RRNI:NI: DDELENG/2005/15153ELENG/2005/15153 NNo:o: DL(E)-01/5079/14-16DL(E)-01/5079/14-16 PPublication:ublication: 1155tthh ooff eeveryvery mmonthonth L Licensedicensed ttoo ppostost wwithoutithout ppre-paymentre-payment UU(E)(E) 228/2014-168/2014-16 PPosting:osting: 1919tthh//2020tthh ooff eeveryvery monthmonth atat NDPSONDPSO RRs.100s.100 6 3 1 2 - 3 7 9 0

N S S I ISSN 0973-2136

Volume X, Issue 08, August 2014 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND

Suitable Map Projections forfor EENCsNCs

“IRNSS is important for the India’s sovereignty”

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In this issue CCoordinatesoordinates Volume 10, Issue 08, August 2014 Articles

Performance measurement of EGNOS Integrity and Continuity H P J VEERMAN, A J P VAN KLEEF AND J D VAN

BRUGGEN-VAN PUTTEN 12 Choosing Suitable Map Projections for Worldwide Depiction of Electronic Charts

in ECDIS ATHANASIOS PALLIKARIS 21 On high quality Courseware-Making strategies ERHU WEI AND ZHIXIANG YIN 37

KOPOS – Kosovo Positioning System MURAT MEHA, MUZAFER ÇAKA AND RESHAT MURATI 40 Accuracy Assessment

of Single-frequency DGPS ARUN PATEL, RAVI S SINGH, DR S K KATIYAR AND DR VISHNU PRASAD 46 Satellite technologies in

Turkey M CUNEYT BAGDATLI 52

Columns

My Coordinates EDITORIAL 6 His Coordinates AVINASH CHANDER 8 G SATHEESH REDDY 10 News GALILEO UPDATE 54 LBS 54 GIS 56

IMAGING 57 GNSS 58 INDUSTRY 60 Mark your calendar SEPTEMBER 2014 TO JULY 2015 62

This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies A J P van Kleef, Arun Patel, Athanasios Pallikaris, Avinash Chander, Erhu WEI, G Satheesh Reddy, H P J Veerman, J D van Bruggen-van Putten, M Cuneyt Bagdatli, Murat MEHA, Muzafer ÇAKA, Ravi S Singh, Reshat MURATI, S K Katiyar, Vishnu Prasad and Zhixiang YIN; Antcom, Effi gis, Foif, HiTarget, Javad, Linertec, Navcom, NovAtel, Pentax, Rohde & Schwarz, Supergeo, Trimble, and many others.

Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of cGIT that aims to broaden the Editor Bal Krishna A 002, Mansara Apartments scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. C 9, Vasundhara Enclave cGIT does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Owner Centre for Geoinformation Technologies Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors in this magazine and may not be held Phones +91 11 22632607, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due to the Designed at Spring Design ([email protected]) Fax +91 11 22632607 information provided herein. © cGIT, 2014. Reprinting with permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details. Printer Thomson Press India Ltd., B 315, Okhla Phase I, Email New Delhi - 110020, India [information] [email protected] Annual subscription (12 issues) [India] Rs.1,200 [editorial] [email protected] [Overseas] US$80 This issue of Coordinates is of 64 pages, including [advertising] [email protected] cover. [subscriptions] [email protected] Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of Centre for Geoinformation Technologies at A221 Mangal Web www.mycoordinates.org Apartments, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi 110096, India.

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Wishful thinking

Some recent announcements,

Especially in the Union Budget of India for fi scal year 2014 -15.

Rs 7,060 crore for ‘100 Smart Cities’ project,

Development of industrial corridors with emphasis on Smart Cities,

An investment of Rs 37,880 crore in National Highway Authority of India,

Proposed State Roads includes Rs 3000 crores for the North East,

Metro Projects in Lucknow and Ahemdabad,

For inland navigation, project on Ganges called “Jal Marg Vikas”

Proposal to track supplies for Public Distribution System using GPS

Pan India programme of “Digital India”

Digitization and mapping using GIS for better management and usage of Indian Railways

Bullet train project on the Mumbai-Ahmedabad route, etc. etc.

Wish these announcements not to end up as ‘wishful thinking’.

Bal Krishna, Editor [email protected]

ADVISORS Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Professor Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land Administration, University of Melbourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Director of Geosciences, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics -IBGE, Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand

6 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 6 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm SD33_CMPL_FOIF_Aug_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 7 1 31/07/14007/08/147/08/14 11:16 5:425:42 pmpm [ HIS COORDINATES “IRNSS is important for the India’s sovereignty” says Shri Avinash Chander, Secretary Department of Defense R&D, DG R&D and Scientifi c Advisor to RM, Government of India

What are the key challenges for You were in-charge of Which DRDO projects would you as the head of the Defense the navigation system you say are poised to make Research and Development development of the Prithivi the biggest difference in India Organization (DRDO)? Missile Project in the early in the next two-three years? 70’s. What has been the The complexion of warfare and associated highlights of Indian navigation DRDO has entered a new phase wherein security scenario are fast changing technology over these years? very large number of critical Systems due to rapidly advancing technologies, with potential to make a difference for emergence of proxy warfare tactics and Indeed, I was privileged to be one of the the country are in advanced stage of increasing number of technologically members of the initial team which worked operationalization. Tejas Light Combat well equipped non-state players. India’s on the Navigation System in the 1970s. Aircraft (LCA) is nearing ‘Final security environment is even more In fact the fi rst system what we made was Operational Clearance’ (FOC), on its way complex due to conventional threats Platform Navigation System which we had to strengthening capabilities of our Air and unique geopolitical environment. fl ight tested in Canberra Aircraft and later Force. Airborne Early Warning and Control Finding innovative technology solutions a Strapdown System was developed for System (AEWCS) is fl ying and will be to meet resultant security challenges on SS45 Missile. In1988 a Dynamically Tuned inducted soon. Rustom II UAV currently a continuous basis and converting these Gyroscope (DTG) based INS weighing undergoing taxi trials in preparation for its technologies into manufactured products 50 kg was successfully fl ight tested in the fl ight trials will be another force multiplier. is a challenging task for which DRDO fi rst Indian Ballistic Missile Prithvi. For is geared up. DRDO is committed to developing the INS, many of my team Induction of Long Range strategic indigenous development of state of the members worked day and night for almost missiles Agni IV and Agni V will be art Platforms, Weapons, Ammunitions 15 years and developed right from scratch, completed. The Air to Air Missile Astra is and the Force Multipliers and leading the algorithms, calibration and testing in advanced stage of its trials, while work these to production. At National level mechanisms, integration and interface on its MkII version with longer range we need to develop capabilities in the modalities on our own. Today, the state-of- is going on. Nirbhay sub sonic cruise Industry and nurture it to come up to the the-art systems developed and fl ight tested missile will be fl ight tested this year. military quality standards. On the other in ICBM class Agni-5 yielding better than hand, the time cycles for the products 100 mts accuracy over a range of 5000 Arjun Mark II is one of the most modern which used to be 10-15 years are now kms weigh just about about 150 gm. In the Battle tanks with very high capabilities coming down to 05 to 07 years. We need process, all the sensors and sub-systems and is slated for series of tests before to re-structure, re-invent and re-align such as DTG, FOG, RLG, high accuracy production clearances. Another thrust ourselves for future challenges. The Accelerometers, Hybrid Navigation area, which we have taken up, is the R&D capabilities for future technologies Systems as well as complex Algorithms, development of an advanced 155 mm need to be developed in Academic and all comparable to the best available, were Gun fi eld gun. On the Naval side, we R&D institutes across the country. A developed and realized indigenously. have strengthened our Sonar ssystems futuristic technology management wing The Navigation Systems Group where which are getting integrated in the ships. has been created in DRDO to pursue the my journey as a technologist began is ‘Varunastra’ Torpedo is undergoing trials. advanced research in focused areas. today a world class R&D Laboratory. Electronic Warfare-EW systems is another strong and major thrust area of DRDO No country can afford to depend on the foreign with very high level of self-reliance. Wide range of indigenous radar systems, Night country’s constellations during war scenarios vision devices and other electro-optic systems are in various stages of induction

8 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 8 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm and operationalisation. These indigenously System (IRNSS) constellation? designed and developed products The R&D capabilities for Has there been any role of manufactured in our own industries, I DRDO labs in its development? am confi dent, will prove to be a game future technologies need to changer, not just in terms of strengthening No country can afford to depend on the our country’s defence and strategic be developed in Academic foreign country’s constellations during capabilities but also in giving a boost war scenarios. IRNSS will make Indian to our industry leading to employment and R&D institutes Armed Forces self-reliant. As we know, generation and economic growth. the advanced nations like USA and Russia across the country are having GPS and GLONASS. Countries like China, European Union and Japan As the head of DRDO as are trying to have their own full-fl edged well as a person who has What kind of research is being or partial constellations. Our own IRNSS a background in spatial carried out at DRDO as far is important for the country’s sovereignty technology, how do you positioning, navigation and and strategic requirements. The IRNSS is a view the growth of mapping spatial technology is concerned? Programme launched by ISRO and DRDO technology in India? does not have a role in its Research. Extensive research is going on in these Firstly, as a Navigation man, looking areas of Navigation and Positioning into the civilian sector application, it is Systems for Surface and aerial applications What has been DRDO’s fantastic scenario to drive a car in India based on Inertial Technologies, Satellite initiative as far as UAV completely guided by the maps and Navigation Receivers and INS Hybrid R&D is concerned? the GPS. The maps of each and every Navigation Systems. Also, we use nook and corner are available and we the Satellite Imagery for analysis. UAVs are one of the thrust areas for just need to feed the address and then it us and we have been doing lot of starts guiding you with directions to the focused research as they have potential eventual destination. Spatial technology How do you think cost- usage in Surveillance for both Civilian has gained importance with the type of effective navigation systems and Defence applications. Rustom 2 payloads providing very high resolution for India could be developed? with a long endurance of 24 hours is images, weather information, aerial planned to be fl ight tested by the end survey and other applications. Satellite Cost effectiveness of the Navigation of this year. Lakshya has been playing Navigation is used in each and every Solutions primarily depends on the cost major role as a Target in the testing vehicle and so today many countries of the Sensors and the quantities of the of Missiles. Also we have plans for are trying to have their own Satellite Systems being produced. Today, many developing Unmanned Combat Air Constellation. India’s IRNSS planned to of the materials which are required in the Vehicle (UCAV) and mini UAVs. be in place by 2016. The future will be Sensors are not available in the country dominated by the Space technologies. and the required machinery is also being imported. There is need for many of these We have been hearing about critical things to be produced in India and foreign direct investment in How important is spatial the required infrastructure in the country the defense sector. How is technology for DRDO activities? need to be created. Industry should gear up it going to be benefi cial in to produce the systems in large numbers general and to DRDO and Space has become very crucial and world competing with the world markets, both in its activities in particular? over Research is going on in Spatial quality and price. This will result in high technologies for Defence applications. volumes of production thereby reducing The FDI in defence sector, as recently The spatial technology is used for high the cost further. Today, miniaturized announced by the Governments is resolution images, weather forecasting, navigation system what we made for expected to bring in newer technologies locating various assets of the adversaries. smart munitions costs only about 06-08 and contemporary manufacturing processes Spatial technology becomes important lakh. Also the GPS-GLONASS-GAGAN besides infusing funds in the Indian for DRDO and we need to utilize the Receiver (G3OM) on a single module industries. This would lead to greater modern space payloads like Synthetic can be utilized for civilian applications . impetus to indigenous manufacturing Aperture Radars, high resolution of military hardware and components. imaging systems, Navigation Signals and Besides meeting in house requirements, Communication Systems. We need to What benefi ts can DRDO look this is also likely to enhance the export embark in this area and effectively use forward to from the Indian potential of products manufactured space for these diversifi ed applications. Regional Navigation Satellite in India, in turn reducing costs. [

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 9

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 9 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm [ HIS COORDINATES “We have become self reliant in navigation area for the defence applications” says G Satheesh Reddy, Director, Research Centre Imarat (RCI), DRDO, Government of India

Please share the role of for location coordinates, Imagery Research Centre Imarat RCI has developed a and Intelligence. In line with many (RCI) within the broader Navigation Systems like GPS of USA, framework of DRDO. wide variety of Satellite GLONASS of Russia, GALILEO of EU, Beidou of China; India has also Research Centre Imarat-RCI, part of the Navigation Receivers and embarked on the journey of possessing Missile cluster Laboratories of DRDO is its own Navigation Satellite System responsible primarily for the Research is pursuing extensive which is poised to play a very important in Avionics and mandated to deliver role. In the last two decades, the world the advanced Avionics products to Research in the spatial has witnessed many Satellites being various Missiles, Aircrafts, Helicopters, launched at the beginning of the War UAVs, Ships, Submarines and other technology related products and also during the War for Intelligence, Vehicles of our Armed Forces. The Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). Avionics products include the Navigation Many payloads have been developed Sensors & Systems, Onboard computers concentrating only on manufacturing, and put in orbit by advanced nations & software, Control & Actuation assembly and ToT oriented products. for high resolution imagery and for systems, Power Supplies, Guidance In India, there are very few companies observing the earth radars and other algorithms, RF Seekers, Imaging who invest in R&D and develop their installations. The future will see the War Seekers, Radomes, Antennas and many own core products. Only one or two dominated by the Spatial technologies. other related systems. In the state of companies are investing in the R&D RCI has developed a wide variety of the art HILS facility complete Avionics of Multi Constellation Receivers & Satellite Navigation Receivers and is gets evaluated for various missions. able to come out with state of the pursuing extensive Research in the We have complete environmental art products and market them world spatial technology related products. test, EMI, EMC and EMP facilities over. Industry should make small for testing as per the requirements. investments in specialized areas and RCI is pursuing core research in come out with innovative products and Do you think that multi- the area of Avionics to develop the compete with the world. Wherever GNSS scenario may result cutting edge technology products. necessary, Industry should be funded in navigation solutions and Research can be pursued jointly with better accuracy? with Academia and R&D Institutions. Why do you think the The Multi GNSS scenario, may not be Indian private sector has improving the accuracy signifi cantly. not been able to capitalize How would you rate the The accuracy depends on many factors. on the growing demand for importance of spatial SBAS like the Indian GAGAN will multi satellite constellation technology for the research defi nitely improve the accuracy of receiversand build world being conducted at RCI? the GPS to a large extent. The multi class products? GNSS scenario, improves the visibility The Spatial Technology has gained a lot and hence the Reliability of the The Indian Private sector is not able to importance since the evolution of GPS Satellite Navigation is much higher. invest in Research and Development and other Navigation Satellite Systems. With the improvement in the visibility, (R&D). The industries have been Satellites are being extensively used the DOP improves and with proper

10 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1010 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Your efforts in making India The Indian Private sector is not able to invest self-reliant in the area of navigationsystems for defense in Research and Development. The industries applications is well known. Do you envisage India becoming have been concentrating only on manufacturing, self reliant in navigation systems for civil applications as well? assembly and ToT oriented products We have become self reliant in Navigation area for the Defence applications. Many fusion of multiple data, the accuracy where Inertial Navigation & Satellite systems have been designed and developed will also improve to some extent. Navigation is combined, the System with multiple Inertial sensors and are being can function normally if the Jamming used in many vehicles. There are many is for shorter durations. The systems spin-offs from our range of navigation How do you look at the can be designed with many techniques technologies developed at RCI which can threats posed by jamming, to counter spoofi ng. Receivers can be be used for civilian applications. The GPS- spoofi ng and interferences designed to work in Jamming conditions GLONASS-GAGAN Receiver (G3OM) on to the navigation systems? Is also by employing Systems like Null a Single Module can be produced in bulk, RCI undertaking any research Steering Antennas. RCI is working on the high accuracy Ring Laser Gyro based initiatives in these areas? Satellite Navigation Receivers which can Navigation System can be used for civilian function normally under the conditions aircrafts and ships. Highly miniaturized Jamming, Spoofi ng and other of Jamming, Spoofi ng and other MEMS based smart low cost INS can be Interferences are always a threat to the Interferences. But if the Jamming signal used in cars and other moving vehicles.I Satellite Navigation. There are several is originating from very close vicinity am very sure that India in coming decade, methods how these threats can be dealt with high power signal, it is diffi cult will become self reliant in navigation with. In a Hybrid Navigation System for the Receiver to function normally. solutions for all its civilian applications. [

SD33_CMPL_Antcom_Aug_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1111 1 01/08/14007/08/147/08/14 5:455:425:42 pmpm [ GNSS Performance measurement of EGNOS Integrity and Continuity The analysis presented in this paper will show whether EGNOS performance is in line with the ICAO SARPS for aircraft LPV approach procedures

H P J Veerman n March 2, 2011, the ESSP declared integrity and continuity (see table 1), the Senior Scientist, OEGNOS’ Safety of Life (SoL) latter two are the most diffi cult to assess- NLR, Netherlands signal offi cially available for aviation continuity because of its high requirements with the authorization from the European (1-8x10-6/15s) and complicated concept Commission (EC) to provide the service. and integrity because of its extremely high From that moment on the EGNOS SoL requirement of 2x10-7 in any approach of service was provided openly and freely 150 seconds. This latter KPI is indeed very A J P Van Kleef accessible without any direct charge and diffi cult to quantify- given the duration of NLR, Netherlands was tailored to safety-critical transport 150 seconds per approach and assuming applications in various domains, most one approach at a time that all the time it notably (civil) aviation applications. The turns out that an integrity failure may occur service was declared compliant with the once every 23.8 years on average. Testing aviation APV-I (Approach with Vertical the EGNOS system by collecting data over Guidance) requirements, as defi ned by ICAO 23.8 years is far from practical and still J D Van Bruggen- in ANNEX 10 [1]. As a result, at various insuffi cient from a statistical point of view. van Putten airfi elds within the EGNOS service area, air So one needs to invent a way to do integrity NLR, Netherlands navigation service providers (ANSPs) started tests on the basis of a limited amount designing, validating and implementing of data collected within an acceptable EGNOS-based approach procedures, observation time. Such a method for e.g., within the frame of the GSA funded EGNOS integrity validation was developed ACCEPTA project. It is expected that within by NLR, Delft University of Technology, a few years, as was the case for WAAS Integricom and Science and Technology in the US, several hundreds or even more [3], [4] and implemented as a GNSS aeronautical approach procedures based integrity validation tool called GIMAT. In on EGNOS guidance will be available. As [2] EGNOS, continuity was determined a result, the provided performance of this for the complete EGNOS service volume navigation system, especially its integrity based on EGNOS broadcasted messages, and continuity-of-service, will become ephemerids and clock information of all crucial for the safety of civil aviation visible PRNs, while assuming a fault-free within Europe. The EGNOS SoL service receiver operating in a nominal atmospheric performance achieved, together with the environment. This however, raised the system architecture, Signal-in-Space (SiS) question: ‘What would be the continuity characteristics and organizational framework and integrity performance including a that were laid down in the ‘EGNOS Safety (high-end) receiver in the loop, while of Life Service Defi nition Document’ [2], operating under non-nominal environmental published by the European Commission, conditions, i.e., during high ionospheric the latest issue 2.0 being published in activity?’ Is EGNOS still compliant with June 2013. Within this document, the ICAO requirements while taking these EGNOS SoL performance is validated conditions into account? Concerning the at a high level versus ICAO SoL service integrity KPI in [2], only the following performance requirements for APV-I. statement was made: ‘The EGNOS integrity is compliant with the integrity requirements Of the ICAO defi ned key performance specifi ed in Table 1(ICAO) for APV-I’. This indicators (KPI) accuracy, availability, means that neither a method of how this

