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A.Nuclear-powered ballis c missile submarine...... 2 1. Arihant class...... 2 B.Diesel-electric submarine ...... 4 1.Project-75...... 4 C.Aircra carrier...... 6
1.INS Vikramaditya...... 6
2.INS Vikrant ...... 8
D.Stealth guided missile destroyer ...... 8
1. Project 15A - Kolkata Class Destroyer ...... 8
2.Project 15 – Delhi Class destroyers...... 9
E.Stealth guided miss ile frigate...... 10 1.Shivalik class ...... 10 2. Talwar-clas s frig ates...... 11 F.Guidedmissile frigate...... 12 1.Brahmaput ra Class ...... 12
2.Godavari Class...... 13
G.Offshore patrol vessels...... 13
1.Saryu class...... 13
H.Other Current affairs in News ...... 14
1.Varunastra ...... 14 2.INS Nilgiri...... 15 3.Indian Coast Guard Ship ICGS Varaha...... 16 4.Yard 45006 VAJRA...... 17 5.INS Jamuna...... 18 I.Aircra /Helicopters ...... 19
1.Light Combat Helicopters...... 19
2.Saras aircra ...... 20
3.Apache helicopters ...... 21
4.KA226T Light U lity Helicopters ...... 22
5.Boeing CH-47 Chinook ...... 23
Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com J. An -satellite missile test ...... 24 K.Naviga on with Indian Constella on...... 25 L.Rustom-2 ...... 27 M.Biofuel used in airforce ...... 27 N.Defence opera ons ...... 28
1.Opera on by Army...... 28
2.Navy opera ons ...... 31
3.Air force Opera ons:...... 31
O.Rescue missions...... 32
1. Opera on Safe Homecoming ...... 32 2.Opera on Sukoon ...... 32 3.Evacua on from the Gulf ...... 32 4.Opera on Raahat...... 33 5.Opera on Maitri ...... 33 6.Evacua on from Brussels...... 33
Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com Defence Missile Aircraft Carrier Submarines/Missions
A.Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine 1. Arihant class
The Arihant class is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the Indian Navy.
The name Arihant derives from two words – Ari meaning enemy and Hanth meaning destroy.
They were developed under the 90,000 crore Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.
The vessels are classified as Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarines by India
INS Arihant is India's first nuclear-powered submarine. The ship submersible ballistic, nuclear (SSBN) submarine was launched at the Indian Navy's dockyard in Visakhapatnam, which is the headquarters of India's Eastern Naval Command.
It was jointly developed by the Indian Navy, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) at the naval dockyard in Visakhapatnam. Russian designers assisted in building the vessel.
The project, earlier known as the advanced technology vessel (ATV), has been under development since 1998
Arihant has been developed as part of the military modernisation programme undertaken by India. The Indian Navy has a fleet of 16 diesel-electric submarines leased from Russia and Germany. However, the disadvantage with diesel electric submarines is that they cannot stay under water for an extended period.
Conventional diesel-electric submarines have to ascend to the surface each day to eject carbon dioxide produced by the generator. Nuclear-powered submarines, on the other hand, can stay under water for long durations without being detected. Arihant is expected to enhance the Indian Navy's capability of delivering nuclear weapons from all terrains.
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Arihant's design is based on the Russian Akula-1 Class submarine. It weighs 6,000t. At a length of 110m and breadth of 11m, Arihant is the longest in the Indian Navy's fleet of submarines and can accommodate a crew of 95.
Arihant Armament:
Arihant will be capable of carrying all types of missiles and will have underwater ballistic missile launch capability. It will carry 12 K-15 SLBMs that can be launched even under ice caps.
Control and Communication Systems:
Arihant is fitted with a combination of two sonar systems – Ushus and Panchendriya. Ushus is state-of-the-art sonar meant for Kilo Class submarines. Panchendriya is a unified submarine sonar and tactical control system, which includes all types of sonar (passive, surveillance, ranging, intercept and active). It also features an underwater communications system.
B.Diesel-electric submarine 1.Project-75
The submarine project called “Project-75 India (P-75I)” was first approved by the defence ministry in 2007 but has been delayed due to politico-bureaucratic apathy.
The P75I project is part of a 30-year submarine building plan that ends in 2030.
