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Journal of Indian History and Culture ISSN: 0975 - 7805 JOURNAL OF Journal of Indian History and Culture ISSN: 0975 - 7805 JOURNAL OF INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE September 2019 Twenty Fifth Issue C.P. RAMASWAMI AIYAR INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGICAL RESEARCH (affiliated to the University of Madras) The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road, Chennai 600 018, INDIA Journal of Indian History and Culture Editor : Dr. G. J. Sudhakar Editorial Board Dr. Nanditha Krishna Dr. K.V. Raman Dr. V. Mohan Dr. G. Balaji Dr. V. Sandhiyalakshmi Published by Dr. Nanditha Krishna C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road Chennai 600 018 Tel : 2434 1778 E-Mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Website: www.cprfoundation.org Layout Design : R. Sathya Narayanan Subscription Rs. 150/- (for 1 issue) Rs. 290/- (for 2 issues) Journal of Indian History and Culture CONTENTS 1 Preservation and Conservation of Archival Materials at the Library of C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research - Nanditha Krishna 1 2 Archaeological and Epigraphic evidence of early Vasudeva-Krishna worship - Meenakshi Jain 13 3 Early Icons of Agni - V. Sandiyalakshmi 31 4 Romance, Escape and Divine Rewards: Popularisatīon of Satī in Early India, as echoed in the Sanskrit Texts - Benudhar Patra & Punit 49 5 Sources for Early Āndhradēsa - D. Mercy Ratna Rani 65 6 Coinage in Ancient India – As Gleaned From Sanskrit Literature - V. Yamuna Devi 94 7 The Concept of Ardhanarisvara with special reference to Tamil Literature - T. Kausalya Kumari 104 Journal of Indian History and Culture 8 Advaita and Problems in Indian Metaphysics - Godabarisha Mishra 115 9 Colonial Despotism and British Judicial Intervention in the Bengal Presidency, 1772-1798 - Om Prakash 133 10 Porto Novo Iron Works- Retelling the Story of a Failed Industrial Enterprise of 19th Century Madras and its Impact - Dolly Thomas 157 11 Hisory of the New Architecture of Colonial Madras - G. Balaji 184 12 Gandhi’s Visit to Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh during the Non-Cooperation Movement - P.C. Venkatasubbaiah 203 13 Dr. R.M. Alagappa Chettiar (1909-1957): Far-sighted Industrialist and Philanthropist - Prabha Ravi Shankar 220 14 The Madras City Council for Child Welfare in the Early 1960’s - G.J. Sudhakar 236 15 Immoral Trafficking in Women: The Indian Scenario - B. Pramila 249 Journal of Indian History and Culture 16 The Historian at Work: A Sreedhara Menon and the Practice of Kerala History - Sreerekha P.L. 265 17 Book Review 1 290 18 Book Review 2 296 Journal of Indian History and Culture Journal of Indian History and Culture EDITOR’S NOTE The 25th issue of the Journal is in your hands. It has been a long journey since 1996, encompassing a time of learning and facing new challenges. We are coming out with a new editorial policy of encouraging only brilliant young scholars. At this juncture, we also request senior scholars in the field to contribute to the Journal, thereby enriching it and would also like to inform our readers that we are continuing with the blind peer reviewing system. I would like to sincerely thank all our referees for finding time for us. The papers range from archaeological land epigraphic evidence of early Vasudeva-Krishna worship to immoral trafficking in women, thereby giving due weightage to all periods in history. We also have papers on Advaita and problems in Indian metaphysics and animal welfare movements. We thank Dr. P.C. Venkatasubbiah from Dravidian University and Professor S.N. Arya from Magadh University for reviewing books for this issue. Journal of Indian History and Culture We remind all our contributors to send abstracts and key words in their papers, I would like to thank wholeheartedly Dr. Nanditha Krishna, President, the C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation, Mr. Narayan Onkar, Dr. G. Balaji, Dr. M. Jyothimani, Mr. R. Sathya Narayanan and Mrs. T. Pichu Lakshmi and all the members of the Foundation who have helped in bringing out the Journal. Dr. G. J. SUDHAKAR Journal of Indian History and Culture 1 Preservation and Conservation of Archival Materials at the Library of C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research Presentation made on behalf of the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) at the Summer School ‘Cultures of Archival Research in Germany and India’ held in Marburg and Berlin from May 15 to 21, 2019, organized by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), German Research Foundation, New Delhi. Nanditha Krishna, Ph.D., D.Litt. The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation, Chennai C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research has excellent reference library facilities with a good collection of books on various areas of Indian history, philosophy and religion, art and culture, literature, sociology, economics, biography, autobiography and on the humanities from India and the world. There are also some paper and palm-leaf manuscripts in the Sanskrit, Tamil, Arabic and Telugu languages in our collection. They are all old and rare collections, numbering about 5000. They have been under constant preservation and are conserved periodically. The library possesses nearly 50,000 books, Including 15,000 old first prints and nearly 5,000 rare books. 