SPIT OF SAND TO A CITY MAKING OF MADRAS
K R A NARASIAH - 1 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM MADRAS – THE FIRST CITY
English settlement in India started with trading centres at Surat - 1612 Madras - 1639 Bombay - 1668 Pondicherry - 1674 Calcutta - 1698
K R A NARASIAH - 2 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE COROMANDEL COAST IN1639:
Masulipatam was the main English trading port with Thomas Clarke as the agent Francis Day was the Chief at Armagon (Durgarayapatnam) Day had in 1637 sailed up to “Pollecheere” and located a place at the outlet of Cooum Here in the Coast he saw an opportunity to build a godown and trade from the place at the river mouth, where ships could anchor.
K R A NARASIAH - 3 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM NAYAKS OF MADRAS
Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak ruled all the coast country from Pulicat to the Portuguese settlement of San Thome, calling himself the “Lord General of Carnatic”. He had his head-quarters at Wandiwash and his brother Ayyappa Nayak resided at Poonamallee
K R A NARASIAH - 4 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE GRANT OF MADRAS
Day secured a grant from the Naik (Farman), granting permission to trade. The date of signing his grant was 22nd August 1639. (This document is marked as O. C. No. 1690 in Love’s book) Beri Thimmappa was the facilitator for the grant, who had come with the English. In this grant the place is named Madrasspatam. Cogan and Day arrived in Madras on 20th Feb 1640 and started building the fort. They arrived in ships called Eagle and Unity (It appears there was a third ship, but details are not known)
K R A NARASIAH - 5 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM REASON FOR NAYAK TO HAVE ENGLISH HERE
If Nayak was eager to offer the place to the English, that could have been due to his concern for peace in the area. The Portuguese had their factory at SanThome for some generations and the Dutch had Pulicat and the distance between these places was just about 25 miles The political jealousy between the Protestant Dutch and the Catholic Portuguese was extended to their trade as well. Frequent sea battles ensued and Dutch usually had an upper hand and the war had been taken to the land; the peace of the place was disturbed.. There is a reference to this in a subsequent letter written from Masulipatam. K R A NARASIAH - 6 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM TRADE AND MERCHANDISE
By this time the Europeans had mastered the sea and were able to sail around for trade and establish factories
K R A NARASIAH - 7 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM CHINTZ COTTON MATERIAL
By late 1600 the Coromandel Coast was the scene of rivalries among European powers for control of the Indian textile and spice trade. The English, the Dutch, the French and the Danish established themselves in the Coromandel Coast. Portuguese were already in Santhome.
K R A NARASIAH - 8 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM COTTON MATERIAL FROM INDIA
Chintz was originally a wood block printed, painted or stained calico produced in India between 1600 to 1800. These early fabrics were extremely expensive and rare. By 1680 more than million pieces of chintz were imported into England.
K R A NARASIAH - 9 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM COGAN AND NAGABATTAN
The main problem for the British in that time was lack of fund. At last in February 1640, Day and his colleague Cogan, accompanied by a few factors and writers, soldiers, artificers and a Hindu powder maker called Naga Battan, proceeded to Madras and started the English factory on 20th Feb 1640.