The submarines are being constructed under the Ministry of Defence's ambitious Strategic Partnership (SP) model that aims at providing a significant fillip to the Government's 'Make in India' programme.
It is a programme by the Indian Navy that entails building six Scorpene-Class attack submarines.
The programme has been undertaken with transfer of technology from French company Naval Group (formerly known as DCNS) at the Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL).
The submarines in the P75 Scorpene-Class are powered by the conventional diesel-electric propulsion system.
The first Scorpene submarine, Kalvari, was commissioned in 2017 and it would go for a normal refit after six years in 2023, during which time the Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) would be installed.
Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com AIP technology is being developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to provide submarines long-range and extended endurance capabilities undersea.
They will have a vertical launch system (VLS) to enable them to carry multiple Brahmos supersonic cruise missiles, making them capable of anti-surface and anti-ship warfare missions.
They will feature advanced stealth capabilities such as a greater ability to suppress noise and acoustic signatures.
Second Scorpene Khanderi was inducted in September 2019.
The remaining submarines (Vela, Vagir, and Vagsheer) in the series are in advanced stages of manufacturing and trials.
Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com C.Aircraft carrier 1.INS Vikramaditya
INS Vikramaditya ( "Brave as the Sun") is a modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier and the flagship of the Indian Navy, which entered into service in 2013. She has been renamed in honour of Vikramaditya, a legendary emperor of Ujjain, India.
The INS Vikramaditya, the Indian Navy's only in-service aircraft carrier, was a former Russian ship that was commissioned into service in 2013.
Originally built as Baku and commissioned in 1987, the carrier served with the Soviet Navy and later with the Russian Navy (as Admiral Gorshkov) before being decommissioned in 1996.
The carrier was purchased by India in 2004.It entered into service with the Indian Navy in 2013 and was formally dedicated it to the nation in 2014 by Prime Minister of India.
Prior to the INS Vikramaditya, both of the Indian Navy's previous aircraft carriers—the Vikrant and Viraat—were ships that were formerly in service with the Royal Navy of Britain.
INS Viraat was decommissioned two years ago, to be converted into Maritime Museum.
INS Vikrant, also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1 (IAC-1), is the India's first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (currently being built at the Cochin Shipyard Limited) which will be delivered to the Indian Navy by 2021.
2.INS Vikrant
INS Vikrant, also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1 (IAC-1),is an aircraft carrier under construction by Cochin Shipyard in Kochi, Kerala for the Indian Navy. It is the first aircraft carrier to be built in India. The name Vikrant ("stepping beyond") means "courageous"
INS Vikrant, is an indigenous aircraft carrier being built in Cochin Shipyard.It is a 40, 000 tonne carrier and expected to join service by 2021.
Largest aircraft carrier after induction
Previous aircraft carriers in India – INS Vikramaditya from Russia & INS Viraat from UK
Puts India in the elite group of four nations – the US, Russia, the UK and France – in the world capable of designing and constructing aircraft carriers
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D.Stealth guided missile destroyer 1.Project 15A - Kolkata Class Destroyer
The Kolkata class (Project 15A) are a class of stealth guided missile destroyers constructed for the Indian Navy. The class comprises three ships – Kolkata, Kochi and Chennai, all of which were built by Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) in India, and are the largest destroyers to be operated by the Indian Navy.
The destroyers are a follow-on of the Project 15 Delhi-class destroyers, but are considerably more capable than them due to major improvements in the design, the addition of substantial land-attack capabilities, the fitting-out of modern sensors and weapons systems, and the expanded use of net-centric capability such as Cooperative Engagement Capability.
The class comprises of three ships. INS Kolkata, the first ship of the class got commissioned on August, 2014. The second ship, INS Kochi, got commissioned on September, 2015. The third ship, INS Chennai, got commissioned on November, 2016.
2.Project 15 – Delhi Class destroyers
Delhi-class destroyers are guided-missile destroyers of the Indian Navy
Three ships of this class are in active service – INS Delhi, INS Mysore, INS Mumbai
The Delhi-class vessels are the third-largest warships to be fully designed and built in India, after the Kolkata-class destroyers and the Shivalik-class frigates
The ships were built by Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) at a cost of 7.5 billion
INS Delhi was commissioned in 1997, INS Mysore in June 1999 and INS Mumbai (formerly Bombay) in January 2001.
