MESSAGE FROM H. E. THE VICEROY

THE VJcaaovs Houn. N'sw DBLIIl. 31st October 1936.

It gives me great pleasure warmly to congratulate the Madras Chamber of Conunerce on the occasion·of their Centenary Celebrations. The . Chamber bas a long and honourable record of public service, and the many-sided character of its activi- · ties is well known. I note with satisfaction its recognition that with the change of constitutional conditions and with the development of the trade . and industry of South India, the part which it has

to play in ~e future is more important even than in the past, and I feel confident that the high t.radi· tions which it has built up during the century of its existence will be maintained in the years to come. L1nl1thgow His Excellency the Most Honourable Victor Alexander John Hope, Marquess of Linlithgow, P.C., Kt., G.M.S.I., G.M.I.E., O.B.E., D.L., T.D., Viceroy and Governor-General of India. H. E. Lord Erskine, G.C.I.E., Governor of Madras. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CENTENARY HANDBOOK 1836-1936

Issued in the year of the accession of His MaJesty, ICing Edwcml VIIL

Containing facts about Madras as an Industrial and Commercial Centre and one of India's great ports: the History of the Madras Chamber of Commerce : the activities of its members in commerce and public affairs : a list of members of the Chamber, an index of the commodities they supply and the agencies they hold: trade announcements "and other matters of interest to all business men. Stmla, Sept~er tat, 103~.

1 would lUte, on behalf ot the Soard of Trade, to extend ~at cordial congl"at.ulatlona to t..he membera or the uadr8~Chanber ot COUIDerce on the attaln:Dcnt b7 t..he lnatltuUon ~· , .. c~tur1 or waluable public work 1n Southern lnd1a. Pounded clurlDS the res1mo or the Honourable Eaat.

In41a Coq)G.n¥ 1 the Uadraa Chi!UZiler or CC11Dtte1"ce haa ataun.cbl7 upheld the hlgheet trad1tlona or Brlt1ah Trade throughout a century ot unparalleled ecoDOIDlc expauton end deYelopment. The remarkable c:OIIIIIereial, t.nduat.r1al and agrtculturol dnelop­ ment or the Presidency ia attributable to a marked degree to

the courage, roreaigbt an4 ~1nat1ve energy or three aenorat1on& or membera. While rcsulat1ng their bue1nua ac\1v1t1ca on eound linea the)' have not onl)' advanced their own 1ntereata but have contributed 1n scneroua tv:aBW"e to tho wel.taro lll4

proeper1t)' or the peoplea or ~out..hern India. Chamber& ot Cocmcrcc 1n ln41a OCCUp:f 8 poa1t1on or ueept1onal 1ntluenco and importance in tho epheroe or awuolpol and pol1tlcal lite. The ac:tivltloa aDd upv1enoo of tba

Chamber' a rcpreaentatlvea OD t..ho Ma.drt.a Port truet 1 tba Corporat ton, tho Leg illative Council and. the Central Leglahture have contrlbute4 vcr7 aaterlaU., to tho uaet'ulneGI or tbooo Inetltutlona. Wo are llV1na: in • 4irtleult period or traneiUon aD4 roconatNCticm but on all a14ea one aeea on4ence tb.e\ tho Bl"1t1111b. merchente or to-dfq ere worthllJ' uphol4ina \he b1gh traditioDII or publiC Oer'VlCO which ba're bOOD. }Al4 doWD ln the paot and are cloaol.J co-operauna wlth t.bou• Indian trienda 1n tb.e rcaeneratlOn or a at~re proaperoua, hapPJ 8D4 progrooaiva ln41a.

J am, Dear BU', Your a 'rOJ')' trul)',

fhe Chalnnnn, The Madra• Chamber or Commcroo• ... 4 I' ...

rill/C. . Sir Thomas Ainscough, H.M.'s Senior Trade Commissioner in India and Ceylon. His message to the Chamber appears on the opposite page. Officers of the Chamber, 1936

htfr. F. Birley, M.L.C., Choirman.

Mr. A. S. Todd, Vice-Chairman. Members of the Committee, 1936

Sir William Wright, O.B.E., V.D. Mr. H. N. Colam.

Mr. W. M. BrowninCJ. Members of the Committee, 1936

Mr. D. M. Reid, M.C. Mr. ]. Nuttall.

Mr. G. Gompertz, J.P., Secretary. FOREWORD

~ following pages show that The Madras Chamber of Commerce­ whose Centenary this Handbook cele­ brates-serves no mean city. But the Chamber's interests are not confined to the City; they extend throughout the whole of South India, including the Presidency and the Indian States. The population of the Presidency, which in 1931 was 47,193,602, is tcxlay estimated at nearly 49,000,000; that of the City is 689,000. The population of the South Indian States of Hyderabad, Mysore, Tra­ vancore, Cochin, Pudukottah, Sandur and Banganapalle is approximately 25,000,000, making about 82,000,000 in the . area served by the Chamber and its affiliated associations. . Madras is a city of wide spaces, busy thoroughfares, thriving industries, and flourishing businesses. Many of the Merchant houses, whose names are re­ corded in this book, have been established well over a century-some date back to the .earliest days · of the East India Company. To those to whom the name recalls Kipling's unjust description of "A withered beldame brooding on her ancient fame", Madras tcxlay, with its busy harbour and crowded marts, comes as a complete surprise. The total value of the general imports to the Presidency of Madras in the year 1934-35-the latest for which particulars are available-was Rs. 17,35,12,513, nearly one-eighth of the total imports for all India. The total volume of Indian merchandise exported from the Presidency was Rs. 25,09,04,809, considerably more than one-seventh of the total exports of Indian merchandise from the whole of India. The total trade of the Port of Madras for the year ending March 31. 1936, was Rs. 29,02,17,000, representing 39% of the total trade of the Presidency for that year. 697 vessels entered the Port during the year, the total net tonnage being 2.441,739. There were 1,560 factories in the Presidency on December 31, 1935, employ­ ing 162,745 operatives, 22,577 of these were employed in the 124 factories in the city of Madras. In addition to those in registered factories, each employing over 20 ope­ ratives, there are innumerable small industrial establishments in the city where thousands more find work. · Cotton spinning and weaving mills in the city employ over 11,100 hands. · The Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway workshops at Perambore employ over 5,100 operatives. These figures show that industrially as well as commercially Madras possesses considerable importance. It is a growing city, and those connected with its commerce and industry are robustly optimistic about its future. The development of the Gov­ ernment's great hydro-electric schemes and the plans for an electric grid covering the Presidency are certain to increase its prosperity. Indeed some foresee a great industrial development in South India. The Madras Chamber of Commerce shares their optimism, and in the following pages justifies it by the story of past achievement and a description of present activities. The Chamber is proud of the record of the century, whose close it now celebrates, and believes that the years to come will not be less fruitful.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS• Part of the information contained in this Handbook has been extracted from "Abstract of Proceedings of the Madras Chamber of Commerce, 1836 to 1886" compiled by Sir Charles Lawson, who was Secretary to the Chamber for 30 years and who retired in 1892, and from subsequent yearly reports. Acknowledgement must also be made to ."The Asylum Press Almanack and Directory" for certain information regarding the early history of Madras, to certain members who have assisted with informa­ tion relating to the history and activities of their Firms, and to the staff of the Chamber for their willing help. A. A. HAYLES, COMPILER. muatratod Compooe4 and printed lor the Chamber of Commerce, Madra1, by The Madras Mall and The Aaaoclatod Prlntero, Brancheo ot The A'!"oclated Publlahero (Madras), Ltd. Madral. ..-----CONTENTS,----......

Page Foreword ••• 3 History of the Chamber 9

Commerce and Politics In India ••'! 24 A Historic City ... 29 The Madras Harbo,.r 36 Railways In South India : The Madras and Southam Mahratta Railway ... 41 The South Indian Railway ... 46 Telephone Developments •.• 50 Madras Electricity Supplies ..• 52

History of OJI In Madras ••• 53

Binny & Co., Ltd., Madras •.. 56 Parry & Co., Ltd., Madras •.. ... 61

Paqe Page Foreiqn Consuls ... 64 Classified Index of Members' Names and Products and Ser- Businesses 65 vices ... 69 List of Members of Advertisement Sec- Chamber ... 65 lion ...... 79 ILLUSTRATIONS

H. E. the Most Hon. Marquesa of Ltnllth1Jow, VIceroy of India FronUaploce H. E. Lord Eraklne, -Governor of Madias ... Facln11 tiUa pa11e Sir Thomas Alnscouqb, Trade Commissioner I Off!c:ens of the Chamber ... II Members of the Committee III & IV Past Chairmen of the Chamber... FaclniJ paqe 8 Wbers Madias merchants first foreqathetod -n .. 9 The present home of the Madias Chamber of Commerce .. .. 10 Bullocl: c:arl8 and concrete roads near the Har!:>our, Madias .. .. 11 A blrd's eya view of the commarclal district, Madras ...... 16 A typloal thorou11hfara In the commercial district, Bunder Street, Madras ••• .. .. 17 Egmore Hallway Station, Madras .. .. 28 SL Mary's Church, Fort SL Georqa .. .. 29 Mount Road, the city's main ·hlqbway .. .. 32 Customs House and Collector's Olflce, Madras .. .. 33 The West Quay, Madias Harbour • .. 36 A busy scene on the Weal Quay, Madias Harbour .. .. 37 The anclos!nq walla of the Madras Harbour .. .. 38 The Port Trust Olflcea, Madras ...... 39 The M. & S. M. Ry. admlnlatratlve offices, Madias .. .. 42 The Central Station, Madras and Southam Mabratta Railway, Madras .. .. 43 The Foundry at the Perarnbore Workshops, M. & S.M. Ry., Madras .. .. 44 Handlln11 looomoUvaa In the Parambora Workshops, Madias .. .. 45 The apaclous paint shop of the South Incllan Railway ...... 46 The boiler mounUniJ bay of the South Incllan Railway workshops ••• .. .. 47 FUUnq kerosene oU Una at Tondlarpet .. , - .u .. 54 A BOBne In the Kerosene Un factory, Tondlarpet .. .. 55 A qllmpse of tho weavlnq oectlon of the B. & C. Milia ...... 58 Drawln11 ooctlon In a Madias cotton mill ...... 59 Madrct1 operaUves tendtnq cotton rovlnq and IPinnlng machlnea ;.. .. 60 Tbomaa Parry .. .. 6! Parry'a BuUdln11a &om the air .. .. 62 East India DloUUerlea and Suqar Factories, Ltd.,, Nelllkuppam .. .. 63 . Fleahara at work In a Madras Tannery .. 64 Madraa Tannery Dye House ...... 65 Past Chairmen of the Chamber

J. W. Dare, Chairman, J. Gooldcn, Cnoirr m, 1~:SJ:2. 1837- 1838.

W. H. Crake, Chairman, A. F. Brown, Chairman, 1857, 1862, 1863. 1866, 1867, 1868, 1873. Photo by "The Madras Mail." Where Madras merchants first foregathered. The old Exchange Buildings, Fort St. George. Built about 1788 they are now occupied by the Office rs Mess of the Regiment quartered in Fort St. George. • HISTORY OF THE CHAMBER THE following notes on the activities of the Madras Chamber of Co=erce from its formation on the 29th September 1836 to its Centenary in 1936 will doubtless be found of interest. On the 29th September 1836 a meeting of the merchants of Madras was held at the office of Messrs. Binny & Co., in Armenian Street, Madras, and was largely attended. It was unanimously resolved:- " That an Association be formed in Madras under the "designation of the Madras Chamber of Co=erce." Mr. John Alves Arbuthnot was elected Chairman; and a Committee formed of Messrs. J, W. Dare, J, Line, J, Scott, J, Ouchterlony, D. Pugh and J, Barrow was appointed. Mr. W. H. Hart accepted the office of Honorary Secretary. Messrs. Binny & Co., at the same lime undertook the office of Treasurers, which they held till 1905. On the 6th December, 1836, correspondence was opened with the Bombay Chamber of Commerce, which had been established one week before the Madras Chamber. On the lOth May 1839 the proposed cooperation of the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce was gladly accepted by the Madras Chamber. On the 12th February 1856 the Chamber was informed of the establishment of the Madras Trades Association and it offered its best wishes for the success of the Association and assured it of the Chamber's cordial cooperation in all matters connected with the co=erdai interests of the Presidency. This body still continues to flourish and, since the advent of the Reforms in 1920 and the recent passing of the Government of India Act, the cooperation originally promised is more in evidence than ever. The Government of Madras was informed on the lith October 1836 of the establishment of the Madras Chamber and was asked to allow the Chambe' to correspond direct with the different public Departments and to permit the heads of those Departments to furnish information. The request was laid before His Excellency Sir Frederick Adam, K.C.B., and the following Order of Government was passed on the 25th October:- "The Right Honourable the Governor-in-Council anticipates much "public good from the proceedings of the institution and would have "felt additional satisfaction had he observed the names of some of 10 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

"the principal native merchants of the Presidency enrolled amonqst "its members. As the information which the Chamber of Commerce "may from time to time desire to obtain may probably be furnished "more readily and in a more satisfactory form from the records of the "Government Office, the Right Honourable the Govemor·in.COuncil, "adverting to the permission solicited to correspond direct with the "different public Departments, considers it preferable that the "information required by the Association should be supplied through "the medium of Government. The Right Honourable the Govemor­ "in.COuncil is not aware whether any particular privileqes have been "extended to the Chamber of Commerce at Calcutta, but If such "should be the case, he will be prepared to place the Association of "this Presidency on the same fooling." On the 31st October, 1836, the Chamber expressed its "qrat~1 "thanks to the Right Honourable the Governor·in.COuncil for the "countenance and support which he had intimated his intention of "extendlnq to the Institution" and, with reference to the first sentence of the above Order, the Chamber informed the Government on the 31st October, that "the only two Natives connected with the Trade of the Port who have "expressed their wish to become subscribers to the Chamber have "been enrolled amongst its Members, and that it is as open to any "Native as to any European Merchant to obtain admission to it at "any time by adoptinq the usual course prescribed for candidates "by the Rules and Requlations of the Chamber." To-day, 1936, the Chamber numbers amonq its members two Indian qenflemen. (Autre temps, autre noms ()

THE CHAMBER OFFICES At the time of the formation of the Chamber no permanent arranqements were made respecting a room for the meetings of the Chamber, but it was in contemplation in 1837 to take, and suitably furnish, a portion of the old Court House which was then underqoing thorough repair. In 1869 the Chamber entered Into possession of a room which had been specially built at No. 6 First Une Beach for its accommodation. This room was leased to . the Chamber from that date till 1920 and formed part of the old "Madras Mall" office. From 1921 to 1924 the offices were located for varyinq short periods in the premises of the Imperial Bank, Beach, the Imperial Bank, Mount Road, Messrs. Best & Co., Ltd., and Messrs. Parry & Co., Ltd., and In 1924 they were removed to their present premises on the First Floor of the Mercantile Bank Buildings. Photo by "The Madras Mail." A View of the Mercantile Bank Buildings where the Madras Chamber of Commerce is located. Photo by "The Madra:; Mail." Bullock carts and concrete roads. A portion of North Beach Road seen from the Harbour entrance. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 11

At the monthly General Meeting held on the 27th January 1920 it was unanimously resolved to convey to the Editor of "The Madras Mail" the appreciation and sincere thanks of the Committee and members for the very valuable assistance which he and his predecessors had rendered to the Chamber for no less than fifty years. During that lengthy period not only had the office of the Chamber been located in "The Madras Mail" building, but the duties of Secretary had been discharged by a member of "The Madras Mail" staff. THE CHAIRMANSHIP The office of Chairman was held during the hundred years under review by the following gentlemen :- Mr. John Alves Arbuthnot 1836 & 1837 Mr. John William Dare ..• 1837 & 1838 Mr. William Scott Binny .. ; 1838 & 1839 Mr. · John Line 1839 & 1840 Mr. James Scott 1840 to 1842 Mr. John Utley Ellis 1842 & 1843 Mr. J. Ouchterlony 1843 to 1845 Mr: James Thomson 1845 & 1846 Mr. John Binny Key ... 1846 & 1847 Mr. George Arbuthnot 1847 & 1848 Mr. J. Ouchterlony 1848 Mr. Henry Nelson .... 1849 Mr. William McTaggart · 1850 Mr. Wllliam Urquhart Arbuthnot .•. 1850 Mr. J. Ouchterlony 1851 Mr. Joseph Goolden 1852 Mr. J. Ouchterlony ... 1853 Mr. James Scott •• ; 1853 & 1854 Mr. Robert Orr Campbell· 1854 & 1855 · Mr. J. Ouchterlony 1856 Mr. John Binny Key ••• 1856 Mr.. Wllllam Hamilton Croke 1857 Mr. John Vans Agnew •.. ... 1858 Mr. Henry Nelson 1859 & 1860 Mr. Alfred John Byard •.• 1861 Mr. Wllllam Relrson Arbuthnot 1861 Mr. Robert Orr Campbell ... 1862 Mr. William Hamilton Croke 1862 & 1863 Mr. Alfred John Byard •.• 1864 12 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

Mr. Henry Tolputt ... 1864 & 1865 Mr. John Young ...... 1865 Mr. Alexander Forrester Brown ... 1866 to 1868 Mr. William Reirson Arbuthnot ... 1868 , Mr. Alfred John Byard ... 1869 Mr. John Charles Loch ... 1869 Mr. Patrick Madadyen ... 1870 & 1871 Mr. Robert Chlllinqworth Walker 1872 Mr. Alexander Forrester Brown 1873 Mr. Patrick Madadyen ...... 1874 Mr. Clement Simpson ... 1875 Mr. Patrick Madadyen ... 1876 & .1877 Mr. John Jones 1877 Mr. Alexander Mackenzie 1878 & 1879 Mr. Patrick Madadyen ... 1879 & 1880 Mr. Clement Simpson ... 1881 & 1882 Mr. James Charles Shaw 1883 & 1884 Mr. John Alexander Boyson 1885 Mr. Georqe Gough Arbuthnot 1886. Mr. S. R. Turnbull 1887 & 1888 Mr. D. Rasbotham 1888 Mr. J. A. Boyson 1889 & 1890 Mr. S. R. Turnbull 1891 & 1892 Mr. J. A. Boyson 1893 & 1894 Mr. G. G. Arbuthnot 1895 Mr. G. L. Chambers 1895 &.1896 Mr. G. G. Arbuthnot 1897 & 1898 Mr. S. R. Turnbull 1898 & 1899 Mr. C. E. P. Vans Agnew 1899 Mr. G. G. Arbuthnot 1900 Sir Georqe Arbuthnot 1901 Mr. A. J. Yorke 1901 & 1902 Mr. H. Scott 1903 Sir Georqe Arbuthnot 1903 & 1904 Mr. A. J. Yorke 1905 & 1906 Mr. V. G. Lynn 1906 to 1909 Mr. A. J, Yorke 1908 Mr. Hugh Fraser 1910 & 1911 Mr. A. D. Jackson 1912 to 1914 Mr. W. B. Hunter 1913 Sir Hugh Fraser ... 1914 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 13

Mr. Gordon Fraser 1915 to 1917 Sir Gordon Fraser 1918 & 1919 Mr. James Simpson 1920 & 1921 Sir James Simpson 1922 Mr. W •. Alexander 1922 Sir Gordon Fraser 1923 Mr. C. E. Wood 1923 Mr. T. M. Ross 1924 & 1925 Mr. C. E. Wood 1926 & 1927 Mr. K. Kay 1928. Mr. H. F. P. Hearson 1929 & 1930 Mr. F. Birley 1931 Mr. K. Kay 1932 Mr. F. Birley 1933 Mr. W. M. Browning 1934 Sir William Wright, O.B.E. 1935 Mr. F. Birley, M.L.C. 1936

THE SECRETARYSHIP Mr. W. H. Hart (referred to above) retained the office of· Honorary Secretary for three months and resiqned in December 1836. Mr. Arthur J. Macleane succeeded him and held office till he left for England in March 1841. The Chamber thereupon resolved :- "That the situation (sic) of the Secretary be abolished and that "hereafter the Chairman be requested to undertake the duties; that "the establishment of the Chamber be limited for the present to one "Writer and one Peon; and that the Newspapers and Prices Current "at present taken in by the Chamber be discontinued." The publications referred to were the Fort St. Georqe Gazette, the Madras Spectator, the Madras Prices Current, the Calcutta Courier, the Bengal Hurkaru and the Bombay Times. The subscription of members was at the same time reduced to a nominal sum. The Secretaryship remained vacant until December 1854 when Mr.· BenJamin Cardozo was appointed. On his resiqncluon in 1861 in consequence of a change in his tenure of a Government appointment Mr. Robert Wright Norfor was elected to succeed him. Mr. Norfor held office till November 1862 when he resiqned on being appointed Superintendent of Stamps. 14 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

TWENTY-FOUR YEARS SECRETARY On the 24th November 1862 Mr. Charles Allen Lawson was elected to succeed Mr. Norlor. At an Extraordinary Meeting of the Chamber on the 29th September 1886, "the Chairman, Mr. George G. Arbuthnot said that "he thought that, In connection with the completion of the fiftieth year "of the existence of the Chamber, Members should place on record "their high appreciation of the very valuable services rendered to "the Chamber by Mr. Lawson, who had filled the office of the "Secretary for twenty-four years. He was sure that all members of "the Chamber, and especially all office-bearers, would be in full "a=rd with himseU In the opinion that the Chamber had received "the greatest possible assistance from Mr. Lawson, who, indeed, "might be regarded as the right hand of the Chamber, and to whom, "in a qreat measure, the Chamber was indebted for the success and "influence which it had attained. He therefore begged to propose :-

" 'That on this, the fiftieth anniversary of ll~ foundation, " 'the Chamber desires to put on record its },igh appreciation " 'of the very valuable services rendered to it by its Secretary, " 'Mr. Lawson, who has now held that office for twenty-lour "'years.' 'The proposition was carried unanimously.'"

On the 30th June, 1887, Mr. Lawson presented to Her MaJesty Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, the Madras Presidential Address of Congratulation on the completion of the Jubilee year of her reiqn. Her MaJesty was pleased to confer upon him the honour of Knighthood.

