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Spit of Sand to a City Making of Madras

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Spit of Sand to a City Making of Madras SPIT OF SAND TO A CITY MAKING OF MADRAS K R A NARASIAH - 1 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM MADRAS – THE FIRST CITY English settlement in India started with trading centres at Surat - 1612 Madras - 1639 Bombay - 1668 Pondicherry - 1674 Calcutta - 1698 K R A NARASIAH - 2 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE COROMANDEL COAST IN1639: Masulipatam was the main English trading port with Thomas Clarke as the agent Francis Day was the Chief at Armagon (Durgarayapatnam) Day had in 1637 sailed up to “Pollecheere” and located a place at the outlet of Cooum Here in the Coast he saw an opportunity to build a godown and trade from the place at the river mouth, where ships could anchor. K R A NARASIAH - 3 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM NAYAKS OF MADRAS Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak ruled all the coast country from Pulicat to the Portuguese settlement of San Thome, calling himself the “Lord General of Carnatic”. He had his head-quarters at Wandiwash and his brother Ayyappa Nayak resided at Poonamallee K R A NARASIAH - 4 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE GRANT OF MADRAS Day secured a grant from the Naik (Farman), granting permission to trade. The date of signing his grant was 22nd August 1639. (This document is marked as O. C. No. 1690 in Love’s book) Beri Thimmappa was the facilitator for the grant, who had come with the English. In this grant the place is named Madrasspatam. Cogan and Day arrived in Madras on 20th Feb 1640 and started building the fort. They arrived in ships called Eagle and Unity (It appears there was a third ship, but details are not known) K R A NARASIAH - 5 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM REASON FOR NAYAK TO HAVE ENGLISH HERE If Nayak was eager to offer the place to the English, that could have been due to his concern for peace in the area. The Portuguese had their factory at SanThome for some generations and the Dutch had Pulicat and the distance between these places was just about 25 miles The political jealousy between the Protestant Dutch and the Catholic Portuguese was extended to their trade as well. Frequent sea battles ensued and Dutch usually had an upper hand and the war had been taken to the land; the peace of the place was disturbed.. There is a reference to this in a subsequent letter written from Masulipatam. K R A NARASIAH - 6 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM TRADE AND MERCHANDISE By this time the Europeans had mastered the sea and were able to sail around for trade and establish factories K R A NARASIAH - 7 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM CHINTZ COTTON MATERIAL By late 1600 the Coromandel Coast was the scene of rivalries among European powers for control of the Indian textile and spice trade. The English, the Dutch, the French and the Danish established themselves in the Coromandel Coast. Portuguese were already in Santhome. K R A NARASIAH - 8 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM COTTON MATERIAL FROM INDIA Chintz was originally a wood block printed, painted or stained calico produced in India between 1600 to 1800. These early fabrics were extremely expensive and rare. By 1680 more than million pieces of chintz were imported into England. K R A NARASIAH - 9 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM COGAN AND NAGABATTAN The main problem for the British in that time was lack of fund. At last in February 1640, Day and his colleague Cogan, accompanied by a few factors and writers, soldiers, artificers and a Hindu powder maker called Naga Battan, proceeded to Madras and started the English factory on 20th Feb 1640. K R A NARASIAH - 10 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM DRAWING BY Dr. FRYER -1673 FORT AS IT WAS K R A NARASIAH - 11 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM AFTER THE SETTLEMENT To the square bastioned construction which was walled to enclose the factory house, the British gave the name Fort St. George. The settlement which grew up around the fort was recognised by them as Madras. The European quarter nearest the Fort became merged with the Indian quarter in the north, and the settlement existed for nearly twenty years before a dividing wall was built between the two areas. Thus this area became distinct from the Indian quarter. In the map prepared under orders of Thomas Pitt, this area is shown as "White Town" while the other area occupied by the Indians was designated as "Black Town" K R A NARASIAH - 12 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM OLD MAPS OF MADRAS AND FORT P.N.Petah M. Peta Elumur river Fort Cooum river island The size of the fort measured outside was 108 yards north-south and 100 yards east-west. K R A NARASIAH - 13 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM SOME IMPORTANT TURNING POINTS DECIDING FATE OF MADRAS The East India Company establisheda.d. 1600 Site of Madras acquired by Mr. Francis Day1639 The Hindu lord of the Carnatic (the Raja of Chandragiri) dethroned by the Mohammedan Sultan of Golconda and the Company secures from Golconda a fresh title to their possessions 1646 The Sultan of Golconda dethroned by the Moghul Emperor, Aurangzeb, who appoints a 'Nawab of the Carnatic'1687 The Company secures from a representative of the Emperor a fresh title to their possessions Da-ud Khan, Nawab of the Carnatic, invests Madras for three months, and is finally bought off1702 K R A NARASIAH - 14 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM CHANGES TAKE PLACE In 1652, an important year in the history of Madras, Fort St. George was made a Presidency and its Agent came to be known as President. In those early years the Indian town was governed by three chief hereditary officials; the Adhikhari, who dispensed justice, the Kanakkupillai, who assisted the Adhikari, and the Pedda Naick, the Chief Watchman and the head of the Talaiyaris. The Pedda Naik was in charge of Law and Order of the town. The English were clever enough not to disturb the hierarchy and used the available Indian administrative system to their advantage. K R A NARASIAH - 15 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM TRADERS TO RULERS! The English arrived on board small ships, Eagle and Unity, with no trumpets blowing or drums beating; it does not even seem they had a musket when they landed! They did not come to conquer, but they did succeed in conquering not by war but by many carefully executed schemes, using the weaknesses of the local people. K R A NARASIAH - 16 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM TEMPLES OF MADRAS A temple was constructed in the heart of the Indian village that grew up. It was dedicated to Chenna Kesava Perumal and built on part of the grounds of the present High Court. In Thomas Pitt map of about 1710, several temples are mentioned. One is called the Great Pagoda in Black Town, one to the north of Muthialpeta and two to the west of in Peddanaickanpeta. The first one was located in the site where the High Court came to be later. It occupied according to Pitt's map, a square of 270 feet sides and lasted till 1757, when it was demolished owing to military exigencies, by John Call. K R A NARASIAH - 17 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM PEOPLE WHO BUILT THIS TEMPLE In 1646, Nagabattan, company’s powder maker made an endowment to this temple. In 1648 Beri Thimmanna made another endowment. The documents, (one endorsed in Telugu) say so. However it is felt that Beri Thimmanna was associated with the temple as early as 1640. This temple had two shrines one for Vishnu and the other for Shiva.(Chenna Kesava and Chenna Malleswara) K R A NARASIAH - 18 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM Contd., This temple was pulled down to build the present high court complex, in 1757. The bricks thus available were used to build Fort’s walls! In February 1762 the company offered as compensation, 565½ pagodas and an equal area, where, the twin temples Chenna Kesava Perumal (Vaishnava) and Mallikeswarar (Saivite) were built K R A NARASIAH - 19 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM Contd., Manali Muthukrishna Mudaliar, then dubashi of Pigot, contributed in 1762, 5,202 pagodas and the Company gave again 1,173 pagodas. The temples were consecrated in 1766. These were regarded as Company Temples and the employees wore the company badge! K R A NARASIAH - 20 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM PICTURES OF FORT THEN K R A NARASIAH - 21 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM ELIHU YALE Born in Boston of English family, Elihu Yale arrived in Madras in 1672 When the Governor Streynshem Master built St Mary's church with personal contributions, Yale paid 15 pagodas! (Clive married Margaret here; Charnock’s children were baptised here) In 1687 Yale became governor, at his 39th year. The fortune he made in India helped to form Yale University! (£ 800) The flagstaff is a 150 ft (tallest in India) teak wood mast got from a grounded ship (Loyall Adventure) erected in 1687, and the flag hoisted by Elihu Yale. K R A NARASIAH - 22 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM THE FORT AS BUILT THEN THE CARGO WAS KEPT IN HERE. The flagstaff is a 150 ft (tallest in India) teak wood mast got from a foundered ship (Loyall Adventure) erected in 1687, and the flag (cross of st George) hoisted by Elihu Yale. K R A NARASIAH - 23 4/13/2011 MADRASAPATNAM Contd. One of the most important events during the Governorship of Yale was the institution of a Mayor and Corporation for the City of Madras. Corporation of Madras, is the earliest of its kind in British India. The originator of the scheme was Sir Josiah Child, the masterful and imperious Governor of the Court of Directors.
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