The Delhi Class is the largest warship built in India. The ship is fitted with sophisticated anti- ship, anti-aircraft and anti-submarine sensor and weapon systems
The Delhi Class is fitted with the Rafael Barak point air defence missile system.
The ship is equipped with four chaff launch systems and the Ajanta radar interceptor
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The Shivalik class or Project 17 class is a class of multi-role frigates in service with the Indian Navy. They are the first stealth warships built in India.
They were designed to have better stealth features and land-attack capabilities than the preceding Talwar-class frigates.
A total of three ships were built between 2000 and 2010, and all three were in commission by 2012.
The Shivalik class, along with the seven Project 17A frigates currently being developed from them, are projected be the principal frigates of the Indian Navy in the first half of the 21st century.
The lead ship of this class is named 'Shivalik', after the lowest of the Himalayan ranges, which extends to 2,500km. The frigates to follow were also named after other mountain ranges – 'Satpura' and 'Sahyadri'. They are being produced as an upgrade to the Talwar Class frigates, which will be succeeded by the Project 17-A Class frigates.
All ships of the class were built by Mazagon Dock Limited.
These frigates are mounted with MR-760 Fregat M2EM 3-D radar, an air search radar, HUMSA (hull-mounted sonar array) and ATAS / Thales Sintra towed array systems, BEL Aparna fire control radar and BEL Ajanta weapons control radar to counter attack the enemy.
Shivalik is fitted with a mix of indigenous Russian, Indian, and Western weaponry and sensor systems
The frigates can carry two advanced helicopters. The Shivalik carries two HAL Dhruv or two Sea King mk42B and the Satpura carries two K-31 Kamov helicopters.
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The Talwar-class frigates or Project 11356 are a class of guided missile frigates designed and built by Russia for the Indian Navy.
The Talwar-class guided missile frigates are the improved versions of the Krivak III-class (Project 1135) frigates used by the Russian Coast Guard.
Built by Baltiysky Zavod, the frigate supports naval forces during air, surface and sub-surface missions. It is also used to detect and destroy enemy submarines and other surface ships.
The first and second frigates in the class, the INS Talwar and INS Trishul, were commissioned in June 2003. The INS Tabar was commissioned in April 2004.
Talwar-Class frigates are equipped with combined gas turbine and gas turbine propulsion systems.
F.Guided missile frigate 1.Brahmaputra Class
The Brahmaputra class frigates are the guided-missile frigates of the Indian Navy, designed and built in India. They have a displacement of 3850 tons and a length of 126 metres.
Although of similar hull and dimension, internally, the Brahmaputra and Godavari classes have different configurations, armaments and capabilities. The ship-class has acquired its name owing to the 'River Bhrahmaputra'. Other ships of the class are also named after Indian Rivers.
The class and the lead ship, INS Brahmaputra, are named after the River Brahmaputra. Subsequent ships of the class, INS Betwa and INS Beas are also named for Indian rivers.
The basic design of the ship was proposed by Indian Navy's Directorate of Naval Design. The detailed design development was undertaken by GRSE
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2.Godavari Class
The Godavari class frigates are the guided-missile frigates. The Godavari class was the first significant indigenous warship design and development initiative of the Indian Navy.
The Godavari class was the first significant indigenous warship design and development initiative of the Indian Navy. Its design is a modification of the Nilgiri class with a focus on indigenous content of 72%, a larger hull and updated armaments.
The class and the lead ship, INS Godavari are named after the Godavari River. Subsequent ship in the class, INS Gomati also takes her name from Indian river.INS Gomati was the first Indian Navy vessel to have digital electronics in her combat data system.
INS Gomati was the first Indian Navy vessel to have digital electronics in her combat data system. The ships combine Indian, Russian and Western weapons systems
F.Guided missile frigate 1.Saryu class
The Saryu class of offshore patrol vessels (OPV) are advanced patrol ships of the Indian Navy built at the Goa Shipyard Limited.