In November 1892 while on leave In England, Sir Charles resigned the office of Secretary which he had then held for 30 years, and the following gentlemen have held the ollice for varylnq periods since :-

Mr. A. E. Lawson, C.I.E .... 1892-1917 Mr. T. E. Welby •.• 1918 Mr. W ..D. St. l.eger 1919 Mr. 0. Kershaw 1920 Mr. H. E. H. Sladen 1921-1923 Mr. H. Waddington 1924-1931 Mr. G. Gompertz ...... 193lto date. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 15

THE CHAMBER'S JUBILEE At an Extraordinary Meeting held on the 29th September 1886, It was resolved that :- "a day, to be fixed upon hereafter, be observed as a general "Commercial Holiday, In honour of the ftfl!eth anniversary of -the "foundation of the Chamber, and also that a dinner be given at the "Club." The Banks and Mercantile Offices In Madras were accordingly closed on Saturday the 18th December, and In the evening a banquet was given at the Club, under the presidency of Mr. George G. Arbuthnot, Chairman of the Chamber, a nephew of the first Chairman, the late Mr. John Alves Arbuthnot. Invitations were In due course Issued to Heads of Departments and to other gentlemen who had had official relations with the Chamber. The Members and the thirty-six officials, and the forty private guests of the Chamber were welcomed by the Chairman In the upper hall of the Club, and, on the approach of the Governor, the Right Hon'ble Robert Burke, (subsequently Lord Connemara, G.C.I.E.) the Chairman, descended the large staircase to receive Hts Excellency and to conduct him to the Dining Room. The company having taken their allotted seats, the Bishop of Madras said grace, and dinner was served. A programme of music was performed by the Governor's Band during the repast. As soon as dessert was served the Chairman rose, and Invite~ the company to drink to the health of Her Majesty the Queen­ Empress. The toast was received most loyally. The Chairman then proposed "Prosperity to the Chamber of Commerce" a toast to which the utmost justice was done. The Vice-Chairman, Mr. Boyson, proposed "the Government of Madras" to which His Excellency the Governor responded. Mr. Fortune proposed "The Guests" to which His Excellency Lieutenant-Genera! Sir _Charles Arbuthnot, K.C.B., replied; and the Chairman proposed "The Secretary" which Mr. Lawson acknowledged. The toasts were received in the most cordial manner. POSTAL COMMUNICATION WITH EUROPE In these days of a bi-weekly Air Mail to the United Kingdom one Is apt to forget the difficulties experienced by earlier generations In obtalnlng safe and regular communication with Europe, and the earlier records 9f the Chamber are full of accounts of the efforts made to secure direct steam intercourse between Madras and Europe every month, which, with an intermediate service via Bombay, formed a bi-monthly postal service. In 1837 letters were often brought to Madras by Ships' Captains and a charge of annas 4 per letter and a proportionately higher charge on larger packets 16 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK was levied on them by the Post Office, and, In addresslnq the "Post Office Committee 1n Calcutta" on the subJect, the Chamber drew attention to the !neqularlty In the delivery of such letters-"some Commanders havinq "kept their packets on board for several days after their anival, "and others carrylnq them on to Calcutta without dellverlnq them "at all"l A· new Post Office Act In 1838 was welcomed by the Chamber whose recommendations that "ship letters" should be charqed As. 2 Instead of As. 4 were Incorporated In it. A Lieutenant Waghorn, R.N., stationed at Aiexandr!a In 1841 and at Aden In 1845, was thanked by the Chamber In the former year for his ''Indefatigable exertions In the transmission of letters forwarded "through your agency" and In 1846, the Chamber remitted a sum of £100 as a contribution to a Testimonial raised In London on his behalf. Individual members of the Chamber subscribed a further sum of Rs. 550. In 1854 another new Post Office Act came Into force under which "letters were transmitted from one end of India to the other at the "uniform rate of hall an anna If not exceed!nq quarter tolah In "weight, one anna for hall a Ielah, two annas for one Ielah" and so on. In 1867 the Chamber drew attention to the delays In the transmission of malls· between Madras and Bombay, the time for which had Increased from about 4V2 days to even 6 days. With a ra!lway to carry the malls "a qreat part of the distance" It was considered that the Postal authorities did not avail themselves as fully as they ought of the facilities at their command. The falllnq off In time was acknowledged by the P. M. G. and attributed to the dearness and scarcity of fodder In the portion of the Mysore territory through which the Mail road ran; and the evil was partly remedied by rals!nq the allowances to ~ors!Hlwners. The Chamber also called attention to the verY" unsatisfactory state of postal communication with the Northern Ports of the Pl:esldency. The Director-General admitted the Justice of the complaint but denied that It was the fault of the Post Office. Thouqh horses and mall carts had been sanctioned, the condition of the road precluded their use I In 1868 the Chamber memorialised the .House of Commons on the "determination of the Postmaster-General of England to raise the "Overland postal rates to India'', but as the petition was printed Instead of being In manuscript, the M.P. to whom It was forwarded was not able to present It to the House : and though the subJect was subsequently discussed In Parliament, the actlon of the Postmaster-General was confirmed. In 1879 the Chamber supported a representation made by the Bombay Chamber to the Director-General of the Post Office In India regardlnq the Photo by "The Madras Mail." A Bird's-eye View of the commercial district of Madras. Photo by "The Madras Mail." Much business is done in Bunder Street, Madras, a typical thoroughfare in the commercial district. MADSAS CHAMilER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 17

anomalies existing In the rates of postage chargeable In India upon leHers and newspapers addressed via Brindisi to the United Kingdom, compared with the rates charged on leHers etc. addressed via Brindisi to the Continent of Europe and America. The Director-General in reply offered an explanation of the alleged necessity for the higher scale of charge, It is Interesting to note that today-fifty-seven years later-the rate of postage on an Air Mail letter from Madras to the U.K. is annas 71-2 against · the 6d. charged on letters from the U.K. to Madras, and that similar explanations continue to be offered for the "alleged necessity for the higher scale of charge", In 1886 the Government of India appointed a committee to examine Imperial and Provincial finance In all Departments. Invited to give Information to the Committee the Chamber expressed its sympathy with the public disapproval of the annual retirement of the Madras Government from the plains for half the year and urged !he CommiHee to view the question from the standpoints of the taxpayer and the impartial economist. It also deplored the excessive expenditure upon printing and stationery, and considered that it would be an advantage if Government urged upon its officers the value of conciseness In their communications. The need is no less great tcxlay, when the volume of reports pouring from Government departments and presses ·Is stupendous. It is of interest to note that In 1886, too, the Chamber urged that the appointment of President (now Commissioner) of the Madras Municipality should be held by a man of special eXjlerience and aptitude; who has no promotion, apart from the municipality, to look forward to; and whose ambition It would be to serve !he town thoroughly well. Tcxlay, fifty years later, the Chamber is no less of opinion that the ·chief executive officer, the Commissioner, should have these qualifications, and this singleness of purpose. The experience of the past fifty years justifies !he conclusion the Chamber then reached. It Is interesting to recall, too, that the Chamber In 1886 expressed the view "that the rigid division of the Civil Service into two sections, the one covenanted and favoured, and the other uncovenanted and unfavoured, Is shortsighted and uneconomical, and that until it gives way to a· deteffi!ination to utilise and appropriately reward special talent wheresoever It may be found, the Government will never be thoroughly well served." ·There have been many changes since, but the Government of India Act 1935, with its provisions for the Increasing provinciallsatlon of the Services, may be said to fulfil In great part thE~ wishes the Chamber then expressed, lB MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

INCOME-TAX REIMPOSED In the· same year the Income-tax was reimposed and the Chamber protested vigorously against the exemption of incomes from agriculture from 1axation. "There is nothing in the nal\.ir& of a livelihood derived from land to Justify exemption from taxation upon income," said the Chamber, while adhering to its opinion that the Income-tax was a good tax provided it could be equitably levied on all classes. So strongly did the Chamber feel on this subJect that it adopted the then unusual course of telegraphini;J a precis of its protest to the Calcutia Press, the Government of India not having allowed the Chamber enough time to submit its oblecllons before the Viceregal Legislative Council met to conclude its discussion. In March 1886 the Bill to provide Trustees for the Harbour of Madras was passed. In June the Chamber was asked to elect its representatives to the Trust, but owing to a disagreemant with the Government on the quantity of representation given to the Chamber, the Chamber declined to nominata representatives and remained unrepresented until the following year when, the differences having been settled, the Chamber elected lour of its members to the Trust. The close association between the Chamber and the port administration then begun has sinoa continued to the mutual benellt of the Chamber and of the Port. Of late years the Chamber's members have taken an increasing part in the politics of India in general and of the Madras Presidency in particular. This interest is, however, of no recent birth for we find that in 1887 the Chamber in a letter to the Government of India, pointing out that existlnq financial methods failed to meet popular objecllon, again invited that Government "to consider the advlsabll!ty of enlarging the Provincial Councils, and of conceding to them, under such limitation as might be necessary lor the honour and security of the Empire, the privilege of d!Bcussinq Provincial budqets." Though a commonplace now, such discussion was then undreamt of by Government, and in requirinq it the Chamber showed itsalf to be proqressive in politics as in other spheres .

. STANDARDISATION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES The standardisation of weiqhts, still a vexed question, came before the Chamber in May 1888 and it expressed the opinion that "as far as the Madras Presidency was concerned, the adoption of the pound avoirdupois as the unit of welqht would be very convenient, for it has lonq been recognised In local mercantile transactions, and there would be some consistency In lntroductnq the Enqlish unit of weight with the Enqlish unit of lenqth; but MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 19

H the English unit of weight would not be acceptable in the other Presidencies, then the Chamber would be in favour of a uniform Standard of Weights .based on the Railw{zy scale, or with the tolah as the starting point." J!,n entry in the Chamber's report for 1902 reminds us that In 1871 a Bill was passed by the Supreme legislative Council in India· by which the kllogramme was adopted as the unit of weight for India, which Act still remains on the Statute Book and could be enforced at once If the Government thought fit. On the 21st October, 1902, the Government of India Issued an Order stating that the matter had been fully discussed by them in the previous year when It was decided "that it was not advisable to take any action In the matter at present." In 1912 the subject was again mooted by the United Planters' Association, but the Chamber's reply showed that It had not changed its views. This is interesting as a comment on the recently revived agitation for standard weights and measures for the whole of India. To-day, In 1936, we are no nearer standardisation than when this note was penned. In February 1890, the Chamber, commenting on the report of the Select Committee on the Bill to consolidate, amend, and add to the law relating to railways In Jndia, contended that "It was unnecessary and Impolitic to Introduce the Risk Note system, which reduced the liability of a railway administration to a risk of purely nominal character as against the public, and offered the temptation for the Imposition of unnecessarily high rates as the full rate, thereby forcing the public to adopt the reduced rate, which practically freed the administration from liability." The Chamber subrnitfed that It was opposed to public policy to relieve public carriers from the customary responsibility and penalties of the business of carriers. The Government of India did not, however, accept the Chamber's contentions and the Bill was passed without th9 amendment desired. GOLD COINAGE In 1899, the Chamber addressed a letter to the Chief -Justice of Madras calling attention to the great inconvenience caused to speicial jurors owing to the Special Jury list being Incorrect and Incomplete, and requesting that It be revised and extended. In reply, His Lordship stated that he had given orders for the revision of the list whereby the number of special jurors would be doubled. This question of jurors Is one constantly before the Chamber, and has this year, 1936, again become the subject of representation to the Chief Justice. It Is Interesting to recall In these days when gold coins are rare and their use as currency almost unknown that in 1900 a suggestion was made to the Secretary of State to coin small gold coins of three or five rupees, which 20 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK would circulate as ·1eqal tender In India only. Asked for Its opinion, the Chamber informed the Government of India that it saw no obJecl!on to the experiment being tried but it doubted whether It would meet with a qreat success. The year 1905 saw the enactment of the measure converting the Madras Harbour Trust Into the Madras Port Trust, and a notable Improvement In the attitude of the Government of Madras towards the Port. The Chamber commented on this and thanked the Government for the consideration shown to commercial Interests. I~ 1908 the Chamber was represented at an !mportanf conference called by the Government of Madras to "consider the dlrect!ons In which the Industrial development and technical education of the Madras Presidency might best be promoted. The Chamber's attitude was that the Government should not embark on a manufacturing scale In undertakings where commercial men hesitated to venture their own capital, and suggested that Government's attention should be confined chiefly to Industries where there were grounds for believing they would prove successful as cottage Industries. The Chamber also advocated greater attention to technical and Industrial education. As a result of this conference, the present Department of Industries, In charge of a Dlrecior, was formed.

RAJL WAY DEVELOPMENT The years 1914-1919 saw the Chamber preoccupied with war conditions and the problems they raised. Throughout the relations between the Chamber and the authorities were harmonious, and the assistance the Chamber was able directly and Indirectly through Its Individual members to render was appreciated and suitably recognised. The year 1920 brought the expected post-war troubles. The collapse of prices brought In Its train a host of repudiated contracts, labour unrest, and decline In demand for the main produce of the Presidency. One of the most perplexing problems arose from the remarkable fluctuations In exchange from 2s. 10d. In February to ls. Sd. a few months later. This year also saw the publication of the Maston Award which Imposed a heavy burden on the Madras Presidency In the shape of an annual contribution of Rs. 3,48,00,000 to the Central Revenues. The Chamber took a leading part In the Presidency-wide protest against the Award. In 1921 commerce In the Presidency was disturbed by the non­ cooperation movement, and the Chamber found It necessary to make representations to the Government asking for protection against Interference for those engaged In legitimate trading. The Government's response was satisfactory, The Chamber devoted considerable time to answering a MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 21

questionnaire Issued by the Indian Railway Committee, and In view of the coming constitution of a new Central Railway Authority It Is Interesting to recall that the Chamber was then of opinion that the system of control by a Railway Board was satisfactory, but considered that the then Board might be strengthened and enlarged. The Chamber advocated the Inclusion of a permanent member on the Railway Board, with special experience of South India and Its needs. Railways continued to occupy the attention of the Chamber In 1922, and the publloallon of the Acworth Committee's report gave the Chamber an opportunity to reiterate Its views In favour of company as against State management. The publloallon of the reports by Mr. John Izat, a railway expert commissioned by the Railway Board to report on railway Investigations In Southern India and the Coch!n Harbour gave the Chamber an opportunity to press for a comprehensive scheme of railway development In South India. A Blll to provide for the prevention of deferred rebates and for the prevention of rate wars and resort to retaliatory or discriminating practices was referred to the Chamber by the Government of India In 1923. Among other things the Chamber expressed the opinion that competition In rates Is a fair business proposition and that nothing should be attempted In the direction of fixing a minimum or a maximum rate. It was prepared to aqree to the penallsallon of unJust discrimination against any shipper, but maintained the rights of shipping companies In regard to forward contracts and special rates based on the volume of freight carried. The Chamber also expressed the opinion that a permanent Imperial Shipping Board In London "is very desirable for the purpose of conciliation and arbitration. and to mediate between the dUferent Interests concerned." In 1925 the Chamber sponsored a resolution passed by the Assoclaied Chambers In which qrave concern was expressed at the lack of progress In the proJect for the construction of the harbour at Vizagapatam and the Inter-dependent railway communication to Ralpur.. The n9solution urqed that the Government should have the work of construction commenced without further delay, In M~ It was announced that the work had been sanctioned by the Secretary of State, and In September the l.eqislative Assembly voted Rs. 90,47,000 to defray the capital outlay on the port during that f!ncinclal year. India's present preoccupation with the problems raised by the development of motor transport and Its effect on railway receipts recalls an entry In the Chamber's report for the year 1925, when the Chamber expressed ·1ts readiness to support any combined organised protest against the manner In which Imperial, Provincial, and Municipal departments sei~ed every opportunity for adding to "the already almost Intolerable burden borne by the motor Industry." 22 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

POUTICAL ACTIVITIES From 1925 onwards the Chamber has been Increasingly consulted on all legislation affecting trade and Industry, whether Introduced In the Central or Provincial legislature. Its records contain many Important minutes on such Important subJects as the administration of the Income-tax laws, the Incidence of Income-tax, tariff revision, the Factory Act, and the Rules made thereunder, competition of Government industries, particularly Jail Industries using convict labour, with private enterprise, a subJect of growing Importance In India, and the preservation of law and order In times of publ!c tumult or when Party agitation results In disturbances. Of recent years the members of the Chamber, through their subscriptions to a Polltical Representation Fund have played a larger part In Indian polltics. Some of Its members have filled seats In the Central and Local legislatures, and In the Madras City Council. The full story of these activities Is told In another place In this brochure: they are mentioned here to emphasise the many-sided character of the Chamber's activities, and to show that while specially concerned with the Interests of Its members, the Chamber Is not lndUlerent to the larger Interests of the dty, the Province, and the country. The Chamber feels that with the changing constitutional conditions, with the development of the trade and Industry of South India, It has an even bigger part to play In the future than In the past, and, conscious of Its responsibilities, It looks ahead with confidence, determined that as far as Is humanly possible, It shall serve all as faithfully and as well In the coming years as It has done In the Century now closed.

MADRAS COMMERCIAL HOLIDAYS By virtue of an order of Government dated 14th February, 1853, certain holldays, on being fixed by the Chamber and advertised as such In the Gazette, ~ere, In addition to Her MaJesty's birthday, Christmas Day and New Years Day, observed as complete hol!days at the Custom House. In the absence of an enactment, the legallty of these holldays was open to question and In the case of charter-parties and the presentation of Bills of Exchange, It was feared that serious difficulties might arise with parties who declined to be bound by holldays which could not legally be enforced. The Chamber suggested, therefore, that Government should pass an Act similar to the Bank Holiday Act In England for declaring such hol!days as might be agreed upon In consultation with the mercantile community to be legal mercantile holldays. The Madras Government, In spite of Instances submitted by the Chamber of disputes which had arisen In consequence of there being MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 23

no statutory arran9ement lor the observance of certain days as holidays, saw no reason lor special legislation and it was not till 1887 that they complied with the Chamber's request and notified in the Gazette, as Public Holidays. under. the Ne9otiable Instruments Act, those commercial holidays which had been fixed by the Chamber lor the current year. . The procedure to-day is that the Chamber consults an Astrologer who prepares a list of holidays_ in accordance with the Hindu, Mahomedan and Christian calendars. This list is submitted to the Imperial Bank of India, Madras, and if they approve, it is then submitted to Government who usually approve and announce the holidays accordin9ly.

AMALGAMATION . OF THE PRESIDENCY BANKS

The records of the Chamber contain the followin9 in connection with this matter :- "1867. Some excitement was caused by a proposal that "emanated from the Bank of Ben9al to amal9amate with the Banks "of Bombay and Madras. Althou9h, as a body, the Chamber could "not dispose of the question, It deemed it desirable to express Its "v!"ws upon It as one intimately connected with the interests of trade "and commerce in this Presidency; and more especially as the Ben9al "Chamber had addressed the Government of India In support of the "scheme. The Madras Chamber therefore informed the Government "of India that it could not concur in the views of the Ben9al Chamber, ~·and that, in Its opinion, one Bank, formed upon the amal9amation of "the three Presidency Banks, could not so efficiently accomplish the "obJects lor which those Banks were established as an independent "Bank In each Presidency, with its several branches under Its own "immediate control. At a meetin9 of the shareholders of the Bank of "Madras the proposals of the Bank of Ben9al were unanimously "reJected." In 1920 while the preliminaries were bein9 settled In connection with the formation of the present Imperial Bank of India, the then Chairman of the Chamber, Mr. J. F. Oater Sir James) Simpson, satd, inter alia, at the Annual General Meetin9 :- "I think I mtqht say that the Chamber will welcome the Imperial "Bank as a qreat step in the development of Bankinq in India." The Imperial Bank was constituted in 1921 and amal9amated the three Presidency Banks. COMMERCE AND POLITICS IN INDIA

The history of the Madras Chamber of Commerce illustrates the Increasing burden placed upon commercial organisations in India as a result of constitutional reform, In connection with both legislation and administration. This has been especially noticeable in recent years, when constitutional reform was being discussed and shaped. Chambers of Commerce and industrial and planting organisations, bore an exceptionally heavy burden in connection with the preparation of evidence for the Simon Commission, the F ranch! sa and Delimitation Commissions, the Round Table Conlerence, the Joint Select Committee, and Parliament during the debates on the Government of India Act (1935). Then there is the responsibility Involved In representation In the Legis­ latures. In earlier days the mercantile community was represented In the Imperial Legislature by nomination, and it was not until 1909 (the Morley· Minto Reforms) that commercial and special Interests such as jute and tea planting, were given specific representation In the Indian Legislatures. In the Central Legislature, two members were chosen by the Chambers of Commerce · throughout India. In the Madras Legislature one representative was elected by the Madras Chamber of Commerce and one by the five mofussil Chambers affiliated to the Madras Chamber, i.e., Cocanada, Calicut, Cochin, Coimbatore and Tuticorin. The Government of India Act (1919), the result of the Montague-Chelmsford Report, further increased the representation of special interests, and in Madras gave two seats to the Madras Chamber of Commerce, one seat to the Trades Association, and one seat to the United Planters Association of Southern India. Communal electorates were continued for Moslems, and were extended to Europeans, Anglo-Indians, and Indian Christians by this Act. In Madras, one seat was allotted to the European community. In the Imperial Legislature 3 seats were allotted in the Council of State to the European Chambers of Commerce of Burma, Bombay and Bengal. In the Lower House, i.e., the Legislative Assembly, 9 seats were given to the European community as such. there being three lor Bengal, two for Bombay (Including Sind), one for Madras, one for the United Provinces, one lor Burma and one for Assam. SubsequentlY a nominated seal was allotted to the Associated Chambers of Commerce of India. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOIC 25 The Government of India Act 1935 still further extend$ the representation of special interests and of the European co=unity. In the new Federal Legislature there will be no less than 21 seats for European interests, 7 in the Upper House and 14 in the Lower House. The seven Europeans in the Upper House will be elected by an electoral college consisting of the representatives of the European co=unity in the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. Thera will be no representatives of special interests in the Federal Council of State. The European community as such, will be represented, and Madras will have one European representative. In the Lower House (Federal Assembly) there will be 8 members representing European constituencies, and 6 representing European special interests (Chambers of Commerce, Trades Association, ate.). Madras will have two seats in this House, one for the European General Constituency, and one for a constituency consisting of the Madras Chamber of Commerce, the Madras Trades Association and the United Planters Associ­ ation of Southern India.

FUJ..L-TIME REPRESENTATNES Increased representation is also given to the European community in the Provincial Legislatures throughout India. In Madras, there will be one seat in the Upper House (Legislative Council) and three in the Lower House (Legis­ lative Assembly), for the European General Constituency. There will be three ,seats for a European Commerce Constituency consisting of the Madras Chamber of Commerce and the Madras Trades Association, and one seat for the United Planters Association of Southern India. At present Madras Europeans have to find 6 legislators for the Provincial and Central Legislatures: In the future they will have to find 10. With the establishment of representative institutions and self-government in the Provinces, the Legislatures assume a most important role in the scope of their powers and the extent of their responsibility. An important consider· allen is that with the inauguration of Provincial Autonomy on 1st April, 1937, the European non-official representatives in the Provincial Legislatures will be the only European members of those bodies, owing to the abolition of the "official bloc." The same development will take place in the Federal Legis· lature on the commencement of Federation. In view of these developments, the question of political organisation has Increasingly exercised the minds of the leaders of the European community throughout India. In making provision for these growing reaponslbllltles, Madras was the pioneer Province. Soon alter the War, discussions were held between the Madras Chamber of Commerce, the Madras Trades Association, tha United Planters' Association of Southern India, and the European Asso- 26 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK dation. Even then, It was evident that co=erclal, trading and piantmg organisations had to give more and more attention to political matters, and that step was necessary to relieve these organisations of much ol this work. In 1923, the Chairman o( the United Planters Association of Southern India urged the transfer of the headquarters of that body to Madras, and made the tentative proposal either that the Secretary of that Association should be the political secretary of the European co=unity, or, if the support of the other bodies were obtained, that a separate political secretary should be appointed Further discussions were held In 1927, and In 1928 UPASI definitely decided to engage a full-time representative of the Planting co=unity In the Madras Legislative Council, who should also be the general European Political Secretary for the Presidency of Madras. Mr. F. E. James undertook these duties on the lsi January 1929. For two yecris the UPASI carried the responsibility for Mr. James's appointment, though they were assisted by contributions from commercial and trading organisations and the European Association In Madras. Subsequently, owing to the depression, UPASI were obliged to reduce their commitments, and Invited the other commercial and trading organisations In the Presidency to assist in a combined scheme. The Madras Chamber of Commerce then took up the initiative, and consulted Its members, mofussil Chambers of Commerce, and other organisations, with definite proposals for the more equitable distribution of the financial burden of political organisation in the Presidency. The new scheme involved the formation of a body called the "South Indian Planting and Commercial Representation Fund." This is controlled by a ·Cominlttee, consisting of the Chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce (ex-officio Chairman of the "Fund"), the Chairman of the Madras Trades Asso­ ciation, the Chairman of the Madras Branch of the European Association, the Chairman of the UPASI, and one representative elected by the mofussil Chambers of Commerce throughout the Presidency. All funds subscribed. for political organisation were to be paid into this Fund, which was to be administered by the Committee. The purpose of the Fund was the establish­ ment of a Political Secretariat for the European community in South Indiu, which would be able to undertake the political work of the constituent bodies of the Fund, and coordinate all the political activities of the community. The scheme was agreed to In 1931 and on October 1st of that year, Mr . James 's services were transferred to the Fund, a budget was drawn up, and the contributions of the various organisations were paid into the Fund. As far as the Madras Chamber of Commerce is concerned it mbe d , s me rs agree to a basis of subscription which depends upon the numbe 1 E d r o uropeans employe by each firm. Such subscriptions as were mad b th Chamber were passed on to the S.I.P. & C.R. Fun~. Y e members of the MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERcE HANDBOOK 27

COMPLETING THE CYCLE In 1932, ~ the request mainly of the plantinq interests in South India., Mr. James res1911ed his seat as Plantinq Member of the Madras legislative Council, and was elected to the Indian legislative Assembly. In addition to representinq Madras Europeans in the Central legislature, Mr. James was ele~ed as Whip o£ the European Group in the Central l.eqislature. The Madras Chamber of Commerce, believinq that permanent representation in the Centre was of qreat importance, and that Mr. James's work as Whip was of beaeflt qenerally to the European community throuqhout India, urqed upon the Associated Chambers of Commerce the necessity of establ!shinq a Central Political Fund on the lines of the South Indian Fund, which would have as its obJect the establishment of a central Political Secretariat in Delhi/Simla and the maintenance of a certain number of permane~t stipendiary representatives In the Central legislature. The Madras Chamber of Commerce also pointed out ·that it was necessary, if Mr. James were to remain in the l.eqislative Assembly, for· CIIi assistant to him to be appointed, who would be available to the Madras interests durinq Mr. James's absence in Delhi or Simla. On October lst, 1934, the Central Representation Fund wcis inauqurated; to which contributions were paid by the Provinces and J:ii certain All-India commercial and industrial interests. As from thai date Mr: James's contract wcis transferred to that orqcinlscition, the contribution to which on the_ part of the South Indian "Fund" was conditional on Mr. James continuinq to oc:Cupy the Madras European seat in the Assembly. · In December 1934, Mr. G. E. Walker, Barrister-at Law, was enqaqed as Assistant to Mr. James, and is. now permanently stationed in Madras. He is the Secretary and Treasurer of the Madras Fund. The Madras Political Secretariat is responsible for the orqanisation of the South Indian Branch of the European Association, the Secretaryship of the European Groups In the Madras legislative Council and the Madras Corporation, the representation of the Madras European community In the Central Leqlslature, and qeneral political work for the bodies represented on its Committee. The existence of this orqanlsation relieves the Madras Chamber of Commerce of much of the political work which hitherto enqaqed Its attention, and enables It to confine Its activities more especially to com­ mercial and Industrial matters. Thus the purely political work of the vartous . orqanlsations, lncludinq the Madras Chamber of Commerce, Is now carried on by a political secretariat, which keeps in the closest touch with the committees of the bodies which support the Fund. The Secretariat Is also available not only to Europeans In the Madras PresidencY but at'!O to Europeans 28 . MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOIC

In Coorq, Travancore, Mysore and Cochin. Arnmqements have been made for close collaboration betWeen the members of the European Group In the Centrall..eqtslature and the Madras l..eqtslative Council. and the European c;r Plantinq representatives In the Legislatures of Coor<.l and the South Indian States. ·This liaison work is lncreaslnq In volume and importance, with the approach of Federation, and the tendency of the Indian States to follow much of the legislation of British India. Hence the cycle is complete. In the early days the Chamber of Commerce had, perforce, to concern itself with political matters, beinq one of the few orqanised bodies of Europeans In the country. With the assumption of the qovemance of India by the Crown, a purely British administration was established, to which the Chambers of Commerce had to make represen­ tations In matters of policy. Then came the policy of !ncreasinq the association of Indians with the administration, and the European community were asked to take a share In the work of the new l..eqtslatures which were set up. As this policy extended, this share has qradually increased, until now, with the transfer of power to Indian hands, the community has been faced with the necessity of settinq up its own political orqantsation. The necessity has been met by the measures which have been described. The steps taken In Madras durinq the past eiqht years have been larqely followed In Bombay, Benqal and Burma, where similar orqantsations have been established. By courtesy of the South Indian Railway Where the Road South begins. Egmore Railway Station, Madras. Photo by "The Madras Mail." Where Clive was married. St. Mary's Church, Fort St. George, Madras, the oldest Anglican Church in India. A HISTORIC CITY THE GROWTH AND ADMINISTRATION THE City of Madras Is In lat. 13·9 N., Long. 80·16 E. The area Included within the Municipal boundary limits Is some twenty-seven square miles; the extreme length of the city from north to south Is about nine miles, the greatest breadth at any one point about four miles. The city presents In the foreground a magnificent line of noble edifices on a level sandy shore made pleasing to the eye by green clumps of trees at intervals. .The placid blue sea breaks In surf along the line, and the whole scene Is dominated by the flag which floats In the tropical air from the flagstaff of Fort St. George. In the distant background are seen some low hills, the buildings on which may be visible even to the naked eye on a clear day. The general pleasing aspect of the city from the sea has been the same during nearly three centuries, since the old Fort of Cogan and Day was built. · " It Is, without exception, the prettiest place I ever saw," wrote Mrs. Kindersley, a young and ·.adventurous lady, who travelled alone to India to meet her husband In 1765. The City of Madras was first a fisherman settlement at the mouth of the River Cooum called Madraspatam. South of It ·was San Thome, the Portuguese trading settlement.· The English merchants · at Masulipatam, finding It Inconvenient, wished to have a more suitable place favourable for their trade. Sir Francis Day, therefore, was sent In quest· of one. He ianded at Madraspatam, and decided to found a settlement near the Cooum. When Francis Day came to. this place on his mission to find .a site for a new settlement, he found the territory aroUnd It cut Into ·three big pieces by the two rivers, the Cooum and the Cochrane Canal, which then were called the Tr!plicane River and the North of Elambore River. The Tr!plicane River ran through the Villages of ChetPut, Nungambaukam i:md Tr!plicane. The North River flowed parallel to and about a mile distant from the coast. At the site of the present General Hospital, It turned to the east and when near the sea, turned southwards again for about three-quarters of a mile and met the Trlplicane River at Its outlet. At the first bend near the General Hospital It was connected with the Trlplicane River by a canal, on the north bank of which Is the present Penitentiary. There was besides a small stream whose course was along Popham's Broadway, across the present Esplanade to near the second bend of the North River. Day selected the strip of land between the sea and the North River, with the Cooum on the south and the 30 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK village of Madraspatam very close to II on the north. On this strip the~ existed, !I is believed, a village known as Ch!nakupam. Even before Days settlement there existed two villages called Ch!nakupam (or Ch!napataml and Madraspatam (or Madras). Ch!nakupam must have been a small hamlet of fishermen mostly. On the slle of this hamlet Cogan and Day's Fort St. George was built, the name Chennapalam (the Urban form of Ch!nna!kupaml being given to the native town which qrew around II in deference to the wishes of the local Na!ck. The name Madraspalam persisted in use. As the village which went by thai name continued to exist, the native population showed a preference to the name Chennapatam wh!le the English preferred the name Madraspatam (or Madras) for the combined towns of Chennapalam and Madraspatam.

IN THE FORT The buildings of historical interest in the present Fort St. George are St. Mary's Church, the Secretarial Office and the Counc!l Room, the Office of the Accountant-General and the Government Treasury and Officers' Mess. The oldest structure in the Fort is St. Mary's Church. The foundation of the Church was laid on Easter Monday, the 1st of April, 1678. The construction took place in Ociober, 1680. The credit of establishing a Church in the Fort for the Company's officers and the oldest Protestant place of worship in Indi::t Is due entirely to Sir Streynsham Master who raised subscriptions for II. Clive's marriage look place here. Its steeple was built in the last decade of the 17th century. During the siege of Madras (1758-59) It was damaged, and rebuilt In 1795. Among the articles of Interest there are old reqlsters. an alms-dish presented by Elihu Yale, and Streynsham Master's Bible printed In 1660, which was presented by Mr. C. G. Master of the Civil Service. The sanctuary contains a large altar place, a copy of Raphael's Painting of the Last Supper. It contains the grave of Governor Nicholas Morse, a great grea! grandson of Oliver Cromwell; of Lord Plgot who defended the Fori against Lally in 1759 and was afterwards arrested and Imprisoned ):)y his own Council; of the famous Missionary diplomat Swartz· of Sir Thomas Munro. the people's Collector of the Ceded Districts and aiterwards Governor of Ma~as, and of many other outstanding figures of Madras history. Lord Plgot s was the first Intramural burial in this church. The new Council Chamber was built quite recently. The Secretarial buildings contain the old Counc!l Room. The middle portion of the Secretarial building has an interesting history. In the Fort of Cogan and Day there vias In the centre a turretted structure known as the Fort House. It was built In 1643 and used as the Agent's residence and Consultation or Council Room· MADRAS CHAMBm OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 31

Being very defective and unfit for use it was demolished, and a new one built in 1694-95. Its sides were parallel to the curtain of the inner fort but somewhat nearer to the eastern face of it. Loclcpear, who was in Madras in 1702, says, "The Consultation Room was curiously adorned with firearms In several figures imitating those in -the armoury of the Tower of London,'' a strange but significant contrast to the present Council Room. " It was a three-storied building. The Consultation Room and the Governor's quarters were on the second floor, the Fort Hall which accommodated the ' General Table' was on the first floor and the ground floor was used for officers." This Fort House, It is believed, exists still as the middle portion of the Secretariat building, the wings of which were added only in- 1825. The present Accountant-General's Office was the Admiralty House of old days. It served as the Town Residence of the Governor. The Court of Admiralty was held in it. State functions were held there. Clive occupied this house at the time of his marriage. It was for sometime 'appropriated as the Guests' House of the Governor. The history of the Officers' Mess is as follows:-The Sea Gate and the Colonnade of the old Banqueting Hall In the Fort were for long the general resort of merchants trafficking in seaborne goods. It was an inconvenient place. Peter Massey Cassim, q free merchant of Madras, came forward in 1787 with a scheme for providing the town with a special building to serve as an exchange. The land occupied by Mr. Hughes' house which lay at the south end of the easternmost line of buildings north of the Sea Gate was acquired and the old house was replaced by a new structure. It had Jlarehouses and offices on the ground floor, and on the · first floor the exchange or 'place of public, free, open and uncontrolled resort for all merchants, dealers, commanders of ships or others having any concern In trade,' together with a Broker's Office, a committee room for the Managers of the Exchange Company and a Public Coffee room. The funds for its construction were raised by lotteries. Mrs. fay, who visited Madras in I 796, described It as a noble building ornamented with whole length piclures of Lord Cornwallis, Sir Eyre Coote and General Meadows. The Exchange Hall was also used for public meetings, lottery ~gs and occasionally for entertainments. Public Auction Rooms were loCated in it. There was also a Public Subscription Library on the ground floor. The old Madras Bank was located on the ground floor in 1897. The Exchange Tavern occupied for some time a portion of the building. In 1801 St. Andrew's Day was celebrated In the Exchange. The valuable crown Jewels of Tippu Sultan were sold by public auction at the Exchange in 1862. On the roof of the Exchange a light-house was erected by the Exchange Committee in 1796. It was a framed Iron structure, carrying a lantern reflector and twelve lamps burning cocoanut oil. The light was 99 feet above the sea level at high water; It 32 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK oould be seen from the decks of ships about 17 miles and from their mastheads nearly 25 miles. The bul!dlnq Is now the Officers Mess of the Reqlment quartered in Fort St. Georqe. Prior to 1910, the Coundl of the Governors of Fort St. Georqe held their meetlnqs in a room in the Secretariat bu!ldlnqs. The enlarqement of the leqislatWe Coundl in that year made a new Coundl Chamber necessary and the present bulldlnq was constructed on the eastern side of the Secretariat The further enlarqement of the Council under the reforms rendered still more accommodation necessary and this was provided by addlnq a second storey to the buildlnq of 1910. The black pillars in the bulldlnq are of historical interest. In the thirties of the 18th century, Governor Pitt constructed a handsome colonnade from the Fort square to the Sea Gate roofed over and lined with 32 pillars of Pallavaram qneiss. When the French captured Madras in 1746, they carried off these columns to Pond!cherry, There they remained until 1771, in which year the British stormed the place and restored the pillars to their former position in Pitt's Arcade. The best preserved of these columns were added to the new Coundl Chamber in 1910 and retained in the present structure.

THE HIGHWAYS Mount Road, Poonamallee Road and Beach Road are the three main hfqh ways in Madras. The first two are Military Roads. They d!vide the city into three biq areas. When the Fort was the centre of all offldal activity, . the servants of the Company had Garden houses in Peddunaickpettah, · especially towards the southern side which was reached by crosslnq the rivulet in the present Esplanade. The Island was ordinarily their recreation qround, crosslnq the north river in boats. In 1714-15 a bridqe, which does not now exist, was constructed from the north bank of the River where the Governor's Gorden House was· connected to the Island. Governor Pitt had laid out north to south a " Qreat walk on the Island." The statue of Sir Thomas Munro Is more or less in the centre of that " qreat walk." The road to Tripllcane was from thai bridqe over the Island and the Government House Bridqe which was then called Tripllcane Bridqe. In those days the fashionable residential quarters were in Peddunaickpettah. When the Military activities of the Madras Government Increased, the peace and comforts of country residence could not be had so near the Military fortifications. A move to the Chou! try plain In the west was open to the European residents. The famous Madras Gorden House beqan to appear on the Choultry plain (em open expanse which stretched south west of the Fort from Tr!pllcane or the Government House Br!dqe as far as Mylapore and the Lonq Tank.) The Photo by "The Madras Mail." Where Madras goes shopping. Mount Road, the city's main highway. Photo by "The Madras Mail." Customs House and Collector's Office seen from the Harbour Offices, Madras. These buildings are amongst the oldest in the city and at one time almost bordered the sea. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 33

need for a shorter route to the plain and in cxinsequence for a new bridge over the North River was felt; and in 1756 the WallaJah Bridge was constructed. It was widened and improved in: 1820. The Mount Road from ~~=ran from the Fort. It was reformed in 1795-96. It passes over the Bridge to the Islcind which still maintains its old reputation as a recreation qround. The Gymkhana Club grounds and Pavilion are there . 0~ the east. side of the road and on the other side are the .Bodyguard Lines, S · Andrews Cemetery, St. Mary's Cemetery, and an open plain used for football by students and the soldiers of the garrison. In the centre is the statue of Sir Thomas Munro who arrived in Madras as Governor in 1820. He held office for seven years and on the eve of his retirement he was struck down by cholera near Gooty. His statue was erected by public subscription at a cost of £8,000. The Island is also the Brigade Parade ground. The road then takes you over the Government House Bridge to the old Choultry plain, but now a most busy centre of trade.

GEORGE TOWN Lying between the Beach on the east and Cochrane's Canal on the west and bounding the military limits of the Fort on the north and west is the most densely populated and busy suburb of Madras called George Town. This name was given to It in 1906 to commemorate the visit to Madras of H. M. George V as Prince of Wales. Before that It was called Black Town, a name given to the Indian quarter of Fort St. George in the early days of the settlement. Then It was the appellation of the out-town, which was practically the creation of the Compariy's Government here. When this out­ town was pulled down in the middle of the 18th century, the name Black Town survived. It was applied to PeddunaickPetlah alone at first. Muthialpettah being then called Mahrolla town, so called from the fact that when, in 1740, the Mahrollas threatened to attack Madras, a field of fire 600 ft. wide on the north and west side of old Black Town was cleared. The qround so cleared was called Muhratt ground. Armenian Street contains the Roman Catholic Cathedral which was erected by the Capuchins in 1775, and . the Armenian Church. Many commercial firms have their offices in this street. The two Chetti streets which are now being occupied by hardware merchants, lawyers and students go up to the old north wall of Black Town. The enterprising Nattukoltai Chetlies have their quarters in Coral Merchants Street midway between the tWo streets towards the north end. This Is surmised to be the site of an old pattah, Pagadalapettah or Coral Town. The Company of those days traded in corals. The Christian College with Its hostels, Principal's House, Halls and Association rooms occupies all the southern portion of these streets. Between Armenian Street and Thumbu 34 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

Chetti Street rises the grand building of the late Aqra Bank !now owned by the Chartered Bank of India, China and Australia). Facing the college on the Esplanade Is the statue of Dr. William Miller, C.I.E., the popular Missionary Educationalist of Southern India. On the Esplande Maldan rise the grand pile of the buildings of the High Court with the Madras Lighthouse erected on the central cupola; the old Lighthouse built of granite, a high column, chaste In design and execution, erected In 1844; the newly built Law College. The High Court was completed In 1892 and Is a specimen of Hindu Saracenlc style of architecture.

THE DIVIDING UNE The Madras Beach Is divided by Fort. St. George fortification and military zone Into two big divisions. The north Beach is the busiest portion of the city. The Madras Harbour and its works and the premises of Oil Companies cover even the sands. Clive's Battery was previously to the north of the Harbour. Facing the sea on the road are the buildings of Parry and Co., the National Bank, the Imperial Bank of India, the General Post Office and Best and Co., also the Mercantile Bank Buildings, the Bentlnck Buildings of the Indian Bank, the Sea Customs Office, the Biden Horne and a number of commercial firms. South of this range of big buildings come the High Court, and the Lighthouse and the old Lighthouse column, then the Fort with the steeple of St. Mary's Church and the flagstaff; passing the Fort, you gel to the old Band stand which was the favourite resort In the evenings before the South Beach Road was formed. The recently constructed Cenotaph in commemoration of those who made the great sacrifice in the great war (1914-1918) stands on this road to the north of Iron Bridge at the place where the Beach divides itself Into two branches, one leading to the new RailwaY overbridge and the other to Parry's Comer. The Marina on the South Beach Is a creation of the Governor, Sir M. E. Grant Duff. He himself described !I as " one of the most beautiful promenades In the world." It runs along the sea front up to the suburb of San Thome. The Octagonal Marine Vlll.:x, where the Madras University Library is being constructed, the Senate House designed by Chisholm and Queen Victoria's statue by Its side, the Chepauk Palace of the Nawab of Arcot (now used as the office of Board of Revenue) which was constructed about 1768, the Public Works Offices, the PresidencY College designed by R. F. Chisholm, the Ice House, built about 1840 to store natural Ice which came from America !now the Wid • H ) th Q , ows orne , e ueen Marys College, the Capper House !now part of the Queen Mary's College for Women), the old Masonic Temple (now the office of the Inspector-General of Police) and the San Thome Cathedral are on the sea front on the South MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 35

Beach Road and give to the city grandeur and architectural richness. Opposite the Presidency College on the beach, Is the Aquarium, which contains an Interesting and representative collection of the fish found In Madras waters. It Is now more than 273 years since the English formed a settlement In Fort St. Georqe. Their possession was only Interrupted for about three years (Sep. 10, 1746 to Aug. 13, 1749) when the. French occupied II.

CLIMATE The climate of Madras has been well-described as tllree months hot and nine months holler. Thomas Bowrey, who visited Madras In 1669, described It as ~·not at any time very cold or on the contrary very hot, having the full benefit of all sea breezes of wind, but In these following months, May and June, although there be for the most part fresh gales, yet II Is something sulphurous, which may most of all be alleged to the wind itself more than to the heat of the sun." The mean temperature for the whole year Is 83 •, for the cooler months of December and January 76°, and for the hottest months of May and June go•. The extremes are 54• In January and 110• In June. The annual rainfall based on the f!qures for 85 years is 49 inches. Like other places In the Bay of Bengal, Madras, Is liable to severe cyclones. The Internal administration of the city Is in the hands of the Municipal Corporation, which Includes a Mayor elected by the members of the Corporation. Madras claims to be the oldest Corporation in India. The Mayor is ·assisted In his executive work by a Commissioner, an Enqineer, a Health Officer and a Revenue Officer. Its working is governed by an Act, recently amended to define its duties more clearly and to enlarqe the Council. This short history of Madras would hardly be complete without alluding to the fact thalli is the only city in India that was actually under bombardment during the Great War. On the evening of September 22nd, 1914, the German cruiser " Emden " visited Madras and ·opened fire on the City. Several people were killed and InJured and much damage was done to the larqe oil Installation In the Harbour Premises. A commemoration stone has been placed In the High Court wall In North Beach Road, In the spot where a larqe shell from one of the "Emden's" guns exploded. THE MADRAS HARBOUR

No reference can be. made to the existing Madras Harbour with ou I recalling the dangers which attended shipping in the early days of the Chamber's history, and the part the Chamber played In securing sale anchorage lor vessels v!sl!ing the port. Early prints of passengers and cargo being landed in surf boats are probably familiar to all who are Interested in Madras. In 1845 II was proposed to construct a Pier, and, to lest the practicab!l!IY of the project, II was proposed to erect first an experimental pier on a small and economical scale. The plan was carried out by a private companY with a capital of 4 lakhs. In 1857, the Court of Directors of the East India Co., having before them a report of a Committee on which the Chamber was represented, and which stated that "an iron screw pile pier was not only feasible but simple of "construction" and was "the most suitable structure for spanning the "Madras surf" authorised the construction of the Pier at an estimated cost of £95,000. This estimate was increased to £103,616 In 1858 and on the 17th September 1859 the first pile was screwed down by Sir Charles Trevelyan the then Governor, assisted by the Commander·ln-Chiel and Mr. Henry Nelson, the Chairman of the Chamber. Repealed disasters to the vessels bringing the piles from England made progress slow and in 1860 11 was found that of 600 feet completed, 120 feet consisted of shorter piles than the contract provided for. In 1861 the Pier was thrown open lo traffic but In spite of representations by the Chamber, Government declined to sanction the building of an Export Warehouse.

In 1868 during a storm, a barque fouled the centre part of the pier, broke from her moorings, drove against another barque and finally came broadside on to the pier. From this position II was Impossible to extricate her : the piles · began to give way and the surf drove her clean through the pier making a gap of nearly 250 feet. But this was nothing compared to the damage suffered in 1872 when, during a "disastrous" cyclone, no less than ten vessels and "9" native barques, 3 native brigs, 1 native schooner 6 native dhonies and 1 native sloop (20 native vessels In all) were. wrecked and the Photo by " The Madras Ma il ," The West Quay, Madras Harbour-Forty years ago a sandy strand-now a hive of industry. D

Photo by "The Madras Mail." A busy scene on the \Vest Quay, Madras Harbour. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 37

"lives of 13 Europeans and 6 natives were lost". Two country vessels drifted on to the Pier, caused a breach and passed right through the structure from north to south. . Traffic was not resumed on ·the Pier for 18 months. This serious accident prompted the Chamber to press on Government the Improvement of the Port by the "construction of a breakwater parallel "to the shore." A Committee appointed in 1869 to report on the matter was of opinion that the only possible manner of improving the harbour accommodation was by the construction of a Breakwater, about 1,200 yards from the shore in 7 fathoms of water at low tide and parollel to the line of the Coast at an estimated cost of Rs. 10,620,235. The Government of India in a despatch to the Secretary of State, drew attention to the fact that "for hundreds of miles the Coast of India was "destitute of harbour accommodation" and recommended that a person qualified as a Marine Engineer might be' sent out to enable Government. among other things, "to form a decisive opinion on the long-vexed question "of the possibility of constructing a Breakwater at Madras." The Secretary of State, however, thought the project was "premature" and it was not till 1870 that a Mr. C. Robertson of Leith, arrived at Calcutta on this mission. Mr. Robertson arrived in Madras in January and before the· end of April reported that he had "completed the inspection of Mangalore, Cannanore, · "Calicut, Beypore, Karokal, Cochin, Alleppey, Qullon, Tuticorln, "Pamban Passage, Nagapatam, Porto Novo and Cocanada" as wen·as to "have inspected minutely the system of backwater commimlcation "from near Beypore to Trlvandrum."lll He then proposed to return to Europe but was persuaded to meet the Chamber on the morning of his departure. The result of the meeting was not satisfactory and the Chamber, "with considerable reluctance" addressed a remonstrance to the Madras Government, expressinq the opinion that by placing himseU at a distance from the Port whose advantages and disadvantages it was his duty to decide, he "deprived himseU of the best precautions aqainst hasty generolisations "and shrewd conclusions from false premises."

CHANGE OF OPINION

There is no record of this remonstrance having had any effect, and in 1872 Mr. Robertson submitted his report. This was adversely criticised by Col. Walker, Chief ·Engineer, Madras, and the matter was aqain r&ferred to. the Secretary of State. 38 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

By this time the "ca:rrylnq trade of the East had been revolutionised "by the openlnq of the Suez Canal" and, realislnq that the bulk of the trade of Madras would In future be done by steamers which were practioally free from th~ risks to which satllnq ships were subJect In open roadsteads, the Chamber was of opinion that there was not now the presslnq necessity which formerly existed for so costly a work and was apprehensive lest the Government should determine to recover Interest on the sum expended by the imposition of heavy Port dues. H, however, It was resolved to reqard the Breakwater as an Imperial work, to be constructed and maintained out of Imperial funds, the Chamber was prepared to welcome its early commence­ ment and rapid completion.

In 1873 Mr. Wm. Parkes, who had supervised the construction of the Karachi Harbour and who had studied the reports of the Committee and of Mr. Robertson on the Breakwater project, submitted to the India Olflce a scheme for a close harbour for Madras. This Harbour was to be constructed by running out two piers 1,200 yards from the shore or Into 7 fathoms of water, the piers to be joined by another pier or breakwater, In the middle of which would be the entrance, 480 feet In width. The space thus enclosed, some 170 acres, was estimated to povide anchorage for 17 large ships or steamers, besides a large number of native craft; and these latter "owing to the absence of surf", would be able to anchor "almost close "to the shore". The estimated cost was £565,000, "an expenditure "which the qrowing trade of the Port would fully Justify." In 1874, Government requested the Chamber to estimate the probable Income derivable from the trade and shipping of the Port In the event of the construction of the Harbour being sanctioned, and applied to the Government of India for a loan to carry out the proJect, but towards the end of that year the Chamber was lnlormed that the proJect had "excited opposition not "only In Calcutta but also In London" chiefly because it was feared that the shipping would have to bear the bulk of the charge for the Interest on the proposed work. The powerful shlpplnq Interests of London especially had been alarmed at the possibility of having to choose between paylnq the greater part of the cost of the Harbour and of giving this port a wide berth. The Chamber, however, Informed Government that it was satisfied that such ship-owners who had been familiarised by costly or anxious experience with the perils of the Madras anchoraqe at cerialn seasons of the year would congratulate themselves on obtalnlnq Immunity from the risks that their ships ran and reiterated the opinion that the commerce of the port was able to bear the burden of the dues which, after the collection of a small Increase of port charges, would be required to meet the expenses of the work. Photo by "The Madras Mail." The Madras Harbour is a triumph of genius and perseverance over adverse circumstances. The walls shown above now ensure smooth water at all seasons. •

Photo by " The Madras Ma1l " The wave-::. 0:1ce broke where these 1mposmg ofhces of the Madras Port Trust ore built. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK. 39

THE WORK BEGINS The proJect was sanctioned in March 1875 and the Chamber expressed to Lord Hobart the cordial acknowledgements of the merccintile community for his sustained solicitude in a matter-which had been seven years under the consideration of Her Majesty's Government. - In 1876 and 1877 work progressed steadily and by the end of the latter year the length of blockwork set on the North pier was 356 ft. and the lenqth of the pier from the original high water mark was 1,056 ft. The South pier was commenced by Upping heavy granite boulders into the surf and the first concrete block was set. The Raf!way from the Penitentiary to the beach was made, with a bridge 200 ft. long spanning the canal, and a railway was also made along the beach from the north to the south· pier. All the cranes, machinery, engines, workshops, etc., were completed and 1,218 concrete blocks of different sizes were made for the work. Work proceeded normally till the 12th November 1881 when, during a cyclone of some severity the eastern arms of both piers were swept away and the Harbour space was aqain exposed to the full force of the sea. This caused a complete stoppage of the work and for nearly 3Va years the restoration of the Harbour was postponed pending the discussion by experts of the best course to pursue. The Chamber urqed upon the Government of India Its opinion that a close Harbour with the inestimable advantage of smooth water was unattainable at this part of the Coromandel coast with an eastern entrance, and these and other of its views, were duly passed on to the Secretary of State. In 1885, the estimate having been sanctioned, the work of restoratton was enerqet!cally proceeded with and on the 1st January, 1886, the works were transferred to the Harbour Trust Board, then newly constituted. The total expenditure up to 31-12-1887 was nearly 80 lakhs and both the eastern arms/ awaited reconstruction at that date. The Harbour with its eastern entrance was completed at the end of the Year 1895 but already there had been considerable discussion whether the entrance ought to be on the east side or on the north side of the Harbour and, as the eastern entrance was found to be rapidly silting up, Government eventually decided to close that entrance and open a new entrance on the north side. To do this work Mr. F. J, E. Spring, lately Secretary to Government In the Railway Department, came to Madras In 1904 and became the first whole-time Chairman of the Harbour Trust Board. Mr. Spr!nq was knighted In 1911 and retired In 1919. 40 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

The provision of the Harbour walls with comparatively calm water inside made possible the discharge at Madras of aU in bulk through pipe lines. The first lines for this purpose were laid in 1893 and facilities for the bunkering of aU burning ships were provided in 1926. In 1910 the new northern entrance was opened. The change in the · entrance so Improved sea conditions inside the Harbour walls that It was found possible to buUd quays alongside which ships could lie and work their =go. The West Quays were opened for use in 1917 and since that time the equipment of the Harbour with quays, cranes, warehouses and railway facilities has progressed steadUy and made the port fit to deal with increased trade. The enormous growth of trade in 1927 taxed the port's facilities to the utmost, and an extension of the Harbour premises was found necessary. A southward extension was, with the back.in9 of the Madras Chamber of Commerce, obtained in 1929. RAILWAYS INS. INDIA MADRAS AND SOUTHERN MAHRATTA RAILWAY ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

The M. & S.M. Ry. is a Company·managed and State-owned Railway, administered by the M. & S.M. Railway Co., Ltd, inc01:porated in England The office of the Board of the Company is in London and their representative in India is the Agent, whose office is at Park Town, Madras. The Capital at charqe of the Railway on the 31st March, 1936, was Rs. 55.42 crores, of which Rs. 10.68 crores represent the Capital raised by the Company. The balance of Rs. 44.74 crores repre~ents Capital provided by the Secretary of State for India. The Capital raised by the Company is equivalent to 19 per cent. of the total, the Capital advanced by the Secretary of State accounting for the balance of 81 per cent. The Company as now constituted came into existence on the expiry of the contract of the former Madras Guaranteed Railway on the 31st December, 1907. On the Is! January, 1908, the then existing Madras Railway (with the exception of the Jalarpet·Mangalore Section), together with the Metre gauge sections of the South Indian Railway from Katpadi to Gudur and Pakala to Dharmavaram, was made over to the Southern Mahratta Railway Company for working, the enlarqed Company being styled the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Company. The route mileage of the system now administered by the Company is 3,230, of which l,l SO miles is on the Broad Gauge (5'-6") and the balance of 2,080 miles on the Metre Gauge. Practically the whole of the system is single !tack, the only exception of any importance being the length of 42 miles of double line between Madras and Arkonam. The foundation of the present system was laid in 1852 when the original Madras Railway Company was formed. The section of line from Royapuram to

THE SYSTEM DESCRIBED

The system administered by the Company comprises, In addition to the lines owned by the Company and the Secretary of State, a number of llnes worked by the Company on behalf of other Authorities, on various contracts and aqreements. These worked lines are the following:-

Name of the Branch. Lenqth In Owned by Mile a. Broad Gauqe. Tenall·Repalle 21.41 Dlstrlct Board. Kolar Gold Fields ... 10.11 Mysore Government. Metre Gauqe, Bezwada·Masulipatam 51.80 District Board. Bangalore City-Harthar 210.25 Mysore Government. Yesvantapur to Mysore Frontier 51.35 Mysore Government. Kolhapur Branch 29.27 Kolhapur Durbar. Sangli Branch ... 4.90 Sangll State. Alnavar-Dandeli 19.12 Bombay Government. West ollndla Portuguese Railway 51.10 West of India Portuguese Railway, 449.31

The main lines of the system be briefly described as lollows:­ On the Broad Gauge, three lines radiate from Madras. (a) The North East Line, generally following the coast from Madras to Gopalapatnam (479 miles from Madras and 4 miles from Waltalr Junction> on the Bengal-Nagpur Railway, on the line to Calcutta. The North East Line provides a connection at Bezwada Junction wlth H.E.H. The Nlzam's State Railway, giving communication to Secunderabad, Nagpur, Deihl and the Railway Systems of Northern India.

(b) The North West Line from Madras, connecting wllh the G.I.P. Railway at Raichur (351 miles from Madras) on the route to Poona and Bombay. The Junctions on this line are Arkonam (43 miles) lor Bangalore, the West Coast and the South Indian Railway Metre Gauge System, Renlgunta (84 miles) and Guntakal (276 miles) lor the Metre Gauge system of the M. & S.M.Ry. (c) The South West Line to Bangalore, taking off from the North West Line at Arkonam and connecting wllh the M. & S.M. and S.I.R. Metre Gauge Photo by " The Mad~as Mail." One of the most successful examples of the adaptation of Drav1d1an architecture for commercial purposes. The Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Adm.nistrative Offi-:es, Madras. Photo by ''Th~ Madras Mail." The road to the North. The Central Station, M:~dras and Southern Mahralla Railway, Madras. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 43

systems at Katpadi, with the S.I.R. Broad Gauge to the West Coast at Jalarpet and with the M. & S.M. and Mysore Ry. Metre Gauge systems at Bangalore City. The main lines of Metre Gauge system are:- (a) The line from Poona to Bangalore (626 miles). The principal Junctions are Mira! (for Kolhapur and Sangli), Londo (for Mormugao), Hubli Cfor GuntakaD, Chickiaiur (for Chitaldrug, Mysore Railways), Blrur (for Shimoga and Anandapuram, Mysore Railways) and Arsik.ere (for Mysore).

(b) The line from the West Coast port of Mormugao in Portuguese Territory, Joining the Poona·Bangalore line at Londo and branching off from it at Hubli. This line extends to Masulipatam on the East Coast, via Gadag (for Bllapur and Sholapur), Guntakal (Junction for the Broad Gauge North West Line and, by Metre Gauge, for Bangalore City), Dronachellam (for H.E.H. The Nizam's State Railway, Metre Gauge), Guntur (for Macherla Branch, Metre Gauge, and Tenali on the North East Broad Gauge Line) and Bezwada (for the North East Broad Gauge Line). The through distance from Coast to Coast Is 631 miles. These main lines connect with a number of branches, some of which have already been mentioned.

THE COUNTRY TRAVERSED The general features of the country traversed by· the system may be briefly described. The North East Line on the Calcutta Route passes through country which Is generally flat throughout. Being near the coast, it has to cross a number of rivers, issuing from the Eastern Ghats. The principal rivers are the Kistna, near Bezwada, which Is crossed by a qtrder bridge of 13 spans of 300 feet, and the Godavari, near RaJahmundry, where the bridge across the river has a total length of 9,000 feet. The North West Line to Raichur passes through country involving heavy gradients after Reniqunta and rises to nearly 2,000 feet at Guntakal Junction. From there It falls again to the Tungabhadra River, which forms the boundary of Hyderabad State and rises again to the Junction with the G.I.P. Railway at Raichur. The South West Une to ·Ban galore rises gradually to JalarPet. After leaving this station there Is a heavy climb up to the Mysore plateau, an altitude of 3,000 feet being reached at Bangalore. (( MAl')RAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

The Metre Gauge line from Poona to Bangalore traverses the Deccan and the Mysore plateau at an average elevation of about 2,000 feet. The line lro:n West to East starts at sea level at Mormugao and rises abruptly with heavy gradients on the Braganza Ghat of the W.I.P. Railway to its junction with the Poona·Bangalore line at Landa. After leaving that line at Hubll, it descends to sea level again at Masulipatam, the fall being gradual except for the Chelama Ghat between Nandyal and Cumbum.

PLACES WORTH VISITING.

Compared with Railways in some other parts of India, the M. & S.M. Ry. System is .not rich in historical monuments. The following, however, amply repay a visit:-

(!) The ruins of Viiayanagar lying on the bank of the Tungabhadra. 81!2 miles from Haspel Station on the line between Hubll and Guntakal.

(2) The ancient Mohamedan city of Bijapur on the line between Gadag and Sholapur. (3) The ancient rock temples at Badami on the same line. There are other places of interest on the Mysore Railways which are reached via the M. & S.M. Ry. System.

(I) The Sivasamudram Falls and Power Station on the Bangalore­ Mysore Section, via Banga!ore City. (2) The historic town of Seringapatam on the Bangalore-Mysore Section, via Bangalore City.

(3) The Gersoppa Falls, 64 miles by road from Shimoga Station, via Birur on the Bangalore·Harihar Section. The principal temples to which Hindus resort for festivals are at Tirutlani on the line from Arkonam to Renigunta, and Tirupatl and Kalahastl on the Katpadi-Gudur Section. Annual festivals are also held at Mantralaya, 9 miles from Tungabhadra Station on the Madras·Raichur Section, and at Narasaraopet on the Guntakai·Bezwada Section. The Pushkaram festival is also held once in 12 years on the Kisina at Bezwada and the Godavari.

PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES The following statistics indicate the principal activities of the RailwaY during the year endlnc;r 31st March, I936. The total earnings for the combined system including State and Worked Lines amounted to Rs. 7.31 crores and By courtesy of the M. & S. M. Ry., Madras. A section of the Foundry at the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Company's great workshops at Perambore. By co urtesy of the M & S M . Ry , 11/

On the 1st April, 1859, the construction of the first Railway in Southern India from Negapatam to Trichinopoly was begun. The Railway was opened for traffic between Negapatam and Tanlore in 1861, as the Great Southern India Railway. It was extended to Trlchinopoly in March, 1862, and afterwards to Erode thus linking it with the Madras-Beypore line. The line was Broad Gauge. The lines formerly owned and worked by the Great Southern India and the Camatlc Railway Companies were amalgamated on the lsi July, 1874, under the title of the South Indian Railway which on the lsi January, 1891. was purchased by the State and handed over, together with the V!llupuram· Guntakal State Railway, lor working as one undertaking, to a new CompanY­ the existing South Indian Railway Company. The portion of the RailwaY from Dharmavaram to Guntakal was made over to the former Southern Mahratta Railway in 1893. By the end of the year 1880, the South Indian Railway Co. consisted of a main line from Madras to Tuticorin, a distance of 444 miles with branches, Trichinopoly to Erode, Chingleput to Arkonam, Tanjore to Negapatam. Maniyachl to Tinnevelly and Villupuram to the Gingee River. The line from Negapatam to Erode, originally a broad gauge line, was subsequentlY converted into metre gauge between the years 1875 and 1879. With effect from 1st January, 1908, the Jalarpet-Mangalore section of the former Madras Railway including the Tirupattur-Krtshnagirl, Morappur­ Dharmapurt, and the Nllgirl Railways was Incorporated in the undertakinq of the South Indian Railway Company, who, from the same date, relinquished and made over to the amalgdmated Madras and Southern Mahratta RailwaY Company the 3' 3-3/8" gauge lines from Katpadi to Dharmavaram and from Pakala to Gudur, and obtained runninq powers over the Madras-Bangalore section of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway. The Shoranur· Cochin Indian State line, was on the same date, also transferred from the former Madras Railway Company to the South Indian Railway CompanY for workinq. ~ By courtesy of the South Indian Railway The spacious paint shop of the South Indian Railway at Golden Rock. By courtesy of the South Indian Railway Dormant power-

With effect from lsi April, 1928, the ownership of the Suramangalam­ Salem Railway was transferred from the District Board of Salem to the Government of India and the line is being worked as part of the undertaking. With effect from lsi April, 1929, the ownership of the TanJore District Board Railway was transferred from the District Board of Tanjore to the Government of India and the line is being worked as part of the undertaking.

THE SYSTEM TO-DAY. The South Indian Railway system is made up of:- Lines comprised in the system. Total open line miles. Gauqe, (a) South Iridian Railway 5' 6" 598.97 (b) South Indian Railway 3' 3%" 1,501.30 (c) Nilgiri Railway do. 28.96 (d) Pera1am-Karaikkal Railway do. 14.65 (e) Podanur-Pollachi Railway ... do. 25.04 (f) Pondicherry Railway do. 7.85 (g) Shoranur-Cochin Railway 5' 6" 64.69 (h) Tinnevelly-Ttruchendur Railway 3' 3%" 38.18 (I) Travancore Railway (British section) do. 50.33 (j) Travancore Railway Clndian State section) ... do. 97.64 (k) Morappur-Hosur Railway ... 2' 6" 73.30 0) Tirupattur-Krishnagiri Railway 2' 6" 25.38 (m) Agastiyampalli-Point Calimere extension 3' 3%" 5.60 (Opened in January, 1936.)

Total ... 2,531.89

RWUiinq powers-Home line over foreign line. Madras to Bangalore, Madras and Southern Mahratta Rallway for passenger and goods train 219.00 In 1934-35 the gross earnings amounted to Rs. 5,52,32,277, and the net earnings to Rs. 2,30,24,348, giving a percentage of 5.10 on capital outlay. The main feature in the history of the South Indian Railway, is its rapid expansion in all directions during the past 25 years. In the year 1914, the Pamban Viaduct was completed opening up a · southern gateway to India by linking up a route to Europe via the Ceylon 48 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK Government Railway and the port of Colombo. Two steamers worked by this Railway ply between Dhanushkodi Pier on the island of Rameswaram and Talaimannar Pier in Ceylon-

A MODEL TOWN A railway Central Workshop and a model town have been established at Golden Rock, at a cost of 331 lakhs of rupees. The workshops are equipped with the latest machinery capable of serving the needs of both the broad and metre gauge sections of the Ratlway. The workshops together with a labour colony attached to It cover an area of about 1,000 acres. The electrification of the Madras Suburban area which Is the first scheme .I of Its kind in Southern India has contributed to the progress of this Railway. The South Indian Railway approaches Madras through an area which has for many years past been developing as a residential one and was served by a single line of Railway which, congested with the main line tralflc, gave an inadequate local train service. In order to meet the demands of the growing population around Madras this scheme was launched, electrifying a distance of 18 miles from Madras Beach to Tarnbararn at a cost of nearlY 173 lakhs of rupees, including the consequential Improvements to Madras Egrnore and other suburban stations. This scheme is of special interest In that It was not merely the conversion of the existing steam operated lines to electric working but included the construction of new tracks and stations to accommodate suburban tralflc that had increased so much as to Impede the main line services. It consists of the construction, besides the main line, of new up and down electricallY equipped suburban tracks from Madras Egrnore, the terminus of steam traction, to Tarnbararn and doubiing the line from Madras Beach to Egrnore. This though confined at present to the section frorn Madras Beach to Tarnbaram Is so designed as to facilitate easy extension up to Chlng]eput with the minimum of dislocation. In desiqnlng the new stations care has been taken to provide ample platform space for both up and down passengers and walling rooms for all classes of passengers have been provided. South India has · also developed rapidly during the past few years industrially and In other ways. Outstanding works have been the Pykara Hydro-Electric Scheme, near Ootacamund, and the Mettur Darn, near Salem. The Pykara Hydro-Electric Scheme (with the Mettur Darn Hydro-Electric Scheme) wlll supply electric MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 49 pow,er to almost all areas served by the South Indian Railway. The Mettur Darn Is In many respects the largest In the world. It contains 54V. million cubic feet of masonry and concrete; the reservoir is about 60 square miles and has a capacity of 93,500 million cubic feet, and about 301,000 acres of land will be Irrigated. Numerous mills and factories have been or are being constructed, dealing in cotton, rice, sugar, cement, oil, magnesite, soap, etc. Coch!n Harbour Is growing rapidly in importance; passenger steamers now =II at this port, and evidently it Is likely to develop into one of the most Important ports of India both for industries and for tourists. It has been called "The Venice of the East". Launches =rry passengers from Ernakulam Station Jetty to the ships' side In about 20 minutes, the passage is always smooth. The general financial depression which commenced from 1930 has affected adversely the financial progress of this Railway. On account of paucity of funds It has not been possible to =rry out the construction of some new lines and other works. During the past 5 years there has been a serious fall In the earnings of the railway due to road competition, especially in passenger traffic. TELEPHONE DEVELOPMENTS

ALTHOUGH Telephone Exchanges were first opened In Great Britain only in 1879, In less than two years a Company had been formed to open Telephone Exchanges In India and, by the same Company, In Australia. The Oriental Telephone Company was incorporated on the 4th of February 1881 and In that year the Company commenced operations in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Rangoon, etc. On the 13th May 1892 the name of the Company was changed to the Oriental Telephone & Electric Company, Ltd. In January 1923, a local Company styled "The Madras Telephone Company, Ltd." was formed to take over as a going concern, the business, in Madras City, of the Oriental Telephone & Electric Company. Until this time, the Oriental Telephone & Electric Company had kept the accounts and had been assisted locally by an Advisory Board appointed by themselves. The first Board of Directors of the Madras Telephone Company, Ltd., was : Sir James Simpson, M.L.C., C. E. Wood, Esq., M.L.C., Dewan Bahadur Govindoss ChathoorbhooJadoss, HaJee Mohamed Ebrahim Salt, Esq., G. W. Bro~head, Esq. The present Board Is : Sir William Wright, O.B.E., V.D., A. S. Todd, Esq., Dewan Bahadur Govindoss Chathoorbhoojadoss, M. A. Muthiah Chetty, Esq., KumararaJah of Chettlnad, J. A. Rowland Knox, Esq. Two Exchanges were originally opened In Madras, one In Errabauloo Chatty Street, George Town and the other In Blacker's Road, Mount Road. These were afterwards-about 1908-merqed Into one Exchange at the former address. The earlier Exchanges were worked on the Magneto System, but when the two Exchanges were merged Into a single one, a more up·to-date Switchboard with Central Battery clearing was Installed. As late as 1910, there were but 350 Exchange Lines and 50 Extension Lines working In the City. To-day there are 2,089 Exchange Lines and 1,090 Extension Lines. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK Sl

In 1925, II was found that the premises in Errabauloo Chatty Street would no longer be sufficiently large to meet ever Increasing requirements. A new site was therefore acquired on the China Bazaar Road on which the present building was erected. Simultaneously with the transfer to new premises, a new and thoroughly up-to-date Automatic Telephone System was Installed. This has been much appreciated by Subscribers who now enjoy the benefits of a thoroughly efficient service at reasonable cost. As was the usual practice, charges lor telephone service were In the earlier years, on an annual basis and on what was known as the 'flat' rate. This rate was found to be advantageous to the large user, but a burden on the small user, who was In many cases, unable to avail himself of the service on account of Its high cost. In 1925, 'Measured' rate service was Introduced, which, while attracting a number of the smaller users, was still found too costly by many would-be subscribers. Finally, In 1930, the 'Message' rate was adopted. By this rate, the 'very small' and 'small' user was attracted with the result that development was accelerated. During the cyclones experienced in 1916 and 1918 very considerable damage resulted to the Company's overhead plant. To minimize as far as possible recurrences of a like kind, a policy of putting as much of the plant underground as was possible, was adopted. This policy has been pursued unlll the present day with 1le result that the City and its environs is now served by a comprehensive system of underground cables. Another o:ievelopment that has been occasioned by the somewhat rapid growth of the system in late years, Is the opening of 'Satellite' Exchanges. For those who are fond of statistics, the following ligures may be of Interest:- Number of Subscribers' Circuits equipped in Exchanges 3,000 ...... additional proJected 200 ...... Lines working (29-2·1936) 2,100 .. .. pairs of wires provided In Underground Cables 8,600 Miles of Underground Cables 49·38 , , Pole routes 218·25 Number of Poles ·, .. 5,971 Miles of overhead wire erected 1.354·00 MADRAS ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES

THE Madras Electric Supply CoiPoratlon, Ltd., was registered on 27th January 1906, and commenced to supply electric current to the public on the 21st August 1907. It was the first Company formed In South India to supply electricity to the public, and It Is still the largest concern of 1ts kind In the Presidency. The Company has steadily progressed and there are now over 10,000 Consumers connected to the Company's Mains. The Madras Electric Supply CoiPoratlon, Ltd., supplies the whole o£ the electric power required by the Government of Madras, the Port Trust, The Madras and Southern Mahratta Ry. Co., Ltd., The South Indian Ry. Co., Ltd., The CoiPoratlon of Madras, The Madras Electric Tramways, and the principal industrial undertakings In Madras City. The Company has recently been given a large extension to Its licensed areas, Including the suburbs on the electrified sections of the South Indian Ry. Co., Ltd., as far south as Tambaram. The Main Generating Station is situated at Basin Bridge, and power is generated from coal fuel by means of water tube boilers and steam turbo alternators. Power is distributed throughout the area of the City and the suburbs by means of a high tension net work, and sub stations conveniently situated, the high pressure being transformed at the various sub stations to low-pressure for distribution to the public. The total plant capacity of the Power Station at Basin Bridge Is 34,000 K.W. The largest steam turbo alternator at present installed has a capacity of 12,500 K.W. and an additional machine having a capacity of 15,000 K.W. is now In course of erection. The issued Capital of the Company is £1,050,000. PIONEER ELECTRIC TRAMS 'T'HE Madras Electric Tramways were opened in May 1895, fully six years • before electric tramcars were running anywhere else In India, or even In London, and the other large Cities In England. The Company was reconstructed, and the scope of Its activities extended, In I 904. The tramways serve 16V.. miles of roads In the City of Madras, and maintain a regular service over all routes. The rolling stock consists of 100 single deck cars, each equipped with two electric motors. The larger cars are equipped with electric and compressed air brakes In · addition to hand brakes, and the smaller cars are equipped with electric brakes In addition to hand brakes. The dally car mileage amounts to approximately 8,000 and the number of passengers carried dally Is approximately 80,000. The Issued Capital of The Madras Electric Tramways (I 904), Ltd., Is £320,900. HISTORY OF OIL IN MADRAS

JT was in 1889 that Messrs. Samuel & Co., the first "Ancestors" of the Burmah-Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Company, Ltd., started to market Kerosene in Madras through their Agents, Messrs. Best & Co. Even before that the late Sir Haiee Ismail Sail had imported American Kerosene in cases, most of which were retailed through Messrs. Spencer & Co. Messrs. Samuel & Co. were incorporated in Shell Transport & Trading Co., Ltd., and in 1893 the " Shell " Installation was built at Royapuram. This Installation Is now used for the storage of Diesel Oil, and is, we believe unique in one respect, in that It has a I 0,000 gallon tank with no roof installed inside the godown. The first Kerosene tanker to visit Madras discharged its bulk =go into this Installation in 1893. The Royal Dutch Oil Co. was the next to start operations in Madras, with· Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co. as Agents. Their Royapuram Installation, which is situated on the foreshore North of the Harbour, and which is now used for Furnace Oil and Motor Oils, was built in 1903, but in 1906 the Asiatic Petroleum Co., Ltd., took over the interests of the Royal Dutch and Shell Transport & Trading in Madras; Messrs. Best & Co. continued to act as Agents for the new company until the formation of Burmah-Shell, and their connexion with the oil business extended over an unbroken period of almost 40 years. Oil from Burma was first brought to Madras in 1903, but it was not until 1905 that The Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., erected tankage on the Sand Accretion. Messrs. Binny & Co. acted as Agents, with the assistance of the late Sir Haiee · Ismail Sait, until 1906, when the agency was taken over by Messrs. Shaw Wallace & Co., who continued to act as Agents until the formation of Burmah-Shell in 1928. The Asiatic Petroleum Co. built an Installation on the Sand Accretion in 1907, as the tankage at "Shell" and Royapuram had become inadequate. This Installation is still used for the storage of Kerosene, and in it are filled daily the 150 tankcarts that meet the demand in Madras City and Its suburbs for oil for lighting and cooking purposes.

UNDER FIRE DURING GREAT WAR

It was in September 1914 that the German Cruiser "Emden" suddenly appeared off Madras and shelled the B.O.C. Installation at Sand Accretion. The following extract from a private account describes this raid: " ...... Five tanks were hit. A shell burst on the verandah of the Manager's house and the next destroyed his bed, after he had left it. More shots passed 54 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK through the sheds, and although one burst in a stack of packed oil, it was not set on fire. About 3,50,000 gallons of oil were lost from the tanks, and the damage to buildings was considerable. An Indian watchman was killed. The first shot was fired at 9-20 p.m. on 22nd September, and the bombardment lasted about twenty minutes or so, ceasing when the "Emden's" fire was returned by the Madras guns. We are pleased to be able to record that Mr. Ellis, the Installation Manager, after removing his family returned and worked the pump under fire until one of the shells destroyed the water service line ...... An excellent lllustration of the damage done to the oil tanks Is given In the "Illustrated London News" of 24th October. Volumes of dense black smoke can be seen arising from the Kerosene Oil tanks, which caught fire, and, In striking contrast to these, the Fuel Oil tank Is shown with a large hole through It caused by a shell, which left the contents of the tank unharmed. No better illustration or more convincing proof of the safety of Fuel Oillrom lire could be found ...... " A piece of tank plate has been preserved as a souvenir of.thls visit. The Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., moved their Installation to Tondiarpet In 1916, not, as may be thought, In anticipation of another bombardment, but because the Port Trust required the land on the Sand Accretion for harbour development. In this new Installation at Tondiarpet tankage for Petrol was provided, and In 1918 the first Petrol tanker discharged its cargo at Madras. Motor cars In those days were by no means in general use, and Petrol sales in Madras were small, but during the last 17 years the increase in the number of motor vehicles has been so large that in 1935 in the Madras territory over 170 lakhs of gallons of Petrol were consumed.

OUTLYING INSTALLATIONS In addition to the Installations In Madras the Asiatic Petroleum Co. and The Burmah Oil Co. had erected Installations at Cocanada, at Emakulam (Cochin), and at Tuticorln which were used to assist in supplying the requirements of the Madras Presidency, the Nizam's Dominions, and the Indian States of Mysore, Travancore and Cochln. The Tuticorln Installations have since been closed down. Burmah-Shell was formed on January I st 1928, to act as Agents In India for the Asiatic Petroleum Co. (India), Ltd., The Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., and Anglo-Persian

have been made to cope with the present demand. The Kerosene tin factory is capable of productnq I 0,000 Kerosene tins per day, and a similar number can be filled and capped in the filling shed. The two photoqraphs accompanying this article show operations in the manufacture and filling of tins at Tondiarpet. But in addition to providing ample storage fadlities at main ports Burmah­ Shell, as its full name implies, also fulfils the functions of a distributing company. The Branch Office in Madras controls not only the Installations but also five upcountry "Divisional" Offices, 180 upcountry depots and over 400 agents and dealers. From 1928 to 1933 Burmclh-Shell Madras Branch Office was located in premises belonging to Messrs. Best & Co., Ltd., on First Line Beach, but ln. March 1933 it was moved into its own four-storeyed building, which had just been completed on Esplanade. This Office provides ample space and excellent working conditions for the staff of 360 that are employed in it, and from the roof can be obtained a magnificent view of the whole of Madras. The " Divisional " Offices are situated at Ootacamund, Trichinopoly, Secunderabad, Vizagapatam and Madras itself, and they are responsible for personal supervision of the marketing of Burmah-Shell products carried out by the agents and dealers. The upcountry depots are run by the Company's own staff or by their Agents, and are used as stocking points to meet the demand of their local market and for onward despatch of goods by rail or road to neighbouring stations. In a short review of this nature there is no space for details of the various products marketed by Burmah·Shell, but the main products are qiven in an advertisement appearing elsewhere in this Brochure. The organisation is such that even in the remotest villages of the Agency tracts in the north, or in the Jungle tracts of the south-west, Kerosene is always available for sale, and there is scarcely a village situated on a motorable road where Petrol supplies cannot be obtained. BINNY & CO. (MADRAS) LTD. FOUNDED OVER 250 YEARS AGO

The exact date of the founding of the firm of Binny cSr Co. is uncertain. Persons of the name of Blnny have been connected with Madras for over 250 years and records exist of the marriage of Thos. BlnnY to Elizabeth Rozario on 2nd February 1682 and of John Martyn to Catherine Blnny on 16th April 1691. In 1769, Chas. Blnny arrived In India and from 1779 or earlier to 1792 was Secretary to the Nawab Walaiah. A George Blnny was a Surgeon at Ganiam in 1779. In April 1805 John Blnny Senior, the founder of the firm of Blnny cSr Co., made a claim for his salary due from the late Nabob Omdut Ul Omrah. It Is from this claim that we qat the authentic date of his arrival In India. He states that he "left England in November 1796 with recommendatory letters to the late Nabob from my relation Mr. Chas. Blnny, who had been manY years English Secretary to His Highness' father, the Nabob Walala", • • • "I arrived at Madras In May 1797 ." John Blnny remained in the Nabob's service until the Nabob's death In July 1801. His salary was apparently Rs. 500 a month but he received nothing at all until 1805 when his claim was allowed for "Pagodas 5142·36, !.e., without Interest". It was probable that John Blnny was born In India as his name does not appear in early 19th century lists as having come from abroad; the practice at that time being to exclude from such lists persons born in India though they may have gone to England In their childhood. In Love's "Vestiges" It Is stated that during the last hall of the 18th century, the big mercantile firms sprang Into existence including Blnny cSr Co. This would appear to place the founding of the firm at a date prior to 1800, but this Is by no means certain as John Blnny Senior was In the service of the Nawab of WalaJah from 1797 to 1801, apparently as a Surgeon, although he maY also have been carrying on a business of his own. He Is referred to In Love's "Vestiges" as "the well known Deaf Blnny". In 1801 John Binny Senior was Sheriff of Madras, being the last Sheriff appointed by the East India Company. His house at this time was In the short thoroughfare which connects Commander-in-Chief bridge with Mount Road and which to-day bears his name. His residence afterwards became The Imperial Hotel. The site Is now occupied by Messrs. Spencer cSr Co. and the MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 57

Connemara Hotel. He probably occupied this house until about 1820, as, In the ledger of 1821, is an entry showing that the House in Choultry Plain was sold for Madras Rupees 35,000; the profit on this transaction being Madras Rupees 7,000. The earliest ledger now in existence is dated 1806 and shows that Government Bonds dated June 1799 were held; it also shows that a certain Capt. Wynnes' promissory note dated 8th December 1802 was still outstanding. On 21st February !823 John Binny Senior was living in Upper Wimpole Street, London, and being about to return to India bringing with him his nephews George Webster and Thos. Key, he made a rather long will in which he left sums amounting to £32,310 and the "larger part and residue to his elder · brother Thomas to whose protection he owed his start in life". This Thomas Binny was Capt. Thos. Binny who commanded the "Success" and "Surprise" galleys in the service of the Nawab. He was drowned at sea. It is interesting to note that the names of these two galleys are retained in the two tugs owned by the Company to-day. John Binny died at Madras on 2nd June, aged 55 years. It is very cillficult to find out exactly what trade the firm carried on in lis early days. The mixing of private matters with the firm's transactions is remarkable, and apparently each partner carried on business on his own account apart from any business as a firm. The number of transactions judged by to-day's standards were remarkably small. Banking and Agency seem to have been the mainstay of the firm, and occasional purchases of wine and cloth were made but in most cases It is cillficult to find out the profit or loss on such transactions. In 1801 the firm was known as Binny & Dennison. Nothing is known of Dennison and by 1814 the name of the firm was Binny & Co. In 1816 there was a John Binny Junior in the firm. Who this person was has not been ascertained. He apparently received two-thirds of the profits for 1816 whilst a W!lliam Scott received one-third. What John Binny Senior received is not clear. John Binny Junior is described in the will of John Binny Senior as "friend late of Madras now of Upper Wimpole Street". In 1836 the partners of the firm were:­ W!ll!am Scott Binny James Webster James Scott John Binny Key. It was in this year that a meeting was held at the offices of Binny & Co. on the 29th September at which It was resolved "That an association be sa MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK formed In Madras under lhe designation of lhe Madras Chamber ol Commerce." The finn acted as Treasurers and one of its assistants, William Hamilton Hart, who became a partner In 1837, was lhe Honorary SecretarY· The finn's business continued gradually to extend and In 1906 It was formed Into a Limited Liability Company under lhe name ol Binny & Co. Ltd. In 1920 lhe Interests In London and Madras were divided and a new CompanY. "BlNNY & CO. (MADRAS) LTD.", took over lhe Indian Interests. The interests ol Binny & Co. include Cotton and Woollen Mills, Shipping, Insurance, Engineering and lhe Import of piece goods. In shipping the Company have held lhe Agency ol the B. I. S. N. Co. Ltd. since !hat CompanY was formed and to-day, in addition, holds lhe agency oflhe P. & 0. S. N. Co., lhe Orient Line and olher steamer lines. The Company holds manY agencies for Fire and Marine Insurance and Life Assurance. It is interesting to note that !hey were lhe first agents outside lhe United Kingdom ol lhe Alliance Assurance Company Ltd. ol London an agency !hey still hold. The Company's cotton and woollen Interests are connected with the Managing Agency of lhe Buckingham & Carnatic Co. Ltd. and the Bangalcre Woollen, Cotton & Sillc Mills Ltd.

BUCKINGHAM & CARNATIC CO. LTD. The Buckingham & Camatic Mills were first registered under the Indian Companies Act as separate Limited Companies on 17th August 1876 and 30th June 1881, respectively, and Messrs. Binny & Co. were appointed Managing Agents of both Companies. The Buckingham Mill Company Limited was registered with a capital ol Rs. 5,00,000 divided Into 500 shares ol Rs. 1,000 each. The capital was increased In November 1876 to Rs. 7,00,000. The Mill commenced work on lhe site it now occupies in Perambur tn January 1878 and In June of lhat year 15,000 spindles were working. From that date the number of spindles was gradually increased until in 1890 35,000 spindles were at work. In the year 1893 weaving was first begun in Buckingham Mill when 600 power looms were installed. The Camatic Mill Company Limited had originally a capital of Rs. 7,00,000 divided into 1,400 shares of Rs. 500 each. The Capital was increased in December 1881 to Rs. 10,00,000 and the Mill commenced work, on a site adJacent to Buckingham Mill, In January 1884, with 16,500 spindles and 129 looms. The Mill was rapidly extended and In 1890 there were 29,048 spindles and 491 looms at work. By counesy of rhe BucK1ngnam and Carnatic Mills Co., Ltd. A glimpse of the weaving section of the B. & C. Mills. By courtesy of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Co., Ltd. Drawing section of Madras's biggest cotton mills. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 59

From this time until the present day the Mills have gradually extended in every direction. In Buckingham Mill there are now 46,616 spindles and 1.400 looms at work, and in Carnatic Mill 55,164 spindles and 1,315 looms. The Mills' Dyehouses are completely equipped for the bleaching, dyeing and finishing of the whole of the Mills' production of cloth and yarn, and contain the largest Khaki dyeing plant under one management in the world. Since their foundation the Mills have aimed at the production of high grade materials from Indian colton. Their first notable success was Cotton Khaki Drill which in 1906 attracted the attention and encouragement of the late Lord Kitchener, then Commander-in-Chief. The Mills have also assisted in the encouragement of new and improved strains of South Indian Cottons, with the same end in view. For many years past they have supplied the bulk of the Khaki Drlll requirements of the Army in India, and their output now Includes a very wide range of materials well known over the length and breadth of India. Burma and Ceylon. The object of the Mills since their foundation has been the development of indigenous industry and the production of high grade materials from Indian cotton and their output covers a range of cotton fabrics including plain and fancy shirtings, bleached and dyed twills and drills, and suitings of all descriptions. The total number of Indian employees in the two Mills in the year 1888 was about 1,200; to-day there are about 10,000 Indian employees.. In 1920 the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills were amalgamated into one Company, along with four Pressing and Ginning Companies also managed by Binny & Co. (Madras) Ltd., and Nellimarla Jute Mill, the new Company being registered under the name of The Buckingham & Carnatic Co. Ltd. with a capital of Rs. 2,50,00,000. The well-being of its employees has for very many years occupied the attention of Binny & Co. (Madras) Ltd. and this finds its chief expression in the Welfare Work amongst its Mill employees in Madras and Bangalore. Amongst its Welfare activities mention may be made of the provision of houses at cheap rents for the Mill Workpeople and of a school at which many of the workpeople's children attend. Dispensaries at· which work­ people and their families receive free treatment are maintained and a large Stores at which employees are able to obtain most of their household needs at reasonable prices. There is a Workpeople's Club, an Athletic Association, a Dramatic Society and a Literary and Debating Society. The Co-operative Loan Society has assisted a large number of the workers with loans at reasonable rates. 60 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

THE BANGALORE WOOLLEN MillS On 11th October, 1884, the first meeting of the Directors of the Bangalcire Woollen, Cotton and Silk Mills Co. Ltd. was held at No. 7, Dickenson Road, C. and M. Station, Bangalore, and at an adJournment of the same meeting on the 14th October it was resolved "that the machinery, fixtures and good· will of the Bangalore Steam Woollen Mllls be taken over for 308 fully paid· up shares of Rs. 100 each from 1st November 1884." The first general meeting was held on 15th December, 1884, when the Articles of Association were adopted, and II was resolved to req!ster them together with a list of shareholders. Nearly two years later In August 1886, with a confidence in the Managing Agency system unfortunately no longer quite so common, II was resolv9d "that Messrs. Blnny & Co. of Madras should be constituted as Agents, Secretaries and Treasurers in perpetuity." Hitherto Blnny & Co. had not been associated with the Mills. We next find that at a meeting pf Directors held on 15th January, 1894. Mr. Hart (a son of William Hamilton Hart who was appointed a partner of Blnny & Co. in 1837) intimated on behalf of the Agents, Secretaries and Treasurers their willingness to forego a part of their commission to make up a dividend of 6% for the past half year. The Mill was originally situated near Ulsoor Tank In the Civil and · Military Station of Bangalore, and did not move to Its present site on the Western side of Bangalore City until late in 1886 or early 1887. At about this time cotton spinning machinery was introduced, and nine years later, towards the end of 1895, a Hosiery plant was installed. The manufacture of Hosiery has since been discontinued, but the Woollen and Cotton plants have been kept well up to date, and both have expanded considerably since the early days. During the War the Woollen plant was engaged day and night on the manufacture of blankets for the Armies operating In the East. Since the War various additions and Improvements to the plant have brought with them a greatly Improved standard of output. The Mill now makes use of the finest type of wool In the manufacture of high grade travelling rugs, blankets, and many other specialities. By courtesy of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Co., Ltd. Madras operatives tending roving and spinning machines. THOMAS PARRY, 17GB -1824.

Founded Parry & Co., Ltd ., Madras, in 1788. PARRY & CO., LTD. Directors :- Sir William Wright, O.B.E., V.D. Mr. G. H. Hodgson. Mr. H. D. Stephens. Mr. C. Elphinston. THIS Company was founded as a private firm in 1788 by Mr. Thomas Parry who landed in Madras from England towards the end of that year and began to trade as a Free Merchant. His original ledger from 1789-91 is still in the firm's possession. The first mention of Parry in the records is in a "register of Europeans, etc., who are not in the service of the Honorable Company residing in the Black Town and its environs" dated Fort St. George 19th January 1789. Name Occupation Country Whence and By whose When Permission Thomas Parry Merchant Wales England 1788 Governor's PGirry, who was 19 when he landed, never went Home again but was destined to spend the next 36 years in Madras, and finally to die of cholera at Cuddalore when returning from a visit to Porto Novo in 1824. He lived In Madras during stlrr!ng times and saw the Presidency raised from a strip of territory 5 miles long- and 1 mile deep to approximately its present area. During- his long residence in Madras Parry made more than one fortune but aqain and again circumstances beyond his control appear to have affected his prosperity. This probably accounts for the faci that he never took the opportunity in his early days to visit his native country. He was, however, a wealthy man for several years before he died, but he had become reconciled to the Country of his adoption and had no doubt lost any desire to return to England where, by then, he could have had few interests. By 1824 the firm was strong-ly established as one of the leading- Houses of Aqeney in Madras, and the business was on Parry's death left in the capable hands of his partner, J. W. Dare, who had Joined him in 1818 and who became, In his tum, one of the leading- liqhts in Madras commercial circles. Dare was Chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce in 1837-38, and, out of the 100 years of the Chamber's existence, the Chair has been occupied by a member of the firm of Parry & Co., no less than 26 times. East India Distilleries and Sugar Factories Ltd., Nellikuppam. Managed by Parry & Co., Ltd. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 63

the works in the front of the Custom House are blown up. A part of the foundation of the verandah of the Naval Office gave way, and the south end of the verandah fell in. Harrington's house was nearly gone, when the Gale luckily abated-the whole of the foundation is exposed. All the front line of the Banksalls is destroyed and the property on them carried away by the sea. Clive's Battery is rendered useless-every tiled house in the place unroofed in some degree and numbers of people killed. Scarcely a building that has not suffered in doors and windows. "Our buildings on the Beach have been damaged but not much. The sea carried away the end of one godown with some of the Company's rice." The actual site of the premises is said to be the position where the French General Count de Lally placed a battery of guns when the French attacbd Fort St. George in 1759. Parry's Buildings must originally have been two-storied, the bottom storey being used as godowns and strong rooms, and possibly also offices for clerks, whilst the second storey was where the partners in the firm worked and, probably, at times also lived. The third storey was built at the end of the American Civil War. The then senior partner of the firm foreseeing a shortage of cotton in America cornered, as far as he was able, the South Indian crop and was able to make a fortune by his foresight, part of which he expended in the building of an extra storey of private residential quarters higher up to get full advantage of the sea breezes. The remains of an old brass telescope on a stand still exist on the verandah of the top storey, and within the memory of the present senior director, It was customary to use this telescope to read the signals. being made by ships In the Harbour. Trees and buildings now entirely obscure any view of the shipping either at moorings or alongside the Harbour Wharves. · In 1897 the small set of buildings facing the High Court was built at the request of a leading Madras lawyer, Mr. Eardley Norton. This block was erected expressly to provide chambers for barristers and solicitors but unfortunately the then partners of the firm must have been entirely lacking In any artistic sense, as the architecture and design of the buildings Is entirely different from the rest of the block. The whole of the premises are now required to provide office accommodation for the Company's staff. FOREIGN CONSULS

Below Is a list of Consular representatives of foreign countries In the city of Madras.

Country Deaiqnation Name of Consul

UNITED STATES Consul MR. CURTIS C. JORDAN, OF AMERICA Mer=ntile Bant Bulldinqs. Madra a. Bfl.GIUM Actq. Hony. MR. G. H. HODGSON, Consul Monro. Parry & Co., Ltd., Madras. DENMARK Consul MR. W. MAURICE BROWNING, Meoors. Bunnah.Shell 011 Storaqo and Distrlbutinq Co. of India. Ltd., Madras. FrNLAND Hony. Vice· MR. C. G. ALEXANDER, Consul Messrs. T. A. Taylor & Co., Madras. FRANCE Conoular Aqent MR. J. A. RUIN AT, 6/20, North Beach Road, Madras. GERMANY Hony. Consul MR. W. H. W. HARTEN, Messrs. Masaey, Ganz, Hackethal Undla) Ltd., Royapuram, Madras. NETHERLANDS Consul MR. A. D. CHARLES, Messrs. Wileen & Co., Madras. SPAIN Hony. Vice- MR. J. A. RU!NAT, Consul 6/20, North Beach Road, Madras. Da. Deputy Vice· MR. G. MARTIROS!, Consul "Sharatead", McNicholl's Road, Chetput, Madraa. SWEDEN Hony. Consul MR. R. M. McCONECHY. Messrs. Simson & McConec:hy, Ltd., Madraa. HUNGARY Consul MR. A. S. K!LLICK, Messrs, McDowell & Co., Ltd., Madras. NORWAY Consul MR. A. S. TODD, Meoors. Gordon Woodroffe & Co. !Madrao) Ltd., .Madras. Photo by courtesy of Messrs. Gordon Woodroffe & Co., Ltd. Fleshers at Work in a Madras Tannery Lime Yard. Photo by courtesy of Messrs . Gordon Woodroffe & Co., Ltd. In a Madras Tannery Dye House. In the left foreground stand p1les of undyed chrome leather and on the right dyed goods ready for subsequent operations. MEMBERS' NAMES AND BUSINESSES

IN THE PAGES which follow immediately will be found a full list of the firms and individuals comprising the Chamber's present membership, with business descriptions and other necessary details.

FOLLOWING the alphabetical list will be found a Classified List, in which the firms and individuals are given under the heading of the products and services supplied by members of the Madras Chamber of Commerce.

THIS INDEX will repay perusal by all doing business with South India, and by others wishing to establish business connexions with this territory. There is scarcely a product or a service unmentioned. The Chamber is always ready to put inquirers in touch with members.

LASTLY, following the Classified List appear the announce­ ments in which many members describe with greater fullness and detail the goods and services they offer.

IN THE HOPE and belief that all of fuis will be found helpful, we commend the following pages to the attention of readers. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE CHAMBER

BEST & CO~ LTD.-Managing Agents: The Raichur, Hyderabad (Doc:can). Address: Crompton Engineering Co. (Madras) Ltd., 169, Popham'• Broadway. Madzas. Head Agents & Managers: The Anglo-French Office: 9, Wallace Street, Bombay. Tele­ Textile Co., Ltd., Secretaries: The Singar­ grams: "Cabronada.'' london Agents: eni Collieries Co., Ltd., General importers Messrs. Wyer & Hawke, 4, Crosby Square, & Exporters. Other Departments-skins & London, E.C.3. Telephone: Avenue 5060. Hides (export) Import Piecegoods and Branches: Calcutta, Karachi, Delhi.. Indian Mill goods, Shipping (freight and Alleppey. Passages), Clearing & Forward.inq, Cement, W. H. BRADY & CO .. LTD.-Textile Machinery Engineering Sundries, Lubri=tlng Oils and and Mill Stores, Sugar Factory Machinery, Greases, Insurance, Mechanical Enqi­ Cranes, Conveyors and Lifting Tackle, etc., neerlnq, Mysore Government So.:lp Factory Ball and Roller Bearings, Industrial Chain Products, Import Sundries, etc. Poat Box Drives, Steam and Hydraulic Packings, No. &3. Madras. Telegrams: "Best," Graphite Products, Paint, Hair and Leather Madras. Belting, MachJne Tools, Steam Valves and W. A. BEARDSELL & CO.. LTD.-Cotton Yams, Boiler Mountings, etc., etc. lSC-5, Cotton Piece-Goods, Rayon Yams and Popham's Broadway, Madras. Also at Fabrics, Motor Tyres, Paper, Madras Hand· Bombay, Colcutta, Cownpore, Ahmedabad kerchiefs, Sallampores, Insurance. Poat and Manchester. Home Office Address: Box No. 7, Madras. Teleqrams: "Beardsell,'' 16, John Dalton Street, Manchester 2, Madras. Home Office: Messrs. J, B. Beard­ England. Telegrams: "Brads," Manchester. sell, Ltd., 70, Cumberland Street, Man· Telephone: Blackfriars 5375. Madras Tele­ chester, 3. Cable Address: "Beardsellm," phone No. 3209. Telegrams: "Brad," Manchester. Telephone No. Blackfrlars Madras. 5472/3. BURMAH-SHELL OD. STORAGE & DISTRI· ll!NNY & CO. (Madras) LYD.-General BUTING COMPANY OF INDIA. LTD.­ Importers, Insurance Agents, Enqineers, Distributors of Petroleum Products. Espla­ Agents & Stevedores for Steamships, nade, Madrai. P. 0. Box 157. Telephone: Managing Agents for Jute, Woollen and No. 3964. Telegrams: "Bunnahshel." Cotton MUla, Cotton Ginning and Presslnq Home Office: Burmah-Shell Oil Storage & Factories. 7, Armenian Street. Madras. Distributing Co. of India, Ltd., Britannic House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C. 2. Telegram~: ''Binny," Madras. Tel. Address: "Bunnahshel." Telephone BOMBAY CO., LTD. THE-Importers: Piece­ Nos.: Metropolitan 2283, 2284. Goods, Yarns, Yellow Metal, Copper Sheets, Timber. Exporters: Cotton, Wool, Palmyra CHARTERED BANI: OF INDIA. AUSTRALlA Fibre, Mats Matting, West Coast Produce. & CHINA.-Ac:oepts Current Accounts and Managing Agents: The Vishnu Cotton Mill, Deposits. Buys and Sells Bills of £xchano:;e Ltd., Sholapur; The Lakshml Cotton Mlq. or Telegraphic Transfers and conducts Co., Ltd., Sholapur; The Adonl Press Co., business with all the principal Cities of Ltd.; The Ralchur Press Co., Ltd.; The the world. Esplanade, Madra:a. Telegrams: Tlnnevelly Cotton Press Co., Ltd. Steamer "Magnet." Home Office: 38, Bishopsgate, Agents: The lndian & Afrlcan Line london, E.C. 2. Cable Address: "Pagoda," (Andrew Weir & Co.); Nippon Yusen London. Telephone No. 3688, london Wall Kaisha. Sundry Agencies: Sugar Machin· (6 Lines). ery, Locomotives and Railway Stores, CH!lMBERS & CO.-General Merchants. The Electrlcal Machinery, Transformers, etc., Chrome Leather Co. (Largest producers of Steel Work, Stoneware Pipes and Fittings, finished leathers In Asia). Chromopet P. 0., Electrical Goods, Coal Tar, Tea, Cannod South lnclla. Cable Address: "Chromeco."' Goods, Provisions, Glass, etc., etc. Chromepet. Prindpal activities: Tanners, Agencies: Amrltsar, Cochin, CaUcut, Telll­ Manufacturers of leather goods of aU cherry, Qullon, Cocanada, Nagapatam, descriptions, and Taxidermists. Exporters Bangalore, TuUcorin, Bellary, Adonl, of Boxhldes and Glaceklds, etc. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