1 September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture An important section of the library is the archival records of Dr. C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, numbering about 50,000 documents, including manuscripts and typescripts. They include important correspondence, notes and memoranda of the pre-independence period in the then Madras Presidency and Travancore, as well as correspondence with leaders of the national movement. Archival records of Dr. C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar include material pertaining to his tenure as Secretary of the All India Home Rule League; Advocate-General for the Presidency of Madras; Member of the Legislative Council, Delhi; Law Member of the Executive Council, Government of Madras during Lord Willingdon's and Lord Goschen's Governorship; Constitutional Adviser to the Maharaja of Travancore; Dewan of Travancore; Founder and first Vice-Chancellor of Travancore (now Kerala) University; Vice-Chancellor of Annamalai University; Vice-Chancellor of Benares Hindu University; Member (later Chairman) of the University Grant Commission; Chairman of the Standing Committee on University Education, Government of India; Chairman of the Hindu Religious and Endowment Commission; Chairman of the National Integration Committee on Regionalism, Government of India; Press Council; etc. As the Dewan of Travancore, Dr. C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar has maintained administrative and political records of his period. These documents form the major source of his archives which have important data for writing history. To protect the historical documents, rare books and other archival materials in our library we follow both traditional 2 September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture and modern methods of preservation and conservation. The original correspondence to and from national leaders are becoming old and brittle and affected by insects. It is essential that they should be preserved continuously. However, we are also undertaking digitization to preserve the soft copies of these documents for future study. The library is situated in Chennai, formerly Madras, which is famous for its weather – “hot, hotter and hottest”. The average maximum is 30° Celsius in winter and 40 (and more) Celsius in summer. The average humidity is 80% but can go up to 95%. None of this is good for paper. In our library we primarily use traditional methods to conserve and preserve books, paper and palm leaf manuscripts by using plant parts such as leaves, seeds, bark and vegetable oil and other natural products. The most common biological agents to damage books are aerobic bacteria, fungi, insects and rodents. To protect the books and paper documents from fungal growth and damages caused by insects, natural substances were used in India since ancient times. In many old books and documents, one finds neem leaves and turmeric paste on the corner of the books and documents. The neem leaves have anti-microbial activity and turmeric powder acts as a fumicide and germicide. It is believed that by spreading dried neem leaves on the surface of the last shelf of the almirah or cupboard, insects will not attack the books. Similarly, the leaves of adathoda (Adathoda zeylanica), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum 3 September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture cinerarifolium), tobacco (Nicotina tocaccum) and tulasi (Ocimum bacillum) can also be used like neem leaves to preserve library materials (Sambamurthy and Subramanyam, 1968). In later scientific methods of preservation, the extracts from neem like nimbin and nimbiol, nicotine extracted from Nicotiana tobaccum and Ocimene obtained from the leaves of the Tulasi are used as insecticides (The Merck Index). The dried green leaves of these plants are most suitable for use against insect attack. The dried green leaves, being effective for four months only, must be replaced at intervals of four months. They can control fungus, insects, moths and cockroaches (Amirthalingam 1996). Another traditional method followed in our library is that of powder prepared from plant parts, seeds and spices. The macerated powders are prepared with the following materials: milagu (pepper / piper nigrum), vasambu (sweet fig / acorus calamus), lavangapattai (cinnamon / cinnamon zeylanicum), karunjiragam (black cumin / Nigella sativa) and kirammbu (clove / eugenia caryophyllus). The mixed powders, along with a small amount of green camphor, are placed in a new white or red cloth, without any dust or moisture, and tied tightly, to be kept on the book shelves and in palm leaf containers / cradles (Perumal, 1996). They act as an insect repellent and control deterioration for about six months. They must be replaced every six months. The fumigation chamber helps to preserve our books and documents from deterioration caused by biological agents. The thymol crystals are used for fumigation. Thymol is 4 September 2019, Twenty Fifth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture extracted from the Thymus vulgaris and monarda puntata (Amirthalingam 1996).
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