K R A NARASIAH - 10 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM DRAWING BY Dr. FRYER -1673 FORT AS IT WAS
K R A NARASIAH - 11 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM AFTER THE SETTLEMENT
To the square bastioned construction which was walled to enclose the factory house, the British gave the name Fort St. George. The settlement which grew up around the fort was recognised by them as Madras. The European quarter nearest the Fort became merged with the Indian quarter in the north, and the settlement existed for nearly twenty years before a dividing wall was built between the two areas. Thus this area became distinct from the Indian quarter. In the map prepared under orders of Thomas Pitt, this area is shown as "White Town" while the other area occupied by the Indians was designated as "Black Town" K R A NARASIAH - 12 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM OLD MAPS OF MADRAS AND FORT
P.N.Petah M. Peta Elumur river
Fort
Cooum river island
The size of the fort measured outside was 108 yards north-south and 100 yards east-west. K R A NARASIAH - 13 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM SOME IMPORTANT TURNING POINTS DECIDING FATE OF MADRAS
The East India Company establisheda.d. 1600 Site of Madras acquired by Mr. Francis Day1639 The Hindu lord of the Carnatic (the Raja of Chandragiri) dethroned by the Mohammedan Sultan of Golconda and the Company secures from Golconda a fresh title to their possessions 1646 The Sultan of Golconda dethroned by the Moghul Emperor, Aurangzeb, who appoints a 'Nawab of the Carnatic'1687 The Company secures from a representative of the Emperor a fresh title to their possessions Da-ud Khan, Nawab of the Carnatic, invests Madras for three months, and is finally bought off1702
K R A NARASIAH - 14 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM CHANGES TAKE PLACE
In 1652, an important year in the history of Madras, Fort St. George was made a Presidency and its Agent came to be known as President. In those early years the Indian town was governed by three chief hereditary officials; the Adhikhari, who dispensed justice, the Kanakkupillai, who assisted the Adhikari, and the Pedda Naick, the Chief Watchman and the head of the Talaiyaris. The Pedda Naik was in charge of Law and Order of the town. The English were clever enough not to disturb the hierarchy and used the available Indian administrative system to their advantage.
K R A NARASIAH - 15 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM TRADERS TO RULERS!
The English arrived on board small ships, Eagle and Unity, with no trumpets blowing or drums beating; it does not even seem they had a musket when they landed! They did not come to conquer, but they did succeed in conquering not by war but by many carefully executed schemes, using the weaknesses of the local people.
K R A NARASIAH - 16 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM TEMPLES OF MADRAS
A temple was constructed in the heart of the Indian village that grew up. It was dedicated to Chenna Kesava Perumal and built on part of the grounds of the present High Court. In Thomas Pitt map of about 1710, several temples are mentioned. One is called the Great Pagoda in Black Town, one to the north of Muthialpeta and two to the west of in Peddanaickanpeta. The first one was located in the site where the High Court came to be later. It occupied according to Pitt's map, a square of 270 feet sides and lasted till 1757, when it was demolished owing to military exigencies, by John Call.
K R A NARASIAH - 17 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM PEOPLE WHO BUILT THIS TEMPLE
In 1646, Nagabattan, company’s powder maker made an endowment to this temple. In 1648 Beri Thimmanna made another endowment. The documents, (one endorsed in Telugu) say so. However it is felt that Beri Thimmanna was associated with the temple as early as 1640. This temple had two shrines one for Vishnu and the other for Shiva.(Chenna Kesava and Chenna Malleswara) K R A NARASIAH - 18 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM Contd.,
This temple was pulled down to build the present high court complex, in 1757. The bricks thus available were used to build Fort’s walls! In February 1762 the company offered as compensation, 565½ pagodas and an equal area, where, the twin temples Chenna Kesava Perumal (Vaishnava) and Mallikeswarar (Saivite) were built
K R A NARASIAH - 19 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM Contd.,
Manali Muthukrishna Mudaliar, then dubashi of Pigot, contributed in 1762, 5,202 pagodas and the Company gave again 1,173 pagodas. The temples were consecrated in 1766. These were regarded as Company Temples and the employees wore the company badge!
K R A NARASIAH - 20 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM PICTURES OF FORT THEN
K R A NARASIAH - 21 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM ELIHU YALE
Born in Boston of English family, Elihu Yale arrived in Madras in 1672 When the Governor Streynshem Master built St Mary's church with personal contributions, Yale paid 15 pagodas! (Clive married Margaret here; Charnock’s children were baptised here) In 1687 Yale became governor, at his 39th year. The fortune he made in India helped to form Yale University! (£ 800) The flagstaff is a 150 ft (tallest in India) teak wood mast got from a grounded ship (Loyall Adventure) erected in 1687, and the flag hoisted by Elihu Yale. K R A NARASIAH - 22 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE FORT AS BUILT THEN THE CARGO WAS KEPT IN HERE. .