C1JTLE1I PALMEII & CO.-Wlno Merchants Homo Oiftco: 25, Old Broad Street London. and Shippers, 34/35. Mooro Stroot. Madrao. E.C. 2. Coble Addreu: ""Hoondoe." London. Telephone: 2181. Teleqrams: "Companion," Telephone No. London Wall 7932. Madras. Madras Telephone No. 2181. IMPEiliAL CHEMICAL INDOSTIIIES llncllal Home Office: 8. The Crescent, Minoriea, LTD~le Dtstributo~ ln India, Burma and London, E.C. 3. Coble Address: "Com· Ceylon of the chemical. fortlllzor and dyes panlon." London. Telephone No. Royal products of Imperial Chomlcal Industries, 4229. Ltd., Kynoch"s, Eley"1, and Nobel's Cart· EAST ASIAnC CO. LTD. (inoo!1Xlrated ln ridQoa and "Roxlne" leathercloth. and Derunark.).-Madras Agency: Exporters of aollors of Nonforraus Metals. Fog Signals. Oil Seed, Cal:os and Oil Importers of Ughtnln; Fasteners, Sunbeam Bicycles and Rice, Beer, Hardware, LubriootlnQ OU and Motor Cycles, etc. Sellin; Aqent.s for Alfloc all sundry articles, Shipowners and Ltd., !Sodium Alurulnato): Baot.s Pure Dru; Agont.s. Post Box No. 146. 119/120. Co.. Ltd.. (Saccharin): Borax Consolidated ArmoDicm Street. Madraa. Telegrams: Ltd., British Glues & Chemicals. Ltd., British "Asiatico". Branches: Bombay and Cal­ Sulphate of Copper Association, Ltd .. cutta. Homo OIUce Coble Address at Brttish Titan Products Co.. Ltd., Britannia Copenhagen: "Orient". Telephone No. Bt.scutt Co.. Ltd., Brotherton & Co., Ltd., Central 8300. (Hydroa): Chance & Hunt. Ltd.. (Carbon EASTEBN BANX. LTD.--Conduct.s all doscr!po Black); Glycerine Ltd.. John & E. SturQe. tiona of Banking Business, Executorshlps Ltd., (Citric Addl; John & )amos White, and Trusteeships undertaken. Pophcm1'a Ltd., John Marston Ltd., Johns-Manville Broadway. Madras. Teleqrams: "Easter· Co.. Ltd., Joseph Croalleld & Sons., Ltd., tide," Madras. Home Office Cable Address: (Chemicals); Scott & Browne, Ltd., (Scott"s "Eastertide," Stock, London. Telephone No. Emulsion and Hallv!to); WUUam Gossag& Avenue 9061 (five Lines). & Sons, Ltd., (Slllooto). SprtnvhaYoD Road GILLANDERS ARBUTHNOT & CO~Morchants, (South), Tho Harbour. (P. 0. Box 130). Agont.s and Bankers. lncllcm Bank Build· Madras. Telegrams: "All:aU". Home Outce: lnqa, ht Line Beach, Madras. Telephone Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd .. Imperial No. 2651. Telegrams: "Glllandors". Homo Chomiool Houao, Millbank. London. S.W. I. OIUce: Ogilvy GUlandors & Co., 5, Lolhbury, Cobloa: "Impkemlx"". Telephone No. 4444 London, E.C. 2. !Victoria). GORDON WOODROFFE & CO. !Madras) IMPERIAL TOBACCO COMPANY OF INDIA. LTD~hipping, Insurance, Imports & LTD~iqarettea and Tobaccos. Po•l Box F:xports. Post Box 42, Madras. Telegrams: 2U, MadrM. A1ao at "Vtrqlnta House," "Woodroffe," Madras. London Agents: 37, Chowrtnghoo, Calcutta. Telegrams: Gordon W oodroffe & Co., Ltd., Empire "Powhattan", House, Sl Martins-l~rand, London, E.C. 1. Cable Address: "Wood.roffe Cent.," London. UONEL EDWARDS. LTD.-Freight and Stearn· Telephone: National 3831. ahip AQenta. 16. lsi Line Beach. P. 0. Box A. & F. HARVEY. Tutlcortn & Madur~ No. 1222. MerccmUle Bank Bullcllnvs. Merchants and Cotton Spinners, Shippinq, Maclnu. Telegrams: "Lionwards," Madras. Insurance, Clearing and Porwardinq LOUIS DREYFUS & CO.-Gralns & Oil Sooda Agent.s. Tho Madura MUla Co.. Ltd., Importers & Exporters, Ship owners. TuUcorin, Madura and Ambasamudr 99, Annenlaa. Street. MaclrCd. Toleorama. Teleqrams: "Harvey", Home Office: Har~ "Dreyfus". Head OIUce: 4, Rue de la Brothers Aqency, Ltd., 34, Queen Anne's Banque, Paris, France, London Office: Gate, Westminster, London, s.w. 1. Cable Holland House, Bury Street, London, E.C.3. Address: "Yevrah," London. Teleph . Branches tn India: Bombay, Calcutta & . Whitehall 9613. one. KarachL Telegrams: "Seaoslrta". IMPERIAL BANK OF INDIA~Banlc!ng, Letters MACONOCHIE & CO~tock, Share. Exchang& of Credit, Executor and Trustee Business and Freight Brokers. Merc:aatlle Baak Foreign Exchange Business, Income-ta~ Bulldln~. Madra.. Teleqrams: "Charmac"· Claims. Post Box No. 16. First IJno Beach. MADRAS ELECTRIC SUPPLY CORPORAnON. Madras. Telegrams: "ThisUe," Madras. LTD.-supply of £loctrtc Current. 1. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 67

RUDdalls Road. Vopel"f, Madrao. London Home Office: 26, Bishopsqate, London~ Address: I. Queen Victoria Street, Mansion E.C. 2. Cable Address: "Minerva," LondOJL. House, London, £.C. 4. Cable Addresses: OAKLEY, BOWDEN & CO- (Madra!l) LTD.­ "Potential," Madras. "Muscadine," London. General Merchants and Commission Agents_ Telephone Nos.: 3913 (Madras): City 3465 Managing Agents: Little's Oriental Balm & !London). Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Manufacturers of MADIUIS ELECTRIC TIIAMWAYS (1904) Little's Oriental Balm, Henry's Jvara Hari, LTD.-Electric Tramway. I, BWidalls Road. Omum Carpoor and K.ila Kold. Mysor& Vopel"f, Madrao. London Address: Shell­ Chromite, Ltd., Owners, Prospectors and Max House, Strand, London, W.C. 2. Miners of Chrome and other minerals, own­ Cable Addresses: '"Tramways.'' Madras. fnq mines fn the Mysora State. Pool BoJc "Quantity," London. Telephone Nos.: 3913 No. 67, 15, ArmoDicm StrooL Madrao. Beac:h, Madras. Telegrams: "National". Avenue. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

.SHALIMAR PAINT. COLOUR & VABNISH BTANDA!II).VACUUM OIL co~Dtstrlbudou COMPANY, LTD.-ManuJacturers ol Var· of Kerosono, Petrol, LubrtcaUnq bUs and nishes, Enamels, Paints, Dry ColoUI"', all alllod Potroloum producU. 1/1, Thambu Distempers, etc. C/o Shaw Wallace & Chotty StreoL Cable Address: '"Socony Co., Seo-elaries, 8/9, Thambu Cholly and Vacuum"'. Homo Olllco Address: 26, Streo~ Madras. Teleqroms: "'Colour"' Broadway, New York, U.S.A. Madras. "Colour'' Calcutta. Tol~phone No. 4024 Madras. 1111 Calcutta. T. A. TAYLOR & CO.--(Proprletors, Bellh. Stovonson & Ca., Ltd.), PIO of ArUilcia1 Silk Yarns. Importers Skins. Barytes. "Badaha Bullclluqs," 22, of MJscollanoou• Sundries. Exporters of Errabaloo Cholly Stroo~ G.T.. Madras. Madras HandkorchJoJs and Cotton Kaills. "i'eleqra:ms: "Conecslm," Madras. "Sim­ Aqents for South India for Messrs. Ferqu.son conechy ," London. Home Oflice: 39, Bros., Ltd., Carlisle, Enqland, (Ferquson Lombard Street, London, E.C. 3. Fabrics). AQonts Jor The Employers' Ua­ :SOUTH INDIAN EXPORT CO., LTD~E:xports: blllty Assuranos Corporation, Ltd., "Hamll· Tanned Hides and Skins, Raw Skins, Hide ton House, •• Victoria Embankment. London. Fleshings, Mloa, Cwpets. Imports: Electrtoo1 E.C. 4. Post Box 82, 17, ArmoDicm Stroo~ Engineering Materials, Water Works En· MaclraL Teleqrams: "Shipment," Madras. glneering Materials, Hydraulic Machinery Telephone No. 24.35, Madras. Home Office: V/al~r Filtration Plants, Tarpaullna, Can: Tetley & Whitley, Ltd., 56, Bloom Streel, vases, Wattle Bark. Indian Manufactures: Manchester 1. Cable Address: "Shipment," Cast Iron Pipes, Rainwater and SoU Pipes, Manchester. Head Office Telephone No. General Castings, Pig Iron, Hellgers Coal 3173 IThree Linos) Manchester. and Coke and Tltaghur Paper. 4, Maclean Street. Cable Address: "Xebec". Home THE MADRAS MAIL.-Establlshod .1868, Proprietors: Asaodated Publishers (Madras), CHico: Messrs. De Clennont & Donner 27 St. Thomas' Street, London, S.E. 1. TotO: Ltd., Publishers of "'Tho Madras Mall" phone No. Hop 0533. newspaper (dally), Commercial Printers, Proce.. Enqravere and Publishers. Poat :SOUTH INDIAN RAILWAY CO., LTD. Oncor· Box No. I, Mount RoacL Madra. porated In Enqlaad).-RaUway Company Trtchlnopoly. Telegrams: "Neoloqian," Trt: WILSON & CO.-General Merchants and chlnopoly. Addre3:. of Home Board· 91 Aqente. Importers of Piece-Goods and Petty France, Weatmin&ter, London, s.W. 1: Sundries, Printlnq Materials and Paper. Ex­ Cable Address: "Neoloqlan,, London. porters of Indian Produce. Aqents for: Telephone: Whitehall 4847. Bhlpplnv• Ocean Steamohlp Co., Ltd. Tho&. :SPENCER & CO., LTD~Wholeso1e and RetaU Meadows & Co. Insurance: Uoyds. London Merchants, Cigar Manufacturers, Chemists SalvaQe AuodaUon. National Board ol and Druggists, Cold StoraQe Spedallsta. Underwriters (Now York). Glasqow Underw Mouat Boacl, Madrcu Te'- . 'T d , • Ul., orpe os wrltlnq Assoclallon. Hull .UnderwriUnQ Madras. Home Office: Spencer & ~. Association. Commordal Union Assurance Ondla), Ltd., 57/8, Broad Street Avenue, Co., Ltd. London & Lancashire Fire Insur­ London, E.C. 2. Tele~raphlc Add • "N hilA • reu. ance Co., Ltd. Guardian Assurance Co .. emop Y· ve-London." Telephones: Lon­ don Wall 1335 and 1389, Ltd. S/8, Johcmvlr Btroo~ Post Box 2. Madra. Tela.: ''WUson," Madras. CLASSIFIED INDEX

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WITH NAMES OF SUPPUERS

ABRASIVE P APEIIS BALL & BOLLER BEABINGS, TRANSMISSION Glllanders Arbuthnot & Co. EQUIPMENT. ETC. ACID-BATTERY Binny & Co. (Madras), Ltd., Agents, Parry & Co., Ltd. SKF Ball Bearing Co., Ltd. Brady & Co., Ltd., W. H. AERIAI. BOPEWAYS Best & Co., Ltd. BATTERY-STORAGE Best & Co., Ltd. AEI!ATED WA TEllS BA~MOTOB CAR Spencer & Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. AGBICULTUBAL IMPLEMENTS Parry & Co., Ltd. BELTING Best & Co., Ltd. AGBICULTUBAL MACHINEBY & ACCES­ Brady & Co., Ltd., W. H. (Leather & SOBIES Camel Hair). Best & Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. AlB COMPRESSOR EQUIPMENT BELTING

BRAKE LINING CHAIN DRIVES Ondualrlall Parry & Co., Ltd. Brady & Co., Ltd., W. H. BROAD FLANGED BEAMS CIGARS & CHEROOTS Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, R. A. Best & Co., Ltd. Skelton & Co., London. COAL TAB CANDLES Bombay Co., Ltd. rrar Producers' Assocn., Bunnah.Shell Oil Storage & Dtstrlbutinq Calculta). Co. of India, Ltd. CARPETS COTTON & )'UTE MANUF ACTUREBS . Taylor & Co., T. A. B!nny & Co. (Madras), Ltd., Agents:­ CAsTINGS Bucklngham & Comatic Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. COTTON AND •WOOL MANUF ACTUREBS Binny & Co. (Madras), Ltd. Blnny & Co. (Madras), Ltd., Agents:­ South Indian Export Co., Ltd. Bangalore Woollen, Colton & Silk Mills CASTOR OIL EXPORTERS Co., Ltd. Gordon W oodroHe & Co. (Madras), Ltd. COTTON MEBCHANTS CANVAS A. & F. Harvey, Madura. Best & Co .. Ltd. Ralll Bros., Ltd. South Indian Export Co., Ltd. COTTON GINNERS CEMENT A. & F. Harwy, Madura. Best & Co., Ltd. COTTON PRESSERS CHEMICALS (Agricultural) A. & F. Harvey, Madura. Imperial Chemical Industries (lndta), Ltd. Shaw Wallace & Co. COTTON GINNERS & PRESSERS CmCULAB NOTES & LETTERS OF CREDIT Blnny & Co. (Madras), Ltd., Agents:­ Chartered Bank of India, Australia & Bangalore W oollon, Colton & Silk Mllla Co .. China, Ltd. Ltd. CHEMICJI,LS lor Bucldngharn & ComaUc Co., Ltd. Bleaching A. & F. Harvey, Madura. Brewing COTTON SHIRTINGS & SUITINGB-MANU· Casehardenlng FACTUREIIS Coir bleaching, processing & Dyeing B!nny & Co. (Madras), Ltd., Agents:­ Confectionery & Baking Bangalore W ooUen, Colton & Sllk Mills Concrete & Cement-treatment of Co .. Ltd. Disinfectants (Manufacturers of) Buckingham & Carnatic Co., Ltd. (Eiectrtca!) CONVEYORS

DISTEMPERS ENGINEERING MATERIALS Shalimar Paint, Colour & Vam ish Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. DRAIN CLEANING APPARATUS ENGINEERING MATERIAL5-WATEBWOIIKS Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Cakebread -IMPORTERS OF Robey & Co., Ltd., London. South lndlan Ezport Co., Ltd. DRAFTS ISSUED ENGINEERING National Bonk of India, Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. DRUGS Binny & Co. (Madras), Ltd. & Best & Co., Ltd. Bombay Co., Ltd. (Burn Co., Ltd., Howrah). DRY COLOURS Parry & Co .. Ltd. ENGINEs-GAS Shalimar Paint, Colour & Varnish Co., Ltd. Binny & Co. (Madras), Ltd. (Agents, Crossley Bros., Ltd.). DRY ICE Spencer & Co., Ltd. ENGINE5-0U. DYES Best & Co., Ltd. Imperial Chemical Industries (India}, Ltd. Binny & Co. (Madras), Ltd. (Agenis, Crossley Bros., Ltd.). DYE STUFFS Parry & Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. (Sandoz Chemical Works, Basla). ENAMELS Shaw Wallace & Co. Shalimar Paint, Colour & Varnish Co., Ltd. DRYERS & FINISHERS EPSOM SALTS Buckingham & Carnatic Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. .ELECTRIC CABLES ESSENCES Parry & Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. ll.ECTRIC COOKING & HEATING APPLIAN· EXECUTORS HIPS CES Imperial Bank of India. Best & Co., Ltd. Mercantile Bank of India, Ltd. ELECTRIC CURRENT-SUPPLY OF EXCHANGE BANKS Madras Electric Supply Corporation, Ltd. Chartered Bank of India, Australia & ELECTRIC DRILLS China. Best & Co., Ltd. NaUonal Bank of India, Ltd. .ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MATERIAL5- FANCY GOODS IMPORTEBS Spencer & Co., Ltd. South Indlan Export Co., Ltd. FERTILISERS ll.ECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Parry & Co., Ltd. Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. FIRE APPLIANCE ELECTRICAL GOODS Parry & Co., Ltd. Bombay Co., Ltd. [The Ever Ready Co. FIRE BRICKS (lndla), Ltd., Caiculla]. Best & Co., Ltd. ELECTRICAL LAMPS, FANS & GENERAL Parry & Co .. Ltd. ACCESSORIES FIRE ENGINES Best & Co., Ltd, Best & Co., Ltd. ELECTRIC LIFTS FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES Best & Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY FINISHED LEATHERS Best & Co., Ltd. Chrome Leather Co. ELECTRIC TRAMWAYS FLOORING Madras Electric Tramways (1904), Ltd. Best ~ Co., Ltd. ELECTRIC WIRING MATERIALS FOREIGN EXCHANGE BUSINESS Best & Co., Ltd. Imperial Bank of India. 72 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

FOREIGN LIQUORS HAB.DWABE CuUer Palmer & Co. Gordon W oodrofie & Co. (Madras), Ltd. Ecmt Aa!atlc Co., Ltd. Spencer & Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. Taylor & Co., T. A. FREIGHT AGEIIlll HIDE FLESHINGS-EXPOBTEllS OF Lionel Edwards, Ltd. South Indian Export Co .. Ltd. FOB.GINGS HIDES AND SKINS-EXPOBTEllS OF Best & Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. Ralll Bros.. Ltd. FUB.NACE OIL Shaw Wallaoe & Co. Burmah.Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Co. of India, Ltd. HYDROCHLORIC AC!I) Parry & Co.. Ltd. FliiiNISHING JC&CIIEAM Spencer & Co., Ltd. GLASS Spencer & Co., Ltd. ICING SUGAR Bombay Co., Ltd. (Comptolr Franoala D' ExportaUon de Glaces, Parts). Parry & Co., Ltd. IUchardson & Cruddas, Agents, P1lklnqton INSECTIC!I)ES Bros., Ltd., SL Helen&. Burmah.Shell OU Storage & Distributing GLASS BOTTLES Co. of India, Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. Imperial Chemlool Industries Qndla), Ltd. GLASSWABE INSULATION BOAB.D (C.lotos) Spencer & Co., Ltd. Shaw Wallace & Co. GLAUBER SALTS INSURANCE Parry & Co.. Ltd. Boat & Co.. Ltd.-Agents lor:­ GLUCOSE Northem Assurance Co.. Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. Railway Paasenc;era Aasuranoa Co. Taylor & Co., T. A. Alliance Assurance Co., . Ltd. Eastern Federal Union Insurance Co., Ltd. GLUES & GELATINES OF EVEIIY DESCBIP· TION South BriUsh Insurance Co., Ltd. North BriUsh & MeroanWe Insurance Co., Imperial Chemlool Industries Qndla), Ltd. Ltd. GOLD TllllEAD Fine Arts & General Jnsuronoe Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. GBAINS Bbmy & Co. (MaclrCD), Ltd.-Agents lor:­ AUas Assurance Co.. Ltd. Louis Dreyfus & Co. Standard LUe Assurance Co. GRAMOPHONES •.•J British & Forelqn Marine Insurance Co., Spencer & Co., Ltd. Ltd. GRAPHnE PRODUCTS Netherlands India Sea & Fire Insurance Brady & Co., Ltd., W. H. Co. GREASES Royal Exchanqe Assurance. Best & Co., Ltd. Triton Insurance Co., Ltd. Standard Vacuum OU Co. Phoenix Assurance Co., Ltd. GREEN COPPEllAS Alliance Assurance Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. China Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. GROCERY & PROVISIONS Manchester Assurance Co. Spencer & Co., Ltd. Norwich Union Fire Insurance Soc:lety, Ltd. Palatine Insurance Co., Ltd. GBOUNDNUT-EXPORTEllS OF SootUsh. Union & NaUonal Insurance Co. East AataUo Co., Ltd. Yorkshire Insurance Co .. Ltd. HABEIIDASHERY Norwich & London Accldent Insurance Spencer & Co., Ltd. Assn. HACKSAWS & BLADES OCD, NoU & eo,· Peninsular & Oriental St. N. Co. IShoWo!d), Ltci.J BoardsoU & Co., Ltd., W. A. Shaw Wallace & Co. GWandors Arbuthnot & Co. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 73-

Gordon WoodroHe & Co. (Madrao), Ltd.- LAMPS Agents for;- Spencer & Co., Ltd. Canton Insurance Office, Ltd. LANDING. FORWARDING & SHIPPING Hongkong Fire Inswance Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. James Finlay & Co., Ltcl. LADIES' OUIHIIING Law Union & Rock Insurance Co., Ltd. Spencer & Co., Ltd. London Assurance Corporation. Royal Insurance Co., Ltd. LAUNDRY-ELECTRIC Scottish Union & National Insurance Co., Spencer & Co., Ltd. Ltd. LEAD-PIG Sea Inswance Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. Tokio Marine & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. !.&ATHER CLOTH Triton Insurance Co., Ltd. Bombay Co., Ltd. a.es Etabllssements. Union Assurance Sodety, Ltd. Marechal, Parts). Union Insurance Society of Canton, Ltd. !.&ATHER CLOTH (Roxine, ArtiHdal leather. Yangtsze Insurance Association, Ltd. Book Binding Material) York.shire Insurance Co., Ltd. Imperial Chemical Industries (India), Ltd_ Parry & Co., Ltcl. LEATHER GOODS & SADDLERY Shaw Wallace & Co.-Agents for:­ Spencer & Co., Ltd. Oueensland Insurance Co., Ltd. Chrome Leather Co. Bankers & Traders Insurance Co., Ltd. LETTERS OF CREDIT Imperial Bcmk of India. Imperial Bank of India. Ralll Bros., Ltd. (Accident, Fire, Marine, Motor Chartered Bank of India, Austral)a & Cor). China. Bank Wilson & Co., Agents, Lloyds. National of India. Ltd. London Salvage Association. LIGHT RAILWAY EQUIPMENT National Board of Underwriters {New York). Parry & Co., Ltd. Glasgow Underwriting Association.. LIFTING TACKLE (Pulley Blocl:s) Electric, Hull Underwriting Association. & Hcmd operated Commercial Union Assurance Co., Ltd. Brady & Co., Ltd., W. H. London & Lancashire Fire Insurance Co., LIGHTNING ARRESTERS Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. Guardian Assurance Co., Ltd. LINEN THREADS INCOME-TAX RECOVERY Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. Chartered Bank of India, Australia & LINSEED OIL China. Best & Co., Ltd. mONMONGERY Blnny & Co. (Madras). Ltd., Agents, Tho· Spencer & Co., Ltd. Gourepore Lubricating OU Co., Ltd. moN-PIG Binny & Co. (Madras), Ltd., Agents, Best & Co., Ltd. Maitland Craig, Ltd. South Indian Export Co., Ltd. Burmah·Shell OU Storage & Dlsl:ibutlng•c IRON-5CRAP Co. of India, Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. JUTE-EXPORTERS LIQUOR Gordon Woodroffe & Co. (M:adras), Ltd. T. A. Taylor & Co. XATHA LOCOMOTIVES GJllanders Arbuthnot & Co. Bombay Co., Ltd. (Henschel & Sohn A. G .• _ KHAKI MATERIALs-MANIIFACTURERS OF Kassel). Buckingham & Carnatfc Co., Ltd. MACHINERY KEROSENE OIL Parry & Co., Ltd. Burmah..Shell Oil Storage & Distributint;r MACHINERY-ELECTRICAL Co. of India, Ltd. Bombay Co., Ltd. Standard-Vacuum Oil Co. (A. Reyrolle & Co. Hebbum on Tyne) .. LAC PRODUCTS U. H. Holmes & Co., Ltd. Hebbum on' Best & Co., Ltd. Tyne). MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

MACHINDIY-GENERAL MOTOR TYRES Bombay Co., Ltd. Boardsoll & Co .. Ltd., W. A. (Bum & Co .. Ltd.l. MYIIABOLAMS-EXPORTERS (Howrah Iron Works, Howrah). Gordon Woodro!Jo & Co. (Madras), Ltd. MACHINDIY-HYDRAULIC NlTIIIC ACID (B. P. & CommorclaU South Indian Export Co., Ltd. Parry & Co.. Ltd. MACHINERY-TEXTILE orncE FU1IN1TURE Brady & Co .. Ltd., W. H. Bombay Co., Ltd.(Tansad Chair Co. (1931), MACHINERY-SUGAR Ltd., London]. Best & Co., Ltd. OIL-DIESEL Bombay Co.. Ltd ..(A. & W. Smith & Co .. Burmah-Sholl Oil Storaqo & Dlstributinq Ltd., Glasgow). Co. of India. Ltd. Brady & Co .. Ltd., W. H. OU.S & GREASES MACHINE TOOLS Best & Co., Ltd. (Lubricating). Brady & Co., Ltd., W. H. Parry & Co., Ltd. Bunnah-Shell Oil Storago & Distributing MACHINE WORK Co. of India, Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. Standard Vacuum Oil Co. MADRAS HANDKERCHIEFS-EXPORTERS Beardsell & Co., Ltd .. W. A. OIL SEEDS Tetley & Whitley, Ltd. OIL CAKES MANURES Ralll Bros., ltd. Louis Dreyfus & Co. Parry & Co., Ltd. OUTBOARD MOTORS MARBLE Imperial Chemical Industries (India), Ltd. Bombay Co., Ltd. (Soc. An Lasa per L' (Sunbeam Products). Industria del Manno, Marano, Italy). PAINTS MEN'S OOUilliNG Taylor & Co., T. A. Spencer & Co., Ltd. Shalimar Palnt, Colour & Varnish Co., ltd. METALS PAINTS (AnUcorroaiYe) Best & Co., Ltd. Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. Bombay Co, Ltd. PAINTS (CoUuloso) MET ALS--<:OPPER Gillcmders Arbuthnot & Co. Glllanders Arbuthnot & Co. PAINTS & DRY COLOURS Gordon Woodroffe & Co. (Madras), Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. 'METALS-YELLOW METAL SHEETS PAINTS, DISTEMPERS. VARNISHES Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. Best & Co.. Ltd. METHYLATED & DENATURED SPIRIT Blnny & Co. (Madras), Ltd. [Agents, Jenson Parry & Co., Ltd. & Nicholson Undia), Ltd.] MINES & MINERALS Shalimar Paint .. Colour & Varnish Co., Ltd. Oakley Bowden & Co. (Madras), Ltd. PAINTS FOR DECORATION 'MICA-EXPORTERS GUlanders Arbuthnot & Co. South Indian Export Co., Ltd. PAINT FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MILL STORES Glllanders Arbuthnot & Co. Brady & Co., Ltd., W. H. PAINTS FOR MOTOR CARS Glllanders Arbuthnot & Co. MOSAIC nOORINGS PAlNTB-SILICA GRAPHITE Parry & Co.. Ltd. Brady & Co., Ltd., W. H. MOTOR BICYCLES, BIDE.CARS & ACCES­ PAPER SORIES (Sunbeam Products) Beardsell & Co., Ltd., W. A. Imperial Chemical Industries (India), Ltd. South Indian Export Co., Ltd. 'MOTOR .ACCESSORIES Taylor & Co., T. A. Taylor & Co .. T. A. Wilson & Co. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 75