These vessels are capable of ocean surveillance and monitoring and can maintain control of shipping lanes. They can also be deployed to provide security to offshore oil installations, and other naval assets
The first ship, INS Saryu was launched on 30 March 2009
INS Sumitra, the fourth and last OPV, was delivered to the Navy by GSL
Name Pennant No. Date of Commission
Saryu P 54 21 Jan 2013
Sunayna P 57 15 Oct 2013
Sumedha P 58 07 Mar 2014
Sumitra P 59 04 Sep 2014
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The Varunastra is an Indian advanced heavyweight anti-submarine torpedo, developed by Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Navy.
It is named after a legendary weapon created by the Hindu god of the oceans, Varuna.
Varunastra was basically a ship-launched, electrically-propelled underwater weapon equipped with one of the most advanced automatic and remote-controlled guidance systems.
This torpedo is powered by an electric propulsion system
Varunastra will be manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited in association with NSTL
It is capable of targeting stealthy and quiet submarines, both in deep and littoral waters in intense counter-measure environment
It has advanced autonomous guidance algorithms with low drift navigational aids, insensitive warhead which can operate in various combat scenarios
It has a GPS-based locating aid which is a unique feature in contemporary torpedoes in the world
The torpedo can be launched from Delhi, Kolkata, Teg, Talwar and Kamorta classes of warships
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India has launched the first of its seven planned Project 17 Alpha (P17A)-class stealth-capable frigates, the INS Nilgiri
The INS Nilgiri is the first of the Indian Navy's seven new stealth frigates with enhanced stealth features fitted with state-of-the-art weapons and sensors
The Nilgiri-class guided-missile frigate is a follow-on of the Project 17 Shivalik-class frigate for the Indian Navy. Each boat has a displacement of about 6,700 tonnes. The cost of the seven frigates being built by Mazagon Dock and GRSE currently stands at over INR 48,000 crore
The construction of the first ship started in 2017, and it is expected to delivered by 2022.
Project 17A class ships will be significantly more advanced and deadly than their predecessors.
The seven Project 17A class warships—four are being built at Mazagon and three at GRSE in Kolkata—are the first major surface ships that are being constructed in India using 'modular' methodology. The 'modular' method involves building a warship by first constructing smaller modules or blocks, weighing hundreds of tonnes, and bringing them together for final welding and assembly.
Project 17A Nilgiri class will be a radical upgrade over the existing Shivalik class in air defence capabilities
Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com 3.Indian Coast Guard Ship ICGS Varaha
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh commissioned the Indian Coast Guard Ship ICGS Varaha at a special function held at Chennai Port. The ship is the fourth in the series of seven offshore patrol vessels of the Coast Guard. It will be based at New Mangalore in Karnataka under the Western Command.
Varaha is the fourth in the series of seven 98-meter offshore patrol vessels. It has been indigenously designed and built by Larsen & Toubro (L&T).
The vessel comprises special features such as modern surveillance systems, Integrated Bridge System, high power external firefighting system, Automated power management system, Help Traversing System and indigenously built an integrated platform management system.
The 98-metre offshore patrol vessel ICGS Varaha has been designed and constructed indigenously.
It is equipped with 30- milimetre gun and has an integrated bridge system, platform management systems, automated power management system and high power external fire fighting system.
It is capable of carrying a twin-engine helicopter and four high speed boats for swift boarding, search and rescue, law enforcement and maritime patrolling operations. It also carries pollution response equipment for handling incidents like oil spill at sea.
ICGS Varaha is propelled by two 9100-kilowatt diesel engines. It can attain a maximum speed of 26 knots and has endurance of 5000 nautical miles. The Indian Coast Guard has said in a statement that it will be deployed for the surveillance of India's Exclusive Economic Zone and to safeguard the maritime interests of the country.
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The sixth Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) 'Yard 45006 VAJRA' to enhance coastal security was launched.
The OPV launched is the sixth in the series of seven OPV projects being built by M/s Larsen and Toubro (L&T) Shipbuilding under the 'Make in India' policy.
VAJRA is a state-of-the-art-platform, which will enhance the operational capabilities of the Indian Coast Guard in surveillance and search and rescue
It will also be fitted with CRN-91 and 12.7 mm guns and have an integral twin-engine helicopter, which will enhance its operational, surveillance, search and rescue capability
OPVs are long-range surface ships capable of coastal and offshore patrolling, policing maritime zones, control & surveillance, anti-smuggling & anti-piracy operations with limited wartime roles.