12 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1212 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Table 1. SoL service performance requirements (ICAO)

Typical Operation Accuracy Integrity Continuity Availability Time-To- Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Integrity Alert Alert Limit Alert Limit (95%) (95%) (TTA) (HA) (VAL)

En-route (oceanic/ 3.7 km -7 7.4 km -4 0.99 to continental low N/A 1 -1x10 /h 5 min (4 NM) N/A 1 - 1x10 /h 0.99999 density) (2.0 NM) En-route 3.7 km (continental) (2 NM) N/A -4 0.74 km -7 1.85 km 1 - 1x10 /h 0.99 to En-route, Terminal (0.4 NM) N/A 1 -1x10 /h 15s (1 NM) N/A to 1 - 1x10-8/h 0.99999 Initial approach, Intermediate -4 220 m -7 556 m 1 - 1x10 /h 0.99 to approach. Non- N/A 1 -1x10 /h 10s N/A -8 precision approach (720 ft) (0.3 NM) to 1 - 1x10 /h 0.99999 (NPA), Departure Approach operations 1 -2x10-7 16.0 m 20m 40 m 50 m -6 0.99 to with vertical in any 10s (130 ft) (164 ft) 1 - 8x10 /15s 0.99999 guidance (APV-I) (52 ft) (66 ft) approach

integrity KPI is measured nor a distribution requirements as specifi ed for APV-I Vertical Position Error VPE) is larger of the actual integrity performance over in Table 1. In this section, the details than the corresponding Protection the EGNOS service area is given. of the GNSS integrity and continuity Level: HPE > HPL or VPE > VPL KPIs defi nitions will be addressed. for some time, while the system does NLR, as an independent aeronautical not trigger an alert within the Time research institute is contributing to Integrity Concept To Alert (TTA). Such event is also GNSS performance monitoring, as part called a Misleading Information (MI) of its mission to improve safety in civil In general, integrity is a measure of event, where a distinction is made aviation. Given that NLR has the right the trust that can be placed in the between MI where Protection Level tools available to validate integrity correctness of the information supplied and Position Error are both either larger performance, an activity was started to by a given system. Integrity includes or smaller than the Alert Limit and the verify the claim stated above. As a result, the ability of a system to provide timely Hazardous Misleading Information both integrity and continuity KPI were and valid warnings to the user (alerts) (HMI) condition where the Protection measured and validated with receiver and when the system must not be used Level is smaller than the Alert Limit, atmospheric environment in the loop. for the intended operation. In order to while the Position Error is larger than quantify integrity - which is needed the Alert Limit. In the latter case, the This paper provides an analysis of EGNOS to validate integrity as a KPI versus user will get the erroneous indication performance in order to identify whether requirements, a number of defi nitions that the system can be safely used. its integrity and continuity performance and related parameters are in place: • Integrity Risk is the probability is in line with the ICAO SARPS for • Protection Levels (Horizontal and that the position error is larger than aircraft APV-I approach procedures. The Vertical protection levels HPL and the protection level, i.e., HPE > analysis will give insight in the EGNOS VPL) represent an upper bound HPL or VPE > VPL, while the user integrity and continuity performance of the error. A detailed description is not warned within the TTA. distribution within the EGNOS Service of how Protection Levels are to Area. The ESSP EDAS service, providing be computed by the receiver for The EGNOS system (combination archived EGNOS messages and RIMS EGNOS can be found in Appendix of its Ground Segment and Space station observables, is used as the J of the RTCA SBAS MOPS [5]. Segment) is declared approved for data source for this investigation. • Alert Limits are the error tolerances SoL applications, provided that the not to be exceeded without issuing an User Segment is also certifi ed for SoL alert [1]. Horizontal and vertical alert applications. For aeronautical users, Concept of continuity limits (HAL and VAL) are defi ned for this means that certifi ed SoL Equipment and integrity each operation, e.g., for APV-I, these Class shall be used, as specifi ed in are 40 m (HAL) and 50 m (VAL). [5]. This paper validates whether EGNOS has been designed and validated • Integrity Event occurs when EGNOS is providing the integrity risk for ICAO’s APV-I SoL service. Therefore, the navigation system error (i.e., performance under operational conditions it shall comply with the performance Horizontal Position Error HPE and (including User Segment and signal

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 13

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1313 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm propagation through the atmosphere) if the system is available at one epoch EVT is applicable regardless of the that the system says it is providing: and becomes not available during the underlying error distributions of the following 15 seconds.’ The algorithm measurement data, relieving the need

PMI,OP= P(|xPE| >xPL | no estimates all sliding windows containing for strong a priori assumptions (such as

timely alert)

• at Ti-1 HPL

This means that in this paper, the • at Ti HPL≥HAL OR VPL≥VAL distributions can be derived from the system is validated on the condition of measurement data, so that the data can be Misleading Integrity Information (MII), When a continuity event occurs, meaningfully extrapolated into the region thus validating whether the P(MI) that 15 sliding windows are affected of MI, even when no sample values in this EGNOS provides is indeed compliant with a continuity break. This region are available. By fi nding a data- with requirements. It should be noted leads to the following ‘average based description of the tail of the error

that non-compliance of EGNOS PMI,OP continuity’ algorithm that was used distribution, the actual system integrity could be determined on statistical basis (assuming epochs of 1 second). can be estimated without the need for even if no single MI event is found. assuming particular error distributions.

Continuity Concept Broadly speaking, there are two principle

Where Nd represents the total number of kinds of models for extreme values. The fi rst

Continuity of service of a system is continuity events, and Ntotal is the total group of models is based on the identifi cation defi ned in [2] as the capability of the number of epochs in the measurement set of the largest observation per block of data system to perform its function without (which corresponds to the total number of and are therefore called block-maxima unscheduled interruptions during the time slices in the measurement set). The models. In our earliest efforts, we used this intended operation. It relates to the obtained continuity risk according to this model for EGNOS integrity verifi cation [8]. capability of the navigation system to algoritm is considered as conservative. A second group of EVT models contains provide a navigation output with the the peak-over-threshold (POT) models, specifi ed accuracy and integrity during For determining the 95% confi dence which model all observations that exceed the approach, assuming that it was interval of the obtained continuity some threshold. These POT models were available at the start of the operation. risk, the bootstrapping technique [9] considered to be the most useful because is applied on the obtained data set. of their more effi cient use of the limited The SoL performance requirement (ICAO) number of extreme values. The latter in the context of APV-1 operations Note that the use of the Extreme Value approach has therefore been chosen for the requires the probability of a loss of Theory to estimate the continuity risk GIMAT tool. Although it is not the purpose continuity to be less than 8x10-6 for has been considered. However, the here to describe the GIMAT functionality any 15 second period [1]. To validate measurement set contains a suffi cient in detail, for correct understanding of the continuity as a KPI versus requirements, number of non-continuity events which followed approach of EGNOS integrity the defi nitions of Protection Levels and lessens the need for such a technique. validation is briefl y described below. Alert Limits as defi ned for integrity are relevant. Continuity is provided when The GIMAT tool functionality {HPL< HAL AND VPL < VAL} at the Extreme value theory start of the defi ned period is continued GIMAT (GNSS Integrity Monitoring throughout the total period without any Scientifi c Background and Analysis Tool) is a software moment of turning into non-availability implementation of the EVT-based {HPL > HAL OR VPL > VAL}. Extreme Value Theory (EVT) was GNSS integrity estimation. The tool developed quite recently, but already was primarily designed to validate Although this defi nition for continuity well-established and mature fi eld EGNOS integrity performance, however is quite straightforward, it has led to in statistics that provides statistical validation of the integrity concept and different algorithms. The algorithm methods allowing for the estimation performance of Galileo SoL service and used here implements the continuity of the probability of events that lie GBAS GAST-C and D can be supported risk for APV-I as specifi ed by the beyond the observed range of the data as well. In order to make the GIMAT EUROCONTROL APV Working Group [6]. The application areas in which tool more complete, also other more [10]: ‘EGNOS APV-I Continuity Risk EVT have been successfully used are straightforward GNSS KPIs such as is defi ned as the result of dividing numerous and include hydrology (fl ood accuracy, availability and continuity-of- the total number of single continuity frequency analysis), fi nance, insurance, service KPIs are provided. In addition breaks using a time-sliding window of meteorology (extreme wind strength, to position domain integrity estimation, 15 seconds by the number of samples rainfall, and earthquake risk assessment) also range domain satellite-pseudo with valid and available PA navigation and many engineering areas, e.g., range based integrity determination is solution. A single continuity break occurs corrosion and fatigue prediction [7]. available but not used in this study.

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SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1414 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Within the POT class of EVT models, independent. Traditionally, data Finally, having information on the various styles of analysis exist. The dependency in time series is investigated confi dence level and intervals of the fully parametric model based on the using the autocorrelation function. In determined integrity probabilities is a Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) GIMAT, for the tail, a more suitable necessity for making sound statements on was conceptually the most straightforward. approach of dependency reduction was estimated (non-) integrity probabilities. The GPD is a three-parameter distribution used that avoids unnecessary loss of The confi dence level or interval is not with the following cumulative distribution data: the assumption that the time of a system parameter, however generally function (cdf) for some error e (e >μ ): occurrence of independent observables relates to the quality and quantity exceeding threshold should follow a of the measurement data set. Most Poisson distribution. This fact can be used straightforward would be to repeat the to determine a minimum time interval experiment many times and determine K that one needs between two samples the confi dence interval based on the to consider them as being independent, distribution of the outcomes. In this test, In this equation, the location parameter based on Poisson statistics behavior. this approach is not very practical or even μ will always be zero when fi tting peaks Consider all data samples with errors impossible, therefore other methods need over a threshold. Since β acts as the exceeding a certain threshold value. to be investigated. When developing scaling parameter, the most important When there are N such samples in total, the tool, two distinct methods were parameter is γ, the so-called shape defi ne the fraction of ‘large errors’ that evaluated for obtaining 2σ confi dence parameter, which largely determines the are at most a time period K apart as: intervals associated with the obtained behavior of the tail. For positive values probabilities: resampling bootstrapping of γ, the cdf has a heavy tail, while γ=0 [9] and the Gauss-Newton iteration corresponds to an exponential tail. In approach. Dividing a period into a few the case that γ is negative, the tail has In the case of independent samples sub-periods of time and applying a Gauss- a fi nite endpoint and the probability (Poisson distribution), the expected value Newton iteration on these time periods

density function becomes zero for errors E{Vk} is linear in K. When one draws a showed that confi dence intervals based

that exceed this endpoint, implying that graph of K versus VK, the graph should on this approach seemed to be overly larger errors simply cannot occur. therefore approach a straight line above optimistic. Bootstrapping based confi dence

values KT of K for which independence intervals on the other hand showed quite In the earlier section, the threshold was is obtained, while for smaller K, the reliable and conservative, with additional mentioned for determining the peak- graph will be either curving upwards advantage of this method being its great over-threshold samples to be used or downwards which indicates some simplicity together with lack of need for determining the distribution’s tail kind of dependence. De-clustering to for strong assumptions. As a result, it behavior. When selecting this threshold, obtain a set of independent observations was decided to use bootstrapping for a compromise has to be made between can thus be performed as follows: use confi dence level determination in GIMAT. choosing a suffi ciently large threshold only the largest observations in each In our study, we used 100 bootstraps to make the distribution’s asymptotic cluster, where the large errors are said for determining confi dence intervals of approximation hold and choosing a to belong to the same cluster when determined PMI for each RIMS location.

suffi ciently small threshold to obtain they are at most a period KT apart. Thus a range of 100 PMI distributions suffi cient excess data to accurately estimate the parameters β and γ. Unfortunately, no automatic threshold selection algorithm providing satisfactory performance is available yet. The threshold is typically selected by human intervention, based on graphical data analysis of a so-called ‘Mean Excess plot’ (ME), together with stable behavior of β and γ over a certain region [4].

For a correct estimate of the integrity risk performance, best is to use independent value samples. This is especially true since peaks always come in groups of samples showing considerable dependency. For this reason, the set of peak-over-threshold value samples

are fi ltered, making the set statistically Figure 1: Bootstrapped distribution of PMI for the TLSA RIMS over the investigated 3-month period

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 15

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1515 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm result, see Figure 1. The fi ve highest broadcasted

PMI values determine the upper 95% messages, confi dence interval of the distribution. however they are not The GIMAT tool has been used a few sensitive to times already, e.g., in [3], in which its discontinuities capabilities were successfully shown. in the provision It has also become clear that for of EGNOS obtaining narrow enough 2σ confi dence SIS (Loss of intervals, at least a time period in the EGNOS signal). order of three months of collected • KPI performance observables needs to be used. calculations: ▪ EGNOS aided PVT and Selected measurement protection level approach calculations are performed Baseline for our approach was to use by the Figure 2: Measurement approach (data fl ow diagram) data sources and tools which are widely PEGASUS tool. accepted by the GNSS community as de PEGASUS is considered as a (RINEX O) were downloaded from the facto standards and of excellent quality. baseline tool for SBAS aided CDDIS server (RINEX B/N provided calculations implementing the by EDAS since the data is station- For Continuity and Integrity performance algorithms issued according to independent) as an independent reference. calculations, the following measurement MOPS [2]. PEGASUS is used conditions and assumptions are applicable: for manufacturer-independent Subsequently, RINEX data fi les were • Selected time period: verifi cation of augmentation system merged into larger fi les to calculate ▪ The time period 2013-10-20 to performance according to ICAO EGNOS aided PVT solutions on a daily 2014-01-31, (104 days in total) Standards. Since the development of basis using PEGASUS ‘Convertor’ was selected, in order to obtain EGNOS and GBAS, the PEGASUS and ‘GNSS_Solution’ modules. acceptable small confi dence tool was used for its validation. intervals. It is assumed that ▪ Only PVT solutions in mode Finally, after fi ltering the data for the this period provides a robust 4 (APV-1) of PEGASUS correct PVT mode (EGNOS aided PVT set for Extreme Value statistics are used for analysis. for Approach Procedures with Vertical calculations. In addition, in ▪ Integrity performance calculations guidance APV), Integrity and Continuity this particular time interval, the using GIMAT (EVT) functionality. performance calculations were performed sun has reached its 24th cycle ▪ For continuity KPI performance using the GIMAT methodologies solar max activity, which is calculations, no difference is described in chapter 2 and chapter 3 of interesting for the assessment made with respect to the length of this paper. For visualisation, the results are of the infl uence of ionospheric the discontinuities, neither their translated to a map-layer, which enables activity on EGNOS performance. independency. (Two successive the integration into a geospatial data • As GNSS data source, data from 34 discontinuities are independent if in infrastructure. The results are assessed and EGNOS RIMS from the EDAS archive between the system was continuously visualized via a dedicated web interface were used for a number of reasons: available (xPL

the EGNOS Service Area; • Using GIMAT, only the PMI is ▪ RIMS provide an excellent investigated. When we prove

quality of observables, as they EGNOS PMI to be compliant with Resul ts

are the ground segment of ICAO requirements, then its PHMI the EGNOS SoL service; is compliant as well, since HMI Table 2 shows an overview of both ▪ In the processing chain, EDAS events are a sub-set of MI events . obtained Continuity and Integrity results applies very accurate techniques at EGNOS RIMS locations spread to minimize receiver or local Figure 2 shows the selected measurement over the EGNOS Service Area. errors (e.g., multipath, cycle approach for Continuity and Integrity slips), and thus, approximates performance calculations. The RINEX Continuity Performance Results a fault-free receiver; data fi les (O/B/N) were downloaded ▪ The EGNOS messages provided from EDAS for each of the selected From Table 2 and Figure 3, it can be by EDAS are identical to the GEO EGNOS RIMS. Few IGS observables observed that the Continuity results

16 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1616 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm SD33_CMPL_Hi-Target_Aug_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1717 1 07/08/1407/08/14 2:335:425:42 pmpm Table 2: Overview of Continuity (Continuity Risk 95th percentile) and Integrity (Integrity Risk 95th percentile) performances

CR_95 EGNOS Average IR_95 IR_95 RIMS Continuity MI (Horizontal) MI (Vertical) ABSA 1.3E-02 2.6E-19 4.5E-10 ACRA 4.4E-02 0.0E+00 8.5E-10 AGAA 6.4E-03 5.1E-08 3.0E-14 ALBA 5.9E-05 1.2E-09 5.9E-12 ALYA 1.6E-02 2.7E-08 4.2E-10 ATHA 3.9E-04 7.9E-09 2.1E-09 BRNA 7.8E-05 2.0E-08 1.5E-08 CNRA 1.1E-02 9.7E-09 9.7E-09 CRKA 2.1E-05 7.5E-14 5.4E-11 CTNA 4.5E-04 6.1E-09 2.8E-09 F igure 3: Continuity risk performance results within DJAA 8.5E-03 6.1E-09 4.7E-10 EGNOS Service Area (average continuity) EGIA 2.5E-03 1.2E-11 4.8E-09 GLGA 1.7E-04 2.9E-10 1.5E-12 GOLA 7.2E-03 1.8E-09 8.1E-09 GVLA 2.1E-04 4.1E-10 3.1E-16 JMEA 7.9E-03 9.9E-13 1.3E-10 KIRA 9.5E-03 7.7E-09 2.6E-09 LAPA 5.2E-04 8.2E-12 0.0E+00 LPIA 1.3E-02 1.7E-08 2.3E-11 LSBB 1.8E-03 1.6E-09 7.2E-14 LYRA 3.4E-02 5.7E-08 1.4E-08 MADA 5.1E-03 2.4E-08 8.0E-10 MLGA 4.9E-04 1.2E-08 4.2E-11 NOUA 1.5E-02 6.1E-08 6.0E-08 PDMA 3.7E-04 7.6E-09 4.4E-09 RKKA 6.2E-03 2.8E-09 5.9E-09 SDCA 1.2E-04 5.8E-09 1.3E-09 SOFA 6.9E-04 2.5E-09 0.0E+00 Fi gure 4: Integrity risk performance results SWAA 8.1E-05 6.4E-16 5.4E-13 (horizontal) within EGNOS Service Area TLSA 8.4E-05 3.6E-10 2.4E-11 TRDA 3.0E-04 1.4E-08 3.1E-10 can be observed infl uence of high solar activity on TROA 4.7E-03 7.9E-13 1.6E-11 that the Integrity EGNOS performance. In order to WRSA 2.2E-04 6.3E-12 6.4E-10 risk performance investigate EGNOS performance under ZURA 8.0E-05 5.2E-10 1.2E-08 results, in both adverse atmospheric (ionospheric horizontal and storm) conditions, PVT and protection degrade from the middle towards the vertical directions, at the edge (i.e., levels calculations for two days were edge of the EGNOS Service A rea. Northern part) are not signifi cantly compared by PEGASUS: one day with This corresponds to simulation results worse than in the middle as it was high ionospheric activity (‘ionospheric presented in [2]. For all stations, the ICAO in the case for Continuity. storm’ category), and one day showing requirement for Continuity is not met. nominal ionospheric activity. This Integrity KPI performance selection was based on the geomagnetic Continuity KPI performance calculations calculations based on European Kp-index, an indicator for solar activity based on observables from European IGS data showed similar results. at global scale . Figure 6 shows that IGS stations showed similar results. December 8, 2013, was the only day in Results With Respect To this period for which high ionospheric Integrity Performance Results Ionospheric Storm Conditions activity was measured whereas December 13, used for comparison, showed no From Table 2 and Figures 4 and 5, it can The selected time period was located signifi cant ionospheric activity. be observed that the ICAO requirement within the solar max period of the for Integrity is met within the entire 24th solar cycle. For that reason, the As can be seen in Figure 7, most EGNOS Service Area. Furthermore, it opportunity was taken to investigate (worldwide) geomagnetic activity were