PAPER (Indian Manufacture) PIG LEAD South Indian Export Ca., Ltd. Best & Ca.. Ltd. PACKINGS (Steam & Hydraullc) PIPES-CAST mON Brady & Ca., Ltd., W. H. South Indian Export Ca., Ltd. PASSAGE AGENTS PIPES-BAIN WATER & SOIL Best & Ca., Ltd. South Indian Export Ca., Ltd. PATENT AND PROPRIETARY MEDICINES PIPES-STONEWARE Oakley, Bowden & Co. (Madras), Ltd. Bombay Ca., Ltd. (Bum & Ca., Ltd., Calcutta). PATENT GLAZING BARS PRODUCE-INDIAN (Exporters) & Richardson Cruddas, Agents, Halliwell Wilson & Co. & Ca., Brlqhouse (Yorks). PLANTS-(Case hardening & Deqreasinq). PEIIFUMERY Imperial Chemical Inaustries (India), Ltd. Spencer & Co., Ltd. PLANTS (Water Filtration) PESTICIDES South Indian Export Ca., Ltd. lmperial ChemJcal Industries Clndia), Ltd. PLYWOOD PETROLATUMS Shaw Wallace & Ca. Best & Ca., Ltd. (Venesta, Ltd., London). PETROL & AVIATION SPIRIT PNEUMATIC TOOLS AND APPLIANCES Bunnah-Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Shaw Wallace & Ca. Co. of India, Ltd. {'The Globe Pneumatic Engineering Co., Standard Vacuum Oil Co. Ltd., London}. POTTERY PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS Parry & Ca., Ltd. Best & Ca., Ltd. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTS PRINTING MATERIALS Oakley, Bowden & Co. (Madras), Ltd. Wilson & Co. PHOSPHOR-BRONZE PROVISIONS PHOSPHOR-COPPER Bombay Ca.. Ltd. PHOSPHOR-TIN {Fester Clark, Ltd., Maidstone, Kent). Shaw Wallace & do., Agents, The Phosphor (Craig Mostyn & Ca.. Sydney). Bronze Co., Ltd., London. Spencer & Co., Ltd. PHOTOGRAPHIC & ARTISTS' MATERIALS PUMPS Spencer & Co., Ltd. Parry & Co.. Ltd. PIECEGOODS PUMPS-CENTRIFUGAL Best & Ca., Ltd. Blnny & Co. (Madras), Ltd. (Agents, Pulso­ Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. meter Engineering Co., Ltd.). Ralll Bros., Ltd. PUMPS-BOILER FEED Taylor & Ca., T. A. Binny & Ca. (Madras), Ltd. (Agents, G. & F. PIECEGOODS-COTTON W eli, Ltd.). Beardsell & Ca., Ltd., W. A. PUMPING MACHINERY, ETC. Wilson & Co. Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Worthing· PIECEGOODS OF JAPANESE MANUFACTURE ton..Simpson, London. (AU Styles) Ltd., Tetley & Whitley, Ltd. RAILWAYS Madras & Southern Mahratta Railway Co., PIECEGOODS & YARNS Ltd. Bombay Ca.. Ltd. South Indian Railway Ca., Ltd., Trichl­ Gordon Woodroffe & Co. (Madras), Ltd. nopoly. PIECEGOODS-ENGLISH MANUF JI,CTURE-­ ALL STYLES RAILWAY REQUISITES & STORES Tetley & Whitley, Ltd. Bombay Ca., Ltd. PIECEGOODS-COTTON-MANUFACTUR­ CBum & Co., Ltd., Howrah Ironworks, ERS OF Howrah). Blnny & Ca. (Madras), Ltd., Managing (Acme Manufacturing Ca., Ltd., Bombay). Agents. [Robert Hudson (India), Ltd., CalcuttaJ. Buckingham & Camatic Ca., Ltd. {Henschel & Sohn, A. G. Kassel). 76 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

BAli.WAYS TYRES & AXLES SEWA.GE EJECTORS Binny & Co. (Madras), Ltd. (Agents, Bal:er Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Hughes & Bessemer Agency). Lancaster, Ltd., London. RAYON FABRICS SANITARY APPLIANCES Reardsell & Co., Ltd., W. A. Rlchardsan & Cruddas, Agents, Doulton & RAYON YABNS Co., Ltd., London. Beardsell & Co., Ltd., W. A. SIIIPPING RAW SKIN5-EXPORTEllS OF Beat & Co., Ltd.. A9ond.- South Indian Export Co., Ltd. Ellennan Unos, Ltd. (""Hnll" & "City" IIEFRIGERATING MACHINERY & EQUIP· Linos). MENT American & Indian Line (Branch Service). Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Frigidaire, Ellerman & Bucl:nall S. S. Co., Ltd. Ltd., New York. (American & Indian Uno). Andrew Weir & Co. ROAD EMULSION lava-Bengal Uno. Burmah-Shell Oil Storage & Distributing Societe Venoziana Dl Naviqaz1one A Co. of India, Ltd. Vopore (Venice Uno}, ROAD SURFACING MATERIAL Cuncnd White Star, Ltd. Bunnch.Shell Oil Storage & Dtstribuilnq Asiatic Steam NavigaUon Co., Ltd. Co. of India, Ltd. Anchor Una (1935), Ltd. ROAD SURF A.CING PLANT Canadian Pac!Hc Stocnnship, Ltd. Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Braham Royal Packet Navigation Co. of Batavia. Patterson & Berharn, Ltd., Exfield. Netherland Uno Royal Dutch MaU. ROLLERs-ROAD Rotterdam Lloyd Royal Dutch Mail Best & Co., Ltd. Osaka Soshen Kaisha, Kobo. ROLLING SHUTTERS Y amash!ta KJsen Kaisha, Kobe. Best & Co., Ltd. Andaman Government Steamers. Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Samuel Wlbon & Co.- Haskins & Bros., Ltd., London. (Agonts, Ocean Steamship Co., Ltd.). ROOFING MATERIAL (Agents, Ocean Steamship Co., Ltd.). Parry & Co., Ltd. SIIIPOWNERS ROPE East Asiatic Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. SIGNAL ARMS & LEVER SHIELDS RUBBER GOODS Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, C. A. & 1-i Bombay Co., Ltd. [Leyland & Birmingham Nichols, Ltd., London. Rubber Co. (India), Ltd., Calcutta]. RUGS Sn.VER AND ELECTROPLATED WARE Taylor ·& Co., T. A. Spencer & Co., Ltd. SACCHARINE SIZING MATERIALS Parry & Co., Ltd. Imperial Chemical Industries (India), Ltd. SAFES SOAPS Best & Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. SAFE CUSTODY OF VALUABLES FOR SPIRIT CONSTITUENTS Parry & Ca., Ltd. National Bank of India, Ltd. SPORTS & GAMES SALLAMPORES Spencer & Co., Ltd. Beardsell & Co., Ltd., W. A. SPRAYERS (Agricultural) SEED5-EXPORTERS OF Glllanders Arbuthnot & Co. Gordon W oodroffe & Co. (Madras), Ltd. SPRAYING HOSE SECURITY WORK Parry & Co., Ltd. Bombay Co.. Ltd. (Chatwood Sale Co., Ltd., SPRAYERS FOR PAINTING Shrewsbury).. G!llanders Arbuthnot & Co. MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK 77

SI'EAMEII AGENTS STEEL WINDOWS Beat & Co•• Ltd.. Aqancleo.~ Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Williams Ellerman Lines. Ltd. ("Hall"" &"City"" Lines). & Williams, Chester. American & Indian Line (Branch Service). STEEL WORK OF ALL KINDS Ellerman & Bueknall S. S. Co.. Ltd. Bombay Co.. Ltd. (Burn & Co.. Ltd., (American & Indian Line). Howrah hon Works, Howrah). Andrew W elr & Co. Java-Bengal Line. STATIONERY Societe Veneziano Dl Naviqazione A Spencer & Co.. Ltd. Vapora {Venice Una}. SUGAR Cunard White Star, Ltd. Parry & Co., Ltd. Asiatic Steam Navigation Co .. Ltd. Ralli Bros.. Ltd. Anchor Line (1935), Ltd. SULPHUliiC ACID (B. P. Commercial) Canadian Pac11ic Steamship, Ltd. Parry & Co.. Ltd. Royal Packet Navigation Co. of Batavia. SWITCHES & SWITCH GEAR Netherland Line Royal Dutch Mail. Best & Co.. Ltd. Rotterdam Uoyd Royal Dutch Mail. Osaka Soshen Kaisha, Kobe. STOCK. SHARE, EXCHANGE & FREIGHT Yamashita Kisen Kaisha, Kobe. BROKERS· Andaman Government Steamers. Maconochie & Co. lllaay & Co. (Madras). Ltd.. Aqonclos:­ TALLOW (British India Steam Navigation Co .• Ltd.). Best & Co .• Ltd. (P. & 0. Steam Navigation Co.. Ltd.). Usthmlan Steamship Co.. Ltd.). TAILORING (Orient Line). Spencer & Co., Ltd. (Grindlay & Co.. Ltd., London. Bombay TANNED HIDES & SKINS & Calcutta). Best & Co.. Ltd. (Thos. Cook & Son, Ltd., London). Gordon Woodroffe & Co. (Madras), Ltd. Bombay Co.. Ltd., Aqencles:- South lndfan Export Co.. Ltd. (lndlan & African Un&-Andrew W eli TANNERS & Co.). Chrome Leather Co. {Nippon Yusen Kaisha). TARPAULIN5-IMPORTERS OF Lionel Edwards, Ltd. South Indian Export Co .• Ltd. Parry & Co •• Ltd. TAXIDEIIMISTS GIDaadors Arbuthnot & Co. (Bibby Line). Chrome Leather Co. Gordon WoodroUo & Co. (Madras), Ltd.. TEA Aqenclea:- Best & Co., Ltd. Clan Line of Steamers, Ltd. Bombay Co.. Ltd. (Tho Bombay-Burma Anchor Brocklebank & Well Una. Tradinq Corporation, Ltd., Mudis Estates). Sun Shipping Co .• Ltd. Spencer & Co.. Ltd. Ben Line Steamers, Ltd. TEA MACHINERY STEAM COOKING APPARATUS Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Barford Parry & Co .• Ltd. & Perkins, Petersborough. TELEPHONES STEAM VALVES & BOILER MOUNTINGS. Best & Co.. Ltd. Brady & Co.. Ltd. TEXTILES--YARN & CLOTH-INDIAN & STEEL CASTINGS ENGLISH Parry & Co.. Ltd. Best & Co .• Ltd. STEEL PIPING. ETC. Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, Stewarts TYliES & TUBES & Lloyds, Ltd., Glasgow. Ralli Bros.. Ltd. STEEL FURNITURE TILES Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. Parry & Co .• Ltd. 78 MADRAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE HANDBOOK

TIMBERS WATTLE BARK-IMPORTERS OF Best & Co., Ltd. Best & Co., Ltd. Bombay Co., Ltd. IThe Bombay·Bunna South Indian Export Co., Ltd. Trading Corporation, Ltd., Rangoon). WATER PROOFING MATERIALS, "llOr" G!llanders Arbuthnot & Co. SIDOL ETC. Parry & Co., Ltd. Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, D. TOILET PRODUCTS Anderson & Son, Ltd., Manchester. Best & Co., Ltd. WIJ. TOOL STEELS, DIIILLS, FILES, ST AlNLESS Standard Vacuum OU Co. STEEL Bunnah·Shell OU Storaqa & Dlstrlbutinq B!nny & Co., Ltd. (Agents, Samuel Osborne, Co. of India, Ltd. Ltd.). WELDED & RIVETED STRUCTURES, AliD TRAVELLERS LETTERS OF CBED!T & TANKS CHEQUES ISSUED Best & Co., Ltd. Chartered . Bank of India, Australia & WHITE METAL China. Best & Co., Ltd. TRAVEL AGENCY WINE MEIICHANTS Parry & Co., Ltd. Cutler Palmer & Co. TRANSFORMERS WINES & SPIRITS Best & Co., Ltd. Spencer & Co., Ltd. TRAVELLING & C.II.MP REQUISITES WIRE SCREENS & MESHING Spencer & Co.. Ltd. B!nny & Co. (Madtas), Ltd. (Aqents, N. mUCKS-ELECTRIC Greening & Sona, Ltd.). Best & Co., Ltd. musTEESIDPS WOOD PRESERVATIVES Beat & Co., Ltd. Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China (undertaken In London). WOOLLEN BUGS & BLANXETS-MANU• Imperial Bank of India. FACTUBERS OF Mercantile Bank of India, Ltd. B!nny & Co. (Madtaa), Ltd., Aqents:­ TURPENTIN&-MINERAL Bangalore Woollen, Cotton & SUi: M!lb Bunnah.Shell OU Storage & Distributing Co., Ltd. Co. of India, Ltd. YARNS-ARTIFICIAL SDJt­ VMBRELLA CLOTH (Enqllsb and Japaneoe RalU Bros., Ltd. Manufacture) T. A. Taylor & Co. Tetley & Whitley, Ltd. Tetley & Whitley, Ltd. VMBRELLA FITTINGS (English and Japanese Manufacture) YARNS-COTTON Tetley & Whitley, Ltd. Beardaell & Co., Ltd., W. A. VALVES, ETC. Ra!U Bros., Ltd. Richardson & Cruddas, Agents, J, Blake­ T. A. Taylor & Co. borough & Sons, Ltd., Brighouae. Tetley & Whitley, Ltd. WATCHES & CLOCKS YARNS-COTTON-MANUFACTURERS Spencer & Co., Ltd. Madura Millo Co., Ltd. WATER METERS YARNS-COTTON-OF JAPANESE MANlJ. Richardson & Cruddaa, Agents, Geo Kent, Ltd., Luton. FACTURE (aU COUDis) Tetley & Whitley, Ltd. ADVERTISEMENT

to commerce is no longer questioned by the discern­ ing . . . it is a vital factor in the promotion of trade and industry, and no sales campaign is complete or can be fully effective without it. "It pays to advertise" has become an axiom of progressive business men.

The following section of this book devoted to advertisements is, therefore, worthy of the careful attention of all seeking to know more of the com­ mercial and industrial life of Madras. The pages immediately following set forth clearly and in alphabetical order the goods and services offered by the advertisers, thus forming a concise buyers' directory. s E c T I 0 N :n

THE BANGALORE WOOLLEN, COTTON & SILK MILLS CO.~ LTD. (Incorporated In Mysore I

Manufacture Superior Blankets and Travelling Rugs, Saddle Blankets, Cooly and Estate Blankets, Cotton Drills and Twills, Mercerised Cotton Suitings and Tussores, 11 Gold Standard 11 Shirtings.

Agents, Secretaries and Treasurers • BIN NY & CO. (MADRAS), LTD. W. A. BEARDSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED. Founded in 1902. Realstered as a private limited liability company In 1914. IMPORTERS OF: Cotton Yarns and Piece-goods. Courtaulds Rayon Yarns and Fabrics. Horrockses Piece-Goods. Bowater's paper. DISTRIBUTORS FOR: The India Tyre & Rubber Co., Ltd., Scotland. EXPORTERS OF: Madras Handkerchiefs and Sallampores. INSURANCE: The Pearl Assurance Co., Ltd. (Life and Fire). The National Guarantee and Suretyship Association (Limited). IV -:.1 II IllIll I IllIll I Ill IllIll I IllII IIIll I Ill Ill Ill IllIll Ill Ill Ill Ill II IllIll I Ill IllII Ill III II II Ill III II II II II IIIll II~- =- =- i BEST & CO., LTD .• I - - I Merchants & Agents, MADRAS. I §- Branches : §- ~ Singareni Collieries, Pondicherry, § - - ~ Cocanada, Vizagapatam and I ~=- Neqapatam. ~=- Managing Agents: - -

Secretaries: The Singareni Collieries Co., Ltd. -= Departments : -= §- Skins and Hides {Export). §- Piece-goods and Indian Mill Goods. ~===== Shipping (Freight and Passages). ~====- _ Clearing and Forwarding. _ - - ~ Cement and Engineering. § - - ~ Lubricating Oils and Greases. ~ §- Insurance. §- ~ Mysore Soaps. I

~Ill Ill III III Ill IllII II III III II III II II IIIll Ill II II IIIll Ill IllIII III Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill III III II !IIIII IIIII'f, v

1886-1936. THE BOMBAY COMPAN~ LIMITED, 169, BROADWAY, MADRAS. Post Box 109. Code :-Bentley's. Telephone : 2909. Telegrams :-"CABRONADA.''

Importers :- Piece-goods, Yarn, Yellow Metal and Copper Sheets and Sundries. Agents for :- The Lakshmi & Vishnu CoHan Mills, Ltd., Sholapur. The Bombay·Burmah Trading Corporation, Ltd., Rangoon.­ Burma Teak. The Bambay·Burmah Trading Corporation, Ltd., Mudis P.O.­ Mudis Tea. Steamer Agents :- Indian & African Line !Andrew Weir & Co). Nippon Yusen Kaisha (Japan). Also Agents for:- Burns Stoneware Pipes and Specials: Bengal Coal Tar; Ever-Ready BaHeries, Cells and Torch Lights: General Engineering and Structural Work: Electrical Engineering Equipment: Railway Equipment: Asbestos Packings, !i etc., etc. :!: I,, HEAD OFFICE:- 9, Wallace Street, BOMBAY. BRANCHES:- Cafcutta, Karachi, Delhi and Alleppey. AGENCIES:- Amritsar, Cocanada, Bangalore, Hyderabad (Dn.l, Negapatam, Quilon, Calicut, Cochin and Tellicherry. VI

BINNY & COMPANY (MADRAS), LIMITED,

7, Armenian Street •• MADRAS. ,,., :] MANAGING AGENTS: The Buckingham and Carnatic Co., Ltd.

AGENTS, SECRETARIES and TREASURERS: ·~ The Bangalore Woollen, Cotton and Silk

I Mills Co., Ltd.

SHIPPING AGENCIES : British India Steam Navigation Coy., Ltd. :]j P. & 0. Steam Navigation Co. Orient Line.

SHIP and GENERAL ENGINEERS : Agents for Crossley Oil Engines. SKF Ball Bearings. Mulcott Belts. Silvertown Belts and Rubber Goods. Jenson and Nicholson Paints. Pulsometer Pumps. Maitland Craig Lubricants. INSURANCE AGENCIES: Fire, Marine, Life, Accident, etc. VII ...... ,.. • '''"''·itJIUh;itJtil\JtilVUOIK!i~ I w. H. BRADY & co., LIMITED, 154-5, Popham's Broadway, Telephone 3209 MADRAS- Post Box No. 266 Machinery Agents and Importers.

Suppliers of:- Cranes, Electric and Hand-Operated, Steam Valves and Boiler lUountings, Steam and Hydraulic Packings, Leather and Hair Beltings, Steam and Water lUeters, Ball and Roller Bearings, Sugar 1\Jachinery, lUachine Tools, Lifting Tackle, Oil Purifiers, Chain Drives, ~lill Stores, etc., etc.

Head Of/ice: Church gate Street, BOMBAY. Ahmedabad: Cawnpore: Calcutta: Reid Road. Mercantile Buildings, The Mall. Lal Bazaar. Manchester: 16, John Dalton Street- THE BUCKINGHAM & CARNATIC CO., LIMITED, Suppliers of Fast Dyed Khaki Materials to the Government of India Manufacturers of ••Hanava•• Patented Anti-Crease Suitings. Plain and Striped Shirtings. Mercerised Cotton Tussores and Suitings. Towels and Sheets. Drills and Twills. Waterproof Canvas. and many other specialities in which Fast Colours and Hard Wear are guaranteed attributes. Managing Agents, BINNY & Co. (Madras), Ltd. IX

MOTOR SPIRIT AVIATION SPIRIT MOTOR OILS MOTOR GREASES KEROSENE DIESEL OIL FURNACE OIL INDUSTRIAL· LUBRICANTS MEXPHALTE SPRAMEX COLAS SHELLTOX MALARIOL STEARINE CANDLES WAX

Agents:- BU RMAH-SH ELL Oil Storage and Distributing Co. of India, Ltd. (Incorporated in England) . . ·• THE CHARTERED BANK OF INDIA. AUSTRALIA & CHINA

This Institution was incorporated in England by Royal Charter in 1863 and is therefore the oldest existing British Exchange Bank.

Formed primarily to finance trade with India, the Straits Settlements and China, its Charter has been extended from time to time and its activities now cover the East, while it has Agents and Correspondents all over the world.

As may be imagined, the Bank has had in its possession, from time to time, some interesting old documents. Un­ fortunatelv these have not been pre­ served nor catalogued, but within the last few years certain pape~s bearing signatures of some members of the old "John Company" have been sent to London for better protection. XI :···········································• • •: THE •: i CRO~IPTON ENGINEERING i i• CO. (~IADRAS). LIMITED. i• : ~RAS. : :• Managing Agents: •: : BEST & COl\IPANY. LIMITED. : .+ Agents for : :+ : CROMPTON PARKINSON, LTD.- : •: Electrical Machinery, Lamps and Fans. :• : HENLEY'S.- : + C. M. A. Cables. : : STANDARD TELEPHONES AND CABLES, LTD. + • HARLAND.- •: : Pumps and Pumping Stations. : : WILLARD.- : : Motor Car Batteries. : : D. ANDERSON AND SON, LTD.- : t Sidcrosthen Anticorrosive Paints. + : CHAS. A. SCHIEREN CO.- : •+ Leather Belting. • : HAlLWOOD AND ACKROYD, LTD.- : : Light Fittings. : : FOAMITE FIREFOAM, LTD.- : : Fire Extinguishers. : : REVO.- : : Industrial Fittings. : : WORKSHOP.- : + Casting, Forging, Welded Tanks, Machine • : Work, etc. 1i :• ...... • XII SHIPPERS ~~ of _4®-"'-~ WINES & SPIRITS ---

JLONDON TO INDIA si;ncel81) Cutler •ousu Ar :- AC.ENCIU Af :­ lONDON CALCUTTA AII cpp e , Delhi OFFICES : BOMBAY No w Delh i K•••ch l e. Tho Cre~eent MADRAS Pondltherr' Minorle • Porb•nd dr lAHORE Ou e "~ E.C.l Simi• COLOMBO XIII -allllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!:- - - THE EAST ASIATIC i ~- COMPANY, LTD.

(INCORPORATED IN DENMARK> .. Madras Agency: Post Box No. 146, 119/120, Armenian Street

Cable Address: "Asiatico"

;;; Importers of Rice, Beer, Hardware, Lubricatin

Branches: Bombay and Calcutta.

-= ~1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ffi :;lllllllllllllllllllllllll-1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !Incorporated In England.) Head Office : 2 and 3. Crosby Square, LONDON, E. C. 3.

Authorised Capital ... £2,000,000 Paid-up Capital £1,000,000 Reserve Fund £ 500,000

Branches : BOMBAY CALCUTTA KARACHI MADRAS COLOMBO SINGAPORE BAGHDAD BASRA AMARAH MOSUL KIRKUK BAHRAIN Conducts all descriptions of Banking business. Current Accounts are opened and Fixed Deposits are received at rates of interest which may be ascertained on application. EXECUTORSHIP$ AND TRUSTEESHIPS UNDERTAKEN. XV

------~--~ LIONEL EDWARDS, LTD., Freiqht and SteamshiP Aqents. Post Box No. 1222. Mercantile Bank Buildings, MADRAS

Teleqra:phlc Address:­ Llonwards. Codes used:- ScoH's (lOth Edition) Bentley's lsi and 2nd Editions and Boe.

Head Office:- D I, C1i ve Buildinqs. CalcuHa. Branches:- KarachL BouiliaY and Cocanada. London Agents:- Stelp and Lelqhton. Ltd.. 9-13, Fenchurch Buildinqs, Fenchurch Street. LONDON. E. C. 3. Corresponding Houses:- Rangoon: Lionel Edwards (Bunnahl Ltd. Colombo: Lionel Edwards Ltd. Mormugao: Lionel Edwards Ltd, Agents for:- • "HANSA" STEAM NAVIGATION CO.. LTD.-Loadinq for AntwerP• RoHerdam. Hamburq. Bremen. • SWEDISH EAST ASIATIC CO.. LTD.-Loadinq for AntwerP• RoHerdam. Hatnburq. and Gothenburq. • NORWEGIAN AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA IJNE,-Loadinq for AntwerP• RoHerdam. Hamburq, and Oslo. • HOLLAND BRITISH INDIA JJNE, LTD.-Loadinq for AntwerP, Rotterdam. Hamburq, Bremen. • .AMERICAN PIONEER JJNE,-Loadinq for New York. Norfolk. Baltimore and Philadelphia.