The ship would be utilized for day and night patrol/surveillance along with anti-terrorist/ anti- smuggling operations in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) as well as Coastal Security.
It will strengthen the efforts of Indian Coast Guard for securing over 7500 km vast coastline, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of over 20 lakh sq kms and more than one lakh merchant ships transiting per year through Indian waters for global trade.
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The INS Jamuna is precisely a hydrographic survey ship in the Indian Navy under the Southern Naval Command. It is equipped with a helicopter, a Bofors 40 mm gun, four survey motor boats, two small boats.
Furthermore, the ship also has the distinction of being associated with relief work during the Gujrat earthquake, Tsunami 2004, along with Operation Vijay at the time of the Kargil War.
Indian ship has also been awarded a Mention in Dispatches. The ship which was commissioned into the Naval service at Kochi in 1991 was built by state-run Goa Shipyard Limited.
Indian Navy's Sandhayak class Hydrographic Survey Ship, INS Jamuna (J16), commanded by Captain HA Hardas, arrived Colombo, Sri Lanka on 06 February 2020. The ship has been deployed to Sri Lanka based on a mutual agreement to carry out Joint Hydrographic Survey off the South West Coast of Sri Lanka.
Indian Navy's Sandhayak-class ship INS Jamuna, which has arrived in Sri Lanka, will carry out detailed hydrographic surveys and several shore-based survey activities over the two-month deployment period
I.Aircraft/Helicopters 1.Light Combat Helicopters
The Tejas is an indigenous light weight, multi role supersonic aircraft developed in both fighter and trainer versions
The Tejas is designed to carry a veritable plethora of air-to-air, air-to- surface, precision guided and standoff weaponry
The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, which began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters. In 2003, the LCA was officially named "Tejas"
The Tejas is an Indian single-engine, delta wing, multirole light fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy.
Advanced materials like composites are used in the manufacture of the Tejas to reduce weight and increase the component life
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Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com 2.Saras aircraft
It is a light transport aircraft which is indigenously developed by National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL)
Saras Mk-2 is 19-seater aircraft. It was developed with a target cost of 50 crore which is at least 20-25% lower in cost than other aircraft in a similar category.
The NAL developed this first indigenous light transport aircraft
The NAL suggests using this for VIP services or tackling emergencies in times of natural calamities.
NAL is been pitching Saras Mk-2 for the government's UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik), since it has the capacity to operate in “ill-equipped”, “semi-prepared” and “unpaved airstrips.The scheme, launched in October 2016, is aimed at linking up areas that have no air connectivity. 3.Apache helicopters
The Indian Air Force inducted 8 Apache AH-64E attack helicopters at Pathankot Air Force station. The Apache AH-64E helicopters are made by US company Boeing and will give a major boots to combat capabilities of Indian Air Force
A joint venture with between Boeing and Tata Advanced Systems Ltd. (TASL) -- Tata Boeing Aerospace Limited (TBAL) established in 2016 has been manufacturing fuselages for the AH- 64 Apache.
Better known as an attack helicopter are received from the Boeing production facility in Mesa, Arizona, USA.
Apache will replace Russian origin MI-35 helicopters that are on the verge of retirement.
These are all-weather capable, easily maintainable and have high agility and survivability against battle damage.
It can carry out precision attacks at standoff ranges and operate in hostile airspace with threats from the ground.
It can transmit and receive battlefield picture through data uplinking and networking.
It can also shoot fire and forget anti-tank guided missiles, air to air missiles, rockets while providing versatility to helicopter in network-centric aerial warfare.
It also carries fire control radar, which has a 360° coverage and nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and night vision systems.
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The Ka-226T is a design of Russia's famed Kamov design bureau. It is a light helicopter, with a maximum take-off weight of over 3.5 tonnes and can carry a payload of up to 1 ton.