18 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1818 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Fig ure 5: Integrity risk performance results Figu re 6: Geomagnetic Kp-index during the 3-month observed time (vertical) within EGNOS Service Area period, an indication for Ionospheric activity (source: NOAA)

Figure 7: Geomagnetic Kp-index, for Decembe8th and December ,th 2013

this time period, described in [2]. The Continuity results more research degrade from the center towards the edge on this topic is of the EGNOS Service Area. Continuity required under more results are not compliant with the ICAO severe ionospheric Continuity requirement for APV-I. (This, activities in order however is expected to be only a timely Figure 8: TEC levels on December 8th2013 relative to nominal level to provide more problem due to the advent of Galileo evidence of SV’s, which will improve DOP values.) present only during night time in Europe. EGNOS resilience to ionospheric activity. As a result, no signifi cant increase in Total The EGNOS Integrity risk performance Electron Content (TEC), see Figure 8, or results at 95% confi dence level are in line - probably more important - no increase Conclusions and with the ICAO Integrity requirement for in amount of TEC - irregularities (not recommendations APV-I within the entire Service Area for shown), were noticed for this day. As a both horizontal and vertical directions. result, no signifi cant ionospheric effects This paper addressed the GIMAT EVT Thereby, the Integrity risk performance were expected for December 8, 201 3. and additional methodologies (e.g., results within the core and at the edge of bootstrapping) and assessed the results the Service Area are at a similar level. In Table 3 shows statistics about the EGNOS for EGNOS Continuity and Integrity addition, over the investigated 3-month performance results for both days at four performance with receiver and atmosphere period, for all the 34 RIMS stations RIMS locations (‘ACR’, ‘TLS’, ‘TRD’ in the loop, based on RIMS observables not a single MI event was observed. and ‘CRK’). As can be seen f rom Table throughout the entire EGNOS Service 3, horizontal and vertical protection Area. Thereby, Extreme Value statistics During potential ‘ionospheric storm’ levels, position errors and Safety indices has proven to be a practical method conditions of only limited severity (SI) are slightly worse under potential for Integrity monitoring activities. (on December 8, 2013), EGNOS high ionospheric activity compared with Additional attention was given to showed protection level and position nominal conditions, but not dramatically EGNOS performance monitoring error performances that were close to so. No events of MI were observed. The during high ionospheric activity those under nominal conditions. Thus, preliminary conclusion therefore could be conditions relative to nominal activity. limited reduction in KPI performance that EGNOS performance is adequate under (accuracy, availability, continuity and ionospheric activity conditions. However, as The EGNOS Continuity performance integrity) relative to nominal ionospheric only weak events could be observed within results are in line with simulations conditions was indicated. However, such

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SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 1919 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Table 3 : Summary of EGNOS performance for potential high (December 8, 2013) and low (December 13, 2013) Ionospheric activity

Dec. 8th Dec.13th Dec. 8th Dec. 13th Dec.8th Dec. 13th Dec.8th Dec. 13th Results ACRA ACRA TLSA TLSA TRDA TRDA CRKA CRKA HPL_max [m] 9.3E+02 5.7E+02 1.8E+01 1.7E+01 5.6E+01 4.4E+01 3.0E+01 1.7E+01 VPL_max [m] 9.7E+02 7.2E+02 2.3E+01 2.2E+01 7.6E+01 7.3E+01 3.4E+01 2.2E+01 HPL_min [m] 9.9E+00 9.7E+00 6.2E+00 6.2E+00 5.9E+00 5.8E+00 6.5E+00 6.0E+00 VPL_min [m] 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 9.6E+00 9.5E+00 1.1E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01 9.7E+00 HPL_avg [m] 4.8E+01 3.8E+01 9.4E+00 8.9E+00 1.1E+01 8.3E+00 1.0E+01 9.3E+00 VPL_avg [m] 6.0E+01 4.8E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.7E+01 1.4E+01 1.5E+01 1.4E+01 HPL_95 [m] 1.7E+02 1.2E+02 1.3E+01 1.2E+01 2.0E+01 1.2E+01 1.6E+01 1.3E+01 VPL_95 [m] 1.7E+02 1.3E+02 1.8E+01 1.7E+01 2.6E+01 2.1E+01 2.1E+01 1.8E+01 HPE_max [m] 2.9E+01 1.4E+01 1.5E+00 1.4E+00 3.2E+00 2.3E+00 1.8E+00 1.4E+00 VPE_max [m] 3.4E+01 2.3E+01 2.9E+00 2.0E+00 3.9E+00 3.0E+00 4.3E+00 2.6E+00 HPE_avg [m] 1.9E+00 1.1E+00 4.5E-01 5.0E-01 5.5E-01 3.1E-01 5.7E-01 5.6E-01 VPE_avg [m] 2.2E+00 1.2E+00 4.6E-01 4.3E-01 9.3E-01 8.2E-01 1.1E+00 7.7E-01 HPE_95 [m] 7.2E+00 2.6E+00 8.5E-01 8.9E-01 1.2E+00 5.9E-01 1.1E+00 9.6E-01 VPE_95 [m] 8.9E+00 3.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.6E+00 2.2E+00 1.5E+00 SI_H_max [-] 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.4E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 SI_V_max [-] 1.7E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 SI_H_avg [-] 4.3E-02 4.0E-02 4.9E-02 5.7E-02 5.4E-02 3.7E-02 5.7E-02 6.2E-02 SI_V_avg [-] 3.5E-02 3.0E-02 3.4E-02 3.3E-02 5.8E-02 5.8E-02 7.2E-02 5.7E-02 SI_H_95 [-] 9.3E-02 8.8E-02 1.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E-01 7.1E-02 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 SI_V_95 [-] 8.7E-02 7.8E-02 8.0E-02 8.1E-02 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 1.1E-01

investigation is a study on its own and been developed by a Dutch consortium System / Wide Area Augmentation more thorough investigations are required comprising of Delft University of System Airborne Equipment, RTCA under more ‘favorable’ ionospheric storm Technology, Integricom, National DO-229D, December 13, 2006. conditions to confi rm this indication. Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) and S&T. 6. S. Kotz, S. Nadarajah, “Extreme Value ESSP is acknowledged for their useful Distributions: Theory and Applications”, With respect to the conclusions, the support in provision of EDAS RIMS data. Imperial College Press, 2000. following recommendations are made: 7. P. Embrechts, C. Kluppelberg and • Like for all other KPIs, frequent T. Mikosch, “Modelling Extremal monitoring of integrity performance References Events: for Insurance and Finance”, should be done throughout the Service 1. ICAO, “Annex 10, Aeronautical Volume 33 of Stochastic Modelling and Area. For this, integrity monitoring Telecommunications”, Volume 1: Applied Probability, Springer, 1997 EVT statistics is a useful approach. Radio Navigation Aids, Amendment 8. H. Kannemans, “The Generalized • Defi nition of continuity does not 84, Published July 20, 2009, Extreme Value Statistical Method uniquely lead to an algorithm for effective November 19, 2009. to Determine the GNSS Integrity continuity KPI determination. Authorities 2. EGNOS Safety of Life Service Performance”, Technical Report (ICAO) are recommended to defi ne a Defi nition Document, European NLR-TP-2010-491, October 2010. standardized algorithm for continuity Commission, Issue 2.0, June 2013. 9. A.C. Davidson, O. Hinckley, “Bootstrap determination in order to enable 3. H. Veerman, A. van Kleef, D. Imperato, Methods and their Application”, validation versus ICAO requirements. C. Tiberius, S Verhagen, B. Ober, Cambridge university Press, 1997. • It is advised for the calculation of A. Bos, A. Mieremet, “Verifying 10. EUROCONTROL Airspace and KPIs to take confi dence intervals EGNOS Integrity in Practise: - a tool Navigation Team, APV Working into account (e.g., by bootstrapping) based on statistical Extreme Value Group / EGNOS SIS Validation as it was applied for the results Theory”, NAVITEC, December 2012. Sub Group, ESV/6 WP1, 2005. presented in this paper. 4. P.B. Ober, D. Imperato, S. Verhagen, 11. F.J.P Wokke, H.P.J. Veerman, R. C. Tiberius, H. Veerman, A van Kleef, Vidal, M. Kirchner, J. Vilzmann, J. F. Wokke, A. Bos, A. Mieremet, Perez Bartolome, “Key Performance Acknowledgements “Empirical integrity verifi cation of Indicators for Performance Monitoring GNSS and SBAS based on the Extreme and Analysis of EGNOS and Galileo”, The Netherlands Space Offi ce (NSO) Value Theory”, NAVIGATION, European Navigation Conference 2008. partly funded the development of Volume 61, No. 1, Spring 2014. the GNSS Integrity Monitoring and 5. Minimal Operation Performance The paper was presented at ENC 2014, Analysis Tool (GIMAT). GIMAT has Standards for Global Positioning Rotterdam, April 14-17, 2014 [

20 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2020 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm [ NAVIGATION Choosing Suitable Map Projections for Worldwide Depiction of Electronic Charts in ECDIS The paper provides a brief overview on the results of relevant research on the problem of the selection of suitable map projections for Electro nic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS). It also proposes map projections for worldwide depiction of Electronic Charts on the ECDIS screen

Athanasios Pallikaris International standards and - Observing the position of the horizontal Professor and director industry practice on the line of the cursor in either of these two of “Navigation and Sea employment of map projections points, give the wrong impression that Sciences Laboratory”, for portrayal of electronic the Port of London is quite far south Hellenic Naval navigational charts in ecdis of the port of New York. This wrong Academy, Greece impression is enhanced by the normal The performance standards for Electronic practice in commercial ECDIS/ECS Chart Display and Information Systems systems to not portray the graticule on (ECDIS) published by the International the electronic charts covering extended Maritime Organization (IMO) as well as geographical areas (i.e. in small scales). the international standards for Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) published The above-mentioned drawbacks and by the International Hydrographic inadequacies of some ECDIS systems can Organization (IHO) do not specify be easily overcomeed by the selection map projections for the display of of an alternative suitable map projection Electronic Charts on the ECDIS screen. because in ECDIS it is not imperative to This lack of international standards for use specifi c map projections as it is in the employment of map projections in traditional navigation. This potentiality is ENCs and ECDIS has left the choice true because in ECDIS the navigational of map projections to the manufacturer. computations are conducted analytically As a result, some ECDIS systems on the surface of the elliposoid and employ map projections that bear some not on the surface of the mercator and drawbacks and inadequacies such as: Gnomonic projections as in traditional - Poor visual perception and navigation methods based on the use of misinterpretations. mercator and gnomonic paper charts. - Defi ciency to depict Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) in the In practice, due to the lack of offi cial Arctic (ARHC 2011, ARHC 2012). international standards for the employment of suitable map projections in ECDIS, An example of poor visual perception is different commercial systems provide shown in fi gure 1 (Pallikaris and Tsoulos different capabilities and choices 2010). In this example we note the risk as follows (Pallikaris 2012): of false spatial orientation since: - Some systems use only one fi xed - Placing the crosshair (cursor) in projection and the user cannot change succession at the port of New York and it. If only the Mercator projection is the port of London, in order to obtain used, the system cannot depict ENCs in the geographical coordinates of these the Arctic (ArHC2-09A INF1 2011). two locations, shows that the port of - On some other systems the user London is quite far north from the can select between a limited port of New York (more than 10º). number of map projections.

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 21

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2121 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm to depict polar regions. According to the results of a relevant study (Pallikaris and Tsoulos, 2010) the whatever advantages of these systems can be further improved for effi cient and enhanced display of ENCs by the proper selection of map projections based on the adoption of specifi c selection criteria and rules. It has to be noted though that the proper choice of map projections for the depiction of ENCs on the ECDIS screen is vital for worldwide, or ocean region depiction, but for the depiction of smaller areas at medium and large scales, different map projections practically provide the same image on The visual impression is that New York Harbor is North of London harbor, whereas in reality it is South the ECDIS screen (Pallikaris 2012).

Concise analytical rules for the selection of map projections in ECDIS have been proposed by Pallikaris (2012). These rules suggest the choice between six different map projections according to the location and the size of the area depicted on the screen. It has to be stressed though that the choice of map projection is not necessarily unique and quite often more than one selection may fulfi ll equally the requirements. Moreover, in addition to the general rules and principles, it is possible to determine more specifi c rules

In this example, it is evident that there is the risk of false spatial orientation since the and restrict the number of alternative immediate perception of the optical image gives the impression that the port of London choices for specifi c applications such as; is quite far south of the port of New York, where in reality it is quite opposite. the depiction of ENCs in the Arctic, the Figure 1: Example of poor visual perception in ECDIS (Pallikaris and Tsoulos 2010) depiction over specifi c Ocean Regions and the worldwide depiction of ENCs. - On other systems the choice of the ECDIS, it seems that some commercial The results of a special research on the projection is conducted auto matically by systems have utilized the results of basic selection of suitable map projections for the system based on the location and the research for the effective depiction of the depiction of ENCs in the Arctic have size of the area depicted on the screen. Electronic Navigational Charts on the been recently published by Skopeliti This automatic selection is normally done ECDIS screen. Unfortunately there is not and Tsoulos (2013). The current paper, between the Mercator and the azimuthal written documentation for these cases, presented in the European Navigational stereographic projection. Neverthe less since these manufacturers have not publish, Conference “ENC GNSS 2014”, reports the automatic selection of map projec- or announce the results of any relevant on the results of another research on the tions despite the inherent advantages, research. However, the results of relevant selection of suitable map projections may in some cases cause poor visual research have been detected implicitly for worldwide depiction of ENCs. perception and misinterpretations, through the evaluation of available as in the example of fi gure 1. commercial systems. An example of such implicit evidence, about research condu- Criteria and methodology cted, or utilized by the industry, is the employed for the identifi cation Research on the problem capability of some commercial systems and evaluation of suitable of the selection of suitable to select automa ti cally the map projection map projections for worldwide map projections for display between two alternatives. This selection is depiction of encs in ecdis of electronic navigational usually made between the Mercator and the charts in ecdis azimuthal stereographic projection, in order Basic principles and requirements to guarantee effective depiction of ENC Despite the lack of offi cial standards on in all geographical regions and overcome In this study, the criteria that have the employment of map projections in the inadequacy of the Mercator projection been employed for the identifi cation,

22 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2222 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm www.intergeo.de

7 – 9 October 2014 Berlin, Exhibition Grounds

along with

3rd National INSPIRE Conference 2014 imaGIne-2 Conference Sponsors:

Host: DVW e.V. Conference organiser: DVW GmbH Trade fair organiser: HINTE GmbH

SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD32_CMPL_InterGEO_July_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2323 1 18-Jun-14007/08/147/08 /9:48:1614 5:425:4 AM2 pmpm evaluation and selection of suitable map Methodology for the evaluation “Visual perception of the spherical-ellipsoi- projections for worldwide depiction of map projections for worldwide dal shape of the Earth” (Palikaris 2012). of ENCs in ECDIS, are based on the depiction of ENCs in ECDIS For this reason the fi nal selection of suitable general principles and requirements map proje cti ons for the worldwide depiction for the selection of map projections The analytical methodology that has been of ENCs in the ECDIS screen has to be in ECDIS presented by Pallikaris used for the identifi cation, evaluation and based eighther on on a balanced compromise (2012). These general principles have selection of map proje ctions for worldwide between these two contradicting been modifi ed and supplemented for depiction of ENCs in ECDIS according requirements, or, to be based on the user’s the consideration of the particular to the above mentioned basic principles precedence over one these requirements. requirements the worldwide depiction and requirements. Consists of a number of ENCs in ECDIS, as follows. of qualitative and quantitative criteria and The criterion “Ability to portray the whole i. The selected map projections should rules, as they are briefl y presented below. globe in a familiar and pleasant view” be capable to depict on the ECDIS is satisfi ed better by the following two screen the image of the whole surface Qualitative criteria for the initial pseudocylindrical projections “Robinson of the earth extending from 90° south selection of map projections projection” and ”Loximuthal projection”. to 90° north and from -180° west These projections fulfi ll the requirement for to 180° east and not a part of it as it The initial stage of the conducted study visual perception of the spherical/ellipsoi- happens with the Mercator projection was the determination of the set of map dal shape of the Earth. The “Robinson and the gnomonic projection that projections, which would be evaluated projection” and ”Loximuthal projection” are used in traditional navigation. for the selection of the most suitable satisfy partially the requirement for “visual ii. In ECDIS, map projections should projections for worldwide depiction perception of the relative geographical be dynamically parameterized and of ENCs on the ECDIS screen. The location between any two points”, due calculated so that the central point determination of this initial set of map to their property to portray parallels of or central line of the projection projections has been based on the latitude as straight parallels lines. coincides or approximates the following generic qualitative criteria: center of the area displayed on - “Ability to portray the whole globe The map projections that fulfi ll better the the screen in order to control the in a familiar and pleasant view” requirement for “Visual perception of the amount and the distribution of - “Visual perception of the relative relative geographical location between any angular and area distortion to geo graphical location be- two points” are the cylindrical projections limits ensuring that no serious tween any two points” due to the shape of their graticule (parallels visual deformation is generated. - “Visual perception of the spherical/ and meridians are depicted as orthogonal iii. The employed in ECDIS map ellipsoi dal shape of the Earth” straight lines). Cylindrical projections projections must have direct and provide a familiar for the navigator view inverse map transformation formulas According to the criterion “Ability to due to their strong visual resemblance allowing the convenient dynamic portray the whole Globe in a familiar to the Mercator projection. However, parameterization and calculation of and pleasant view” and after an overview cylindrical projections do not fulfi ll the map projection, so that the central of the general characteristics of all the criterion “Visual perception of the point or central line of the projection types of map projections as they are spherical/ellipsoi dal shape of the Earth”. coincides or approxi mates the center presented in standard bibliographic of the area displayed on the screen. sources (Snyder & Voxlan 1989, Based on the above mentioned qualitative iv. The shape of Great Circles (GCs) and Pearson 1990, Maling 1992), Conic criteria and after a comparative study of Rhumb Lines (RLs) should depict projections and Azimuthal projections the basic characteristics of the known their ba sic true characteristics on the have not been selected for further map projections as they are presented in spherical/ ellipsoi dal shape of the earth. evaluation for the following reasons: standard bibliographic sources (Snyder v. Map projections in ECDIS should i) Conic projections cannot & Voxlan 1989, Bugayevskiy & Snyder facilitate the important for ma rine portray the whole globe. 1989, Grafarend and Krumm 2006) navigation “visual perception of the ii) Azimuthal projections do not portray the following map projections have relative geo graphical location be tween the whole globe in a familiar and been selected for further evaluation: any two points” (spatial orientation). pleasant view (Azimuthal stereographic • Loximuthal Projection vi. When possible, the selected map and Azimuthal Equidistant), or cannot • Robinson Projection projections should provide visual portray the whole globe (Gnomonic). • Simple Cylindrical Equidistant perception of the spherical/ ellipsoi- Projection, with standard parallel at dal shape of the earth, provided It has to be noted that the requirement for the equqtor, known as Plate Carrée that, this requirement is not “Visual perception of the relative geo- • Cylindrical Equidistant Projection seriously harming other basic but graphical location be tween any two points” with standard parallels at incompatible requirements. is incompatible with the requirement for ±30°, ±30° and ±45.

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SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2424 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm • Cylindrical stereographic the comparative study of the general Projection, with standard characteristics of these map projections. parallel at the equqtor, known as Braun projection • Cylindrical stereographic Results of the numerical projection with standard tests and comparative study parallels at ±30°, known as BASM (Bol’soy Sovetskiy Figure 2: Loxodromicity and Orthodromicity The analytical evaluation of the map Atlas Mira cylindric factors (Pallikaris 2012) projections that have been initially selected projection) Projection according to the generic qualitative criteria • Cylindrical stereographic projection proper map projections can guarantee has been conducted by the employment with standard parallels at ±45°, known that the values of angle distortion and of the quantitative criteria as follows: as Gall Stereogra phic Projection area distortion are kept within tolerances • Miller Cylindrical Projection ensuring that no serious visual distortion The criteria of the “Amount and • Miller Cylindrical Modifi ed Projection is generated. Nevertheless for worldwide distribution of angle distortion” or hemisphere depiction it is not possible and the criterion of the “Amount Quantitative criteria for the to choose a map projection in which and distribution of area distortion” evaluation of map projections both angle distortion and area distortion have been employed by: will not be detectable. For this reason, - The calculation of the amount and The second stage of the study was the in the conducted study the criteria of the distribution of angular and area conduction of analytical evaluation angle distortion and area distortion distortion for each proje ction and the of the set of map projecti ons that has have been used in a fl exible way aiming construction of relevant graphs as those been initially determined according to a reasonable compromise between of fi gures 3 and 4. The calculation of to the above mentioned qualitative the contradicting requirements for the angle distortion and area distortion has criteria. The analytical evaluation restriction of both angle and area distortion. been carried out by the employment of these map projections has been of the relevant formulas provided conducted by the employment of The criterion of the “Orthodromicity by Bugayevskiy & Snyder (1989). the following quanti tave criteria: factor and Loxodromicity factor” is - The construction of maps showing - “Amount and distribution used for the assessment of the shape isolines of area distortion for of angle distortion” of long navigational paths on different each projection as the maps - “Amount and distribution map projections (Pallikaris 2012). of fi gures 5, 6 and 7. of area distortion” The values of the loxodromicity - The construction of maps

- “Orthodromicity factor and factor ξL and the orthodromicity showing isolines of angle

Loxodromicity factor” factor ξο are given by [1] and [2]. distortion for each projection as the maps of fi gures 8 and 9. The criterion of the “Amount and [1] distribution of angle distortion” and the The construction of the maps depicting criterion of the “Amount and distribution [2] isolines of distortion and the maps of area distortion” have been used depicting long navigational routes (Rhumb in correlation to the tolerances for Where: Lines and as Great Circles) has been enhanced visual perception suggested - L is the length of the straight line done by the support of the S/W Matlab by Bugayevskiy & Snyder (1989). segment connecting the points Mapping Toolbox after some necessary According to these tolerances: of departure and destination modifi cations of the original matlab code - Area distortion of values less than on the projection (fi g 2). for some applications for the evaluation of

or equal to 8-10% is not usually - hO and hL are the maximum distances the Miller Cylindrical Modifi ed Projection. detected by the human eye. of the line of the Great Circle (GC)

- Area distortion of values 10% - 12% or the Rhumb Line (RL) from the The criterion of the “Orthodromicity is slightly detected by the human eye. straight line segment connecting the factor and Loxodromicity factor” has - Angle distortion of values less than points of departure and destination been employed for the evaluation of the or equal to 8-10% is not usually on the projection (fi g 2). shape of Loxodromes and Orthodromes detected by the human eye. by the construction of maps depicting - Angle distortion of values 10% - 12% In addition to the employment of the long navigational routes as Rhumb is slightly detected by the human eye. above-mentioned criteria for the conduction Lines (RLs) and as Great Circles (GCs) of numerical tests, the fi nal evaluation like the maps of fi gures 10 and 11. The For the display of ENCs over regional of the initially selected map projections, criterion “Orthodromicity factor and geographical areas the selection of has been also based on the results of Loxodromicity factor” has to be employed

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 25

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2525 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm with standard parallelς at 30°. This projection restricts considerably the great area distortion of the Mercator projection and retains angle distor- tion to acceptable limits (≤12°) over ex tended geographic coverage of latitudes on the zone [-63.5°, 63.5°].

For the depiction of ENCs over wide geographical areas, other cylindrical map projections are more suitable than the proposed for worldwide depiction modifi cation of the Miller Cylindrical Modifi ed Figure 3: Angle distortion in various Figure 5: Isolines of area distortion Projection. For example the cylindrical projections in Mercator Projection Mercator projection with standard parallels at latitude 15° S and 15° N, provides optimum distribution of area distortion (≤12%) over a broad and continuous latitude zone extending from 24° S to 24° N.

For the worldwide depiction of ENCs on the ECDIS screen, the best choice between pseodo- cylindrical map projections appears to be the Loximuthal Projection for the following reasons:

Figure 6: Isolines of area distortion in The Loximuthal projection has Miller Cylindrical Modifi ed Projection the special property that from the Figure 4: Area distortion in various central point (the intersection of cylindrical projections Cylindrical map projections with the central latitude with the central smaller values of the orthodromicity meridian), Rhumb Lines (loxodromes) as follows: Map projections, in which factor should be preferred against other are shown as straight lines, true to

the orthodromicity factor ξO is smaller cylindrical map projections, which have scale, and correct in azimuth from the

than the loxodro micity factor ξL, provide greater orthopdromicity factors (smaller center (Snyder and Voxland, 1989). better visual perception of the true relation values of the orthodromicity factor between the lengths of GCs and RLs. The provide perception of shorter length of the The Loximuthal projection has simple

explanation is that the condition hO>hL, portrayed navigational path - orthodrome). map transformation formulas, allowing implies that the line depicting the ortho- a convenient incor po ra tion of this drome is shorter than the line depicting The conducted comparative study projection into ECDIS as well as its the loxodrome between the same points and the analysis of the results of the dynamic parameterization by the selection of departure and arrival (fi gure 2). numerical tests for the evaluation of the central point of the projection of the map projections that have in the center of the displayed area. In cylindrical projections, the loxodromes been selected showed that: are practically depicted as straight Unlike the Loximuthal projection, lines, and consequently the values Potential suitable map projection for the Robinson projection does of the loxodromicity factor [1] for worldwide depiction of ENCs on the not provide the capability to be these projections are all equal to zero. ECDIS screen have to be looked for dynamically parameterized, because Therefore, the assessment of the shape of among the families of pseudo-cylindrical this projection is materialized by long navigational paths in the evaluated projections and cylindrical projections. tabulated (x, y) coordinates instead cylindri cal projections has been restricted of map projection formulas. only to the shape of orthodromes and For the worldwide depiction of ENCs has been conducted by the calculation on the ECDIS screen, the best choice Despite the fact that the Loximuthal and compare son of the values of between cylindrical map projections is the Projection in its standard equatorial orthodromicity factors as follows. Miller Cylindrical Modifi ed Projection form has slightly greater area and angle

26 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2626 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Figure 7: Isolines of area distortion in Loximuthal Projection

Figure 10: Long Navigational paths on the Mercator Projection

Figure 8: Isolines of angle distortion in Loximuthal Projection

Figure 11: Long Navigational paths on the Loximuthal Projection

its central point on ENCs on the ECDIS screen is not the parallel of 15° unique. Usually more than one projection (North or South) fulfi ll satisfactory the requirements should be used. for effective display over a particular Figure 9: Isolines of angle distortion in Robinson Projection area (worldwide, regional, local).

distortion than the Robison projection, it Conclusions overview The conducted study and the relevant is possible to reduce distortion to values and proposals numerical tests and comparisons showed smaller than those of the Robinson that suitable map projections for worldwide projection by the selection of the central The selection of a suitable map projection depiction of ENCs on the ECDIS screen point of the Loximuthal projection on for worldwide and wide area depiction of are the Loximuthal Projection and the other than the equator standard parallel. ENCs on the ECDIS screen is vital. However Miller Cylindrical Modifi ed Projection for the display of ENCs over smaller areas, with standard parallel at 30°. For the The amalgamation the above-mentioned different map projections provide practically display of areas over low and mid fi ndings, leads to the following general the same image on the ECDIS screen and latitudes, the selection of other cylindrical rules for the evaluation and selection of therefore, in these cases the choice of a projections provides slightly better results. suitable map projection for worldwide particular map projection is immaterial. depiction of ENCs on the ECDIS screen. Conclusively, ECDIS can offer enhanced • If the interest of the user is focused For the worldwide display of ENCs on worldwide depiction of ENCs by the on ocean areas that cover both the the ECDIS screen the employment of employment of the Miller Cylindrical South and the North hemisphere, the Mercator projection has two basic Modifi ed Projection with standard then the Miller Cylindrical disadvantages: “inadequacy to depict parallel at 30° and/or the Loximuthal Modifi ed Projection with standard ENCs at very high latitudes” and “big pseudo- cylindrical projection. If the parallel at 30° should be used. magnitudes of area distortion”. interest of the user is focused on ocean • If the interest of the user is focused areas that cover both the South and on ocean areas over one hemisphere, In any case the selection of a suitable the North hemisphere, then the Miller then the Loximuthal Projection with map projection for the depiction of Cylindrical Modifi ed Projection with

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 27

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2727 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm standard parallel at 30° should be used. ARHC (2012). Arctic Regional Maling D. H. (1992). Coordinate systems If the interest of the user is focused Hydrographic Commission. and map projections, 2nd edition. Oxford: on ocean areas over one hemisphere, Choosing a Suitable Projection for George Philip and Son, Pergamon Press. then the Loximuthal Projection with Navigation in the Arctic (ARHC3- its central point on the parallel of 15° 3.2.7). Proceedings of the 3rd ARHC Pallikaris A. (2012). Map Projections (North or South) should be used. Meeting, 9th to 11th October 2012 for Electronic Navigation and (Fram Center, Tromsø, Norway) other Marine GIS Applications. http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/rhc/ International Hydrographic Acknowledgement ArHC/ArHC3/ArHC3Docs.htm Review no 8, November 2012.

Another version of this paper has been Bugayevskiy, L. M. and J. P Snyder. Pearson F. (1990). Map Projections: presented in the European Navigation Map Projections – A Reference Manual, Theory and Applications. CRC Conference ENS-GNSS 2014 (14-17 Taylor & Francis, London 1998. Press. ISBN 0-8493-6888-X. April 2014 Rotterdam) and published in the ENC-GNSS Proceedings online. Grafarend, E. W. and F. Krumm (2006). Skopeliti A. & L.Tsoulos (2013) Map projections - Cartographic Choosing a Suitable Projection for Information Systems. Springer Verlag. Navigation in the Arctic, Marine References Geodesy, Volume 36, Issue 2, 234-259. IHO (2010). Universal Hydrographic ARHC (2011). Arctic Regional Data Model. S-100. Snyder, J. P. (1987). Map Projections: a Hydrographic Commission.. Proposal working manual. US Geological Survey to address polar navigation issues IMO (2006). Revised Performance Professional Paper 1395, Washington, related to ECDIS (ARHC2–08A). Standards for Electro nic Chart DC: U. S. Government Printing Offi ce. Proceedings of the 2nd ARHC Meeting, Display and Information Systems 27–29 September 2011, Copenhagen, (ECDIS). IMO Resolution MSC Snyder, J. P. Voxland, P. M. (1989). Denmark. http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/ 82/24/Add.2/Annex 24 Interna ti o- An album of map projections. U.S. rhc/ArHC/ArHC2/ArHC2Docs.htm. nal Maritime Organization, London. Geological Survey Professional Paper. [

SD33_CMPL_NZIS_Aug_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2828 1 31/07/14007/08/147/08/14 11:34 5:425:42 pmpm SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD33_CMPL_Javad-Gatefold_Aug_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 2929 1 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:35 5:425:42 pm pmpm SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD33_CMPL_Javad-Gatefold_Aug_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3030 2 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:35 5:425:42 pm pmpm SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD33_CMPL_Javad-Gatefold_Aug_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3131 3 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:35 5:425:42 pm pmpm SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD33_CMPL_Javad-Gatefold_Aug_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3232 4 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:35 5:425:42 pm pmpm SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD33_CMPL_Javad-Gatefold_Aug_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3333 5 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:35 5:425:42 pm pmpm SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD33_CMPL_Javad-Gatefold_Aug_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3434 6 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:35 5:425:42 pm pmpm SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD33_CMPL_Javad-Gatefold_Aug_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3535 7 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:35 5:425:42 pm pmpm SSD33_CMPL_AugustSD33_CMPL_Javad-Gatefold_Aug_Ad_AS.inddD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3636 8 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:35 5:425:42 pm pmpm [ GEODESY On high quality Courseware- Making strategies Some high quality Courseware-Making strategies are summarized in this paper, and then their teaching effi ciency in space geodesy has been compared and analyzed

Erhu WEI ourseware, which is centered on a superfi cial form fl ashy is overemphasized, a PhD Professor, PhD Ccomputer, is a kind of modern teaching variety of unnecessary pictures, videos and supervisor, School of technology based on digital processing voice materials are used in Courseware. Geodesy and Geomatics, techniques and audio-visual technology. Thus the form will cover up the contents, the Key Laboratory of Courseware can store, transmit, process, and students’ attention will be dispersed[2]. Geospace Environment convert and search teaching materials by Thirdly, teaching materials without select and Geodesy, Ministry of integrating a variety of media information are all written on Courseware, even some Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China such as words, voice and images and so on, teaching contents that can be better shown according to teachers’ teaching design[1-3]. by experiments and object-demonstration Courseware is able to improve the effect of are demonstrated with slides, so the teaching because it has many advantages Courseware is the reprint of the textbook Zhixiang YIN such as vivid, not restricted by space- contents. This single-form Courseware Master Candidate, time, easy to accept by student and so on, doesn’t give play to the advantage of School of Geodesy and which could activate class atmosphere, multimedia instruction, and it is easy to Geomatics, Wuhan motivate students’ thirst for knowledge tire students in auditory and visual. University, Wuhan, China and improve students’ interest[1]. However, some problems still exist in Courseware- Hierarchical structure and Making. This paper has listed some navigation lack clarity suggestions to Courseware-Making based on authors’ Courseware-teaching Hierarchical structure and navigation experience, and then we have talked about in Courseware provide a ‘roadmap’ for its usage in Space Geodesy teaching. learners to search what they want to know. But at present, most of the Courseware employs structures which are showed The problems in in Figure 1. Structure 1 starts with a Courseware-Making headline and c atalogue, and then with endless content, at last ends up with The key point is not outstanding ‘Thank you’. This kind of structure will not be easily understood by students and It mainly manifests in the following then lose focus in class. Structure 2 is respects: Firstly, all slides are put also called ‘link type’. This hyperlink together, colors is used in the catalogue page to allow aren’t matched users to skip to the content page and it harmonically and is also employed to skip to the catalogue layout is arranged page when each chapter is completed. unreasonably. Thus, Compared with s tructure 1, structure 2 part of contents can let students easily master Courseware cannot be seen structure and catch up with the thoughts clearly and the of teachers. But according to students’ Courseware is short feedback, some teachers are not skilled of sense of beauty, in using hyperlink in classroom teaching, thus it can hardly and incorrect operations often occurred attract students’ in class. Thus, originally clear structures Figure 1: Two common courseware structures interests. Secondly, become chaotic due to wrong navigation.

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 37

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3737 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Lack of materials Optimize the Courseware on from perception to rationality. Second, the base of students ‘noting’ positive examples should be used as well Currently, most of the courseware only the visual psychology as negative examples. The learner often shows listeners some simple and intuitive can’t understand all the attributions of the experiments in the form of video or Psychological studies have pointed concepts deeply. Only by comparing the animation on the screen. Although it out that the learning process does not positive aspects with the negative, can assisted in teaching, its contents are start from the beginning of sensory the learner grasp a concept completely insuffi cient to refl ect the characteristics generated from stimuli of the outside and correctly. Thirdly, it is more practical of large information and the wide range world, but from the individual’s learning to list an attribute table than use words of knowledge that modern teaching motivation and the resulting selective to defi ne the concepts. The attribute methods own. Also, few people formulated attention of the sensory information. table is clear for the learner so it can be the courseware with diffi cult concepts. Therefore, there is no learning when no impressed upon deeply. Moreover, the Some of the cou rseware only involves irritation occurs. And we can optimize the attribute table which helps the learner 5 or 6 materials, and most of them are Courseware from the following features: grasp the main attribute of concepts the illustrations in the textbook. But in immediately so that the learner can form fact, teachers need to provide some other Selective: The clearest part in a person’s the concepts effectively, is more simple related contents in their actual teaching. vision is the central part, so the theme and obvious than sentences, which is and the most important features should boring causing the learner to forget it soon. Lack of frontier be highlighted when presenting teaching information with multimedia courseware. Schedule reasonable As a result of computer multimedia hi erarchical structure technology, the development cycles of Simplicity: Irrelevant and redundant a courseware is shorter than traditional details should be deleted in the courseware A whole Courseware can be divided into methods. Therefore, it should refl ect background. Novelty: New stimuli is not front page, overview page, catalogue the fast changes and improvements of necessarily used for attracting the attention page and conclusion page on the basis teaching contents, especially some of of learners, as long as there is obvious of different functions. The basic design the cutting-edge professional contents. contrast and differentiation before and style of these pages should be consistent, However, a lot of users just move the after stimulation, such as certain fl ashing but small differences which are helpful contents of the book on the courseware, or underlined text, drawing arrows, for learners to distinguish different parts and rarely update it. So, on one hand, adding borders and so on. However, is also necessary. Good page layout will it does not embody the advantage of when applying novel means, students’ make Courseware coherent and clear. development speed of courseware, and attention should not be led to the novel The application of catalogue page is on the other hand it also lacks fl exibility. means itself, but attempts should be made to try and led to the contents. Lack of interactivity Optimize the Courseware with The fundamental feature of courseware is learners’ ‘concept formation’ interactivity, which is conducive to teachers rule in cognitive psychology trying to master how students learn, making the teaching plan and adjusting To help learners grasp basic concepts lectures. Courseware design should fully is one of the most important teaching refl ect this characteristic. However, many missions. When learning the concepts, teachers always over look this point. the students should not only remember all Figure 2: statistics of average They mainly focus on the presentation relevant names and defi nitions, but also score from 2008 to 2013 of the courseware, occasionally with acknowledge the common attributions some explanations, or just list answers between different items by using a series of some questions. In this case, students of examples so that they can extract and almost have no time to ask or think, and form concepts from the examples. In have no space to extend thinking and order to assist the learner to form concepts imagination. So it’s harmful to the students. effi ciently, here are some suggestions for the teachers: First, use examples rather Strategies than defi nitions. Teachers should follow the steps from examples to attributions Some strategies are summarized based to defi nitions in teaching in which the on the author’s teaching experience multimedia courseware is used. In that Figure 3: statistics of patents to solve the above problems. way, the learner can achieve the leap from 2008 to 2013

38 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3838 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm [ SNIPPETS

Table 1: published SCI and EI 3 lists the patent quantity in relation AT A GLANCE papers from 2008 to 2013 to Space Geodesy from 2008 to 2013. Tab.1 displays recent 6 years’ published 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 SCI and EI papers associated with SCI4109131620 Space Geodesy. Figure 3 and Tab.1 ► SSTL wins Best Aerospace EI 11 20 28 32 36 36 both have indicated that research and and Defence company at the innovation ability have improved. Made in the UK Awards very important to hierarchical structure. From the above comparison and analysis, Catalogue page plays a role of reminding we know that the teaching level of Space ► 1Spatial Awarded Major students that it will move onto the next Geodesy has been improving with the UK Ministry Of Defence part. According to previous experiences, we step-by-step application of high quality Aeronautical Contract recommend a simple but effective method: Courseware-Making strategies. This fully Make a catalogue page fi rst, and then show proved the effi ciency of these strategies. ► SuperGIS Training Centre the listener the catalogue page in which in Geomatika University what would be taught next by will stand College, Malaysia out by using bold words when entering Conclusions into the next part. In addition, different ► Stonewall Surveying raises colors and signifi cant pictures can be Multimedia teaching can make up for $1820 for Barrington charities employed to differentiate catalogue pages, the defi ciencies of traditional teaching, and with the change of colors and images which make it rigid, dull and bald. Some ► Hexagon Geospatial Partners the next part of content will come up. innovative projects have been summarized with Geoimage in Australia to solve the problems in Courseware- Establish personal Courseware Making in the base of author’s teaching ► GPS Insight Receives 2014 M2M material library experience, and then its validity has Evolution Asset Tracking Award been proven by comparing Space It is necessary for every teacher to set up Geodesy teaching results. Courseware ► Bentley’s enhanced AssetWise a personal Courseware material library. Making is a systematic work; and the APM V7.2 released Teachers should always accumulate author will master better strategies materials in relation to their teaching in future teaching on the basis of ► NGA awards BAE Systems content, and it will also be helpful students’ feedback and self-summary. contract worth $335 mn for Courseware Making in future. ► Peru uses drones to study Acknowledgments ancient Inca ruins Compare and analysis of Space Geodesy teaching results This research was funded by National ► TomTom launches real-time Natural Science Foundation of China (No. traffi c service in Turkey The author progressively applies the 41374012) and the 2012 undergraduate above Courseware-Making strategies in comprehensive reform and teaching ► USGS updates FEMA the teaching of Space Geodesy in recent research project of School of Geodesy and with 3D maps years. In order to verify the practicality Geomatics, Wuhan university (201220). and validity of these strategies, some ► TerraSond wins NOAA’s aspects like students’ average score of hydrographic surveying contract Space Geodesy, patents and published References papers in relation to Space Geodesy [1] Lin Liu. Introduction of ► US national seismic have been compared and analyzed some principles and skills hazard map updated in this paper by using the recent to Courseware Making [J]. statistical data of 6 years (2008~2013) Journal Of Guangxi Financial ► Brazil, China sign MoU to associated with Space Geodesy, which College,2004,17(2 Suppl):83-84. share remote sensing data comes from School of Geodesy and [2] Qili Wang. Existing Problems and Geomatics, Wuhan University. Solutions to Multimedia Courseware ► Auracle Geospatial to sell Manufactory [J]. Journal of Xi’an Skybox’s imagery in Canada Figure 2 shows the statistics of students’ Aerotechnical College,2005,23(1):51-53. average score of Space Geodesy fro m [3] Kekang He, Yongbai Zheng, ► Skybox imaging launches SkySat-2 2008 to 2013, and from it we know Youru XIE.Instructional System that students’ average score presents an Design [M]. Beijing: Beijing ► Fugro acquires Geofor to strengthen increasing trend, except in 2010. Figure Normal University Press,2002. [ its market position in Africa

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 39

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 3939 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm [ POSITIONING KOPOS – Kosovo Positioning System KOPOS system provides opportunities for carrying out unifi ed, highly accurate, effi cient and long-term sustainable measurements in the future

Prof Dr Murat MEHA he set of satellite systems for global done, whereas from January 2009 it has Chief Executive Offi cer, Tnavigation that are functioning or in total 17 satellites in use. GLONASS Kosovo Cadastral are expected to be launched in the future, satellites emit radio waves: L1, L2 that Agency, Prishtina, in English are called GNSS (Global are carriers of frequencies, codes L1 Republic of Kosovo Navigation Satellite Systems), whereas in and L2 C/A, then L1 and L2 P-codes. Albanian it will be SSNG (Sistemi satelitor për navigim global). This system allows determining the position in the whole Muzafer ÇAKA globe with an accuracy of two or three Project Coordinator, meters by even using simple equipments Kosovo Cadastral [DMA, 1991], [Farrell & Barth., 1999]. Agency, Prishtina, The possibility of civil use of these military Republic of Kosovo systems has led to pioneering development in traffi c enforcement, logistics, construction industry, tourism and many other technical fi elds and beyond that. Reshat MURATI Head of KOPOS unit, Some of these systems have Kosovo Cadastral been listed below: - European system GALILEO Agency, Prishtina, - American global positioning This system was launched in 2006, Republic of Kosovo system (GPS) its full confi guration and usage is Launched 1978, this system was fully expected in 2015. The satellites of confi gured in 1994, whereas from GALILEO system emit radio waves January 2009 it has in total 32 GPS L1, E1, E2, E5 and signals E6. satellites. These satellites emit radio waves: L1, L2, (L5) that are carriers of While using L2C and L3C, it is possible frequencies; C/A and since 2005 civil to determine ionosphere parameters. codes L2, and after 2012 civil codes Therefore, the aim is to have a precise L3C; P code in frequencies L1 and L2. geodetic positioning without differential - GLONASS, Russian global positioning techniques. L2C frequency navigation satellite system carriers have better quality then L1, This system was launched in 1982, but while allowing better tracking of low its full confi guration has not yet been

40 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4040 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm satellites. L5 is designed in such a not to remain only a vision [Steudler Incorporation of network way that it would be least affected 2006] is clearly being implemented KOSOVAREF01 into KOPOS by effects of many trajectories. from Kosovo Cadastral Agency for collecting and processing cadastral data Damage of Triangulation Network, the Nowadays, these systems work in the framework of NSDI (National period before 2000, and creation of new independently from one another. The Spatial Data Infrastructure). All the circumstances for geodesy raised the idea user works with one of these systems measurements from now on, if there are for developing new state geodetic network. depending on the receiver selected. no physical obstacles will be supported Here, the report of the Bessel ellipsoid and The American GPS system currently by KOPOS as a general and permanent other ellipsoids in the plane [Meha, 1998] is used in most of cases. In geodetic national referent GNSS system. should be analyzed beforehand. Therefore, applications, more and more receivers the stabilization and measurement of the that can elaborate signals from GPS Regular maintenance and development new geodetic network points, using GPS and GLONASS are used. In Europe, of cadastre will be always based on the technology, started in 2001. First order the European Geostationary Navigation main geodetic state network. After 1999, reference network was created by 32 basic Overlay Service (EGNOS) complements KCA began consolidating cadastre in points distributed homogeneously throughout the GPS system with additional satellites, Kosovo, the main task being observation the territory of the Republic of Kosovo, which leads to improved accuracy of the state geodetic reference network. while network densifi cation was made with and reliability of measurement of the After observing and analysis, it has been the second order network points a year later. position in Europe. This is considered concluded that the activity should begin an advantage and cooperation between with stabilization adjustment of the points KOSOVAREF01 Coordinate System was GPS and GALILEO systems. in the fi eld as a base for starting cadastre based on the EUREF. Geodetic Datum maintenance and its further development. is defi ned by Gauss-Krüger Projection Since the GALILEO system is multi- in Terrestrial European System ETRS89 dimensional, it will play an important (GRS80 Ellipsoid). As a result, there is role in future applications. The principle of setting the WGS84 Coordinate System, which is the position based on Ellipsoid dimension, in rotation In communicating with satellites in angle of Earth’s rotation, and in light speed the space, the receivers determine the GNSS technology, while receiving as well as constant parameters defi ned positions of the objects where they are signals from satellites, calculates the by US Department of Defense (DoD), fi xed. The receivers should communicate distance based on the time differences. as a reference frame for establishment with at least four satellites in the space These distances are calculated from and maintenance of GPS System. for determining (calculating) its position. the moment it is transmitted up to the The accuracy and reliability of the moment of receiving the signal. If the Dimensions of Reference Ellipsoid GNSS systems, which are currently distances of three different satellites are WGS84, as accepted by the Geodetic available, have restrictions (limitations) in known, it is possible that through spatial Reference System 1980 (GRS80), are: presenting the common accuracy of GPS intersection (geodetic intersection) one a = 6 378 137 + 2 m for civil works up to +1 - + 3 meters. can determine the antenna position in 3D 1/f = 298.257223563 (X, Y, Z) in relation to the satellites. This technology with its new access has These dimensions are used for calculating created the idea for modeling all errors Such intersections doesn’t provide geodetic measurement. Coordinates (bugs), such as: time determination real distance measurements because axels (XYZ) in ETRS system, are and errors in orbit, obstruction of the satellite and receiver time are not fi xed in the centre of earth, where satellite signals in their way through harmonized, therefore the measured Z axel goes across North Pole, and ionosphere and troposphere up to the distances are not real distances, but are X & Y axels lie in equator plate. point where the GNSS receiver is located called pseudo distances. To avoid this, for determining the correction of the it is necessary during measurements Estimates suggest that when it comes observed data over unknown points. to have at least four pseudo distances to Europe, coordinates accuracy of the for calculating four unknowns (X, points set by ETRF`89 is roughly +2cm, The responsibilities of Kosovo Cadastral Y, Z, ΔT), where time factor as a whereas for WGS84 calculated error Agency regarding national network are fourth dimension is also included. of coordinates is roughly +10cm. foreseen by Law on Cadastre, [Law No. 04/-L-013]. These responsibilities The accuracy and reliability of the The Kosovo geodetic datum [Meha, start from the maintenance of referent GNSS systems, currently available, 2005a, 2005b] is defi ned as follows: network up to the maintenance of are limited mainly from: - Reference spheroid: IUGG cadastral map, cadastral measurements • Ionosphere and troposphere infl uences (International Union of Geodesy and protection of cadastral boundary • Uncertainties in the predicted and Geophysics) ellipsoid GRS80 signs. Digital cadastre as a vision, but orbits of satellites (Geodetic Reference System of 1980)

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 41

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4141 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Figure 1: Established referent stations in Kosovo Figure 2: The graphic of the operation of KOPOS system - Reference system: ETRS89 (European (source: KOPOS implementation report - GIZ) Terrestrial Reference System) - Origin of coordinate system in the Switzerland, after an international The system is designed also for eventual intersection point of projections of the competitive process was the winner incorporation of reference stations central meridian 210 with Equator of the contract funded by World from neighbor countries: MONTEPOS - Origin of height: Sea Level Bank for stabilizing eight permanent Montenegro, ALBPOS Albania, MAKPOS - Projection: Gauss-Krüger reference stations of KOPOS. Macedonia and AGROS Serbia. transversal cylindrical projection, conform (7th zone) The new KOPOS network has used the most The monitoring and maintenance of - Central meridian (210) with scale advanced technology and will be the fi rst permanent GNSS stations is carried out reduction 0.0001 (scale factor 0.9999) GNSS network in the world that has used from the control centre. The operation the newest receiver Leica GR25, which has of the system, while including the The new system Kosovaref01 covers the been publically presented for the fi rst time permanent stations, control centre whole Kosovo territory, where there are in the equipment and geodetic instrument and users, is presented in fi gure 2. established or created 32 geodetic points of trade fair – INTERGEO, 2011 in Germany. the Ist order and 452 points of the IInd order. These points are established as a base for Kosovo Cadastral Agency, together with Some technical cadastral and other geodetic measurements. Leica experts and local experts, and characteristics of KOPOS also supported from GIZ (Germany) Therefore, stabilization of permanent referent experts, have realized fully the study, Equipment established in GNSS network (KOPOS, has a priority establishment of referent points and permanent stations are: for high accuracy geodetic measurements, testing of KOPOS system. In fi gure - GNSS antenna AR25 (choke but it also contributes in modeling (1), the permanent station can be seen – ring antenna) protected from atmospheric parameters (troposphere and points which cover the territory of the different atmospheric conditions, ionosphere), for weather and earthquakes Republic of Kosovo. Whereas in the suitable for receiving all satellite forecasts. Speaking in fi nancial terms, table (1), it is presents the geographic signals currently in use, and the project in the future shall lower work- position of the permanent GNSS stations. those foreseen for later usage; related costs and shall, at the same time, generate revenues for its maintenance, Table 1: Locations and coordinates of KOPOS station points but it does not guarantee (learned from others experiences) that the system could City Code Latitude Longitude Elips. hight be maintained only from revenues. Dragash DRAG 42° 03’ 43.85977” 20° 39’ 16.32320” 1094.351 Kamenicë KAME 42° 34’ 52.73833” 21° 34’ 42.92311” 662.296 Mitrovicë MITR 42° 53’ 19.55551” 20° 51’ 57.04548” 566.531 Establishment of permanent Pejë PEJA 42° 39’ 41.30482” 20° 17’ 18.50231” 581.464 reference stations Prishtinë KCAP 42° 38’ 46.64737” 21° 10’ 06.01842” 581.464 Prishtinë PRIS 42° 40’ 12.72243” 21° 11’ 30.61312” 709.004 The well known producer of surveying Rahovec RAHO 42° 23’ 50.58087” 20° 39’ 26.29440” 475.610 equipments ‘Leica Geosystems’ from Shtime SHTI 42° 26’ 3.003179” 21° 02’ 18.65896” 623.998

42 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4242 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Figure 4: Scheme of GNSS permanent station

- GR15 multi frequencies receiver with a suffi cient number of channels, for accepting all signals currently Figure 5: Equipments pleased in the cabinet and the GNSS antenna in one of the stations available and those for future; - VPS network ruter, and the necessary (post-processing) from KOPOS data post processing and adjustment connection with ADSL cable; system is done in different ways. could be taken electronically (e-mail). - Constant power supply (48 hours, backup); and Users of (RTK) products in real time Accuracies expected from KOPOS - Cable, box for setting the device, could accept the corrected data in real network system are listed in Table 2: the material for installation, etc. time through internet (GPRS), or if it is needed also through GSM since SpiderWeb SBC (Spider Business Centre) The antenna is installed on a pipe so KOPOS offers this possibility as well. program is in use for administration of that it is mechanically stable. Location The format of the data fl ow should the registered users, prepaid services, security is guaranteed by the effects fulfi ll the RTCM specifi cations: to search RTK usage and RINEX data, of wind, vibration, shaking, lightning − RTCM 2.3 for FKP- and VRS data invoicing, informing of users on real time according to local standards, etc. (guarantee for compatibility from regarding the operation of the system, etc. the highest point to the lowest GNSS antenna (choke ring - the last point for the oldest devices) word of the technology) is used as an − RTCM 3.1 for FKP-, VRS and MAC Benefi ts from KOPOS antenna for reference stations. Antenna system services phase center is determined though Clients of RINEX products (post- an individual absolute calibration. processing) can download the data from The benefi ts from KOPOS system are selected referent stations in RINEX different, but at the same time a creative Antenna and the receiver must be able format (all formats up to the v 3.0) for approach in the fi eld of geodesy for its to receive all signals available from a time period selected from the past. usage in public and private sector is GPS and GLONASS systems and also For this, the interface page for users required, since this system enables the GALILEO-s after it will be functional. based on the web (kopos.rks-gov.net) establishment of reliability and accuracy are available in Albanian, English and for geo-spatial data in terms of quality. Serbian languages, through which users KOPOS services –RTK can download all the requested data For this reason, cooperation of local and RINEX data independently. Except downloading the experts with international associations RINEX data, the system enables also in relation to this fi eld is required. Some Acceptance of correction data in the post processing and adjustments of the creative engagements, but also real time (RTK) and RINEX data of static measurements. The results of as requirements are presented below:

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 43

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4343 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm - Urban Planning, Spatial Planning and Environmental studies - Monitoring of engineering structures (dams, etc.) - Environment protection - Many other services related to the requests of society, institutors and private sector.

“The future satellite navigation systems will use improved technology and concepts, while helping the increase of usage quality Figure 6: User interface - SpiderWeb and enabling to implement new navigation services for ‘smart’ vehicles, agricultural Table 2: KOPOS network system tools, ‘smart’ weapons, unmanned aircraft, mobile robots and other different Type of service Description Accuracy range advanced applications” (Farrell 2008). DGNSS Low accuracy in real time (RTK –Code)) 0.3 – 0.5 m RTK High accuracy in real time (RTK –Phase)) 0.02 – 0.04 m The usage of measurements methods RINEX High accuracy (Post processing – Phase) <0.01 m supported from GNSS now enables accelerating the work of local measurements - To maintain and develop state - The accuracy and reliability of signifi cantly, as well as signifi cantly coordinates referent system together cadastral measurements is increased reducing costs. The usage of system that with respective geodetic infrastructure; in the whole country, because now is continuously operational is a step - To provide access in geodetic data, in KOPOS system is a unifi ed system forward in accelerating and simplifying services and web based information; for the whole Kosovo territory; the works and measurements in the fi eld. - To closely cooperate with - The expenses will be 8-10 times international geodetic associations; lower than the establishment The data available should be used in a - To provide geodetic and GNSS and maintenance of third order comprehensive manner, in order that the services for public and private sector; reference network; and exchange of geographic data between - To develop awareness campaign - MCOs in Kosovo will have the central, local and international institutions, for applicable services in high opportunity to use modern GNSS from INSPIRE point of view, will be accuracy positioning; and rover for cadastral surveying and signifi cantly improved. With this, the bases - To promote and advance geodesy other geodetic works as well, etc. for all geo-information technologies in the science also through science wider whole state have been established; in the community to support the government The usage of GNSS system anywhere in fi eld of cartography, cadastre, engineering, in developing the Land Administration the world has multidimensional benefi ts in surveying, infrastructure, planning, and Management policies; terms of time, fi nancial aspect, accuracy, environment, transport, e-governance, security, etc. The fi elds where the system e-municipality, e-commercial, etc. The usage of KOPOS system will could be used are presented below: Hundreds of users across the country support cadastral institutions, together  Geodetic measurements (cadastre, will work without needing control with licensed private companies in mapping, photogrametry, etc.) referent points, which will increase implementing the cadastre projects in - GIS enormously the effi ciency of the work. achieving the goal of heaving sustainable - Traffi c management (land and air) and stable digital cadastre [Meha, 2003]. - Water management - Emergent services Conclusion Other economic benefi ts from KOPOS - Rail and sea transport (if the state in the fi elds of geodesy, cadastre and has access to big lakes, sea, ocean) KOPOS system in Republic of Kosovo is spatial data as part of NSDI are: - Public transport now and in the future a unifi ed state reference network which - The usage of modern technology for (bus, trolley bus, tram, taxi etc.) offers in the real-time positioning accuracy measurements such as GNSS, digital - Transportation of hazardous materials in horizontal plane + 2cm and in vertical photogrametry, aerial images and - Vehicles navigation plane + 4 cm. GNSS system is the latest satellite images have been simplifi ed - Tourism (database, maps, navigation) word of the technology for geodetic and accelerated. In general, this - Forestry, Fisheries etc. measurements, which is used in developed approach leads to the infl uence in cost - Disaster management countries. Now as part of the GNSS family reduction for, e.g., surveying activities, - Inventory and valuation of is also KOPOS referent network. This property identifi cation, monitoring, etc.; immovable properties system offers the possibility to use the latest