• Accommodation Ia avaUable for a Umlled number of passeuqel'L XV I

GILLANDER HOUSE. CALCUTTA. GIU.ANDERS ARBUTHNOT & CO. Importers o/: TIMBER A D PIECE-GOODS AND Agents /or th e following companies : AEROGRAPH CO., LTD. :-5prny BIBBY BROS. & CO.-Steamship Pnlotlnp; Equipment. Line. COLTHURST & HARDI NG LTD.:- DUREX ABRASIVES LTD.-Abrns- Antlcorros lvc Pa ints. lve pa pers or a ll d escription s. ECLIPSE SPRAYING CO .. LTD.:- INTERNATIONAL AUTOMATI C Agricu l tural & Mnlarlol Spray- TELEPHONE CO., LTD.-Aut.o- ers. m a tte T eleph ones and T raffic INDIAN COPPER CORPORATION Co ntrol Apparatus. LTD. :-Copper and Yellow INDIAN WOOD PRODUCTS CO .. Me t al. LTD.-Cutch. LINEN THREAD CO .. LTD. :-Linen NOBEL CHEMICAL FINISHES T hreads. LTD.-D uco nnd Dulux Pnlnts. STEEL P RODUCTS LTD.:-Steel SULZER BROS., LTD.-Steam nod Almlra h s, Racks n nd Steel Dlesnl Engines. f urniture or all descriptions. Srcrctnrirs /or : THE INDIAN CABLE CO., LTD. I BRITISH INSULATED CABLES LTD. l? cpr csc ntin ~: : PRUDENTIAL ASSURANCE CO., CLI VE I NSURANCE CO., LTD. LTD. (Life & Acciden t). ( Accl

GORDON WOODROFFE & CO. (MADRAS), LTD. 1-21, North Beach Road, MADRAS• (Post Box No. 42 J, . Telephone : 2978 !3 Lines.) Telegrams : "WOODROFFE" Established 1868. SH!PPINC FORWARDINC INSURANCE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS Shipping Agencies : Tho Cion Line Steamers, Ltd. The Sun Shipping Co., Ltd. Anchor, Brocklebank and Well Lines. The Ben Line Steamers, Ltd. Insurance Agencies : Canton Insurance OHice, Ltd. Hongkong Fire Insurance Co., /ames Finlay Er Co., Ltd. Ltd. London Assurance Corporation Law Union & Rock Insurance Co., Scottish Union & National Ltd. Insurance Co., Ltd. Royal Insurance Co., Ltd. Tokio Marine & fire Insurance Sea Insurance Co., Ltd. · Co., Ltd. Triton Insurance Co., Ltd. Union Assurance Society, Ltd. Union Insurance Society of Can• Yanghse Insurance Association, ton, Ltd. Ltd. Yorkshire Insurance Co., Ltd. Exports: Hides and Skins, Carpets and all East India Produce. Imports: Piece-goods and Yarn, Cement, Metals and Ceneral Sundries. Agents for: Ensign Lamps, F. Er C. Osler, Ltd., London Varnish & Enamel Co., Ltd. Branches at : VIZACAPATAM, VIZIANACRAM and COCANADA. Managing Agents : GORDON WOODROFFE LEATHER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, LIMITED. Chromo Tanners and Manufacturers of Box and Willow Sides, Clace Kid, etc. GORDON WOODROFFE (MOTORS), LTD. Agents for 1 FORD CARS and TRUCKS London Office : Messrs. CORDON WOODROFFE & Co., Ltd., Empire House. St. Martin's Le Crand. LONDON, E.C.t. Telegrams : "WOODROFFE." Telephone : National 3831 {3 Lines) XVIII A. & F. HARVEY, TUTICORIN, SOUTH INDIA. MERCHANTS AND COTTON SPINNERS

Shipping Agencits: Managffs af The Clan Line Steamers, Ltd. Coral Mills Co, Ltd., Tutitorio. Nippon Yusen Kai.sha Madura Mills Co., Ltd., Madura, Osaka Shosen Kaisha Tutitorin and Ambasamudram. Glen Line Limited. Tinnevelly Mills Co., Ltd., Ambasamudram. Agents for The Papanasam Mills Co, Ltd., Kanan Devan Hills Produce Co., Tuticorin. Ltd. Tweedales & Smalley (1920), Virdupatti Gins Ltd., Virudhu­ Ltd., Manchester. nagar and N alattinputtur. Rengo Kaisha, Osaka, ] a pan. The Roaring Creek Timber Wilson Brothers Bobbin Co., Ltd. Estate Co., Ltd., Alexander Duckham & Co., Office Tuticorin, Ltd., Oils and Greases, etc. (Estate British Honduras) The Cement Marketing Co., Ltd., The Comorin Investment and Hand Brand Cement. Trading Co., Ltd., Tuticorin, Kadambur and Tiruppur. lnsura11ce Agmcitl: Royal Insurance Co., Ltd. The Pandyan Insurance Co., Ltd., Madura. Tokyo Marine Insurance Co., Ltd, ' The Indian Mills Supply Co., Fuso Marine Insurance Co., Ltd., Tuticorin. Ltd. Harveys Ltd., Tuticorin, Satur, Taisho Marine Insurance Co., Dindigul and Virudhunagar. Ltd. Lloyd's Agents. The Madura Engineering Co., Ltd., Madura.

Londo11 Correspondmts: HARVEY BROTHERS AGENCY, LTD., 34, Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, LONDON, S.W.l.

Telegraphic Addrt~s: Codes: Scotts, A.B.C. 5th Bentleys "HARVEY" and Marconi International. XIX

.... - '-'- ~ .. IMPERIAL BANK OF INDIA. Constituted. under the Imperial Banlt or India Act, 1920 amalgamating the three Presidency BankS, Bank o! Bengnl, Bank of Bombay and Bank of MadraS .

• • Rs. 1!,25,00,0~0 .a.trrflORISED CAPITAL .. Rs. 5,62.50,000 PAID--'tJP cAPITAL RESERVE FUND • • Rs. 5,50,00,000 RESERVE LIABILITY OF SHAREHOLDERS Rs. 5,62,50,000 Local Head Offices: CALCUTTA. MADRAS. BOMBAY. London Office: 25, Old Broad Street, LONDON, E.C. 2. TWO HUNDRED BRANCHES AND SUB-OFFICES THROUGHOUT INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

Foreign Exchange Business transacted. Circular Letters of Credit issued to constituents free of charge in rupee or sterling currency. Executor and Trustee Business undertaken. Income-Tax Returns prepared and claims made on behalf of constituents. London Office transacts all kinds of banking and exchange business, including discount and collection of commer- cial hills.

Terms of business are obtainable at any office of the Bank. ' ' IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (INDIA), LTD.

This Company has been associated in one way or another with the Madru Presidency for upwards of half a century. Nobels Industries Ltd., one of the Companies who contri· buted to the merger on the fonnation of lmperiol Chemical Industries Ltd., have beeR. directly represented in Madras by Messrs. Best & Co., Ltd., for over forty·fi,·e years. Fifty years ago the products of Brunner, Mood & Co., Ltd., o( Northwich, another of the important British Companies who contributed to the I.C.I. merger, were being imported regularly on an indent basis. But in 1911 they appointed the old established Finn of Messra. Parry & Co., as their Agents, which arrangement continued for seventeen yean, when the trend of modem development necessitated the opening of their own Office by Messrs. Hrunner, Mond & Co. (India) Ltd~ which was the forerunner of .the preeent Company. 'l'he J\ladra .. Office of Imperial Chemical Industries (India) Ltd, was established on the ht of January. 19~ight·and·a·hall years ago. The principal activities of lmperio.l Chemical Industries (India) Ltd., consist in eeUing. the wide range of products manufactured by various components of Imperial <.:hemica.l Industries Ltd., including heavy chemicals required by modem industry; a comprehensive­ range of Dyestuffs which are the products of the British Dyestuffs Corporation Ltd.; and Chemical Manures. This Company has contributed very largely to the development of modem methods in agriculture by having built up a large organisation for the distribution. of the chemical products and chemical manures required by industry and agriculture throughout South India. Very large sums of money have been devoted to the development of agriculture by a system of trials, experiments and demonstrations on all the principal crops on which considerable research has been done by the Company. Since opening their Divisional Office in Madras on the 1st of January, 1928, the­ Company has followed a policy of progressive expaneion and has eatabliehed branch Sales Offices dealing with direct imports at Vizagapatam, Cochin and Calicut, and has developed also a distributing organisation of upwards of 500 Depots and 650 ::iub·Uepots. where stocks of the Company's products are readily available. The principal Office ot this organisation in South India, i.e., Madras, is equipped with a modem and up-to-date­ Dyes Test House, and technical staff is available for consultation on problems affecting. the application of chemicals and dyestuffs in industry, and of chemical manures in agriculture; and where also large stocks of a wide range of I.C.I. products are maintained: and information can be had in regard to those other and specialised products which are not always stocked. Set out below is a comprehensive list of the products which are­ stocked at one or the other of the Offices in South India, or on which information concerning prices and methods of application can be readily obtained:- Acids: Acetic Oxalic, formic, Sulphuric, Activated Carbon. Nitric, Hydrochloric, Citric, Carbolic, Alum. Tartaric. Alumina Ferric. (Continued on next paRe.) XXI

Aluminium ulphate. I. C. I. Degreasing Plants. Ammonium Bicarbonate and Carbonate. Lightning Fasteners. Ammonium Chloride. Liquid Chlorine. Anhydrous Ammonia. J'll agncsium Chloride. Arsenic P cntoxidc. J'l lethyl Chloride. B arium and trontium irratcs. Paris Green. B icarbonate of oda (Relined). P otassium Bichromate. Bleaching Powder. P yridine. Borax, Bo:ic Acid Crystals and Powder. Quicklime. Carbonate of oda ( oda Ash) Heavy, Rexine (Artificial Leather Cloth). Light and Granular. Saccharine. Calcium Chloride. Salamac. Carbon Black. Salamrnoniac. C ase Hardening Furnaces. Silicate of Soda P 8-~ :~n d 140• Tw. Can ri c oda 98! 99 %, Solid, Flake and Sodium Bichromate. P owder. Sodium Bisulphite. Chemical i\lanures :­ Soda Crystals. ulphate of Ammonia. Sodium Cyanide. Nicifos 22; 18. Sodium Sulphide Solid and Hroken " 17/ 41. Pieces. uperphosphate 18/20% Sporting J\mmunirion (Hlasring Explo· 42% sives J'llessrs. Hest & Co.) Chlorate of Potash. S unbeam Producls:­ Copper ulphate. Sunbeam J'll o1or Cycles. Dyestuffs CAliza.rines !\ lessrs. Hest & Co. ) Bicycles and and Auxiliary Products for the Textile Outboard Motors. and Rubber J ndu s . ~; cs . Sulphur. Clues. ulphur Dioxide. G lycerine. H ydrated Lime. Titanium Oxide. H ydrosttlphite of Soda. Trich lorcthylene. J-l yOo upercel. Voltoids. Hypo ulphire of Soda. Zinc Chloride.

AEIHAL VII::W OF MADilAS HAilDOUil SHOWING THE OFFICE AND COOOWN PllEMISES Or I.C.I. (INDIA) LTD., IN lliCHT FOilECilO UN D. XXD

NOT ONLY 1\IADRAS CITY hut the WHOLE OF SOUTH INDlt\ With its 74,500,000 people is covered by

(Established 1868)

Members of The Madras Chamber of Commerce Who advertised in

. :' 69 years ago still consider it THE BEST MEDIUM IN SOUTH INDIA

1 For advertising their goods and services. I Rates obtainable from MADRAS: LONDON: ' I P. 0. Box No. 1. 180, Fleet Street. i'l Tel.: 2951 and 2952 ,, Tel e.: "Hoi born," 3380, XXIII

TheM. & S. M. Railway Co .• Ltd. (INCORPORATED IN ENGLA~-o)

!UILEAGE COUPONS TO MERCANTILE FiruiS

These Coupons are now issued for 3 and 6 months at the following charges:- [ Class. Rs. 280 per Coupon Book covering 3,000 miles in 6 months. Rs. 140 per Coupon Book covering 1,500 miles in 3 months. IT Class. Rs. 140 per Coupon Book CO\'ering 3,000 miles in 6 months. Rs. 70 per Coupon Book covering 1,500 mile> in 3 months. THESE MERCANTILE MILEAGE COUPONS ARE NOW ACCEPTED IN LOCAL AND THROUGH BOOKING OVER THE FOLLOWING RAILWAYS:- M.S.M. Railway, S.I. Railway ( Nilgiri and Shoranur-Nilambur Railways) e.~cepted, B.B. & C.I. Railway, G.I.P. Railway (C.P. Railway including Pulgaon-Arvi Ra,jlway, D.P., D.B. & P.]. Railways) excepted. N.S. Railway, N.W. Railway, and E.!. Railway. Af.S.M. Railway Coupons will be accepted not only for journeys from Stations on the M. & S.M. Railway to stations on the other Railways mentioned above, but also for journeys made locally over or from any stations over the Railways mentioned above. When journeys are to be made on Foreign Railways, which do ::tot interchange Mileage Coupons, Card Tickets will be issued for the through journey on collection of the necessary Mileage Coupons for the portion of the journey over the Railways which interchange Mileage Coupons and the full tariff fares in cash over the. Railways which do not interchange coupons or on Railways over which special fares are charged. Coupou Books or pamphlets gh,ring full details regardiHg them can bt obtained from:- The Chief Commercial Manager, M. & S.M. Railway, Madras, The District Transportation Supdt. (Traffic), Rayapuram, The District Transportation Supdt. (Traffic), Bezwada, The District Transportation Supdt. (Traffic), Bangalore, The District Transportation Supdt. (Traffic), Guntakal, The District Transportation Supdt. (Traffic), Hubli, The District Transportation SupdL (Traffic), Pakala. The Station Superintendent, Madras Central Station, The Chief Station Master Bangalore City, Station Masters, Nellore, Tenali, Guntur, Bezwa(ia and Rajahmundry, Arkonam, Renigunta and Guntakal, Katpadi, Jalarpct, Bowringpet, Devangere, Hubli, Gadag, Belgaum and Miraj, XXIV fjJI•U•Ifil[!]I!JI•q•II•D•l@lill•ll•~ 1 i11il~[ijfD:ti@!j~(!J[!:~:!1!1!;!i"ii1[!l0C •fi:-+.!.1• ·•;fiil'i1~*•·fiJ 00 ~ 1 THE MERCANTILE BANK m ~ OF INDIA, LIMITED. m 00 (Registered in London, under the Companies Acts ot 1862 to ,:, ~ 1890, on 2nd December, 1892.) =~: 00 • 00 Authorised Capital £3.000,000 l• 00 Subscribed Capital £1.800,000 ~• 00 Paid-up Capital £1.050,000 • 00 Reserve Fund £1.075,000 • 00 • 00 • 00 Head Ot/l.ce: • ~ 15, Gracechurch Street, LONDON, E.C.3. : 00 • 00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS: • ~ The Rt. Hon. Lord Catto of Calrncatto. Chairman. : ._. Sir Charles A. Innes, K.C.S.I .• C.I.E.. and Sir Thomas Smith, Kt., • 00= Deputy Chairmen. . • 00 Sir Charles C. Barrie, K.B.E., I J, M. Ryrie, Esq., • ~ P. R. Chalmers, Esq., W. H. Shel!ord, Esq., • 00 J. Steuart, Esq. ~)

Tbe Bank receives Money on peposit. buys and sells Bllls of Exchange. Issues Letters or Credit and Circular Notes. and transacts usual Banking business, on terms which can be ascertained on appllcatlon. The Bank i·:: ~;=:. undertakes the purchase and sale or Government Paper and other Securities and tbe Safe Custody thereof. also the collection or interest and dividends thereon. ~:~: Trusteeships and Executorsbips undertaken. @~::: OO BRANCHES AND AGENCIES: oo. India, Burma and Ceylon:- Chtna:- 00 BOMBAY MADRAS HONGKONG. SHANGHAI : • g~tfrl1TTAHOWRAH ~~koGALLE Siam:- ~:: • KARACHI KANDY BANGKOK • RANGOON • • • • Malaua:­ Maur!tlus:­ • • SINGAPORE PENANG PORT LOUIS • KUALA KOTA • • LUMPUR BHARU • IPOH • • · KUANTAN U.S.A.:- • • KUALA • • KOALA LIPIS TRENGGANU NEW YORK. • • • • MADRAS OFFICE TELEPHONE Number 2063 . • • MANAGER'S Number 2084 . • : Teleoraphle Address: "PARADISE." . : ~0000~000000000000~000000~00000000~00~00~~~~00~00~~0000~00~00~0000; XXV

NATIONAL BANK OF INDIA, LIMITED. R

Superb craftsmanshfp working on the finest Virginia leaf has pro• duced in Player's No. 3 a cigarette which satisfies the most exacting smoker.

Re. 1/8 for 50, at Ports.

P3f2, XXVII §111111 II Ill II 111111 II 111111 II IIIIJIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II 1111111 II IIIII II Ill II Jllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll II§ - - - - I TheP.&O.BANI(ING I ! CORPORATION, Ltd. ! - - -= (I~CORPORATED IN ENGLAND) =- ~ ~ - - ::- Head Office: ::- I ll7-122, Leadenhall Street, LONDON, E.C. 3. ~ § West End Brqnch: § ~ 14/16, Cockspur Street, S.W. 1 ~ = = §l Branches: §l ; CALCUTT A SINGAPORE I :: BOMBAY SHANGHAI :: ::= MADRAS HONGKONG ::= ~ UUWT § :: COIMBATORE COLOMBO :: - - - - i=_~ ALLA~1:~ia~!:~~~IMITED, ~==~ with 45 Branches in India. - - - - -:~- Banking and Exchange business of every -=-~ description transacted. - - ::- H. R. C. BOOTH, ;:- - - §l- Madras Manager. §- - - E 111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111~ ;:; 1111111111111111111 lp'VIII

RALLI BROTHERS LIMITED, MADRAS AGENCY: 2-21, North Beach Road, MADRAS.

POST BOX NO. 153

Telegraphic Address : "RALLI" Phone No. 3981

Codes used: Bentley's Complete Phrase Code, Bentley's Second Phrase Code, A. B. C. Code 5th Edition,

Exporters of Oilseeds and Oilcakes, Cotton, Wool, Hides and Skins, Leather, Gold. Importers of Yarns, Piece-goods, Cement, Rice, Sugar, Sulphur and other Chemicals.

AGENTS FOR: AVON TYRES AND TUBES, HERCULES INSURANCE CO. XXIX

TRAVEL ON THE SOUTH INDIAN RAILWAY FOR PLEASURE AND HEALTH

The Ni!giri Hills :- Golf, Tennis, Hunting and Fishing. Ootacamund 7,500' Coonoor 5,600' Wellington 5,800' and Kotagiri.

Tho Pa!ni Hills :- Kodaikanal 7,000' Golf, Tennis and Boating.

Seaside R~sorts :-· Madras, Pondicherry, Mandapam, Cochin and Cannanore. See the Temples and Shrines and places of Historic interest. Madras Tanjore Kumbakonam Trichinopoly Madura Rameswaram Mahabalipuram Gingee Trivandrum Numerous Mills and factories dealing in the following goods are served by the S. I. Ry. Cotton ginning, spinning and weaving, Cement, Sugar, Soap, OU of various kinds, Rice, Magnesite, Tiles, Timber, Monasite, Rubber, Tea, Coffee, Manures, Matches, Tobacco.

Important New Works :- The Harbour at Cochin. The Hydro·Electric Power Station at Pykara Falls (near Ootacarnund) The Metur Dam (the largest masonry Dam in the world) and Hydro·Eiectric Power station. The Headquarters of the South Indian Railway are at Trichinopoly and the Locomotive and Carriage Workshops at Golden Rock (near Trichinopoly). For travel and business particulars apply to:- THE CHIEF COMMERCIAL SUPERINTENDENT, South Indian Railway Co., Ltd., TRICHINOPOLY. XXX

PRINCIPAL BRANCHES BOMBAY- CALCUTTA KARAC HI- DELHI LAHORE - QUETTA PESHAWAR RAWALPINDI S IMLA- BANOALORE OOTACAMUND -GOONOOR-MADURA K OLAR- COil\IBATORE KODAOCANAL TRICRI NOPOLY Wholesale and Retail Wine and Store CALI CUT- COCHlN Merchants, General Importers and Manu­ COCANADA MERCARA facturers' Agents, Ci gar Manufacturers, TRIVANDRUM Aerated Water Manufacturers, Chemists GOLDEN ROCK FACTORIES AT and Druggists, Railway Refreshment Room MADRAS Contractors and Hotel Proprietors. FURNITURE CABINET MAKINO BOOTS & S HOES RAILWAY RESTAURANT CAR CONTRACTORS AERATED WATER ICEFRUTE I C E CREAM- DRY I C E SPECIALISTS IN CICAR FACTORY COLD STORAGE GOODS. DINDIOUL .. ICEFRUTE... ICE CREAM. DRY ICE.

LONDON AGENTS: SP ENCER & COMPANY (INDIA l LTD., Spencer &- Co.'s spacious show­ 57 / 58. Broad Street Avenue, room on the oround floor o/ their premises 1n llfadras i s claimed to LON DON, E. C. 2. be the /lnest In the East. xxxr

J ~Il l II I II III : II III II 1111 II 111 111 1 II I I II II 111 1 II I ill II I ll I II I II I II I I II II I II I II I II 111 111 I II I I II II I II I I II II I I II II I II I II I II 111 111 111 111 1 II 1 11 111 1 II I II 111 1 11 111 111 1'1 1 11 1111 11_;

~ ~ IICH ROMEC 0 11 ~ FOR EVERYTHING IN FINISHED LEATHERS & LEATHER GOODS.

AERIAL VI EW Of' W ORKS (18 ACRES). Manufacture rs of : Box and Willow Sides, Glace Kids, Sole Leathers, Chamois, Fancy and Embossed Leathers, Etc. Purses, Wallets, Be lts, Boots, Shoes, Handbags, Suit Cases, Etc. I Cup Washers, Laces, Ginning Washers, Belting, Ram Rings, Etc. THE CHROME LEATHER CO., CHROMEPET, P.O., S. INDIA.

~ I I l l lo l ll l , II II l lll lll lo I I II 11 l lll lll lll 11 111 111 1 II 111 111 111 111 1111 11 1 II I II 111 111 111 111 1111 II I II 111 111 111 1 II 1 11 111 111 1 II I I II II 1 11 111 111 111 1 11 111 111 111 111 1111 11 l lll lll lll: 0 XXXII

GORDON WOODROFFE LEATHER MANUFACTURING co., LTD. Chrome Tanners and Manufacturers of Glace Kid, Box and Willow Calf and Sides, etc. TANNERY AND FACTORY, PALLAVARAM, near MADRAS.

Flcshcrs at work m the T he Dy e House: In tho loft limcyard. f orc~; r o und s tand piles of un. dyed c hrom e leather a nd on the n s; ht dY ed r:; oods ready for s ub. scouent operation s.

Glaz1ng machinists in tho fi nis h ing department : In the background s tands a n hydrau· lie Press wh1ch g1 ves t he fina l finish to chrome UPP er leathers.

The grading depa rtment of tho A section of the dispatohlnA: fmished leather wa rehouse. d epartment attaohod to tho fmishod wa rehouse. Managing Agent s: GORDON WOODROFFE & CO. (MADRAS). LTD., Post Box No. 42 , MADRAS. xxxnr MADURA MILLSI MADURA ..,

Ill ,,

;,. J 111 ,II ~ II I ' 1/ I ,, I

./ / ill 1/ ~ -- I Other M ill ~ at 500,000 Specialities : Cone yarns II Tuticorin, Spindles, Single, for Hosiery. employing Double, Ambasamudram approximately Cord and --- and 1 Cheese Yarns, All counts up 20,000 Indian ·11 Madura East. 1 Workers. Folncy Yarns, etc. to 80s.

CAPITAL. Authorised Ordinary Shares 666,670 of Rs. 15 each- ,II~. Rs. 1,00,00,050. Subscribed and fully paid up 388,982} of Rs. 15 each-Rs. 58,34,737-8-0. fr ~ I' ...... I I ~~!?.~Madr.n ~!' Presid~.~~~~ency, South ~~. India: .~I?m:· I .. _ r:": I I A. & F. HARVEY, I Merchants, Tuticorin, Managers. . Telegraphic Address : I London Correspondents : "HARVEY" Harvey Brothers Agency, Ltd., Tuticorin, Madura and 34, Queen Anne's Gate, Ambasamudram. Westminster, London, S.W. 1. Codes used : Bankers : Bentlcys Complete Phrase National Bank of India, Ltd., L_~ and Bentleys Second Editio n. Imperia l Bank of India. XXX LV

0 ELS The most up-to-d:ltf' H otel in India­ IN hot a nd rold water, tnd modern a nita­ SOUTHERN tion throughout. Ahsolute Comfort. European upen hiOn, Excellent INDIA Cuisine, ~lodcrate Term .

For furth r par­ ticula r ·, te rm , et ., appl to th 1anag r of the re pective Hotel .

CONNEIIfAIIA HOTEL, M \ 0 1\AS.

Til E MAI.M IA II IIOTEL, COCIIIN. Cn·wnter Swimming Pool on tho loft . SPENCER & CO., LTD., MADRAS.