Kamov is a small, twin engine Russian utility helicopter. It is manufactured by Russian Helicopters
Like previous Kamov designs, such as the Ka-25 and Ka-27 anti-submarine warfare helicopters and the Ka-52 attack helicopter, the Ka-226T uses coaxial rotors—that is, it has two sets of rotors mounted one on top of the other and typically no tail rotor
The Ka-226T also has a unique, detachable 'mission' compartment instead of a conventional cabin. This allows the helicopter to be adapted for different roles such as surveillance and cargo delivery.
The Ka-226T uses a French-designed engine, which is more powerful than the engine on the original Ka-226. The Ka-226T deal is considered vital for the Indian Army and Air Force as the aircraft is slated to replace the ageing Chetak and Cheetah light helicopters, which are based on 1960s-era French designs
Russian Helicopters, the manufacturer of the Ka-226T, will manufacture the helicopter in India under a joint venture with HAL
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The Boeing CH-47 Chinook is an American twin-engined, tandem rotor, heavy-lift helicopter.
It is among the heaviest lifting Western helicopters.
A multi-mission heavy-left transport helicopter, Chinook will be used to move troops, artillery, ammunition, barrier materials, supplies and equipment on the battlefield.
It is highly maneuverable, which makes it suitable for operating in tough, dense terrain.
Its 24X7, all-weather operational capabilities are crucial for India Air Force, which operates in some of the most hostile terrains in the world.
Chinook has a capability to lift vertically even across a diversified terrain which will be a boom to India
Apart from military operations, they can also be used for medical evacuation, disaster relief, search and recovery, fire-fighting and civil development.
Chinook would be deployed for humanitarian and disaster relief operations and in missions such as transportation of relief supplies and mass evacuation
It is capable of transporting fully-equipped infantry soldiers for specialised operations. It has fully integrated digital cockpit management system.
The Chinook has the capacity to carry a maximum payload capacity of 11 tonnes and 45 troops.
Chinook helicopters will give the IAF quantum leap in terms of ability to transport cargo to precarious high altitude locations
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J. Anti-satellite missile test 1.Varunastra
India conducted Mission Shakti, an anti-satellite missile test, from the Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam Island launch complex. This was a technological mission carried out by DRDO. The satellite used in the mission was one of India's existing satellites operating in lower orbit.
Mission Shakti was undertaken to develop highly-potent Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT). It is a joint programme of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Anti-satellite (ASAT) System is missile-based system to attack moving satellites.
With this test India is now in the league of three countries after the U.S., Russia, and China to have such technology.
The significance of the test is that India has tested and successfully demonstrated its capability to interdict and intercept a satellite in outer space based on complete indigenous technology.
The DRDO's Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor was used, which is part of the ongoing ballistic missile defence programme.
The test was done in the lower atmosphere to ensure that there is no space debris. Whatever debris that is generated will decay and fall back onto the earth within weeks.
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This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services 1. Standard Positioning Service (SPS) 2. Restricted Service (RS)
To date, ISRO has built a total of nine satellites in the IRNSS series; of which eight are currently in orbit Three of these satellites are in geostationary orbit (GEO) while the remaining in geosynchronous orbits (GSO) that maintain an inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane.
The IRNSS constellation was named as “NavIC” (Navigation with Indian Constellation) by the Honourable Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi and dedicated to the nation on the occasion of the successful launch of the IRNSS-1G satellite.
It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. An Extended Service Area lies between primary service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from Latitude 30 deg South to 50 deg North, Longitude 30 deg East to 130 deg East
The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area
The US Congress has consented to designate India's NAVIC as its “allied” navigational satellite system along with the Galileo of the European Union and QZSS of Japan.
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India on par with US-based GPS.
The system that offers services like terrestrial and marine navigation, disaster management, vehicle tracking and fleet management, navigation aide for hikers and travellers, visual and voice navigation for drivers
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L.Rustom-2
Rustom-2 belongs to family of UAVs under development, including Rustom-1 and Rustom-H. It is medium-altitude long-endurance drone (MALE).