44 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4444 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm technology for geodetic measurements for Inertial Navigation. McGraw- 10. Meha, M., Çaka, M. 2011. Perspective every surveyor in Republic of Kosovo. Hill, New York 1999. of permanent referent network GNSS has raised the level of accuracy 3. Farrell, A.J. 2008: Aided Navigation “KOPOS” in Kosova. INGEO2011, and reliability of geodetic measurements, GPS with high rate Sensors. 2008 5th International Conference on because it is a globally extended, New York: Mc. Graw-Hill. Engineering Surveying, September secure and with the usage possibility of 4. Law on Cadastre, Law No. 04/- 22-24, 2011, Brijuni, Croatia. FIG (American) GPS, (Russian) GLONASS L-013, Prishtinë 2011. commission 6. reviewed published and (European in the future) GALILEO. 5. Meha, M. (1998).:Analiza e papers p.143-150 . http://web.svf. aproksimimit të elipsoidit ose sferës stuba.sk/kat/GDE/Ingeo2011 Economic approach in geodesy is në rrafsh dhe saktësia e tyre. Buletini 11. National Imagery and Mapping mainly oriented in harmonizing three No 12. i FSHMN. Prishtinë. Agency. 1997. Department of Defense components: high accuracy measurement, 6. Meha, M 2003.: The future and World Geodetic System 1984: Its full reliability in measurements development challenges of sustainable Defi nition and Relationships with and lowest costs for collection geo- cadastre and digital cadastre of Kosovo. Local Geodetic Systems. NIMA information data. KOPOS system in 2nd Cadastral Congress, September TR8350.2 Third Edition 4 July 1997. Kosovo meets these three components, 19-21,2003. Krakow, Poland. 12. National Imagery and Mapping and as such will be 24/7 functional, 7. Meha, M. 2005a.: KOSOVAREF01, Agency. Guidelines for Cadastral under supervision of control center EUREF Symposium held in Surveying using, Global Navigation located in Kosovo Cadastral Agency. Vienna, Austria 1-4 Jun 2005. Satellite Systems (GNSS). Section 12 8. Meha, M. 2005b.: Analysis of . 2003, First Published by Surveyor- permanent GPS reference station in General, Victoria, prepared by RMIT References Kosova. Symposium organized on University. http://www.icsm.gov.au. 1. DMA, 1991: Department of the occasion of the 40 anniversary 13. Steudler D. 2006. Cadastre 2014 Defense World Geodetic System of the Faculty of Civil Engineering – Still a vision? Switzerland. 1984, DMA.TR 8350.2, second and Architecture. Pristine 2005. edition, 1 September. 9. Meha, M. 2006.:KOSOVAREF01, The paper was presented at FIG 2. Farrell, A.J., Barth, M. 1999. Libër, Botues Agjencioni Working Week 2013, Abuja, The Global Positioning and Kadastral i Kosovës. Nigeria, 6-10 May 2013 [ POWER AND PRECISION AT YOUR FINGERTIPS

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SD33_CMPL_effigis_Aug_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4545 1 01/08/14007/08/147/08/14 11:46 5:425:42 pmpm [ POSITIONING Accuracy Assessment of Single-frequency DGPS In this study, analysis was done using single frequency DGPS mode of acquiring data such as static and stop-n-go on various baselines

Arun Patel he following are the parameters on Research Scholar, Civil Twhich the accuracy of the DGPS Stop & GO surveying Engineering Department, depends- LB, OT, number of visible Maulana Azad National satellites (affects geometry), relative method has critical Institute of Technology geometry of satellites and change in Bhopal, India geometry and Signal to noise ratio problems that cannot (SNR) of received satellite signals. Joao et al 2010 had investigated the DGPS be carried out for very accuracy that was majorly affected by Ravi S Singh baseline length. Hayakawa et al., 2006 large area and baseline MTech, Civil Engineering revealed that increase in occupation time Department, Maulana would increase the accuracy of DGPS greater than 10 km Azad National Institute of measurement. Accuracy of DGPS Technology Bhopal, India devices also depends on SNR Value (Jay et al., 1999). Different surveying section editor in software dividing methods refl ect different accuracy levels. into different occupations. Then In the present research work, the single fi nd out the coordinate for different Dr S K Katiyar frequency (L1 receiver) on relative occupation time. The difference Professor, Geomatics horizontal accuracy was studied. The with long observation (exact Engg. (Remote companies give different accuracies coordinate) in meter was found. Sensing, GIS & GPS), in various modes such as static, • In case of stop-n-go survey method, Civil Engineering stop and go with respect to different a physical circle of 10 meter radius Department, Maulana occupation time as shown in Table 1. Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, India Methodology

Following are the steps involved Dr Vishnu Prasad for accuracy assessment: Professor, Hydraulic • In case of a static survey with Machines & Fluid different baseline (short, medium and Mechanics, Water long), take the coordinates of long Figure 1: Shows the Circle Exercises resources, Civil absorption (exact coordinate) and adopted for Stop-n-Go Survey method Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Table 1: Base length Point (Static Points & Stop-n-go) Institute of Technology Bhopal, India Static Stop-n-go S No. Point ID Baseline Baseline Baseline length(m) Baseline length(m) 1. Cricket ground MANIT Short 273 Short 273 Bittan market/ 2. Mayur Park Medium 2173 Medium 1833 3. Lalghati Large 7088 Large 7088

46 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4646 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Table 2: Difference in coordinates for Short baseline (with occupation time) Signal-to-noise ratio Point1 (short baseline, <1km) Cricket ground –MANIT-Bhopal also plays a vital role in Duration Difference with Baseline length=273m long observation (Exact coordinate) determining the accurate Easting (m) Northing (m) Solution in meter 30 min 746530.589 2569440.594 Fixed 0.000 position. It depends 25 min 746530.589 2569440.594 Fixed 0.000 20 min 746530.589 2569440.594 Fixed 0.000 upon internal as well 15 min 746530.588 2569440.593 Fixed 0.001 10 min 746530.588 2569440.593 Fixed 0.001 as external system 5 min 746530.591 2569440.601 Float 0.009

Table 3: Difference in coordinates for Medium baseline (with occupation time) min occupation was enough to get accurate coordinate in mm level and to Point 2 (medium length, Difference with fi x the integer ambiguity and graphical 1-3km) Bittan market Duration Long observation representation shown in Figure 2. Baseline length=2173m (Exact coordinate) In meter Easting (m) Northing (m) Solution Medium Baseline Length (Static) 30 min 748369.649 2569479.921 Fixed 0.000 25 min 748369.647 2569479.921 Fixed 0.002 The following conclusion that can be 20min 748369.647 2569479.923 Fixed 0.003 drawn from the data is clear that there 15min 748370.104 2569479.893 Float 0.460 is no signifi cant change in coordinates 10min 748370.539 2569479.905 Float 0.892 up to 20 min, but changes can be 5min 748369.675 2569479.819 Float 0.898 observed after 15 min occupation. But the integer ambiguity is not resolved in was made, and along the radius six Result and discussion the 15 min occupation. An estimate can points were taken along with a radius be made for medium baseline length as shown in Figure 1. In this exercise, In case, static point for different (1-3km), 20 min occupation is enough the centre point was taken in the static baseline occupation and PDOP to get an accurate coordinate and to fi x mode up to the desired observation values should be less than 2. the integer ambiguity and graphical with reference to baseline. For representation shown in Figure 3. reference, long observation was taken Short Baseline Length (Static) into consideration in order to fi x the Large Baseline Length (Static) coordinate. Other points were taken in The following conclusion that can be Stop & Go with different occupation drawn from Table 2 is that variations in There is no signifi cant change in time such as (15 sec, 30 sec, 45sec, 1 the coordinates of a point, solution type coordinate up to 25 min, but there is a min and 5 min), then Root mean square and deviation from exact coordinate of change after 20 min that can be notifi ed. error (RMSE) was calculated for it. post processed coordinates, there is no But the integer ambiguity cannot be • Future analysis depicted the error signifi cant change in coordinates up to resolved after 15 min occupation. It can be with references to signal-to-noise 10 min, but there is a change after 5 min estimated that from large baseline length ratio (SNR). It was done by selecting occupation. Also, the integer ambiguity (>3km), 25 min occupation is enough to a point with the same baseline, same is not resolved in 5 min occupation. get accurate coordinates and to fi x the PDOP and varies with SNR Value. So, it was found that for short baseline integer ambiguity as shown in Table 4 and (<1km), 10 graphical representation shown in Figure 4.

Figure 2: Distances from exact Point (Short Baseline) Figure 3: Distances from exact Point (Medium Baseline)

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 47

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4747 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Table 4: Differences in coordinates for Large Table 6: RMSE Error with occupation time (Stop & Go, Medium baseline) baseline (with occupation time) Occupation time 15 sec 30 sec 45 sec 1 min 5 min RMSE (meters) 0.083 0.069 0.068 0.066 0.068 Lalghati, Point 3 (large Difference baseline >3km) with Long Duration observation Baseline length=7088m (Exact coordinate) Easting (m) Northing (m) Solution in meter 30 min 741855.909 2576056.052 Fixed 0.041 25 min 741855.781 2576055.873 Fixed 0.089 20 min 741856.161 2576056.063 Float 0.252 15min 741855.758 2576055.801 Float 0.293 10min 741855.667 2576055.844 Float 0.319 5min 741855.086 2576055.898 Float 0.837 Figure 6: RMSE Error with occupation time for Stop & Go (Medium baseline)

Table 7: RMSE Error with occupation time (Stop & Go, Large baseline)

Occupation time 15 sec 30 sec 45 sec 1 min 5 min RMSE 0.309 0.164 0.130 0.068 0.065

Figure 4: Distances from exact Point (Large Baseline)

Table 5: RMSE Error with occupation time (Stop & Go, Short baseline)

Occupation time 15 sec 30 sec 45 sec 1 min 5 min RMSE (meters) 0.076 0.076 0.076 0.076 0.076 Figure 7: RMSE Error with occupation time for Stop & Go (Large baseline)

the distance from the centre point, RMSE error calculated is shown in Table 5 for each occupation time. Graph is plotted for RMSE error with different occupation time. The graph shown in Figure 6 shows that there are no changes in with occupation time, so that 15 sec occupation is enough to get 5-10 cm level accuracy for short baseline length.

Figure 5: RMSE Error with occupation time for Stop & Go (short baseline) Medium Baseline Length (Stop & Go)

In case stop-n-go point for different baseline occupation The number of satellite varies from 6 to 12 and PDOP varies from 1.3 to 2.7. After calculation of the distance from the centre Short Baseline Length (Stop & Go) point, RMSE error for all points, shown in Table 6, is calculated for each occupation time. The graph is plotted for RMSE error The number satellite varies 7 to 9 and satellite geometry with different occupation time. The graph shown in Figure 6 such as PDOP varies from 1.8 to 2.4. After calculation of shows that there are no signifi cant changes in positioning with

Table 8: Post Processed coordinates of points (Different SNR value)

Center 1 min Stop & Go data Distance Coordinates (Circle periphery points) Baseline from Error Avg. SNR PDOP (meter) Easting Northing Easting Northing center (meters) (dB) (m) (m) (m) (m) (meters) 741856.00 2576056.00 741853.7 2576066.00 10.085 -0.085 42.044 1.8 7886.50 741856.00 2576056.00 741865.5 2576055.00 9.520 0.479 41.424 1.8

48 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4848 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm SD33_CMPL_Trimble-Dimensions_Aug_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 4949 1 29/07/14007/08/147/08/14 4:075:425:42 pmpm Figure 8: Positioning Error with SNR value Figure 10: Shows the Linear relationship between Average SNR and RMSE Table 9: shows the impact of the SNR value on error Table 10: Optimized time for static survey Average SNR 47.184 45.866 44.105 42.334 37.874 -0.153 -0.297 -0.549 -0.629 -0.395 Survey Baseline Estimated Highest -0.083 -0.135 0.137 -0.020 0.515 method length time Accuracy level 6 SATELLITE 0.213 0.318 0.711 0.695 -6.392 Short 10 min Less than 1 cm ERROR 0.307 0.446 0.678 0.755 -3.131 Static Medium 15 min Up to 5 cm 0.233 0.291 0.055 0.229 1.579 Large 25 min 5-10 cm 0.003 -0.063 -0.485 -0.370 1.193 RMSE ERROR 0.193 0.287 0.504 0.523 3.028 Table 11: Optimized time for Stop & Go survey

Survey method Estimated (Initialization Required) Baseline length Occupation time Short(<1km) 15 sec Stop & Go Medium(1-3km) 30 sec Large(>3km) 1 min

Effect of Signal- the satellite, determining the SNR value to-Noise Ratio of each satellite and then arranging the (SNR) on DGPS different SNR value in descending order. accuracy The combination of six selections for analysis were considered and the other Figure 9: Shows the graphical representation RMSE v/s SNR On these points, satellite was deselected. Then error data was collected estimates based on this is shown Table occupation time after 30 sec, so that the 30 in Stop & Go method for 1 min (estimated 9 and graphical represention is shown sec occupation is enough to get 5-10 cm time) because the baseline length is 7,088 in Figure 9. Investigation revealed that level accuracy for medium baseline length. m. Post processed coordinates and error the error does not only depend on SNR is shown in Table 8. The average SNR value. We cannot have a generalized Large Baseline Length (Stop & Go) value is also included for analysis. SNR value and error because it depends on the receiver capability also. By using The number of satellite varies from 7-9 Then graph is plotted between SNR value the instrument Promark3 (Magellen), we and satellite geometry such as PDOP and error in positioning for both points can derive linear relation between SNR varies from 1.4 to 1.9. After calculation shown in Figure 8. From the graph, it and RMSE as shown in Figure 10. of the distance from the center point, is concluded that there with increase in fi nal RMSE error for all points are SNR value (good signal condition) the shown in Table 7, that is calculated accuracy will increase, which means noise Conclusion for each occupation time. Graph can produce a large error in positioning. plotted for RMSE error with different The accuracy of DGPS positioning with occupation time is shown in Figure Further investigation had been done to post-processing differential correction is 7. It shows that there is no signifi cant see the effect of SNR on the error. In this dominantly affected by the duration of the change after 1 min and accuracy is in study, only six satellites from the available measurement, but the same occupation centimeter level, so that for a large GPS constellation were selected, then time is not required for every baseline baseline, 1 min occupation time will post processed. It was done by using length. Following are the conclusions of give 5- 10 centimeter level accuracy. GNSS solution software by deselecting the present research work investigations:

50 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5050 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm 1. The static survey is mainly used for However, in order to get accuracy up References high-accuracy. Static method needs to the level in Stop & Go surveying long observation, but after a certain method, there are some limitations Joao R., Jose S.,and Antonio R., period, accuracy does not change like no loss of lock and site clearance “Impact of Satellite Coverage in signifi cantly. Following Table 10 shows for signal obstruction by objects Single-Frequency Precise Heading the optimized time for static survey. like high rise buildings and trees. Determination”, IEEE, April 2010. 3. Stop & GO surveying method After analysis of post processed result of has critical problems that cannot Hayakawa Y. S., and Tsumura H., 2006 Static occupation it was observed that be carried out for very large area “Accuracy Assessment of a Post Processing (a) For short baseline (<1km), 10 and baseline greater than 10 km, DGPS Device” case study in Kaman and min observation is enough. After where signal breaks take place very Hacitugrul, central turkey” online available that, no signifi cant changes can frequently. Stop & Go survey is at http://www.jiaa-kaman.org/pdfs/aas_17/ be noticed in positioning. suitable for fast surveys if medium AAS_17_ Hayakawa_Y_pp_265_270.pdf (b) For next every 1-2 km baseline length, level accuracy (5-10 cm) is required. it needs 5 min more occupation on 4. Signal-to-noise ratio also plays a Jay F. and Tony G., “Experimental Differential point for fi xed solution and to enable vital role in determining the accurate GPS Reference Station Evaluation” effi cient differential correction. position. It depends upon internal Proceedings of the American Control (c) For same PDOP value and occupation as well as external system. Internal Conference San Diego, California June 1999. time, large baseline encounters system must be of good quality with more error than short baseline. suffi cient number of channel receivers Duggal S K, “Surveying” (vol.2 2. The Stop & Go surveying method may with good noise fi lters. External noise 3rd edition), Tata Mcgraw Hill, ch. be an appropriate one for the DGPS is due to the external environment such 8, pp 319, New Delhi ,2009. survey of small areas, if no obstruction as airport, high tension line, etc. So we of signals takes place due to vegetation, cannot generalize the error with respect El-Rabbany Ahmed, “Introduction to etc. To achieve accuracy level of to SNR Value. But with some modern GPS: The Global Positioning System”, 5-10 cm in Stop & Go, the required instruments, we can predefi ne the SNR Artech house INC Boston, ch.2 & occupation time is given in Table 11. value like PDOP value to be specifi ed. ch. 3, pp. 13-44, London, 2002. [ Creation BigFish-cp.be

SD30_CMPL_Linertec_May_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5151 1 26/04/14007/08/147/08/14 11:59 5:425:42 pmpAMm [ IMAGING Satellite technologies in Turkey This article gives some informations about Satellite Technologies of Turkey called “Yesterday and Today of Developments in Satellite Technologies in Turkey” established by Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Biosystem Engineering

M Cuneyt Bagdatli urkey, in the 1980s communications company, bagged the tender on June 13, Department of Tsatellites were purchased. In 2008 and sent into space TURKSAT-3A Biosystem Engineering, 1989, a tender was fl oated for the satellite on July 16, 2008 when operations Engineering and fi rst communications satellite project. began. Approximately, 25 Turkish Architecture Faculty, Following this development, the French engineers hired during the production Nevsehir Haci Bektas Aerospatiale company on December 21, phase of the project, was given training for Veli University, Turkey 1990 signed the ‘Turkish National Satellite the next generation communication satellite Communication System Agreement’ that Turksat aimed at, with the ability to with Turkey. However, the satellite partially produce it in Turkey. Turksat TURKSAT-1 made at the launch base in was fi rm yet tender with the TURKSAT- French CSG launch was lost, since in the 4A communications satellite, which was third stage of the Ariane-4 rocket launcher planned and partially assembled in Turkey 24 failed in January 1994. The insurance and started planning for communication required under the terms of the agreement, satellite Turksat-5 as the next project. which was produced at that time, the completion of the second satellite whose Observation satellites production development was accelerated. TURKSAT- technology for Scientifi c and Technological 1B construction was completed on August Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 11, 1994 at 42 degrees East position placed, technology transfer projects have been and entered service in October 1994. initiated. Developed and produced under the project of remote sensing earth observation Immediately after the delivery of satellite BILSAT, on September 27, 2003 TURKSAT-1B, in accordance with the was launched from Russia’s Plesetsk provisions of the contract of the insurance base and placed into orbit. Regarding company, Aerospatiale Turksat started BILSAT satellite, the task was completed. to make a new satellite, TURKSAT- 1C satellite-tossed 31.3 East, and was After the completion of BILSAT satellite, placed in position on July 10, 1996. The RASAT satellite project was activated. fi rst generation TURKSAT satellites by Making use of current satellite capabilities Turk Telekom was followed by a series with this project, RASAT satellite was of Spacebus 3000B3 platform and 32 designed and produced in Turkey. It high-power Ka-band transponders with had high-resolution optical imaging Turksat-2A (Eurasiasat) satellite, and its system and new modules developed by construction began in 1998 as Turkish engineers, making it the fi rst decided. The satellite launched earth observation satellite designed and in mid-2000 and was again manufactured in Turkey (see Figure1). placed in position 42 degrees East, and began operations The observation satellite was sent into on February 1, 2001. space on August 17, 2011. RASAT satellite that TUBITAK Space Technologies As the lives of TURKSAT-1B Research Institute designed and produced and 1C satellites about to end, indigenously, aiming at helping a total Turksat company started work of 3,856,000 sq km area on the world’s on TURKSAT-3A satellite in image. A 7.5 m panchromatic, multispectral Figure 1: RASAT satellite construction 2006. The French-Italian joint image of the world, can be taken. RASAT, and testing phases in TUBITAK venture with Thales Alenia Space TUBITAK-drawn images to the ground

52 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5252 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Figure 2: GOKTURK-2 satellite Figure 3: TURKSAT-4A satellite launch base in Baikonur Space being launched into space Base in Kazakhistan and moment of launch

station transmits in Ankara Space. The satellite project will work if Turkey’s Europe, Central Asia, the Near East and observation of Turkey with satellite images future professionals have been trained Africa including the transfer of a large taken from the 2D satellite image database manpower. Satellite and equipment region. Thus, the Turkish television and was created. Taken to ensure timeliness, the for this project level design, analysis, radio channels broadcasting in Europe new image data base was made even richer manufacturing, assembly, integration and Asia was now accessible in Africa. with each passing day, and reliable satellite and test activities and the ability of the earth observation mission still holds. infrastructure have been acquired. Earth observation satellites currently in Turkey, is continuing studies for Turkish engineers designed and realised Turkey’s Japanese and Turkish the production of a new satellite. The in 2012 with the launch of operations that engineers recently co-produced a GOKTURK-2 satellite earth observation have been placed into orbit GOKTURK communications satellite which was satellite, following the National task-2 Turkey that was originally developed launched. This is the satellite Turksat- GOKTURK-1 satellite began to be is the fi rst high-resolution earth observation 4A. Turkey evaluated the new stage developed since July 19, 2009 and is satellite. GOKTURK-2 System and the in the development of the satellite still ongoing. Without geographical tasks related to the design, production Turksat-4A satellite, which on February constraints with this project in any region and testing processes were carried out 14, 2014 from Kazakhstan’s Baikonur of the world, high-resolution images can on a national engineering activities level. Cosmodrome 23:09 (Turkey time), was be taken for military intelligence. At the GOKTURK-2 Satellite which was tested launched into space (see Figure 3). same time, forest area control, illegal before shipment was completed in the building monitoring, natural disaster TUSAS facilities and the satellite company, TURKSAT-4A satellite in space makes followed by damage assessment, product and was sent to the People’s Republic Turkey one of the 30 countries with a yield determination, geographical map of China’s Jiuquan Launch Center. number of satellites that have increased data production as well as many civilian GOKTURK-2 satellite on December in active operations from 4 to 5. In activities in the fi eld of image needs could 18, 2012, at 18:13 (Turkey time), was TURKSAT-4A satellites with the new be met. With this project in Turkey up launched from China (see Figure:2). technology, which for the fi rst time in to 5 tons of integration and testing of all Turkey’s satellite fl eet, the Ka frequency satellites can be carried out domestically, GOKTURK-2 satellite, during the launch band began to take place. In this way, part and satellite assembly, integration of the space mission to orbit, 12 minutes of which were previously inaccessible and test center have been established later settled the fi rst signal from the to sub-Saharan Africa now was also according to international standards. satellite, at 19:39 in Tromso Norway and provided with an opportunity to receive was taken from Ground Station. Following television broadcasts. Ka-band covers As can be seen from the above the commissioning process, images areas through publications downloaded developments, Turkey, on a world scale, captured by GOKTURK-2 Satellite started in the form of a small circle, and it began is a developing country in the fi eld of downloading to the ground station located to be given the opportunity to broadcast space technology. Started in 1980 with the in Ankara. This 2.5 m panchromatic and more intensively and effectively. Thus, the purchase method, the country began using 5 m multispectral satellite with resolution cost of internet access was also reduced. space technology, and from the beginning picture can be drawn. Orbit altitude of TURKSAT-4A satellite broadcasting of the 2000s it went on a national-scale. 700 km had a planned collected tenure service in the military as well as in Space technology capabilities in our of fi ve years. With the GOKTURK-2 civil operations began to be recognized. country is for display purposes, satellite Project, technologies for space and satellite Satellite TURKSAT-4A brought a 3-fold design, manufacture and operation of systems, that specialized in manpower and increase to Turkey’s communications satellite imaging and communication infrastructure development, observation capacity, making it one of the most purposes, with the use of data from and research needs of public institutions important part of the project. This satellite space level. However, the satellite launch and organisations with national means communication ensured that television capability, is currently available in a few and capabilities were expected to be met. broadcasts began to China’s western countries only. These countries are at These satellites, with the launch of the region of Turkey, to the east of the UK, the forefront of space technology. [

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 53

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5353 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm [ NEWS - LBS Galileo update NNG and ANS aim for factory- fi tted navigation market in India

First Galileo commercial EC selects CGI to support NNG and Ayana Navigation Solutions service demonstration the Galileo program’s have announced scalable navigation with encrypted signals Commercial Service initiative solutions for OEMs in India, thus proving that factory-fi tted navigation is available The Early Proof of Concept (EPOC) CGI has been awarded a contract to for car owners of all categories. India team has successfully tracked the build the core infrastructure for the is becoming a fast-growing market for encrypted Galileo E6-B and E6-C fi rst demonstrator for the Galileo affordable cars. Within the next six years signals broadcast by Galileo satellites. Commercial Service, part of the globally, the share of total production As a result, the Commercial Service emerging European GNSS. The accounted for by low-cost vehicles is loop has been closed using both contract was awarded by the European set to climb to around 20 percent. encrypted and non-encrypted signals. Commission Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry (DG ENTR). Garmin launches personal During a 10-day testing period, receivers navigation devices in India located in Tres Cantos, Spain and Sudden Power Loss Left a Poing, Germany, showed the successful Galileo Satellite in Safe Mode Garmin has launched its 2014 PND tracking and data demodulation of the range - nuvi 55LM, nuvi 65LM, and encrypted signals from the available One of the four Galileo satellite nuvi 2567LM. The nuvi 55 LM is a Galileo satellites, with periods where all stopped transmitting on two of its dedicated GPS navigator that features satellites transmitting E6 encrypted signals three channels on May 27 because of a a 5-inch dual-orientation display, for were tracked simultaneously. The tests sudden loss of power, forcing ground use horizontally or vertically. nuvi 65 verifi ed the Galileo Commercial Service teams to shut down the satellite after LM features a6-inch dual-orientation (CS) signal’s encryption functionalities, putting it in safe mode while examining display, for use horizontally or with the data received containing possible causes, European government vertically. The nuvi 2567 LM is part of authentication and high accuracy offi cials said. The anomaly occurred Garmin’s Advanced Series equipped information previously generated outside in a matter of seconds and shut down with new navigation assist features. the Galileo system. www.gsa.europa.eu the E1 signal fi rst. That signal, which http://timesofi ndia.indiatimes.com/ transmits Galileo’s Open Service, re- Veripos participates in Galileo established itself almost immediately. MapmyIndia releases its offi cial demonstration project But as soon as it was back in service, navigation app, NaviMaps, for iOS the two other channels’ power dropped Veripos confi rms its participation in and did not recover. The full satellite MapmyIndia has released navigation app the successful consortium delivering then was shut down by ground teams. – NaviMaps for the iOS platform. The the AALECS (Authentic and Accurate They said whatever the cause of the Android app was launched two months Location Experimentation with the problem, it was not related to the earlier. Millions of Apple users in India Commercial Service) project launched satellite’s onboard atomic clock. can now enjoy house-level navigation, by the European Commission in regional language voice guidance (in 10 January. The AALECS Project concerns Offi cials said that because the four In- languages) and international navigation building of a demonstration platform to Orbit Validation satellites — launched (Sri Lanka, Bangladesh & Nepal). The connect to the European GNSS Service two at a time in October 2011 and app offers automatic traffi c based re- Centre and transmit real-time commercial October 2012 — differ in both onboard routing and real-time journey updates on service data via the Galileo satellites. The power technology and manufacturer, Facebook (does not spam the timeline, platform will be operational by 2015 and the preparations for the next Galileo updates a single post at regular intervals) will demonstrate the true performance of launch, set for late August, have not along with a superfast and responsive future high-accuracy and authentication been suspended and are not expected to experience. www.mapmyindia.com services of Galileo. www.veripos.com be delayed as a result of the problem. [

13 megatonnes CO2e as a result of Charging mobile devices

A new report from Juniper Research has found that charging mobile devices will

generate more than 13 megatonnes CO2e

(CO2 equivalent) of greenhouse gases per annum globally by 2019, against an

54 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5454 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm SD32_CMPL_ION_GNSS14_July_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5555 1 03/07/14007/08/147/08/14 3:165:425:42 PMpmpm [ NEWS - GIS

anticipated 6.4 megatonnes this year. Supergeo invest in Innovative operational capabilities for an increased Nearly 50% of these 2019 emissions – Geographic Network Analysis depth of information modeling that equivalent to annual emissions from empowers users to evaluate and compare 1.1 million cars – will come from Supergeo Technologies has announced a wider range of network considerations. coal-fi red Asian electricity grids the investment plan in advanced powering growing smartphone use. geographic network applications. The Bentley LEAP Bridge Steel is for the technology collaboration is conducted 3D modeling, design, analysis, and load According to the report – Green Mobile: by Supergeo and the Department of rating of everyday steel bridges. The The Complete Guide to Vendor Strategies Geography, National Taiwan University, software, which adheres to AASHTO & Future Prospects 2014-2019 – there is supported by the Ministry of Science and Load and Resistance Factor Design low consumer awareness of renewable Technology in Taiwan. The academia- (LRFD) specifi cations, enables users to energy and sustainable habits in these industry project mainly focuses on the leverage the benefi ts of bridge information markets. It is down to vendors to take the production of geographic network analysis modeling (BrIM), including increased lead in making energy companies provide module to increase the coverage of GIS effi ciency and data reuse across the bridge more green electricity for both industry applications. This innovative project lifecycle. It also provides the advantages and consumers. www.juniperresearch.com considers more social network infl uence of optioneering – which enables than the traditional GIS analysis, which engineers to quickly consider trade-offs Fleet management systems will only takes distance as the main factor but between multiple design strategies. reach 5.9 million in Russia/ ignores human activities. For example, CIS and Eastern Europe the infection of disease may be limited GIS based soil fertility maps by geographic environment and distance, prepared for 19 states in India According to a new research report from but the community far away from the the analyst fi rm Berg Insight, the number original might still get infected because of Indian Institute of Soil Science has of active fl eet management systems human activities. www.supergeotek.com developed GIS based soil fertility maps deployed in commercial vehicle fl eets of 19 states using data of different in Russia/CIS and Eastern Europe was ‘National Map’ for geospatial soil testing laboratories in India. The 2.9 million in Q4-2013. Growing at a data in Australia launched assessment revealed that about 59, 49 and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9% soils are low in available nitrogen, 15.7 percent, this number is expected to The federal government has launched an phosphorus and potassium respectively. reach 5.9 million by 2018. The Russian online map of Australia that allows users to The extent of micronutrient defi ciency market accounts for a signifi cant share overlay geospatial datasets made available in soil (state-wise) was studied under the of the region’s total installed base. The by agencies. It is a joint effort by the All India Coordinated Research Project top 10 providers of fl eet management Department of Communications, NICTA on ‘Micro and Secondary Nutrients and solutions for commercial vehicles across and Geoscience Australia. The datasets Pollutant Elements in Soils and Plants’. Russia, the CIS and Eastern Europe are sourced from Geoscience Australia, together have an installed base of well the Bureau of Meteorology, the Australian The government through the National over 1 million active units today. Bureau of Statistics and the government’s Project on Management of Soil Health data.gov.au open data repository. A range and Fertility and National Project on Smart City Technology will reach $27.5 of open source software and frameworks Organic Farming promotes soil test billion in annual revenue by 2023 has been used for the site, including based balanced and integrated nutrient Cesium, Leafl et, Geoserver, jquery, management and use of organics (manure/ According to a new report from Navigant URI.js, proj4js, html2canvas, knockout, composts, biofertilizers etc.) to prevent Research, worldwide revenue from smart esri-leafl et.js, togeojson, and Tilelayer. decline in fertility of agricultural land city technology will grow from $8.8 Bing.js. www.computerworld.com.au/ and to improve soil fertility. http:// billion in 2014 to $27.5 billion in 2023. timesofi ndia.indiatimes.com/ Bentley’s SewerGEMS, SewerCAD, The report, “Smart Cities”, examines the CivilStorm, StormCAD V8i LizardTech’s GeoGofer evolution of the global smart city market, and LEAP Bridge Steel detailing the impacts on key technology LizardTech’s GeoGofer was designed markets, including smart grids, water Bentley Systems has to streamline the process of fi nding, management, transportation, building energy announced the availability of its organizing, and tracking geospatial effi ciency, and government services. It new SewerGEMS, SewerCAD, CivilStorm, imagery. It comes with powerful search compares different approaches to the smart and StormCAD V8i (SELECTseries 4) and fi lter features to fi nd imagery by city and provides comprehensive profi les products for the analysis and design of keyword, by projection, by fi le format of noteworthy smart city projects in each wastewater and stormwater systems. and more. With GeoGofer, users can major world region. www.navigant.com [ It provide advanced hydraulic and browse all of their imagery on a single

56 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5656 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm [ NEWS - IMAGING

map, tag images for later use, and perform FAA will miss 2015 UAV deadline Philippines to launch own powerful queries using simple tools. microsatellite in 2016 Users can search by modifi cation date, The FAA is unlikely to meet its by number of bands, or by resolution 2015 deadline for integrating UAVs The Philippines is blasting off into the to fi nd the imagery they need—when into the National Airspace System, space age with the planned launching they need it. www.lizardtech.com. according to a report by the Department of its own microsatellite in July,2016, of Transportation’s Offi ce. with the cooperation of the Japan Indian state mulls over GIS mapping Aerospace Exploration Agency. The of vacant industrial plots The 33-page report notes that the FAA Department of Science and Technology has yet to reach consensus on standards (DOST) said the space venture is To spur industrial growth and attract for technology that would enable UAS part of the government’s disaster risk investment, the Uttar Pradesh (UP) to detect and avoid other aircraft and management program. www.mb.com.ph/ government is mulling over using GIS ensure reliable datalink communication to map vacant industrial plots in the between ground stations and the Phase One Industrial state. This would enable online selection unmanned aircraft they control. announces iX Capture of such sites by industrialists to set up units. The government is also planning The FAA has also been unable to Phase One Industrial has announced to create a labour pool of industry establish the regulatory framework the release of Phase One iX Capture, associations based on different skill sets for UAS integration, such as aircraft an image capture and RAW conversion to supplement job-specifi c workforce certifi cation requirements, standard air application designed specifi cally for on demand. The measures, aimed at traffi c procedures for safely mixing UAVs aerial photography. An intuitive interface improving the business climate in state with manned aircraft, or an adequate displays key information such as exposure of UP. www.business-standard.com/ controller training program for managing settings and history, histogram, GPS data UAV operations. www.fl yingmag.com and frame count. The image display can State-wide road & bridges be paused at any time to enable operators system for India Mesa County in Colorado, USA to inspect images by zooming to 100 to operate Trimble’s UAS percent or to set white balance. iX Capture The Indian state of Tamil Nadu has enables operators to track each capture and launched a web-based GIS system for Mesa County in Colorado, USA has utilize real-time feedback to be confi dent roads and bridges that can be used by received a Certifi cate of Authorization that each image has been captured multiple agencies in improving operations (COA) that will allow the Public Works correctly. www.industrial.phaseone.com and planning. Implemented by the Tamil Department to operate its Trimble® UX5 Nadu Highways Department (TNHD), the Aerial Imaging Solution throughout the Antrix has earned Rs 4,408 system provides a unifi ed and complete county. A COA is an authorization from crore since 1992 picture across the state government so the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that road maintenance and improvement allowing the operation of an unmanned Antrix, the commercial arm of Indian works carried out by different agencies aircraft in a designated area and not for Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has can be coordinated better. The system, commercial use. www.trimble.com generated Rs 4,408 crore since 1992 by which uses Esri’s ArcGIS for Server, is rendering different services. Acoording available online, making it accessible to Rockwell Collins to provide Micro to Minister of State for Department of many users at all times and on any device. INS for Brazil’s FT Sistemas UAS Space, Antrix provides various services, including marketing and direct reception Worldwide UAV market FT Sistemas has selected Rockwell Collins of data from Indian Remote Sensing at $91 billion to provide its Micro Inertial Navigation Satellites to national and international Sensor (INS) for the Horus 100, a hand- clientele and leasing of satellite Teal Group’s 2014 market study estimates launched UAV to be deployed by the transponders on-board INSAT/GSAT that UAV spending will nearly double Brazilian Armed Forces. It is an advanced satellites. www.business-standard.com over the next decade from current INS/GPS with an integrated air data worldwide UAV expenditures of $6.4 system and magnetometer that offers MOU between CGWB and IIRS Signed billion annually to $11.5 billion, totalling complete and accurate platform state data. almost $91 billion in the next ten years. Weighing around 100 grams, the Micro A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) The Teal Group study predicts that the US INS incorporates an internal disk-on- has been signed between Central Ground will account for 65% of total worldwide chip for extended data logging, and meets Water Board and Indian Institute of Remote RDT&E spending on UAV technology demanding environmental requirements Sensing signed to facilitate a collaborative over the next decade, and about 41% of for shock, vibration, temperature and study to assess the impact of ground water the procurement. www.tealgroup.com [ humidity. www.rockwellcollins.com abstraction on land subsidence in Northern

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 57

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5757 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm [ NEWS - GNSS

