainable before us is to make this cooperation work for more Development Goals. people. International cooperation is based on agreed frame- works. Nearly everyEmbargoed country in the world has reaffirmed its commitment to balanced, rights-based action based on the international drug control con- ventions. The most recent reaffirmation of that commitment is the Ministerial26 Declaration on until Strengthening Our Actions at the National,june Regional and International00:01 Levels to Accelerate the Imple- 2019 mentation of Our Joint Commitments to Address Yury Fedotov and Counter the World Drug Problem,AM adopted at Executive Director the ministerial segment of the sixty-second session (CEST)United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs.
2 CONTENTS
BOOKLET 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
BOOKLET 2 GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF DRUG DEMAND AND SUPPLY
BOOKLET 3 DEPRESSANTS
BOOKLET 4 STIMULANTS PREFACE...... 1 EXPLANATORY NOTES...... 5 SCOPE OF THE BOOKLET...... 7 STIMULANT DRUGS...... 9 Patterns of stimulant use...... 9 COCAINE...... 13 Supply of cocaine...... 13 Demand for cocaineEmbargoed ...... 26 AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS...... 35 Supply of amphetamine-type stimulants...... 35 Demand for amphetamine-type26 stimulants ...... until 58 STIMULANT NEW PSYCHOACTIVEjune SUBSTANCES ...... 71 ANNEX...... 00:01 2019 79 GLOSSARY...... AM 85 REGIONAL GROUPINGS...... (CEST) 87 BOOKLET 5 CANNABIS AND HALLUCINOGENS
3 Acknowledgements The World Drug Report 2019 was prepared by the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of the Division, and Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch. General coordination and content overview Editing Chloé Carpentier Jonathan Gibbons Angela Me Graphic design and production Analysis and drafting EmbargoedAnja Korenblik Kamran Niaz Suzanne Kunnen Thomas Pietschmann Kristina Kuttnig Fabian Rettenbacher Data management and estimate26 production until Enrico Bisogno june Coordination Conor Crean 00:01 Francesca2019 Massanello Hernan Epstein Administrative support Sabrina Levissianos AM Iulia Lazar Andrea Oterová (CEST) Umidjon Rakhmonberdiev Ali Saadeddin Tun Nay Soe Irina Tsoy Fatma Usheva Lorenzo Vita Review and comments The World Drug Report 2019 benefited from the expertise of and invaluable contributions from INCB and from UNODC colleagues in all divisions. The Research and Trend Analysis Branch acknowledges the important contribution to Booklet 4 from its colleagues in the Laboratory and Scientific Section and in the Programme Development and Management Unit. The Research and Trend Analysis Branch acknowledges the invaluable contributions and advice provided by the World Drug Report Scientific Advisory Committee: Jonathan Caulkins Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar Paul Griffiths Peter Reuter Marya Hynes Alison Ritter Vicknasingam B. Kasinather Francisco Thoumi Charles Parry EXPLANATORY NOTES
The boundaries and names shown and the designa- References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, tions used on maps do not imply official endorsement unless otherwise stated. or acceptance by the United Nations. A dotted line References to tons are to metric tons, unless other- represents approximately the line of control in wise stated. Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Paki- stan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has The following abbreviations have been used in the not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Disputed present booklet: boundaries (China/India) are represented by cross- 2CB 2,5-dimethoxy-4- hatch owing to the difficulty of showing sufficient bromophenethylamine detail. 3-MMC 3-methylmethcathinone The designations employed and the presentation of 4-FA 4-fluoroamphetamine the material in the World Drug Report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the ATS amphetamine-type stimulants part of the Secretariat of the United Nations con- DAINAP Drug Abuse Information cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city Network for Asia and the Pacific or area, or of its authorities or concerning the delimi- tation of its frontiers or boundaries.EmbargoedDEA Drug Enforcement Administration of the United Countries and areas are referred to by the names States that were in official use at the time the relevant data EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for were collected. 26 until june Drugs and Drug Addiction All references to Kosovo in the World Drug Report, FARC-EP Revolutionary Armed Forces of if any, should be understood00:01 to be in compliance 2019Colombia-People’s Army with Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). AM GBL gamma-butyrolactone Since there is some scientific and legal ambiguity (CEST)GHB gamma-hydroxybutyrate about the distinctions between “drug use”, “drug misuse” and “drug abuse”, the neutral term “drug HCl hydrochloride use” is used in the World Drug Report. The term INCB International Narcotics Control “misuse” is used only to denote the non-medical use Board of prescription drugs. MDA methylenedioxyamphetamine All uses of the word “drug” and the term “drug use” MDEA methylenedioxyethamphetamine in the World Drug Report refer to substances con- trolled under the international drug control MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymeth- conventions, and their non-medical use. amphetamine All analysis contained in the World Drug Report is MDPV methylenedioxypyrovalerone based on the official data submitted by Member MedSPAD Mediterranean School Survey States to the UNODC through the annual report Project on Alcohol and other questionnaire unless indicated otherwise. Drugs The data on population used in the World Drug MT-45 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenyl- Report are taken from: World Population Prospects: ethyl)piperazine The 2017 Revision (United Nations, Department of NPS new psychoactive substances Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division).
5 STIMULANTS 2019
P-2-P phenyl-2-propanone PMA para-methoxyamphetamine PMMA para-methoxymethamphetamine PNIS National Comprehensive
WORLD DRUG REPORT Programme for the Voluntary Substitution of Illicit Crops of Colombia SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SCORE Sewage Analysis CORE Group Europe SEDRONAR Ministry of Programming for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and Trafficking in Drugs SENDA National Service for the Preven- tion and Rehabilitation of Drug and Alcohol Use UNODC UnitedEmbargoed Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 26 june until 00:01 2019 AM (CEST)
6 SCOPE OF THE BOOKLET
This booklet, the fourth chapter of the World Drug Report 2019, provides analysis of recent trends in the market for stimulants, which include cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants and new psychoactive substances with stimulant effects. Substances of either a plant-based or synthetic nature, stimulants increase alertness, heighten arousal and cause behav- ioural excitement. The early focus of the booklet is on supply of and demand for cocaine, before turning to emerging issues and trends in the consumption and trafficking of amphetamine-type stimulants, including methamphetamine, amphetamine, phar- maceutical stimulants and “ecstasy”. The final part of the booklet looks at supply of and demand for stimulant new psychoactive substances. Embargoed