It can fly up to an altitude of 22,000 feet and has endurance of over 20 hours. It is capable of carrying payloads for electronic and signal intelligence missions
The UAV has an endurance of 24 hours and is similar to the American predator series of drones
It can fly at around 280 km/h and carry variety of payloads like Long Range Electro Optic (LREO), Medium Range Electro Optic (MREO), Electronic Intelligence (ELINT), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Communication Intelligence (COMINT) and Situational Awareness Payloads (SAP) for performing missions even during the night
Its data link developed by Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL) transmits the ISR data to the armed forces' ground control station in real time allowing prompt action. M.Biofuel used in airforce IAF's formidable workhorse, the Russian made AN-32 aircraft was formally fleet certified to fly on blended aviation fuel containing up to 10% of indigenous bio-jet fuel
This was the first time that this mix was used in both engines of an aircraft.
The indigenous bio-jet fuel was first produced by the CSIR-IIP lab at Dehradun in 2013, but could not be tested or certified for commercial use on aircraft due to lack of test facilities in the civil aviation sector
This fuel is made from Jatropha oil sourced from Chattisgarh Biodiesel Development Authority (CBDA) and then processed at CSIR-IIP, Dehradun
Since then, IAF's flight test crew and engineers have been evaluating the performance of this fuel against international standards. This is a huge step in promoting the 'Make in India' mission as this bio-fuel would be produced from Tree Borne Oils (TBOs) sourced from tribal areas and farmers, augmenting their income substantially.
The shift is also meant to curb India's dependence on crude imports, besides reducing the IAF's carbon footprint. Biofuel When mixed with conventional fuel, they decrease the amount of harmful emissions Govt. Of India has started Ethanol Blending Program (EBP) 4 th Generation biofuels are made from Genetically Engineered crops and algae which would yield less stress on food crops and commercial crops
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N.Defence operations 1.Operation by Army
Operation Polo was the code name of the Hyderabad "police action" in September 1948, by the then newly independent Dominion of India against the Hyderabad State. It was a military operation in which the Indian Operation 1948- Armed Forces invaded the Nizam-ruled princely state, Polo Hyderabad annexing it into the Indian Union. Indian armed forces ended the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad and led to the incorporation of the princely state of Hyderabad in Southern India, into the Indian Union
The Annexation of Goa was the process in which the Republic of India annexed the former Portuguese Indian territories of Goa, Daman and Diu, starting with the Operation 1961- armed action carried out by the Indian Armed Forces in Vijay Goa,Daman December 1961. In India, this action is referred to as the and Diu "Liberation of Goa" The operation by the Military of India that led to the freedom of Goa, Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands from the Portuguese colonial holding in 1961
Operation 1984-Punjab Operation Blue Star was the codename of an Indian Blue Star military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant Sikh leader Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in Amritsar, Punjab. The decision to launch the attack rested with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Carried out to remove separatist religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab.
Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com Operation 1984- Indian military's capture of the majority of Siachen Meghdoot Siachen Glacier. Glacier Operation Meghdoot was the code-name for the Indian Armed Forces operation to capture the Siachen Glacier in the Kashmir region, precipitating the Siachen Conflict. Launched on 13 April 1984, this military operation was the first assault launched in the highest battlefield in the world. The military action resulted in Indian troops gaining control of the entire Siachen Glacier Operation 1987- Operations by the Indian Peace Keeping Force to take Pawan SriLanka control of Jaffna from the LTTE in late 1987 to enforce the disarmament of the LTTE as a part of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord Operation Pawan was the code name assigned to the operation by the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to take control of Jaffna from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), better known as the Tamil Tigers, in late 1987 to enforce the disarmament of the LTTE as a part of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord. In brutal fighting lasting about three weeks, the IPKF took control of the Jaffna Peninsula from the LTTE, something that the Sri Lankan Army had tried but failed to do.
Operation 1988- It was an anti-insurgency operation launched by the Viraat SriLanka IPKF against the LTTE in April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka. Along with Operation Trishul, was an anti-insurgency operation launched by the IPKF against the LTTE in April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka, in the provinces of Mannar to Mullaitivu and Elephant Pass to Vavuniya
Operation 1988- Along with Operation Viraat, was an anti-insurgency Trishul SriLanka operation launched by the IPKF against the LTTE in April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka.
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Operation 1988- Paracommandos of Indian Cactus Maldives Army and MARCOS of Indian Navy oust Tamil nationalist mercenaries of PLOTE who instigated a coup in Malé in the Maldives.