The flagstaff is a 150 ft (tallest in India) teak wood mast got from a foundered ship (Loyall Adventure) erected in 1687, and the flag (cross of st George) hoisted by Elihu Yale.
K R A NARASIAH - 23 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM Contd. . . .
One of the most important events during the Governorship of Yale was the institution of a Mayor and Corporation for the City of Madras. Corporation of Madras, is the earliest of its kind in British India. The originator of the scheme was Sir Josiah Child, the masterful and imperious Governor of the Court of Directors.
K R A NARASIAH - 24 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM CORPORATION OF MADRAS
In 1688, by virtue of the Company's Royal Charter, a Corporation of the City of Madras came into being, and it was among their delegated duties that they should build a school in Black Town for the purpose of teaching 'Native children to speak, read, and write the English Tongue, and to understand Arithmetic and Merchants' Accompts.' Outside London, this was the first corporation!
K R A NARASIAH - 25 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE INAUGURATION
On 29th September 1688, the Corporation was inaugurated with all solemnity, the Mayor and others taking their respective oaths. After lunch, towards three in the afternoon the whole Corporation marched in their several robes, the Aldermen in scarlet serge gowns, and the Burgesses in white China Silk, with the Mace carried before the Mayor in procession to the Town Hall.
K R A NARASIAH - 26 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM YALE UNIVERSITY & MADRAS FUNDS
Elihu Yale amassed wealth in Madras, and spent lavishly in England after his return there in 1699. At the request of Cotton Mather in 1718, Yale assisted the then struggling collegiate school in Connecticut with a gift of books and pictures which realised £ 560. In recognition of his munificence, the College and subsequently the University which grew out of it was named after him!
K R A NARASIAH - 27 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM COTTON MATHER & YALE
In 1718,, Cotton Mather contacted Elihu Yale for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Yale, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560,. Yale also donated 417 books and a portrait of King George I. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Cotton Mather Yale College in gratitude to its benefactor.
K R A NARASIAH - 28 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM TRADERS BECOME RULERS
The Company's management of Madras, started having designs on colonising and they wrote to Yale, "Though our war be over you must continue to train and exercise in Arms all our Factors, Writers and the English Servants of all Degrees, from the highest to the lowest, according to our former orders, because we must for ever after keep ourselves a Martial Nation in India"
It is very clear from these words by Benjamin Bathurst and Josia Child, the Company's attitude having been inspired by King James II who favoured an aggressive policy in India.
This, in effect is the turning point in the history of India and the policy of the English, to change themselves from traders to rulers!
K R A NARASIAH - 29 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM SEA TRADE STARTED WITH MADRAS AS A ROADSTEAD PORT
K R A NARASIAH - 30 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM FRENCH CAPTURE SANTHOME
French naval squadron arrived at Santhome in 1672 French occupation of Santhome lasted over two years. During the siege Moslems and Dutch fought against the French Both Triplicane temple and Mylapore temples were used to keep forces both by the Moslems and the Dutch
K R A NARASIAH - 31 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM DESTRUCTION OF SANTHOME
On 1st March 1673, Admiral de la Haye destroyed the field works and occupied “une grande pagode nomme Trivilicany” Later he fell ill and the force became weak French appealed to the Naik of Madurai for help But eventually Dutch took over Santhome By end 1675 Santhome was handed over to King of Golconda
K R A NARASIAH - 32 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM DESTRUCTION OF SANTHOME - II
When Langhorn was Governor, (1672) he thought Santhome will be a problem and wanted to destroy it entirely Now the Dutch joined the English Abul Hasan of Golconda agreed but wanted to spare some important buildings English sent 200 coolies and destroyed Santhome to a great extent
K R A NARASIAH - 33 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM FRENCH OCCUPY MADRAS
The French capture of Madras by Labourdonnais in 1746 is a great event in the history of the City. The French were in occupation of the City for three years till August 1749. They planned to retain it permanently. They demolished the Indian houses of Old Black Town which adjoined the north wall of the Fort. The southern portion of the Old Black Town was consequently destroyed. On 21st August 1749 Madras was restored to the British under the treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle
K R A NARASIAH - 34 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM ADDING TERRITORY
The village of Triplicane was first added, twenty years after the acquisition of Madras, for an annual rent of Rs. 175, which ceased to be paid when the Golconda dynasty shortly afterwards came to an end. Later, the Company received a free grant of 'Tandore (Tondiarpet), Persewacca (Pursewaukam), and Yegmore (Egmore).' Still later, in the reign of Aurangzeb's son and successor, the village of Lungambacca (Nungumbaukam), was granted, together with four adjoining villages, for a total annual rent of 1,500 pagodas (say Rs. 5,250), which the emperor thought was too little. The Company, were clever enough to send through their representatives, a sum of Rs. 700 'to be distributed amongst the King's officers who keep the Records, in order to settle this matter.' The village of Vepery was acquired in 1742 from the Nawab of Arcot, a young lad propped up by the company!