India. The study involves application of $34.9M fi ne by FCC for to such information in accordance with state of art technologies such as Space jammer marketing the Russian laws. http://rbth.com/news/ borne Geodetic observations on land subsidence, predictive modelling, inter- The Federal Communications Russia keen on putting comparison of land subsidence, ground Commission, USA plans to issue the GLONASS stations in Alaska water depletion and space based gravity largest fi ne in its history against C.T.S. anomaly etc. Deliverables include land Technology Co., Limited, a Chinese Russia has offered the United States subsidence information for selected cities electronics manufacturer and online its GLONASS station for differential of northern India and regional groundwater retailer, for allegedly marketing 285 correction and monitoring to be placed depletion scenario along with recharge models of signal jamming devices to on the Alaskan coast opposite Russia’s assessment. The study will be fi rst of U.S. consumers for more than two years. Chukotka peninsula, according to its kind in India and will have great The FCC applied the maximum fi ne Russian Space Systems’ General Director signifi cance in identifi cation of hotspots allowed to each jammer model allegedly Gennady Raikunov. The Russian system affected by over exploitation of ground marketed by C.T.S., resulting in a planned for differential correction and monitoring water. www.business-standard.com fi ne of $34,912,500. “All companies, (SDKM) for mapping vertical and whether domestic or foreign, are banned ionospheric delays and information on Chinese remote sensing drone from marketing illegal jammers in the the integrity of navigation signals from sets 30-hour fl ying record U.S.,” said Travis LeBlanc, Acting global satellite navigation systems in Chief of the Enforcement Bureau. C.T.S. Russia necessitates SDKM data-collecting A new Chinese UAV set a new record for operates a website that markets consumer stations to be placed abroad, including, thecountry's remote sensing drones by fl ying electronics to individuals in the United as an option, a station in the U.S., in for more than 30 hours consecutively, the States, where it allegedly misled U.S. the city of Teller in Alaska,” Raikunov UAV'sdeveloper, the Chinese Academy of consumers by falsely claiming that certain said, commenting on the desirable Surveying & Mapping (CASM), announced. signal jammers were approved by the location for the Russian ground system The previous record time was 16 hours. FCC. In fact, the use of such devices GLONASS. Earlier the U.S. refused to Coupled with China's Beidou Navigation by U.S. consumers is illegal under any host Russia’s GLONASS, citing national Sat elliteSystem, the UAV system can circumstance. http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/ security concerns. http://rbth.com/news/ carry out rapid mapping without ground control points. CASM said that the newly Putin orders development of Russian GLONASS to boost developed system will make it possible for road map for establishing yield capacity by 50% several drones to fl y within one airspace state OJSC GLONASS simultaneously, thanks to breakthroughs Deployment of GLONASS satellite in tele communications technologies. Russian President Vladimir Putin has navigation systems to the BRICS states http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/ ordered the government to draft and is very promising, the technologies allow approve a road map on establishing state to boost yield capacity up to 50 percent, IRS to give data to OJSC GLONASS with 100 percent state Russian President Vladimir Putin said at Brazil’s earth station participation - the relevant presidential the plenary session of the BRICS summit. order has been posted on the Kremlin A new agreement has been signed by website. Concurrently, the government has “The joint implementation of the Russian India and Brazil in Brasilia under which been instructed to devise a development global navigation systems GLONASS both sides have agreed to augment the strategy for OJSC GLONASS, as well looks very promising in a whole range of cooperation of a Brazilian earth station as prepare and submit to the State Duma spheres: transportation, national security for receiving and processing data from changes to the law “On the state automatic and even agricultural industry, where Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS). information system, ERA-GLONASS,” GLONASS technologies, according to that are necessary for setting up, and the experts’ estimates, allow to boost The agreement says that the National functioning of, the joint-stock company. yield capacity by 30-50 percent,” Institute for Space Research (INPE), Putin said. http://en.ria.ru/russia/ Brazil would work together with the The Cabinet has been instructed to outline Indian Space Research Organisation the new company’s main objectives that Russia plans to place three (ISRO) to accomplish the actions in the would include ensuring prompt receipts, GLONASS ground stations in China agreement. ISRO shall make available thanks to the use of a satellite signal, to INPE remotely sensed data of areas “of information about road traffi c and Russia is set to sign an agreement this within the acquisition radius of INPE’s other incidents on Russian motorways.” year with China to place three GLONASS earth station in Cuiaba acquired by OJSC GLONASS should also process, ground stations on the territory of China AWiFS and LISS-III payloads of IRS store and transfer such information to and three Chinese stations in Russia satellites. www.delhidailynews.com [ emergency services and ensure access accordingly. These navigation systems

58 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5858 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm operate well together, with BeiDou, had spent almost $1.9 billion of its Australia’s largest mapping launched in 2012, envisaging the operation own funds to meet the terms. project to mitigate fl oods of 35 satellites and GLONASS orbital grouping including and four satellites First Satellite Masters Conference The Queensland State Government in orbital reserve and 24 in routine set to launch in Berlin saved over A$99 million (US$94 operation. http://voiceofrussia.com/news/ million) in the largest Australian The fi rst Satellite Masters Conference mapping project to mitigate Alibaba locates potential will provide a unique marketplace for fl ood by using GIS. The project’s in Beidou system sharing innovations based on satellite success has caught the attention navigation and Earth observation of the United Nations. E-commerce giant Alibaba Group Holding capabilities and connecting with Ltd is set to join with the country’s largest the world’s leading network for Queensland is mapping 630,200 defense equipment manufacturer to downstream satellite business. kilometers of watercourse following promote the Beidou satellite navigation the state’s devastating fl oods and system for civilian use, insiders said. The conference is being organised cyclones in the past few years. “The by Anwendungszentrum GmbH aim was to produce maps that alerted Numerous reports on said the cash-fl ush Oberpfaffenhofen (AZO) and will councils to areas that are susceptible Alibaba Group has added to its latest be hosted by the German Federal to fl ooding, ensuring appropriate investment spree by inking a deal with Ministry of Transport and Digital preparation and mitigation strategies State-owned China North Industries Infrastructure (BMVI) in Berlin are in place,” said Andy Stewart, from Group Corp for a joint venture based on from 23 - 24 October 2014. the Land and Spatial Information the Beidou system. Alibaba’s latest move unit at Department of Natural is expected to boost the civil use of the The Satellite Masters Conference is Resources & Mines (DNRM). Beidou system, said Cao Chong, an expert geared toward all those looking to benefi t with the GNSS and LBSAssociation from the emerging satellite applications Instead of using the traditional of China. www.chinadailyasia.com market, from start-ups, SMEs, and approach of fl oodplain mapping, which researchers to investors, institutional would have cost A$10,000 (US$9,500) Harbinger Sues U.S. Government stakeholders, and members of industry. per stream kilometre for a detailed over LightSquared www.satellite-masters-conference.eu fl ood study, it used “cutting-edge GIS technology to generate fi t for purpose Harbinger Capital Partners, a hedge fund France Uncertain About Adopting fl ood maps based on a range of existing controlled by Phil Falcone that acted as the Galileo’s Encrypted Service datasets,” said Stewart. “Instead of the primary fi nancial backer of LightSquared, project costing $100 million and taking is suing the United States government The French government is not yet a decade, we created 8,875 maps at one over the failure of the proposed terrestrial convinced that the encrypted, government- dollar per stream kilometre in seven broadband wireless network that only signal to be carried on Europe’s months – keeping the entire cost under would have broadcast in RF spectrum Galileo positioning, navigation and AU$1 million (US$950,000),” he said. adjacent to GNSS L1 frequencies. timing satellites will be secure enough to permit its wide adoption by French The complaint, fi led on July 11, 2014 defense forces, the head of the French For PRS, the production controls and in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims arms procurement agency, DGA, recently the export controls need to cover the in Washington, D.C., asserts that said. The French position, outlined even security needs of the member nations.” Harbinger entered into a “contract” as the U.S. military prepares to make with the FCC whereby the fi rm would wide use of Galileo alongside the U.S. PRS, or Public Regulated Service, be allowed to purchase the company GPS constellation, suggests that what is the Galileo equivalent to the SkyTerra, in which it had a partial stake, remains one of Galileo’s most promising GPS military-code signal, which is and use its frequencies to support a domestic markets — European militaries available to NATO member nations. new nationwide broadband network — has not yet been fully won over. that Harbinger would pay to build. After an initial argument, notably “We are looking for a strategic autonomy between France and the United States, The FCC sought to support certain in positioning and timing,” DGA chief on what frequencies would be used by policy goals through the arrangement Laurent Collet-Billon said in July 1 PRS relative to the GPS M-code, PRS and set a number of terms and conditions remarks to the French Senate at a hearing is now using frequencies that do not in the agreement to support that end. on space policy. “In this case we need overlap the M-code and thus offer a Harbinger alleges the government then guarantees of robust security for defense, backup in the event that GPS signals reneged upon the deal after Harbinger equivalent to the GPS [military] code. were knocked out in a confl ict zone. [

CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014 | 59

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 5959 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm [ NEWS - INDUSTRY BOOK RELEASE

NovAtel launches CORRECT with technologies, allowing public safety TerraStar PPP promotion agencies to optimize patrol strategies and daily fi eld work. Financial terms NovAtel has announced a promotion for were not disclosed. www.trimble.com existing customers for the company’s recently launched NovAtel CORRECT Leica precision technology for with TerraStar PPP subscription service. Nottingham tram extension Customers using NovAtel legacy equipment (OEMV generation receivers A pioneering, mechanised system for or earlier) or NovAtel’s current OEM6 track construction, developed by Alstom technology qualify for the following offers: Transport and Leica Geosystems, is • Trade in legacy NovAtel hardware driving the speedy, high accuracy delivery for a FlexPak6, antenna, and one-year of two new tram lines for Nottingham TerraStar subscription for $4,995. Express Transit (NET). Construction • Buy a minimum 1-year TerraStar work features Appitrack™ (Automatic subscription for any OEM6 receiver Plate and Pin Insertion), an automated Get up to speed on all existing GNSS and get a NovAtel CORRECT system designed to lay concrete slab with this practical guide. Covering PPP receiver fi rmware upgrade track and insert base plates with speed, everything from GPS, GLONASS, for free. The promotion will run certainty and to millimetre accuracy. Galileo, and BeiDou orbits and signals until September 30, 2014. Leica Viva TS15 total stations and to multi-GNSS receiver design, AGPS, Leica PaveSmart3D software position, RTK, and VRS, you will understand Spectra Precision SP80 GNSS guide and control the concrete paver the com¬plete global range of mobile Receiver Sets New Industry Standard and base plate insertion vehicle as they positioning systems. Step-by-step progress in convoy. The Appitrack™ algorithms and practical methods Spectra Precision SP80 GNSS receiver system allows the construction team provide the tools you need to develop is designed to meet the evolving needs to work within these limitations, as current mobile systems, whilst coverage of the survey market. It combines the slab track can be laid in congested of cutting edge techniques, such as the GNSS technology and a combination urban environments in a patchwork instant positioning method, gives you of communication capabilities with arrangement. www.leica-geosystems.com a head-start in unlocking the potential a distinctive and ergonomic design. of future mobile positioning. Whether It features Z-Blade GNSS-centric Rockwell Collins joins you are an engineer or business technology running on a new-generation, European GNSS project manager working in the mobile device 240- channel 6G chipset. It is capable industry, a student or researcher, of fully utilizing all six available GNSS Rockwell Collins’s fl ight management this is your ideal guide to GNSS. systems, but also can be confi gured to system (FMS) and GNSS receiver Send you queries to [email protected] use only selected constellations in an enabled the fi rst successful demonstration RTK solution (GPS-only, GLONASS- of advanced arrival and departure only or BeiDou-only).It is the fi rst fl ight operations for the EU’s new It is light weight - 1.5 lbs., the APS- GNSS receiver on the market to airspace enhancement project. Known NR2 has a dual cellular antennae with be compliant with the new RTCM as FilGAPP (fi lling the gap in GNSS automatic switchover ensuring minimum 3.2 standard, including the recently advanced procedures and operations), downtime due to signal loss. It works approved MSM RTCM messages, the programme aims to develop on virtually all RTK networks and has which also makes it the only receiver effi cient and accurate methods of built-in Wi-Fi. www.altus-ps.com ready to support all available GNSS navigating airspace using satellite- corrections. www.spectraprecision.com based navigation and advanced FMS Topcon FC-500 Handheld functions. www.fl ightglobal.com Data Collector for GIS Trimble acquires the Omega Group RTK receiver for the Esri Topcon Positioning Group has released Trimble has acquired the assets of community by Altus FC-500 data controller. It is a “perfect fi t privately-held The Omega Group, for any mapping application to maintain headquartered in San Diego, California. Altus Positioning Systems has unveiled GIS databases for electric utilities, gas The Omega Group is an industry- new GNSS RTK receiver designed pipelines, disaster management, water leading provider of cloud-based and and developed specifi cally for the Esri and wastewater operations, forestry, on-premise operational performance user community. The new Altus APS- highway maintenance, environmental support software that integrates mapping, NR2 provides a never-before-available applications and more. Compatible with analytics, intelligence and mobile combination of performance and features. either the Topcon eGIS or MAGNET®

60 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

SSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 6060 007/08/147/08/14 5:425:42 pmpm Field GIS software, the FC-500 is of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), the details its structure and volume, giving designed to create smooth and speedy Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering scientists insight into Bennu’s density and datafl ow between the fi eld and offi ce. Surveyors (ICES) and the Association composition. It will also provide exact www.topconpositioning.com for Geographic Information (AGI). GEO ranges to Bennu to help interpret data from Business will return to The Business the probe’s other sensors. Astronomers GEO Business 2014 show Design Centre in London on 27-28 May have determined that Bennu has a small unites geospatial industry 2015. www.geobusinessshow.com chance of colliding with Earth in the next century, so this mission is crucial The inaugural GEO Business show, held in Optech Lidar Sensor for OSIRIS-REx for determining the exact risk it poses Business Design Centre in London on 28- Asteroid Sample Return Mission and deciding how to steer it away from 29 May 2014, was a big success. Queues our planet if it does come too close. of enthusiastic visitors marked the opening Optech is pleased to announce that one of the two day show, which was attended of the company’s lidar systems will be a US Air Force GPS technology exceeds by over 1,600 attendees from 39 countries. critical part of NASA’s Origins-Spectral technical requirements in critical test Interpretation-Resource Identifi cation- Combining a bustling central trade Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS- The U.S. Air Force has demonstrated exhibition featuring 118 exhibitors REx) mission to study asteroid Bennu successful operation of its next-generation showcasing the latest geospatial and return a sample from its surface Military-code GPS signal in a jamming technology and services, with a packed to Earth. Scheduled for launch in late environment using a Raytheon Company conference programme of cutting-edge 2016, the probe will use its OSIRIS- receiver. In a recent test, the Raytheon- keynotes and presentations plus 96 REx Laser Altimeter (OLA) to survey built Miniaturized Airborne GPS Receiver commercial workshops, GEO Business the entire surface of the 500-m wide 2000 (MAGR2K) maintained GPS delivered on its promise to provide carbonaceous asteroid repeatedly over satellite tracking and provided accurate an essential focal event – the fi rst of the course of several months. The OLA navigation at jamming levels far exceeding its kind in the UK. It was organised will help OSIRIS-REx complete its technical requirements. The MAGR2K was in collaboration with The Survey scientifi c and technical goals by creating integrated with the Raytheon Advanced Association (TSA), the Royal Institution a precise 3D model of the asteroid that Digital Antenna Production (ADAP) system

SD33_CMPL_Supergeo_Aug_Ad_AS.inddSSD33_CMPL_AugustD33_CMPL_August 2014.indd2014.indd 6161 1 02/08/14007/08/147/08/14 12:03 5:425:42 pmpamm [ MARK YOUR CALENDAR

and equipped with a specialized M-code September 2014 GG-spatial-spatial EEXPOXPO receiver card. www.raytheon.com GGISIS FForumorum MMENAENA 13-15 November 8 – 10 September Tokyo, Japan http://www.g-expo.jp/ Free SilvAssist Software To SAF Abu Dhabi, UAE www.gisforummena.com Accredited Forestry Schools 1111tthh IInternationalnternational SSymposiumymposium oonn IIONON GGNSS+NSS+ 22014014 LLocation-basedocation-based SServiceservices F4 Tech shall contribute to 8-12 September 26 -28 November Vienna, Austria future foresters’ education with Tampa, Florida, USA www.ion.org www.lbs2014.org/ complementary SilvAssist software to the Society of American Foresters GGIScienceIScience 22014014 December 2014 (SAF) accredited schools. SilvAssist Vienna, Austria EEuropeanuropean LLiDARiDAR MMappingapping FForumorum is a set of compelling GIS tools for 23 – 26 September 8-10 December www.giscience.org managing forest inventory data. Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.lidarmap.org/europe Institutions with SAF accreditation October 2014 will be eligible for licensing of the IINTERGEONTERGEO 20142014 February 2015 cutting-edge SilvAssist solution to 7 - 9 October TThehe UUnmannednmanned SSystemsystems EExpoxpo integrate within their curriculum. Berlin, Germany 4 - 6 February www.intergeo.de The Hague, The Netherlands http://www.tusexpo.com Students to use mapping 6tthh AAsiasia OOceaniaceania RegionalRegional WorkshopWorkshop oonn GGNSSNSS technology on urban 9-11 October March 2015 challenges in Singapore Phuket, Thailand LLocate15ocate15 www.multignss.asia/workshop.html Brisbane, Australia For the fi rst time, students taking part GGeoFormeoForm 10 – 12 March www.locateconference.com in the Singapore government’s annual 14-16 October 2014 geospatial challenge worked with Moscow, Russia MMunichunich SSatelliteatellite NNavigationavigation SSummitummit 22015015 http://www.geoexpo.ru/en-GB town leaders to solve problems such as 24 – 26 March improving mobility for the disabled, EEsrisri MMid-Eastid-East & AAfricafrica UUserser CConferenceonference Munich, Germany www.munich-satellite-navigation-summit.org promoting healthy lifestyle among 22 - 24 October 2014 residents, and encouraging community Kuwait May 2015 http://www.esri.com/events/meauc bonding. The government recognised RRIEGLIEGL LLIDARIDAR 22015015 UUserser CConferenceonference 22 student teams from the Singapore IISGNSS2014SGNSS2014 5 - 8, May Geospatial Challenge recently for 22 - 24 October Hong Kong & Guangzhou, China their use of mapping technology to Jeju Island, Korea 3366tthh IInternationalnternational SSymposiumymposium oonn www.isgnss2014.org solve such urban challenges. Teams RRemoteemote SSensingensing ooff EEnvironmentnvironment used geospatial analytics to create 335th5th AAsiansian CConferenceonference oonn RRemoteemote SSensingensing 11-15 May 27-31 October Berlin, Germany accessibility maps, based on factors http://www.isrse36.org such as locations of sheltered pathways, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar www.acrs2014.com time taken to walk between destinations FFIGIG WWorkingorking WWeekeek aandnd GGeneraleneral AAssemblyssembly and wheelchair-friendly areas. NNZISZIS CConferenceonference 22014014 Sofi a, Bulgaria 29 Oct - 1 Nov 17 – 21 May www.fi g.net Large-Area Projects with Riegl New Plymouth, New Zealand www.nzisconference.org.nz/ LMS-Q1560 Airborne LiDAR GGEOEO BBusinessusiness 22015015 November 2014 27 - 28 May Eagle Mapping Ltd has become TTrimblerimble DimensionsDimensions 22014014 London, UK http://geobusinessshow.com/ the fi rst commercial fi rm in North 3 - 5, November America to take delivery of the new Las Vegas, USA June 2015 www.trimbledimensions.com Riegl LMS-Q1560 airborne laser TTransNavransNav 22015015 scanner system. Designed to capture 55thth IISDESDE DDigitaligital EEartharth SSummitummit 17 - 19 June ultra-wide swaths and complex 9 - 11 November Gdynia, Poland http://transnav2015.am.gdynia.pl environments,the high-performance Nagoya, Japan, www.isde-j.com/summit2014/ Riegl LiDAR will enable Eagle July 2015 Mapping to expand into new markets 44thth IInternationalnternational FFIGIG 33DD CCadastreadastre WWorkshoporkshop 113th3th SSouthouth EEastast AAsiansian SSurveyurvey CCongressongress including large-area, forestry and urban 9-11 November 28 – 31 July, Singapore mapping applications for governments Dubai, United Arab Emirates www.seasc2015.org.sg www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/workshop2014/ and fi rst nation organizations. www.eaglemapping.com [

62 | CCoordinatesoordinates August 2014

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