Operation 1999-Kargil Indian operation to push back the infiltrators from the Vijay Kargil Sector, in the 1999 Kargil War.
Operation 2015-jammu For flushing out militants from specially Kashmir region All Out and kashmir of Jammu and Kashmir state of India.
Operation 2015-Nepal India's Army-led rescue and relief mission in quake-hit Maitri Nepal
2.Navy operations
Operation 1961 Annexation of Goa Vijay
Operation 1971 An offensive operation launched on Pakistan's port city of Trident Karachi during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
Operation Against the coup to overthrow the Government of Maldives 1988 Cactus
Operation by the Indian Armed Forces to evacuate Indian Operation citizens and other foreign nationals from Yemen during the Raahat 2015 2015 military intervention by Saudi Arabia and its allies in that country during the Yemeni Crisis. Indian Navy had launched Operation Madad, major rescue, and Operation relief operation in flood-hit Kerala. The operation was launched Madad 2018 to assist state administration and undertake disaster relief operations due to flooding in many parts of Kerala
Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com 3.Air force Operations:
An airstrike caried out by IAF in response to the Pulwama Operation 2019 terror attack on 14 February 2019 by a suicide bomber, Bandar killing 40 Indian soldiers.
Operation An Humanitarian assistance aimed to supply relief packages 2017 Insaniyat to Bangladesh for migrant Rohingya Muslims.
Operation Indian Military's rescue and relief mission in quake-hit Nepal 2015 Maitri
Operation Uttarakhand floods 2013 Rahat
O.Rescue missions 1. Operation Safe Homecoming
It was an operation launched by the Indian government on February 26, 2011 to evacuate its citizens, fleeing from the Libyan Civil War. The air-sea operation was conducted by the Indian Navy and Air India.
Eighteen thousand Indian nationals, working in Libya, were trapped because of the unrest. After the evacuation of more than 15,000 Indian nationals, the operation ended on March 11.
It was an operation launched by the Indian government on February 26, 2011 to evacuate its citizens, fleeing from the Libyan Civil War. The air-sea operation was conducted by the Indian Navy and Air India. 2.Operation Sukoon
Operation Sukoon was an operation carried out by the Indian Navy to evacuate Indian, Sri Lankan and Nepalese nationals, as well as Lebanese nationals with Indian spouses, from the conflict zone during the 2006 Lebanon War.
In one of the largest evacuations conducted by the Indian Navy, a total of 2,280 people including 1,764 Indians, 112 Sri Lankans, 64 Nepalese and 7 Lebanese nationals with Indian spouses were evacuated following the conflict.
Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com 3.Evacuation from the Gulf
So far, India's evacuation of civilians from Kuwait during the 1990-91 Gulf war has been the world's largest evacuation exercise of civilians by air. Around 1,70,000 Indians were caught in the war which left millions homeless and many dead.
Air India , at the time, operated around 500 flights over two months. More than 25 years later, the feat inspired the Bollywood flick 'Airlift', starring Akshay Kumar.
An operation, launched by the Indian Armed Forces, to evacuate 4,640 Indian citizens and 960 foreign nationals of 41 countries from Yemen during the 2015 Yemeni Crisis.
There was military intervention by Saudi Arabia and its allies using airstrikes on the national capital, Sana'a.
The evacuation by sea began on April 1, 2015 from the port of Aden, while the air evacuation by the Indian Air Force and Air India commenced on April 3, 2015 from Sana'a.
It was a rescue and relief operation in Nepal carried out by the government of India and Indian armed forces in the aftermath of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake. India responded within 15 minutes of the quake.
The Indian Armed Forces evacuated around 5,188 persons, while nearly 785 foreign tourists were provided transit visa.
6.Evacuation from Brussels
On the morning of March 22, 2016, three coordinated suicide bombings occurred in Belgium: two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, and one at Maalbeek metro station in central Brussels. Thirty-two civilians and three perpetrators were killed, and more than 300 people injured.
A Jet Airways flight evacuated 242 Indians, including 28 Jet Airways crew members who had been stranded in Brussels. The airline first took around 800 people who had been stranded at the airport after coming in on four different flights, by road to Amsterdam.
Two jet flights left for Amsterdam from India. While one brought back 242 passengers to India, the other took off to Newark.
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