K R A NARASIAH - 35 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM INDIANS COME TO THE FRONT
Many Indian merchants of the Company were the contractors for the supply of cotton cloth that was needed for export and for the sale of the European goods of the Company. The senior merchants were termed the Company's Chief Merchants; and the agents and brokers of individual English merchants who were also translators, came to be known as Dubashes. (knowing two languages).
K R A NARASIAH - 36 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM SOME GREAT DUBASHES
Two great Indian dubashes are remebered for their contribution to the society Manali Muthukrishna Mudaliar Pachaiyapppa Mudaliar. They were great philanthropists.
K R A NARASIAH - 37 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM MANALAI MUTHUKRISHNA MUDALIAR
Muthukrishna Mudaliar and his son Venkatakrishna Mudaliar of Manali extended patronage to Dikshitar family Muthuswami Dikshitar composed 'nottuswarams' An European violinist taught Baluswami Dikshitar to play on violin (1806-1814) and he adapted his play to suit the genius of Carnatic music. . Thus Baluswami Dikshitar is credited to be the pioneer to introduce violin in the South
K R A NARASIAH - 38 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM DIKSHITAR
A great composer, son of Ramaswami Dikshitar(who introduced Hamsadhawani raga) composed Vatapi Ganapathim, which is normally sung as opening invocation in concerts
K R A NARASIAH - 39 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM PACHAIPPA MUDALIAR
Cooum was known as Komaleswaram In the banks of it lived Pachaippa mudaliar He died young (40) left a will to provide education for Hindu youth in English education There was 47 year long dispute and then courts ordered 4.5 lakhs for religious charity and rest for education. The court appointed a Board of Trustees. Now this trust is considered as the biggest with a value of Rs 150 mill. in 1990
K R A NARASIAH - 40 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE TRUST
Pachaiyappa's College, a well-known Hindu institution, had its first beginning in 1842. it began as a school; the school was called 'Pachaiyappa's Central Institution,' and was located in Black Town. The present buildings were opened in 1850 by Sir Henry Pottinger, an ex-governor of Madras. The trustees neglected the provisions of the will, whereupon the High Court assumed control of the funds, which under the Court's control rose to the value of nearly Rs. 7½ lakhs. The original amount was set apart for the fulfilment of the terms of the will, and the surplus was assigned to educational purposes in Pachaiyappa's name. K R A NARASIAH - 41 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM SUPPORTED EDUCATION FOR HINDU BOYS
K R A NARASIAH - 42 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM SOME IMPORTANT ENGLISHMEN
There were some Englishmen of the company who did yeoman service to India. But for their service we could have not had our history properly remembered. Among them noteworthy are Colin
Mackenzie and F W Ellis K R A NARASIAH - 43 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM FAMINES AND RELIEF WORKS
Madras had seen some of the worst famines and there was one that lasted through 1876-1878. In 1875 when Duke of Buckingham & Chandos took over as governor, he decided on relief work through cutting canals. Earlier, Basil Cochrane had cut a navigable canal through the North River, right upto Armagon (Durgaraya Patnam). It was later extended to link canals of Krishna and Godavari. In the South a canal was cut from Papanchavadi ti Sadras.
K R A NARASIAH - 44 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM CANAL EXTENSION
The result of the effort of the Duke was an eight km stretch canal, linking adyar and Cooum, at a cost of 30 lakhs! By 1882 this canal linked Markanam in the south and, Kakinada in the north, via the Cochrane canal. (400 kms!) The stretch in the City came to be known as Buckingham canal. This was a navigable canal and people and cargo were transported through it till the early half of 20th century. From Mylapore to Mahabalipuram there was regular service!
K R A NARASIAH - 45 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM COLIN MACKENZIE
Colin Mackenzie (1754-1821) was he surveyor general of India He was an orientalist and art collector. With his own money he researched into the History of India and collected thousands of manuscripts from various places and hired Brahmins to transcribe them. Part of his collection is in OML in the Madras University.
K R A NARASIAH - 46 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM INSCRIPTION OF FRANCIS WHYTE ELLIS
Ellis joined the service in 1796 He mastered Tamil and some South Indian languages and also in Sanskrit. He established the difference between Dravida languages from Indo Aryan Languages He has translated several verses of Thirukkural When Madras was reeling under drinking water shortage as collector of Madras he sank 27 wells. One of the wells had this inscription! K R A NARASIAH - 47 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM K R A NARASIAH - 48 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE SEED FOR A PORT WAS BY WARREN HASTINGS IN 1770!
Hastings wrote to he HQ that there was a need for a port in Madras in 1770 The expenditure then would be 120,000 pounds. It was not pursued. Hastings, promoted , went away to
Calcutta. K R A NARASIAH - 49 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM SOME IMPORTANT PLACES – I BRODIES CASTLE
K R A NARASIAH - 50 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM NOW KNOWN AS THENDRAL
James Brodie’s cemetery is in St Mary’s Church Born in 1769 he was running a business called “Jarvis & Brodie” He was a member of the Exec committee of the Pantheon In an area of 11 acres which he got from Company in 1796; After building this castle his business came down His wife had a premonition When he went sailing in a boat he was drowned on Oct 16, 1801. K R A NARASIAH - 51 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM JINXED CASTLE! John Mc Iver the manager of the Bank of Madras was living in this house during 1866 Captain Temple was the President of the Board of Municipal Commissioners and Superintendent of Stamps, came visiting. Temple took Mc Iver's two young daughters and one Captain Hope (ADC to Lord Napier) with Harry Scudamore Bostock for a pleasure ride in the river. It capsized drowning all but Bostock, on the fateful day of 23rd Dec 1866. Bostock, never recovered from the shock and was shipped to Southampton; while his three sisters waited for him, even before reaching home he died! John McIver was shocked beyond belief and took retirement from the bank.
K R A NARASIAH - 52 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE SCREW PILE JETTY 1861
K R A NARASIAH - 53 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM A VIEW FROM OUTSIDE
K R A NARASIAH - 54 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM SR IN PORT SERVICE
Sir Francis Spring is considered the father of Madras Port When Narayayna Iyer told About Ramanujan Spring was interested. It was he who made Gilbert Walker take interest in Ramanujan.
K R A NARASIAH - 55 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE FIRST DAY CANCELLATION COVER
K R A NARASIAH - 56 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM Sir Francis Spring
Spring headed the port from 1905 t0 1919 In these 15 years Madras Port saw a great resurgence!
K R A NARASIAH - 57 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM CARGO MOVEMENT THEN
K R A NARASIAH - 58 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM S M S EMDEN
K R A NARASIAH - 59 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM WHEN EMDEN ATTACKED MADRAS HARBOUR
K R A NARASIAH - 60 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE THEN PARRY’S CORNER
K R A NARASIAH - 61 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM MADRAS WAS A BUSY HARBOUR
K R A NARASIAH - 62 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM MADRAS EARLY 20TH CENTURY
K R A NARASIAH - 63 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM