Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle

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DICTIONARY OF MARTYRS INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947)

Vol. 5

Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala ii Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5 DICTIONARY OF MARTYRSMARTYRS INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) Vol. 5 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala

General Editor Arvind P. Jamkhedkar Chairman, ICHR

Executive Editor Rajaneesh Kumar Shukla Member Secretary, ICHR

Research Consultant Amit Kumar Gupta

Research and Editorial Team Ashfaque Ali Md. Naushad Ali Md. Shakeeb Athar Muhammad Niyas A.

Published by MINISTRY OF CULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF IDNIA AND INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH iv Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

MINISTRY OF CULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA and INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

First Edition 2018

Published by MINISTRY OF CULTURE Government of India and INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH 35, Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi - 110 001

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN 978-81-938176-1-2

Printed in India by MANAK PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD B-7, Saraswati Complex, Subhash Chowk, Laxmi Nagar, New Delhi 110092 INDIA Phone: 22453894, 22042529 [email protected] State Co-ordinators and their Researchers

Andhra Pradesh & Telangana Karnataka (Co-ordinator) (Co-ordinator) V. Ramakrishna B. Surendra Rao S.K. Aruni Research Assistants Research Assistants V. Ramakrishna Reddy A.B. Vaggar I. Sudarshan Rao Ravindranath B.Venkataiah

Tamil Nadu Kerala (Co-ordinator) (Co-ordinator) N. Rajendran B. Shobhanan Research Assistants C. Balakrishnan K. Suryamuthy vi Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5 FROM THE GENERAL EDITOR

I am very pleased to be able to place before the reading public the Volume 5 of our Dictionary of Martyrs: Indiaís Freedom struggle (1857-1947) ñ the last one in the series planned in 2007 by the Implementation Committee of the Government of India (the details of which may be seen in the General Editorís remarks, Vol. 1, Part I) for celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Uprising of 1857 and the 60 years of Indiaís Independence, both. The present Volume, like the others preceding it, tried to present reliably the biographical sketches of those who attained martyrdom for their countryís sake between 1857 and 1947. Its coverage spreads over the whole of the southern region of the Indian Sub-Continent, comprising Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala taking into account mainly all the anti-imperialist resistances there, such as the tribal risings and the revolutionary challenges, the Khilafat-cum-Non-Cooperation and the Civil Disobedience movements, the Individual Satyagraha and the ìQuit Indiaî Upheaval, the Kisan Mobilizations and the Workersí Remonstrances, the participation in the Indian National Army (INA) operations and the fight for responsible government in the dependant Princely States, so on and so forth. The researchers in the project work, at the headquarters and in the fields, endeavoured very sincerely, indeed, to identify as many of those as possible who gave away their precious lives in the widespread popular struggle for winning the countryís freedom. Our objective in the project has always been to try as best as we can to search for the cases from all segments of Indian society, and to bring into focus not only the known, but also the barely known, the obscure and the forgotten (especially for the lower rungs of society), and enlist martyrs into the liberated Indiaís roll of honour. However, since a work of this magnitude (on a variegated country-wide scale) can never claim to be wholly complete, the provision of supplementary Volume has already been made in the project plan to take care of any omissions, if any. In order to write about the martyrs (backgrounds, occupations, affiliations and circumstances to deaths) and authenticate their martyrdom from the primary sources (archival documents ñ official and non-official and contemporary newspapers), apart from the scattered secondary materials, the Central Research Team of the project (over and above their regular visits to the National Archives of India and the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi) had to undertake arduous trips to viii Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5 different archives and repositories in the States for reinforcing the performances of the researchers at the state level. These included the Tamil Nadu State Archives, Chennai; the Andhra Pradesh State Archives, Hyderabad; the Karnataka State Archives, Bengaluru and the Record Office, Mysuru; the Kerala State Archives, Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam and Calicut; and various other libraries and centres of research. I must express my heartfelt thankfulness to the authorities and staffs of these well-known institutions for their kindly allowing our researchers access to their valuable holdings and offering all facilities and cooperation. Prof. Amit Kumar Gupta and his Central Team of Researchers for the Project ñ Dr. Ashfaque Ali, Dr. Md. Naushad Ali, Dr. Md. Shakeeb Athar and Mr. Muhammad Niyas A. ñ have put in a lot of hard labour and performed excellently ñ in researching and preparing Vol. 5 for publication. My special thanks to them as well as to Mr. Mukesh Upadhayay, Mr. Md. Ali and Pawan Kumar, who prepared the digital material for the press. I should also thank the Co-coordinators of research teams in the states and their members: Prof. V. Ramakrishna in Andhra Pradesh (with Prof. [Retd.] V. Ramakrishna Reddy, Dr. I. Sudarshan Rao and Dr. B. Venkataiah); Prof. B. Surendra Rao and Dr. S.K. Aruni in Karnataka (with Dr. A. B. Vaggar and Dr. Ravindranath); Prof. N. Rajendran in Tamil Nadu (with Dr. C. Balakrishnan and Dr. K. Suryamurthy); and Prof. B. Shobhnan (briefly) in Kerala (taken over later by Muhammad Niyas A. of the Central Research Team from New Delhi) I must also thank Prof. Rajaneesh Kumar Shukla, the Member Secretary and the Executive Editor of the Volume, Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Director (Journal, Publication & Library) and Dr. Om Jee Upadhayay, Director (Research & Administration) for taking care of the administrative aspect of the project. I am also indebted to Prof. A Satyanarayana and Prof. C. I. Issac for acting as experts to vet a lengthy typescript and suggesting improvements in it. My thanks are also due to Shri Raghvendra Singh, Secretary, Shri S.C. Barmma, Joint Secretary, Smt. Nirmala Goyal, Deputy Secretary, and Shri Arnab Aich, Under Secretary of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, for their consistent support. Lastly, I do profusely thank the Manak Publications Pvt. Ltd. for their almost care in printing this Volume.

Arvind P. Jamkhedkar ABBREVIATIONS

Archival Records Acc No. Accession Number ADTT August Disturbances at Tenali Town AICC All India Congress Committee AMS Andhra Mahasabha APSAH Andhra Pradesh State Archives, Hyderabad b/o brother of BC Bombay Chronicle (1942), MSAM BS Bombay Sentinel (1938), MSAM C.No. Convict Number Capt. Captain CDLFLCASPGTDMG Camp Durgi, Copy of letter from L. Clift, Esquire, Acting Superintendent of Police, Guntur, to the District Magistrate, Guntur. CERP Challapalli Estate Rytanga Poratam Cir. No. Circular Number CM Chief Minister CPIDOA Communist Party of India District Office, Alappuzha CRR Crown Representative Records DCC District Congress Committee DIR Defence of India Rules d/o daughter of Deptt Department x Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5 distt. district Div Division EM English man F Foreign F. File FASRR Files on Alluri Sitarama Raju (FITURI) FR Fortnightly Report(s) FSGJC Fort Saint George, Judicial Consultation GO Government Order GAD General Administration Department GB General Branch GP Golakonda Patrika GOHS Government of Hyderabad State GR Government Records H Home HA Hyderabad Affairs MAKIHS Muhammad Abdul Kareem Institute of Historical Studies HD Home Department HDF Home Department Files HDR Home Department Records hqrs. Headquarters HR Hindu Rashtra I No. Instalment Number IPC Indian Penal Code IE Indian Express ILTD Indian Leaf Tobacco Development INA Indian National Army IPMGFSGJD Index to the Proceedings of the Madras Government of the Fort Saint George in the Judicial Department for the year 1880. Abbreviations xi

JB Janma Bhoomi JD, PMG Judicial Department, Proceedings of Madras Government. Jud Judgement Judl Judicial Judl. Deptt. Judicial Department KSAK Kerala State Archives, Kozhikode KSAT Kerala State Archives, Trivandrum KKK Kavumbayi Karshaka Kalapam L No. List Number LFDMGTCSG Letter from District Magistrate, Guntur to the Chief Secretary to Government, Public (General) Department, Madras. Rc.No.1150-Confdl.-43 C-1 dt, 29-5-1943 LFTGRSCAO,CSGMW Letter from T.G. Rutherford Esq., I.C.S., Special Commissioner, Agency operations, to the Chief Secretary to Government, Madras on Waltair. Lieut. Lieutenant M Mandal m/o mother of MD Madras Daily/Malayala Manorama MHDFC Minute by the Honí. D.F. Carmichael MM Madras Mail MPAJC Munagala Pargana Amaraveerula Jeevitha Charitralu NAI National Archives of India, New Delhi NG Nizamís Government NMM&L Nehru Memorial Museum & Library, New Delhi No Number NOTRAEGD Note on the Rampa Agency East Godavari District ORAOPDGOM Operations, Police Department, Government of Madras P. Page Numbe; Press PCC Pradesh Congress Committee po post office xii Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

PA Peopleís Age (1946), ICHR PAHSOTNGHS Political and Home Secretariat of the Nizamís Government of Hyderabad State PC, FSG Press Communique, Fort Saint George PCO Press Communique, Otacamund PIW Personal Interview with Poll Political pp. Page Numbers Proc. Proceedings Pt Part Pub Public RACJ Records from the Alipuram Camp Jail RAPDMP Reports on the Administration of the Police Department of the Madras Presidency RBCJ Records from the Bellary Central Jail RR Ralina Ratnalu RRCJ Records of Rajahmundry Central Jail RTSJ Records of Tanjore Special Jail S & VOs Sarpanch and Village Officers s/o son of Sec Secret SJMRPCK Sunamudi Jeevadhara Mandasa Rytula Pratighatana Charitra Kadhanam SMEAB Stone Memorial Erected at Bairanpalli in Jangaon Taluq of Warangal District in A.P., on 12-12-2003 SMEAT Stone Memorials Erected at Tenali SMEAV Stone Memorial Erected at Vadapalli SMEAVGP Stone Memorial Erected at Veera Gunnammapuram spl special Sr. Serial SS Sri Sadhana Abbreviations xiii

SVVP Sri Vijaya Vani Patrika t. tehsil TH The Hindu TNSAC Tamil Nadu State Archives, Chennai TOI The Times of India, Bombay Edition (1942 & 1946), NMM&L ULCM United Lutheran Christian Missionary UH & EAM Union Home and External Affairs Minister UM, H & F Union Minister, Home & Finance v. village Vol. Volume w/o wife of

Secondary Sources ALS K.N Panikkar, Against lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar APDGG Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers, Guntur APKC Andhra Pradesh Karmikodyama Charitra ASMEAB Amaradipika, Stone Memorial erected at Bhimavaram ASRR Alluri Sitarama Raju ASK Agrarian Struggles in Kerala BPPHATAIR Bonagi Pandu Padal, his affidavit to All India Radio CHN V Suresh, The Cultural History of Neyyattinkara (Malayalam), DNB S.P. Sen (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, Vols.1-IV EMK K.K. Kusuman, Extremist Movement in Kerala FF Shamsudeen (ed), Freedom Fighters FMRASPRMPNM Freedom Movement to Rayalaseema : A Study of Peopleís response to the major phases of National Movement, 1905 ñ 1947 FST C. Narayana Pillai, Freedom struggle in Travancore HFMAP Highlights of the Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh HFMRSRAD History of Freedom Movement in Rayalaseema with special reference to Anantapur District xiv Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

HFSAP History of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh HMR R.H. Hitchcock, A History of Malabar Rebellion, 1921 HMR History of Malabar Rebellion IBS PVNR Information by Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao IPV K.C. George, Immortal Punnapra Vayalar KQIC Suryanath Kamat, Karnatakadalli Quit India Chalavali LMI A.R. Desai, et.al, Labour Movement in India MKSSAR Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Struggles MM Stephan Dale, The Mappilas of Malabar 1498-1922: Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier MMMM V.C.Hittalamani, Maadi Madid Mailar Mahadevappa MRTASRR Manyamlo Rytula Tirugubatu : (Alluri Sita Rama Raju) PASIHC Proceedings of Annual South Indian History Congress, V, 1987 PPMAK Private Papers of Muhammad Abdul Kareem PPRM K.N Panikkar (ed), Peasants Protest and Revolts in Malabar PPRM Peasant Protest and Revolt in Malabar PSLRSC P. Radhakrishnan, Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar RR Puthupally Raghavan, Remembrances of Revolution (Viplavasmaranakal) Vol. I RSVH A.B. Vaggar and Dr. M.R. Jarakunti, Ramdurg Samsthan Vimochana Horat SIWI Divekar V.D., South India in 1857 war of Independence SSS Vol-I Suryanath Kamat, Swatantry Sangramad Smritigalu TF Sumit Sarkar (ed.), Towards Freedom, Documents on the Movement for Independence in India, 1946, Part-I TFSAPA The Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh (Andhra) TFSH The Freedom Struggle in Hyderabad State TGRASRRHHIA The Grand Rebel Alluri Sitarama Raju, His Heroes in Andamans TPS Telugu Press Summary, published in Madras Daily, dated: 14-02-1948 Abbreviations xv

TPSL P. Sundrayya, Telengana Peopleís Struggle and its Lessons TTT A. Sreedhara Menon, Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore: Annals of Sir CPís Sixteen Years VGRC V. Gonvida Rajachary WTS Wagon Tragedy Smaranika, Wagon Tragedy 60th Anniversary Supplement WWFFK K. Karuna Karan, Who is Who of freedom fighters in Kerala WWFSAP Whoís Who of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh WWIM P.N. Chopra (ed.), Whoís Who of Indian Martyrs, Vols. 1-III Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 1

A. Kunhiraman Adiyodi: Belonging to 08.04.1942, TNSAC] Kerala (place not known). Born in September 1908 and studied up to the A. P. Naidu: Resident of distt. ninth standard, he gave up studies Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (now to participate in the Civil in Telangana); s/o A. Rajagopal Disobedience movement. Arrested Naidu. He served as Warrant Officer in Payyanur in 1930 for taking part in No. 46 Motor Workshop of the in the Salt Satyagraha, he was British Indian Army. Leaving his sentenced to 6 monthsí rigorous earlier job, he joined the Indian imprisonment and sent to Cannanore National Army in Malaya and served Central jail. Subsequently transferred as an S.O. in its Reinforcement to Alipuram Central jail, he expired Group. He was killed in action against in detention on 21 September 1930. the British forces in Burma in 1944. [Revenue Records, R-Dis Files (1926- [WWIM, II, p. 210] 1930), No. 6887/30, B. No 314, KSAC; WWFFK, p. 290] A. R. Sundaram: Resident of v. Maruthangudi, p.o. Siravayal, t. A. Kuppusamy: Resident of No. 4 Tirupattur, distt. Ramanathapuram, Somasundara Vinayakar Koil Street, Tamilnadu. He served as a Sepoy in Perambur, Madras (Chennai), the Indian National Army Training Tamilnadu; s/o Abbu. An employee Centre, Selatar Camp, Singapore. He of the Buckingham Mill, Madras, he died in the heavy air-strike by the took active part in the labour Allied forces over his training centre protestations at the Buckingham and in 1945. [FFPO No. 4697/1969, Carnatic Mills. On 11 March 1942 he 29.11.1969, TNSAC] received gunshot wounds in the police firing on the striking workers, A. Radhakrishnan: Resident of No.15, and died on 12 March 1942. [Pub Appasamy Pillai Street, Perambur Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 1130, Barracks, Madras (Chennai), 2 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Tamilnadu; s/o Annu Naidu. A milk- 1921. When the police opened fire on vendor by profession, he joined the the gathered people, he was killed workersí protest as a supporter in the in it. [KQIC, p. 6] Buckingham and Carnatic Mills. When the police resorted to firing on Abdul Haji: Belonging to Malabar, the protesting workers on 11 March Kerala (place not known), he was a 1942, he received gunshots and died close associate of M.P. Narayana on 12 March 1942 at the age of 17. Menon ññ one of the most influential [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) leaders of the Khilafat movement. He No.1130, 08.04.1942, TNSAC] was involved in an armed confrontation in his village with the Abbu Vokker: Resident of V. Urangattiri British during the Malabar rebellion amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, of 1921-22, and coinciding with Kerala. He was taken into custody Khilafat and Non-Cooperation in connection with the Malabar movement. The rebellion began on rebellion of 1921 against the 21 August 1921 and spread to Ernad, combination of the British colonial Valluvanad and Ponnai taluks where authorities and the exploitative Martial Law was declared. He died Jenmis, and coinciding with the in the ensuing clash between the fully Khilafat and Non-Cooperation armed troops and the semi-armed movement. He was detained on 6 peasants. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner (Ord.Series) (MS) No.1151, and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. 01.12.1925, TNSAC]. Together with brutal police tortures and a serious attack of pneumonia in Abdul Razak: Born in Bangalore, the jail (due to bad sanitary Karnataka, he took part in the Khilafat conditions, overcrowding and and Non-Cooperation movement in insufficiency of clean water and Cantonment Area in 1920-21. When food), Vokker died on 21 June 1922 a hartal was observed on 17 in detention at the age of 26. [Pub November 1921 on the occasion of Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, Prince of Walesís visit to India, and TNSAC] a protest demonstration was held on 18 November 1921, its participants Abdul Gafhar Chaktayi: Resident (not were fired upon by the police. known). In connection with the Non- Receiving gunshots in the firing, Cooperation movement in the Razak died soon thereafter. [SSS, II, Bombay Presidency in 1921-22, large p. 31] processions, meetings and the burning of foreign goods took place Aboo Master alias Komath Abdulla: in various localities. Abdul Gafhar Born in 1919 at Pathiriyode Chaktayi participated in the picketing Mambram Bazar, t. Thalassery, distt. in front of an arrack shop in Dharwad Kannur, Kerala; s/o Mambally along with his companions on 1 July Mammu and Komath Kadees Umma, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 3

he was a primary school teacher of A police constable who came across Mambram. He participated in Anti- the procession, was forced to jump Repressive movement staged at into the nearby river and he was Tellicherry (now Thalassery) on 15 drowned. Police registered a case, September 1940 to protest against the Kayyur Riot Case. He was the 51st reinforcement of repressive measures accused in the riot case, charge- by the British colonial government sheeted for murder under section 302 for subjugating the peasants and of IPC, sentenced him to be hanged workers further. The ìblackî by the neck till death. He was marketing of essential commodities executed at Kannur Central Jail on also made life miserable for millions 29 March 1943. He walked to the of people who lived on the verge of gallows shouting ìInquilab starvation due to extraordinary Zindabadî and ìCommunist Party scarcity of food created by the Zindabadî. Died as a brave Second World War. In these Communist. [Court Records in Sc. circumstances Kerala Pradesh No. 44/1941 (Mangalore); Sc. No. 3/ Congress Committee had decided to 1941 (Tellicherry); Sc. No. 11/1941 observe 15 September 1940 as Anti- (Tellichery); Fortnightly Report Repression Day and the authorities (Political) for the second half of imposed ban on its observance. The March 1941, first half of April 1941, ban was defied and meetings took and first half of May 1941 NAI; PW, place in many places, including 21 March, 28 March and 11 April Tellicherry, and this resulted in 1943, NMML] firing in which two persons were killed including Aboo. Aboobakkar: Resident of [Mathrubhumi, 17 September 1940, Kadanammana, t. Walluvanad, distt. NMML; MKSSAR] Malabar, Kerala; s/o Kunnummal Moideenkutty. He was involved in Aboobacker (Avokar): Born in 1918 at an armed confrontation in his village Pallikal, distt. North Malabar, Kerala; with the British during the Malabar s/o Kunjamina Umma. A petty trader rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding and agricultural labourer by with the Khilafat and Non- occupation, he was a member of Cooperation movement. In the Communist Party and an accused in ensuing clash between the fully the Palayi Harvest Case in 1941. Later armed troops and the scarcely armed he was acquitted from it; He was also peasants on 9 December 1921 near active in the agitation of Karshaka Mankada Kovilakam, about 14 Sangham at Kayyur in the Kasargod Mappilas were killed. Aboobakkar taluk of South Malabar. The was one among those militant Communists organized a procession peasants who died on that day in the in protest against the harassment of British troopsí firing. [Private Papers Karshaka Sangham members by the of Muhammad Abdul Kareem, police at Kayyur on 28 March 1941. MAKIHS, Kondotty; Pub Deptt 4 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

(Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, TNSAC; HMR, Superintendent, CPIDOA] Government Press, KSAK] Agneess Lonappan: Resident of v. Abu: Resident of Mambram in Puthuval, Vayalar, distt. Alappuzha, Tellicherry (Thalassery), distt. Kerala. He participated in the Kannur, Kerala. A school teacher, he movement for responsible was actively involved in nationalist government in Travancore, and and anti-imperialist movements. against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Participated in the activities of the notorious proposal for setting up an Indian National Congress and later ëAmerican modelí of administrative he joined the Communist Party. He arrangement. He was at the attended the ëAnti-Repression Dayí receiving end of the Vayalar firing call of the Congress and ëAnti- which took place on 27 October 1946. Imperialist Dayí observance of the On that day Ramaswamy Aiyarís Communist Party on 15 September military reached Vayalar labour camp 1940. The District Administration and attacked the labourers gathered banned public meeting at therein and in the process they shot Jawaharghat in Tellicherry under Lonappan dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Defence of India Rules and the police Records, CPIDOA] dispersed the crowd by resorting to fire. Abu was killed in police firing. Ahamad Kutty: Resident of distt. He was 28 when while attending the Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken public meeting at Jawaharghat. First into custody in connection with the martyr, one among the two, of the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Communist Party in Kerala. [H/Poll, combination of the British colonial F. No. 2/22/1940, NAI; H Pub, (MS) authorities and the exploitative G.O. No. 4654, 24 October 1941, Jenmis, and coinciding with the TNSAC; AICC Papers File No. G (32) Khilafat and Non-Cooperation K. I. Part 2, 1940, NMML] movement. He was kept in the Cannanore Central Jail as an under- Achankunju: Resident of trial prisoner. A prison outbreak Naduvilakkariyil, distt. Alappuzha, occurred in the Jail on 4 December Kerala. He participated in the 1921 at 4.00 p.m. when the prisoners movement for responsible were let out of their cells for meals. government in Travancore, and He received bullet wounds and his against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís skull got fractured when the police notorious proposal for setting up an opened fire to control the outbreak; ëAmerican modelí of administrative he died the same day. [Law Deptt arrangement. [For more details, see (G), G.O. (Ord. Series) Nos.1084 and the entry on Agneess Lonappan]. 1085, 25.04.1922, TNSAC] Achankunju was shot dead by the military on 27 October 1946. Ahmed Kutti: Resident of distt. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 5

Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken falsely been accused of the theft of a into custody in connection with the gun by the landlords of Nilambur Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Kovilakam. When the enraged combination of the British colonial tenants aggressively demonstrated authorities and the exploitative against the arrest in protest, the Jenmis, and coinciding with the influential landlords panicked and Khilafat and Non-Cooperation persuaded the British district movement. He was sentenced to administration to come to their death by the Malabar Special Tribunal rescue. The authorities promptly and was executed on 18 despatched a 125-member strong February1922 at the Coimbatore army from Malappuram to Central Jail. [Judl Deptt, G.O. (Ord. Kozhikode to take on the Mappila Series) No. 496, 11.04.1922, TNSAC] demonstrators. In the ensuing clash between the fully armed troops and Ahmedkutty: Resident of the semi-armed peasants on 26 Kadanammana, t. Walluvanad, August 1921 in Pukkottur, about 400 Malabar, Kerala; s/o Kunnummal unyielding Mappilas were believed, Moideenkutty. He was involved in by the District Magistrate, to have an armed confrontation in his village perished. Ahmmad Kutty was one with the British during the Malabar among those militant peasants who rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding died on that day in the firing by the with the Khilafat and Non- British troops. [H/Poll, 1921, File No. Cooperation movement (for details, 241, NAI; HMR, KSAK; ALS, pp. 139- see the entry on Aboobakkar). 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- Ahmedkutty was one among those 209] militant peasants who died on 9 December 1921 in the British troopsí Akkara Veetil alias Kunnapalli firing. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt Achuthan Nayar: Resident of (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, Trikkalangod amsom, t. Ernad, TNSAC; HMR] Malabar, Kerala. A tenant-cultivator, he was taken into custody in Ahmmad Kutty: Resident of t. Ernad, connection with the Malabar Malabar, Kerala; s/o Koothranadan rebellion of 1921 against the Atheez, a tenant-cultivator there in combination of the British colonial Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri. He was authorities and the exploitative involved in an armed confrontation Jenmis, and coinciding with the in his village with the British during Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and movement. After his arrest, he was coinciding with Khilafat and Non- transported to Podanur Central Cooperation movement. The violent Prison near Coimbatore from Tirur, clash was triggered off with the along with 100 other Mappila rebels arrest of Vedakkuvetil Mammoth, a in an almost air-tight Railway goods popular local Khilafatist, who had wagon on 19 November 1921. When 6 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the train reached Podanur the While taking part in the ìQuit Indiaî officials found the prison there to be movement of 1942, he was arrested full to its maximum capacity and they and sentenced to 3 yearsí ordered the prisoners to be taken imprisonment under Sections 395 and back. The wagon was inspected 188 IPC. He was kept in Central Jail, before the return journey and the Tiruchirappalli, where died in condition of the captives checked at detention on 20 February 1943. [Pub Podanur. The findings were Deptt (Military/Confd.), G.O. (MS) devastating: 56 dead due to No. 3010, 03.12.1948; suffocation, another 6 died on the Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip No. way to the Coimbatore Hospital and 6, TNSAC] 8 died in the hospital itself, bringing the death toll to 70. Achuthan Nayar Alandaddan Ahmad: Resident of t. was one among those who had been Ernad, a tenant-cultivator in in this wagon tragedy, notoriously Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar, known as the Black Hole of Podanur Kerala, he was involved in an armed (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt confrontation in his village with the (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; British during the Malabar rebellion Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the TNSAC; Report of Deputy Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Superintendent of Police, Madras, movement ( for details, see the entry 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe on Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmad was one Secret F. No. 390A, 20.01.1923, NAI; among those militant peasants who Malayala Manorma, 22 November 1922; died in the 26 August 1921 firing by WTS] the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; Pub Deptt (Confd.), Alagirisamy Chettiar: Resident of t. G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; Chingleput (Chengalpattu), distt. PPMAK, MAKIHS; HMR; ALS, pp. Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu; he was a 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. participant in the Civil Disobedience 179-209] movement. While taking part, along with others, in picketing of Toddy Ali Hassan: Resident of t. Ernad, shops at Bodinaickanur, he was shot Malabar, Kerala and a tenant dead by the police on 7 August 1930. cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.117, 30.01.1931; Manjeri, he was involved in an armed K. Dis 3198/68, 16.10.1968, Collector confrontation in his village with the Office; FFPO No. 3544/1969, British during the Malabar rebellion 26.03.1969; Chingleput District Jail of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Slip No.128, TNSAC] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Alagu Thevar: Born in 1885, resident of on Ahmmad Kutty). Ali Hassan was Srivilliputhur, distt. Virudhunagar, one among those militant peasants Tamilnadu; s/o Subbiah Thevar. who died on 26 August 1921 in the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 7

firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, (Madras, 1923), Kerala Patrika 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; ALS, (Supplement), 1 September 1921] pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Alirambilkandi Krishnan: Belonging to Kerala (place not known), he was an Ali Musaliar: Born in Nellikottu amsom activist of the Karshaka Sangham of in Eranad, distt. Malappuram, Irikkoor which took the initiative in Kerala; s/o Kunju Moideen Sahib and providing relief to the people Amina; Education at Ponnani, higher suffering from ìblackî marketing education at Mecca. Scholar in Islamic and hoarding. The Sangham activists History, Shariat and Theology. Chief requested the landlord for quasi at Kavaratti Island. Chief permission to cultivate the land of Musaliar of Tirurangadi Mosque in Kavumbai. When the Jenmi refused, 1907. Great orator; organized they appealed for some action to the Madrasas in different parts of ministers and officials of the Madras Malabar; wide following in many Government. Not getting any parts of south Malabar; the most response, the peasants under the influential leader of the Khilafat leadership of the Karshaka Sangham movement. In search of a Khilafat decided to occupy the area and leader police in full uniform entered cultivate it even if they had to face Tirurangadi Mosque and this police action. The police did turn up, aroused religious passion. Ali cordoned off the area and fired upon Musaliar accompanied by followers the activists of the Sangham on 30 reached the police station to release December 1946. Krishnan lost his life the arrested Khilafat leaders. Police in this firing. [PA, 2 February 1947, opened fire and killed hundreds of NMML; ASK, p. 33; KKK, p. 64] volunteers. The rebellion began on 21 August 1921 and spread to Eranad, Allur Venkata Raju: A domicile of distt. Valluvanad and Ponnani taluks. West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, he Martial Law was declared. Gurkha took part in the Civil Disobedience Regiment was rushed to Malabar. movement against the British Tirurangadi mosque was seized and imperialist rule. He was arrested at rebels were flushed out. Ali Musaliar the height of the agitation, and died and followers surrendered and after in jail probably in the second half of trial he was sent to gallows. Executed 1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra by hanging on 17 February 1922. Provincial Committee Report, F.No. [Fortnightly Reports, January 1921 to G-1(i)/8-11-1931, NMML] March 1922, Note of F.B. Evans, in case no. 7/21, The Fort St. George Alluri Srirama Raju alias Alluri Sitarama Gazette No. 37, Madras, 12 September Raju: Resident of v. Pydiputta, ml. 1922, Part- I, Pub Deptt. Report of Addateegala, distt. East Godavari, the Administration of the Madras Andhra Pradesh; s/o Venkatarama Presidency for the year 1921-22 Raju and Smt.Suryanarayanamma; 8 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

belonged to Kshatriya community. His trepidation among the British in family moved to Rajahmundry in his India, and led to their proclamation fourth year where he studied up to of a reward of Rs. 10,000/- on his the fourth standard in Bangarai head, dead or alive. Not faring well School. Moving into against Raju, the British resorted to Ramachandrapur National School, he reprisals against the tribals, and their later joined Taylor High School at mounting misery eventually impelled Narsapur. A great patriot from early him to surrender. A just and age, he undertook an All-India tour chivalrous man, he expected a fair as a bala sanyasi; studied Sanskrit for trial and recognition of his peopleís one year at Benaras (Varanasi) and rights.With these in mind, he felt inclined towards Vedanta and surrendered to the Intelligence Yoga. Simultaneously, he started Officer, Jamadar Kunchu Menon. He organizing the tribal people of the was brought to Koyyur where Major Agency area of Visakhapatnam Goodall had arrived with a party of District, against the tyranny and Assam Rifles. He was treacherously atrocities of the notorious Deputy shot dead by the British Police at Tahsildar Bastian and other revenue Koyyur on 7 May 1924. His body, officials. He led successful attacks of tied to a cot and kept on a cart in a the tribal people on the Chintapalli, standing posture, was taken in a Krishnadevipeta and Rajavommangi procession from Koyyur to Police Stations in the Agency area; Krishnadevipeta, trumpeting that the captured plenty of arms and rebellion had ended. Rajuís body was ammunitions. A good strategist in cremated on the morning of 8 guerrilla warfare, he carried out May1924, marking the end of his several telling assaults on the glorious fight against the British Government Reserve Police; Government, and his leaving behind ambushed a strong force of Reserve the great tradition of anti- Police, led by the British officers, Scot imperialism in Andhra. [Andhra and Hyter, and killed them at the Patrika, 9 May 1924 & 17 May 1924; Damanapalli Ghat. A follower of the MM, 8 May 1924; RAPDMP, 1924, p. concepts of chivalry of ancient Indian 13; F.No.-22, FASRRF, 1925, p. 135; warriors, he attacked the enemy only FNR, 1924, p. 3; Pub Deptt (G), after giving prior notice. He achieved (Madras) (1938), G.O. No. 1451, 24- several victories in encounters with 8-1938, pp. 25 & 209 & the British Police at Addateegala, LFTGRSCAO,TCSGMW, 22-8-1924, Chodavaram and some other places. APSAH; PCO, 16-5-1924 & 10-6- The freedom struggle he carried on 1924,TNSAC; WWFSAP, III, pp. 504- is known in the annals of the Andhra 505; WWIM, I, p. 8; TFSAPA, III, pp. history as the famous ìRampa 91-92] Rebellionî or the ìRampa Pitooriî. His two year armed struggle (1922-24) Alluri Venkata Raju: Resident of v. against the Government caused great Kovvada, t. Bhimavaram, distt. West Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 9

Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/o of pneumonia due to very bad Venkata Raju; belonged to Kshatriya sanitary conditions, overcrowding community. An agriculturist, he took and insufficiency of clean water and part in the Salt Satyagraha and was food in June 1922 in the Malappuram sentenced on 18 June 1930 to rigorous Sub-Jail hospital. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 70/- G.O. (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, in default of which, to undergo TNSAC] further three monthsí rigorous imprisonment. Incarcerated in the Ambalakaran Periathambi: Resident of Rajahmundry, Tiruchirapalli and v. Thondiakkadu, t. Thiruthurai Alipuram Jails, he died on 21 Poondi, distt. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. December 1930 in the Alipuram Camp He joined the Indian National Army Jail while serving the imprisonment. and died in action in 1944 on the war- [RACJ, C.No-1830, 1930, TNSAC; front. [FFPO No. 6507/1970, WWFSAP, III, p. 550] 19.11.1970, TNSAC]

Alungal Ayamed: Resident of distt. Ambalam Karuppiah: Born in 1901, Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested resident of Pappni, p.o. and detained in connection with the Tiruvegampet, distt. Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/o combination of the British colonial Kalimuthu. He took an active part in authorities and the exploitative the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942, Jenmis, and coinciding with the and was arrested under Sections 147, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 433 IPC and 38 of DIR. Sentenced to movement. He was detained as an 14 yearsí imprisonment and kept in under-trial prisoner and kept in the Tiruvadanai and Madurai Jails, and Malappuram Sub-Jail. Ayamed died finally at Wellesley Sanatorium Jail, due to cholera on June 1922 in the Bellary, where he died in 1946. Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [Pub [Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, Clean Copy No. 267, TNSAC] 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Ambalathara Kutty: Resident of Vayalar, Amanath Mammed: Resident of distt. distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested participated in the movement for and detained in connection with the responsible government in Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Travancore, and against C. P. combination of the British colonial Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious authorities and the exploitative proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Jenmis, and coinciding with the modelí of administrative Khilafat and Non-Cooperation arrangement. He was at the movement. He was detained as an receiving end of the Vayalar firing under-trial prisoner and kept in the which took place on 27 October 1946. Malappuram Sub-Jail. Mammed died Ramaswamy Aiyarís military 10 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

reached Vayalar labour camp and 1922 in detention at the age of 30. attacked the labourers gathered [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, therein, arrested Kutty and 20.11.1922, TNSAC] immediately sent him to jail. He died in jail within a few days due to Ammankuyhiyil Mammutty: Resident inhuman tortures. [Punnapra- of Karuvara Kundu amsom, distt. Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken into custody in connection with the Ambali Abdul Khader: Resident of t. Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- combination of the British colonial cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, authorities and the exploitative Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Jenmis, and coinciding with the confrontation in his village with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation British during the Malabar rebellion movements. He was detained on 8 of 1921-22, and coinciding with the June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Khilafat and Non-Cooperation and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. movements (for details, see the entry Together with brutal police tortures, on Ahmmad Kutty). Khader was one a serious attack of pneumonia in the among those militant peasants who jail (due to very bad sanitary died on 26 August 1921 in the firing conditions, overcrowding and by the British troops. [H/Poll, 1921, insufficiency of clean water and F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- food), Mammutty died on 30 June 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- 1922 in detention at the age of 40. 209] [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Ammankallan Viran Kutty: Resident of Iruveethi amsom, distt. Malappuram, Ammoo: Resident of Othalur amsom, t. Kerala, he was taken into custody in Ponnani, distt. Malappuram, Kerala; connection with the Malabar s/o Kunhoran; he was taken into rebellion of 1921 against the custody in connection with the combination of the British colonial Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the authorities and the exploitative combination of the British colonial Jenmis, and coinciding with the authorities and the exploitative Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Jenmis, and coinciding with the movement. He was detained on 5 Khilafat and Non-Cooperation May 1922 as an under-trial prisoner movement. He was kept in the and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Cannanore Central Jail as an under- Together with brutal police tortures, trial prisoner. A prison outbreak and a serious attack of pneumonia in occurred in the jail on 4 December the jail (due to very bad sanitary 1921 at 4:00 p.m. when the prisoners conditions, overcrowding and were let out of their cells for meals. insufficiency of clean water and He received bullet wounds and a food), Viran Kutty died on 25 May fractured skull when the police Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 11

opened fire to control the outbreak Asia. He was killed in action in the and died the same day. [Law Deptt battlefield in 1945. [FFPO No. 6241/ (G), G.O. (Ord. Series) Nos.1084 and 1970, 19.09.1970, TNSAC] 1085, 25.04.1922, TNSAC] Anangadan Bappi: Belonging to Ammuammal: Resident of Gandhipuram Malabar, Kerala (place not known), in Coimbatore Town, distt. he was taken into custody in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; w/o Gopal connection with the Malabar Nair. A labourer in Somasundara outbreaks against the combination of Mills, Coimbatore, he participated in the British colonial authorities and the labour struggle organized by the the exploitative Jenmis. He was Coimbatore Spinning and Weaving sentenced and transported for life for Mills Company Limited. On 11 taking part in a Mappila conspiracy November 1946, police opened fire and outbreak. He was detained by on an estimated mob of 6000 the police in Chingelput under workers. Thirty-nine rounds of firing Government Order No. 994, Judicial took place and Ammuammal died of dated 20 July 1908. He died as a state gun shot during the struggle. [Pub prisoner on 5 July 1921. [Pub/Deptt, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2701, F. No. 708, 1921, TNSAC] 14.12.1946, TNSAC] Anant Sabade: Born on 13 May 1899 in Anaghasayan: Belonging to distt. Jamakhandi, Karnataka; s/o Vasudev Alappuzha, Kerala. In the Menasseri Sabade. A graduate in the Arts and Camp. Alappuzha, Keral, Law and a practising lawyer, he Anaghasayan, an eleven-year old launched a campaign demanding the boy, was the scout of the camp for merger of Jamakhandi State with the keeping a watch on the military emerging Indian Union. Subjected to movements and reporting these to some political conspiracy, he was the leaders. In the Menasseri murdered by an unknown assassin shooting Anaghasayan was killed on on 24 May 1947. A pillar was erected 27 October 1946. [Travancore in honour of his memory at Information and Listener, VII No. 5, Jamakhandi. [WWIM, II, p.278] January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 November 1946, Ananthanaveli Vasu: Belonging to distt. NMML; PVCS, pp. 78-9; IPV, p.107] Alappuzha, Kerala. He was connected with the Vayalar firing Anaikutti Velar: Inhabitant of t. which took place on 27 October 1946. Kuruntham Patti, distt. C. P. Ramaswamyís military reached Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. He Vayalar Labour Camp, at Alappuzha, served as an activist in HAWKAN ñ Kerala, and attacked the labourers an Indian Independence League gathered therein. Following the Branch in Burmaññfrom 1942 to 1945 attack, when the military captain was during the Second World War in East examining those who lay around the 12 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

scene of the firing, he found Vasu to Jenmis, and coinciding with the be moving about. When asked why Khilafat and Non-Cooperation he was there, his reply did not satisfy movement. He died in the the captain, and he ordered ëTake Rajahmundry Central Jail Hospital on himí. ëDonít take, you rather shoot account of brutal police tortures on 8 me and kill me hereí, was Vasuís December 1924. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), spirited reply. The military G.O. (Ord. Ser.) No.440-40A, immediately shot him dead. 20.05.1922; Pub Deptt,G.O. (Ord. [Travancore Information and Ser.) No.28, 07.01.1925, TNSAC] Listener, VII No. 5, January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 Andikkad Perunthan Kunjali: Resident November 1946, NMML; IPV, p.114] of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur Ande Sriramulu: Resident of Chirala, amsom, Manjeri; he was involved in distt. Prakasham, Andhra Pradesh; an armed confrontation in his village s/o Raghavulu; aged about 25. He with the British during the Malabar took part in a strike organized by the rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Indian Leaf Tobacco Development with the Khilafat and Non- Company Workersí Union at Chirala. Cooperation movement [for details, The strike was on account of a variety see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty]. of workersí grievances. Since no Kunjali was one among those militant settlement was on sight, the workersí peasants who died on 26 August 1921 discontentment intensified and led to in the firing by the British troops. [H/ disturbances and a riot on 14 Poll, 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; February 1938. In the afternoon at ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; 1:30 P. M., a large crowd gathered MM, pp. 179-209] outside the factory, and attacked the police with stones. Mr. H.H. Anjukandan Avaran Kutty Haji: Carleston, Sub-Collector, Ongole, Resident of Tirurangadi amsom, t. arrived on the spot and ordered Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala. firing on the crowd of workers at 3:30 Arrested in connection with a p.m. Ande Sriramulu received forcible conversion case during grievous bullet injuries in the police Malabar rebellion of 1921 (against the firing and died the same day. [Pub combination of the British colonial Deptt (G), (Madras), (1938) (Confd.,) authorities and the exploitative G.O. No. 1577, 20-9-1938, APSAH] Jenmis) in parts of Ernad and Walluvanad taluks, he was detained Andikat Moideen Kutty: Resident of in Vellore Central Jail from 18 August distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He was 1923 and died in jail due to Duodenal taken into custody in connection with Ulcer on 3 October 1927at the age of the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against 48. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.488, the combination of the British colonial 20.06.1923& G.O.No.207, 01.03.1928, authorities and the exploitative TNSAC] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 13

Ankapattath Moyan: Resident of Irur dispersed. In the next morning on 25 amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, October 1937 a general hartal was Kerala. He was taken into custody observed and a big crowd gathered in connection with the Malabar near the Mysore Bank. The gathering rebellion of 1921 against the attacked the police stationed in the combination of the British colonial District Office Compound with authorities and the exploitative stones and brickbats, and a man even Jenmis, and coinciding with the attempted to strike a constable with Khilafat and Non-Cooperation a chopper. In retaliation the police movement. He was detained on 8 opened indiscriminate firing on the June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner mob, killing Annayyappa on the spot. and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. [S-36, Secret Files, Special Branch Together with brutal police tortures Abstract No. 44/37, KSAB; KSGI, and a serious attack of pneumonia in BRD, p. 108; FAPG, pp. 23-24] the jail (due to bad sanitary conditions, overcrowding and Annu Malai: Hailing from southern part insufficiency of clean water and of India (place not known) and food), Moyan died on 20 June 1922 residing in Malaya; he joined the in detention at the age of 80. [Pub Indian National Army there in 1942 Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, as soldier in the Third Guerrilla TNSAC] Regiment. He was sent to Burma (now Myanmar) to fight under the Annayyappa: Born in Bangalore, INA flag; and was seriously Karnataka. He took part in the wounded in the course of an popular movement for responsible engagement with the British forces. government in Bangalore in 1937. On Admitted to a hospital, he died there 24 October 1937, the local Congress in 1944. [INA Papers, F. No. 379/INA in Bangalore City wanted to hoist (1945), NAI; WWIM, II, p.11] the Congress flag in Banappa Park in a ceremony under the Chairmanship Antony Nadar (Swamy Nadar): of K. F. Nariman coming from Belonged to Nellimoodu, t. Bombay (Mumbai). The District Neyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum, Magistrate of Bangalore prohibited Kerala. An able and dedicated the gathering on the same evening worker of the Travancore State and served Mr. Nariman with the Congress, he took active part in the prohibitory orders under section 39, struggle for responsible government Mysore Police Act. Mr. Nariman, in 1938. Arrested several times and however, decided to defy the order subjected to inhuman tortures, he and delivered a short speech, before expired soon after his release. his being arrested. On his arrest the [Freedom Movement Files (II), No. mob became unruly and attacked the 495/39, B. No. 58, 1938, KSAK; police with stones, shoes, and WWFFK, p. 33; WWIM II, p. 10] brickbats, but was somehow 14 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Appa: Resident of Eruvassi, t. Chirakkal, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was British Malabar, Kerala. Being a taken into custody in connection with cadre of the Communist Party, he the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and was involved in the activities of the transported to Podanur Central Karshaka Sangham. He gave weapon Prison along with 100 other Mappila training to tenant-farmers to fight rebels in an almost air-tight Railway against the atrocities of Malabar goods wagon. (For details, see the Special Police. The tenant-farmers of entry on Akkara Veetil alias the locality demanded waste land for Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). punam cultivation. But the landlords Ayamatty was one among those who refused to comply with their demand had been suffocated to death in this and evicted the tenants with the wagon tragedy, notoriously known connivance of police. The tenants as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 conducted a camp at Kuyilur and November 1921). [Pub Deptt weapon-training was given to them. (Confd.), G. O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Their demonstration in front of the G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Irikkur Police Station in November Report of Deputy Superintendent of 1946 led to lathicharge, arrest of Police, Madras, dated 27.09.1922; leaders and the imposition of Section Under-Secretary Safe Secret, F. No. 144 of the Cr. P.C. Violating the ban 390A, 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala order, the Communists assem bled Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] at Kavumbayi hills on 30 December 1946 to resist the police party. The Appankollan Moideen: Resident of police chased the crowd by resorting Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, to firing in which Appa was shot Kerala. He was involved in an armed dead on the spot. [Letter No. 10349, confrontation in his village with the dt. 6 January 1947, Pub Deptt (G-A), British during the Malabar rebellion M.S. Series, Regional Archives, of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Calicut; Pub Deptt (G-A), 1947, G.O. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation No. 1885, 17 June 1947, Madras movement. In the ensuing clash Legislative Assembly Q. No. 432- between the fully armed 2/8th Starred, Proceeding of the Joint Gurkha Rifles and the scarcely armed Magistrate Tellicherry dt. 2 January 2000 Mappila rebels on 14 November 1947, Malabar District Magistrateís 1921 in Pandikad, about 234 office, Calicut to Scott Brown Chief unyielding Mappilas were believed, Secretary to Govt. Fort St. George, by the Colonel Commandant, to have Madras, 26 December 1948. District perished. Moideen was one among Superintendent of Police to Inspector those who died in the 14 November General of Police, Madras, 3 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/ September 1947] Poll, 1921, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; PPRM, pp. 372- Appan Kandan Ayamatty: Resident of 74] Kuruvambalam amson, t. Ernad, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 15

Appathan Kuhayamad: Resident of v. Appayya died on the same day. Paratapuram, t. Ponnani, distt. [KQIC, p. 52] Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken into custody for his role in the Aramkundil Moedeen Kutty: Resident Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the of Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, combination of the British colonial Kerala. He was taken into custody authorities and the exploitative in connection with the Malabar Jenmis, and coinciding with the rebellion of 1921 against the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation combination of the British colonial movement. He was considered by authorities and the exploitative the British officials as a very Jenmis, and coinciding with the dangerous character and charged as Khilafat and Non-Cooperation a robber, dacoit and murderer. movement. He was detained on 18 Arrested and punished under June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Sections 149 and 302 of Indian Penal and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Code in Sessions Case No.179 dated Together with brutal police tortures 11.11.1922, he was awarded the and a serious attack of pneumonia in punishment of transportation for life. the (due to very bad sanitary His punishment was reduced to 3 conditions, overcrowding and yearsí rigorous imprisonment on insufficiency of clean water and appeal. He was kept in Alipuram Jail, food), Moedeen died on 10 July 1922 Bellary, and his probable date of in detention at the age of 21. [Pub release was 25 June 1925. However, Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, he was not permitted to return to TNSAC] Malabar and detained again under the Madras State Prisoners Arangam: Hailing from southern part of Regulation, 1819, and kept in India (place not known), he was detention at Trichinopoly under residing in Malaya at the time of his Malabar Outrages Act, 1859. He died joining the Indian National Army. on 22 February 1933 at Trichinopoly. Placed as a soldier in the INAís Unit [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.813, 22.08.1925; No. 451, he was deployed in Burma Pub Deptt (G), G.O. (Mis.Series) (now Myanmar) to fight against the No.418, 16.05.1933, TNSAC] British forces there. He took part in several engagements with the enemy Appayya: Resident of Bangalore, forces, and was killed during a Karnataka. A teenager, he took part British-Allied offensive on the INA in the ìQuit Indiaî movement that in Burma on 16 March 1945. [INA started in August 1942. He joined the Papers, F. No. 1/INA, NAI; WWIM, picketers in stopping train II, p. 12] movements at the railway station on 17 August 1942. Since the curfew was Aranthodi Abdurahimankutty: declared in the City, picketers were Resident of Perambalam, Pukkottur fired upon by the police in which amsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, 16 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Kerala, he was involved in an armed with the Khilafat and Non- confrontation in his village with the Cooperation movement (for details, British during the Malabar rebellion see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Kunji Mammad was one among those Khilafat and Non-Cooperation militant peasants who died in the movement (for details, see the entry British firing by the troops on 26 on Ahmmad Kutty). August 1921. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Abdurahimankutty was one among 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; those militant peasants who died in PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] the 26 August 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Areepuravan Kunji Moideen: Resident 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. A Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, tenant- cultivator in Pukkottur 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. an armed confrontation in his village 179-209] with the British during the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Aranthodi Moieenkutty: Resident of with the Khilafat and Non- Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom, Cooperation movement (for details, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). he was involved in an armed Kunji Moideen was one among those confrontation in his village with the militant peasants who died on 26 British during the Malabar rebellion August 1921 in the firing by the of 1921-22 and coinciding with the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; movement (for details, see the entry PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] on Ahmmad Kutty). Moieenkutty was one among those militant Areepuravan Muhammad: Resident of peasants who died in the 26 August t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. A tenant- 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/ cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. confrontation in his village with the No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; British during the Malabar rebellion ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; of 1921-22, and coinciding with the MM, pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Areepuravan Kunji Mammad: Resident on Ahmmad Kutty). Areepuravan of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. A Muhammad was one among those tenant- cultivator in Pukkottur militant peasants who died on 26 amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in August 1921 in the British troops an armed confrontation in his village firing. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; with the British during the Malabar HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 17

Arikuzhiyan Saidali: Resident of Porur in an agitation in Devakottai. [FFPO amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a No. 901/1967, 23.10.1967; coolie. He was taken into custody in Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip connection with the Malabar No.353, TNSAC] rebellion of 1921 and transported to Podanur Central Prison along with A. Arumugam: Hailing from southern 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost part of India (place not known), he air-tight Railway goods wagon (for was residing in Malaya at the time details, see the entry on Akkara of his joining the Indian National Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan Army in 1942. He was placed as a Nayar). Saidali was one among those soldier in the INAís Unit No.121 and who had been suffocated to death in deputed in Burma (now Myanmar) this wagon tragedy, notoriously to fight against the British-Allied known as the Black Hole of Podanur forces there. He was killed by the (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt British forces in Burma on 5 June 1944 (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; during their attack on the INA camp. Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, [WWIM, II, p.13] TNSAC; Report of Deputy Superintendent of Police, Madras, Arunachalam Mudaliar: Born on 26 dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary November 1895, resident of Salem Safe Secret File, No. 390A, dated Town, distt. Salem, Tamilnadu; s/o 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Munia Mudaliar. A literate weaver 22 November 1921; WTS] and an active nationalist, he was the founder of Ammapet Handloom Co- Arjun: Resident of Nargund, distt. operative Society. He took part in the Gadag, Karnataka. A Shiledar (a ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 and soldierís position), he took part in the was sentenced to 6 monthsí rigorous 1857 Uprising and joined the rebels imprisonment. Kept in Sub-Jail, of Nargund under Baba Saheb. Salem, and Alipuram Prison, Bellary, Arrested in the course of an he died on 21 November 1942. [Pub engagement with the British and Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 2146, sentenced to death, he was hanged 10.10.1946; FFPO No. 7907/1974, on 24 June 1858 in front of the Petah 22.10.1974; Salem District Jail Slip of Nargund. [Poll Deptt, No. 226, Office Copy No. 174, TNSAC] Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31, L. No. 322/1858, 24 June 1858] Asari Kumaran: Resident of distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. A activist in the Arumugam Asari : Born in 1918 and Punnapra incident, he operated belonging to Devakottai, distt. during the Martial Law that C.P. Sivaganga, Tamilnadu, he took part Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed on in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of Ambalappuzha and Shertallai (now 1942. He was shot dead by the police Cherthala). He took part in the on 17 August 1942 while taking part demolition of the Mararikulam 18 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Bridge at night. When the military was detained as an under-trial started re-constructing it, he and prisoner and kept in the Malappuram others tried to prevent them. In the Sub-Jail and died of Colitis in July ensuing confrontation on 26 October 1922 in the Malappuram Sub-Jail 1946, he was shot dead by the hospital. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. military. [Freedom Movement Files (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] (II), F. Nos. 265/48, B. No. 63, 133/ 48, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; EMK] Aswathanarayana Setty: Born in v. Viduraswatha, distt. Chikkaballapur, Asarithoppitta Ayamad: Resident of Karnataka; s/o Nana Venkatappa Nilambore amsom, t. Ernad, Setty. A cloth merchant, he took part Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was in popular movement for responsible taken into custody in connection with government in the Mysore State. The the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and agitation resulted in an incident of transported to Podanur Central police firing on the agitators at Prison along with 100 other Mappila Viduraswatha on 25 April 1938 (for rebels in an almost air-tight Railway details, see the entry on Bheemiah), goods wagon (for details, see the and Aswatharayana was one among entry on Akkara Veetil alias those who died in the firing. Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). [VDECB; SSS, II, p. 490; WWIM, II, Ayamad was one among those who pp. 293-94] had been suffocated to death in this wagon tragedy, notoriously known Athanikal Moideen Haji: Resident of as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, November 1921). [Pub Deptt Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; taken into custody in connection with Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and TNSAC; Report of Deputy transported to Podanur Central Superintendent of Police, Madras, Prison along with 100 other Mappila dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Safe Secret F. No. 390A, dated goods wagon (for details, see the 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, entry on Akkara Veetil alias 22 November 1921; WTS] Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Athanikal Moideen was one among Assan Easupp: Resident of distt. those who had been suffocated to Malappuram, Kerala. He was death in this wagon tragedy, arrested and detained for his notoriously known as the Black Hole participation in the Malabar rebellion of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub of 1921 against the combination of Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, the British colonial authorities and 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, the exploitative Jenmis, and 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy coinciding with the Khilafat and Superintendent of Police, Madras, Non-Cooperation movement. He dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 19

Safe Secret File, F. No. 390A, dated (Report of District Magistrate Quilon 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, to Chief Secretary, 4 September 1938), 22 November 1921; WTS] Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore Jatha Committee, C.S. F/ No. 339/45, Awanna: Resident of v. Handiganur, t. KSAT; FST, pp.360-61] Kundagol, distt. Dharwad, Karnataka; he took part in the Ayothiram Rowther: Born in 1885, Uprising of 1857-58 and fought resident of Mannargudi, distt. against the British; Awanna was Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. A graduate, caught in the course of an he joined the national struggle for engagement with the British, tried by independence in 1920. Taking part in Court Martial and sentenced to be the Civil Disobedience movement of blown away with a cannon; his 1930, he suffered imprisonment for sentence was carried out in 1858. 6 months in Tiruchirappalli and [SI1857WI, p. 280; HFMK, 1, pp. 272- Kannanore jails. He died in the latter 441] in 1930. [Thanjavur District Jail Slip Office Copy No. 269, TNSAC] Ayathil Balakrishna Pillai: Belonging to Kerala (place not known). He took Ayyaru Nadeshan: Resident of part in the Travancore State Kootunkkal Karivayalar, distt. Congress movement in Kerala for Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated responsible government against the in the movement for responsible regime of the Diwan of Travancore, government in Travancore, against C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyer. Participating C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious as a volunteer in the State Congress proposal for setting up an ëAmerican meeting held in defiance of the modelí of administrative prohibitory orders at Quilon on 2 arrangement (for more details, see September 1938, he received bullet the entry on Agneess Lonappan). wounds when the police opened fire Nadeshan was shot dead by the to disperse the gathering and died military on 27 October 1946. the same day (Freedom Movement [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, Files (II), F. No. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, CPIDOA] Confd. Section Files, F. No. 323/38 20 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

nd B. Chinnaswami: Resident of 2 Lane, National Army in Malaya. As a Cochrane Basin Road, Moolakotha- Havildar in the Head Quarters No. lam, Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; 2, he was sent to Burma (now s/o Balan, he was a worker (aged 20) Myanmar) to confront the British in the Winding Department of the forces. He fought the enemy forces Carnatic Mill. He died in the police on several occasions, and finally died firing during the Buckingham and at the battle ground in the course of Carntic Mills labour unrest on 11 a deadly engagement with the British March 1942. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), army. [ROH, pp. 740-41; WWIM, II, G.O. (MS) No. 1130, 08.04.1942, p. 213] TNSAC] B. Yellapa: Belonged to Mangalore, B. Ramaswamy: Born in 1929 at v. Karnataka; he was a civilian Banavara, distt. Hasan, Karnataka, a employee in the British-Indian Army. resident of Mysore City; s/o He left the British service in 1942 and Thammaiah alias Antharamaiah. A joined the Indian National Army in high school student, he took part in Malaya. He was employed to serve the ìMysore Chaloî movement in 1947 in the Ministry of the Provisioned for responsible government in the Government of Azad Hind Fauj. He Mysore State. He was killed in the was killed by the British forces police firing on the procession near during their attack on the INA what is now Ramaswamy Circle in personnel in 1944. [INA Papers, F. Mysore. [PMRA; PMLC] No. 1/INA, NAI; ROH, pp. 796-97; WWIM, II, p. 13] B. S. Nambiar: Born at v. Thavat, Cherukkunnu, Malabar, Kerala; he Babaji Sovaji Nimbalkar: Resident of was a civilian employee in the British- Halagali, Mudhol Princely State (now Indian Army. He left his British in distt. Bagalakot), Karnataka. The service in 1942 and joined the Indian people of Halagali Bedas revolted Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 21

against the Disarming Act of 11 Patil. After successfully scaling over September 1857 imposed by the the jail walls, the fleeing group was British. Nimbalkar was the chief spotted and chased by the police up organizer of the revolt who led the to the river. While trying to swim fight against the British and was across the river, Baburao was hit by killed in a clash on 30 November the police bullets and died. [SSS, II, 1857. [SI1857WI, p. 199] p. 963; WWIM, II, p. 125]

Babu Rao: Resident of Madras Baiyappa: Born in v. Karudapalli, (Chennai), Tamilnadu. He was an Karnataka, he took part in the popular adolescent employee of the movement for responsible Buckingham Mills. This European- government in the Mysore State at owned Cotton Mill announced lock- Viduraswatha village on 25 April out in 1920 by refusing to concede 1938. The movement resulted in an the labour demands for higher incident of police firing on the wages. It expelled the regular agitators (for details, see the entry employees and engaged daily-wages on Bheemiah). Baiyappa was one in their place. Subsequently, the who died in the firing. [AISPC, F. No. regulars went on strike and held 115, NMML; VDECB] several protest meetings in November 1920. At the height of Bala Saheb: Belonged to Kurahalli, t. their agitation in the following Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; months, the police opened fire on the he organized and led the resistance striking workers on 9 December 1920, against the British during the apparently for maintaining public Uprising of 1857-58 under the peace. The firing resulted in the gun direction of Bhim Rao and Kanchan shot injuries to some who had been Gowda. Captured by the British shifted to the Government General during the battle at Koppaldurga, he Hospital. Of them, Babu Rao died was blown away with a cannon in shortly after his admission into a 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] hospital. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.779-80, 14.12.1920, TNSAC] Bala: Resident of Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Yelgunda. He was Baburao Jadhao (Ptravali Babu Kasheru): arrested and charged with joining the Born in v. Shahpur, distt. Belgaum, ërevolt of Nargund under Baba Saheb Karnataka. A houseñpainter, he took against the Britishí. He was active part in the ìQuit Indiaî sentenced to death and shot dead by movement that started in August musketry at Nargund on 10 June 1858 1942. Arrested by the Sangli Police at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part- on the charge of sabotage, he was XII, D.D, Vol. No. 30, 10 June 1858] imprisoned along with 13 others. He was party to a jail- breaking plan Balakristayya: Resident of Bhalki, distt. under the leadership of Vasant Rao Bidar, Karnataka; s/o Venkat Raoñ a 22 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

village patwari and a descendant of (1930). On the occasion of the the royal family of Satara. He played Venkateswaraswami Chariot/Car a prominent role in organizing the Festival in Vadapalli, on 30 March Uprising of 1857-58 against the 1931, along with the deity, a British under the leadership of Rama Tricolour flag and photos of Mahatma Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Betrayed Gandhi, and some other national by a local landlord, he was captured leaders adorned the car. This was by the British and sentenced to objected by the Government officials, transportation for life. He died in and the controversy over this became penal servitude. [SSS, II, III; WWIM, so intense that it resulted in a riot. III, p.17] When the police opened fire to quell it, Bandaru Narayanaswamy lost his Balappa: Born at v. Haligali, t. Mudhol, two legs in the police firing, and he distt. Bagalkot, Karnataka; s/o breathed his last soon after he was Bhimappa Kollannayarar. A farmer taken home. [SMEAV, 2-10-1987, tenant, he took active part in the Vadapalli] Uprising of 1857 and fought against the British. For his rebellion and Bani Saheb: Resident of v. Hammigi, t. refusal to surrender arms after the Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. revolt and to pay land revenue, he He took an active part in the was arrested by the British and shot Uprising of 1857-58 and fought dead in the Belgaum prison. against the British under the [SI1857WI, p. 199; WWIM, III, pp.17- leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan 18] Gowda. Bani was captured by the British during an encounter and Balwant Hari Jabade: Born in 1923 in v. tried by Court Martial; he was Jatrata, t. Chikodi, distt. Belgaum, sentenced to be blown away with a Karnataka; s/o Hari Jabade. cannon and the sentence carried out Educated up to Matriculation, he in June1858. [HFMK,1, pp. 272, 440; participated in raid on the SI1857WI, p. 279] Budaraghad Treasury on 14 December 1943. While a police Bapu: Belonging to Nargund Princely constable, on duty at adjacent State (now in distt. Gadag), Mamletdar Office reached the spot, he Karnataka. He was Naik (leader) of opened fire on the group through a the Shetsanadis of Nargund. On the window. Receiving the gunshot, charge of ëassisting the Chief of Balwant died on the spot. [KQIC, p. Nargund in his rebellion against the 207] Britishí, he was caught on 10 June 1858 and hanged in front of the Petah Bandaru Narayanaswamy: Resident of of Nargund. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, v. Vadapalli, t. Razolu, distt. East Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 309/ Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; took part 1858, 19 June 1858] in the Civil Disobedience Movement Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 23

Baramappa: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. dhanagar by profession, he was Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. arrested and charged with ëwaging He participated in the Uprising war against the British in 1858í. under the leadership of Bhim Rao and Following his capture, he was shot Kanchan Gowda against the British dead by musketry at Nargund on 12 in 1857-58. Arrested during the battle June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part- at Koppaldurg, he was sentenced to XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 12 June 1858, death and shot dead by musketry in pp. 262-275] June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] Basappa Tambe: Resident of Nargund, Barma: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. distt. Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Balappa. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He was a Sawar (Bargir) in the He actively participated in the 1857- Nargund Princely State, age 32 years; 58 Uprising under the leadership of belonged to a Maratha family. He Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. joined the Uprising in Nargund led Arrested in the battle of Koppaldurg, by Baba Saheb against the British. He he was sentenced to death and shot was caught and hanged to death at dead by musketry in June 1858. public place at Dharwad in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279;WWIM, III, p. 26] [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June Barmappa: Resident of v. Nowlee 1858; WWIM, III, p.143] [Nowli], t. Hadagali, distt. Ballary, Karnataka; He actively participated Basappa Yligar: Resident of Avaradi, in the 1857-58 Uprising under the Ramdurg Princely State (now in leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan distt. Belgaum), Karnataka; s/o Gowda. Arrested in the battle of Fakkirappa. A farmer, he participated Koppaldurg, he was sentenced to in the Peasantsí movement in death and shot dead by musketry in Ramdurg State on 7 April 1939. June 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp. 272, 440; Arrested in this connection and SI1857WI, p. 279; WWIM, III, p. 26] charged for being violent during the agitation, he was hanged in Hindalga Basalingappa: Born at v. Jambagi, distt. Jail, Belgaum on 6 May 1940. Bijapur, Karnataka; s/o [Convicted Trial Prisoners No. 18563, Veerasansappa, Deshmukh of CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23-05-1939 to Jambagi. A peasant proprietor, he 01-04-1940, Hindalga Jail, Belgaum; took part in the resistance against the RSVH, p. 73; WWIM, II, p.350] British during the Uprising of 1857. Captured by the British in Jambagi, Basappa: Resident of Amargol in he was hanged in 1858. [WWIM, III, Nargund Princely State, distt. Gadag, p. 19] Karnataka; s/o Lingappa. On the charge of ëassisting the Chief of Basappa Sindagi: Inhabitant of Nargund in his rebellion against the Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; Britishí, he was caught on 18 June 24 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

1858 and hanged in front of the Petah Martial and sentenced to be blown of Nargund.[Poll Deptt, No. 197, away with a cannon; his sentence was Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 309/ carried out in 1858. [HFMK, Vol. 1, 1858, 19 June 1858] pp. 272, 440; SI1857WI, p. 280]

Basappa: Resident of Davanagere, Basavanna: Resident of Navalagund, Karnataka. He took part in the ìQuit distt. Dharwad, Karnataka; took part Indiaî movement that started in in the Uprising of 1857-58; captured August 1942. He joined the picketers during the battle at Koppaldurg and in stopping train movements at the tried by Court Martial, he was railway station on 17 August 1942. sentenced to death and shot dead by Since the curfew was declared in the musketry in June 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp. city, picketers were fired upon by the 272 & 441; SI1857WI, p. 280; WWIM, police in which Basappa died on the III, p. 27] same day. [KQIC, p. 50] Basayya Talari: Resident of v. Tahrargi, Basappa: Resident of Halagali, Mudhol t, Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; Princely State (now in distt. took part in the Uprising of 1857-58 Bagalakot), Karnataka; s/o Balappa. and fought against the British; caught He was a Sawar (Bargir) in the in the course of an engagement, he Nargund Court; fought against the was tried by Court Martial and Disarming Act of 1857 imposed by sentenced to be blown away with a the British. He was captured and cannon; his sentence was carried out hanged till death at a public place at in 1857. [HFMK,1, pp. 272, 440; Dharwad in the last week of June SI1857WI, p. 280; WWIM, III, p. 27] 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 199] Basayya: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. Basappa: Resident of Nargund, distt. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Dumappa. He He took part in the Uprising led by was arrested and charged with Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda in ëjoining the Uprising of Nargund 1857-1858. Arrested during the battle under Baba Saheb against the Britishí. at Koppaldurg, he was sentenced to He was sentenced to death and shot death and shot dead by musketry in dead by musketry at Nargund on 10 June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June Basayya: Resident of Wadarhatti, t. 1858] Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He actively participated in the 1857- Basava: Belonged to Mundwad, t. 58 Uprising and fought against the Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; British under the leadership of Bhim took part in the Uprising of 1857-58; Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Arrested captured by the British during an during the battle at Koppaldurg and encounter, he was tried by Court sentenced to death by Court Martial, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 25

he was shot dead by musketry in Viyyamma received bullet injuries, June 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp. 272, 440; fell on the field, and died SI1857WI, p. 279] immediately. [Andhra Patrika, 13 April, 16 April, 9 June 1947, APSAH; Bassya: Hailed from Kundgul, distt. CERP, pp. 76 & 136] Dharwad, Karnataka; took part in the Uprising of 1857-1858; captured by Bawa/Baba Saheb: Resident of the British and tried by Court Kurlahalli, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; Martial, he was sentenced to death he took active part in the struggle and shot dead by musketry in June against the British in 1857-1858 under 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 278] the leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. He was captured Bathini Rajulu: Resident of v. in the battle at Koppaldurg by the Tammadpalli, distt. Warangal, British and blown to death with a Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana). cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 19] He took part in the popular movement during 1947ñ48 for Bayyanna: Born in v. Karudapali, bringing about the merger of Hindupur Taluk, distt. Anantpur, Hyderabad State with the Indian Karnataka, s/o Papanna. He took Union. In the course of a raid on the part in the agitation for responsible village by the Razakars and the Nizamís government in the Mysore State at Police on 14 February 1947, Bathini Viduraswatha village. The agitation Rajulu joined with the other villagers resulted in the indiscriminate of in resisting the attack. In the fight, police firing on the agitators on 25 Rajulu and five other villagers lost April 1938 (for details, see the entry their lives and attained martyrdom on Bheemiah). Bayyanna was one the same day. [WWFSAP, III, p. 335; among those killed in the firing. WWIM, II, p. 28]. [AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB]

Bavireddi Viyyamma: Resident of v. Beemah: Resident of v. Kurlahalli, t. Gazullanka, ml. Kollur, distt. Guntur, Mundargi, distt. Gadag, div. Andhra Pradesh; took part in the Belgaum, Karnataka; took part in the anti-zamindari struggle in the Uprising of 1857-1858; captured Gazullanka village of Challapalli during an encounter with the British zamindari; on 10 April 1947, peasants and tried by Court Martial; he was entered zamindari lands for the rellu sentenced to death and shot dead by grass by defying prohibitory orders musketry in June 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp. of the Government; twelve Reserve 272, 440; SI1857WI, p. 278] Police men entered the scene and arrested some peasants; when the Beemnah: Hailed from Hammigi, t. peasants questioned the moral Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; authority of the police, they opened took part in the Uprising of 1857-1858 fire, as a result of which Bavireddi and fought against the British. 26 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Arrested in the course of battle at August 1942 along with his Koppaldurg, he was tried by Court associates. They set fire to the Martial and sentenced to death. railway station, and cut the signal, Beemnah was shot dead by musketry telephone and telegraph wires.The in June 1858. [HFMK,1, pp. 272, 441; Police Superintendent issued orders SI1857WI, p. 279] for opening fire on these saboteurs. Bhaskaruni Lakshminarayana was hit Bhanu Kumaran: Resident of distt. by bullets in the firing and died on Alappuzha, Kerala. An activist in the the spot. [SMEAT, 1942, Tenali; Punnapra firing incident, he operated HFSAP, p.8; WWFSAP, I, p. 246; during the Martial-Law that C. P. WWIM, I, p. 43; HFMAP, p. 151] Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed on Ambalappuzha and Shertallai (now Bhawani Singh: Resident of Koppal, Cherthala). He took part in the Karnataka; Kiledar of Koppal; he demolition of the Mararikulam joined hands with the local rebels in Bridge at night. When the military 1857 and organized anti-British started re-constructing it, he and operation in association with Baba others tried to prevent them. In the Saheb of Nargund and Bhim Rao; he ensuing confrontation on 26 October was captured in an encounter and 1946, he was shot dead by the shot dead by the British. [WWIM, III, military. [Freedom Movement Files p. 22] (II), F. No. 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & F. No. 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, Bheemiah/Bheemanna: Born in v. 1898 KSAT; IPV, pp. 94-5] in Idagur, t. Goribidanur, distt. Chikkaballapur, Karnataka; s/o Bhaskar Rao Bhave: Resident of Narasappa. A barber, he took part Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka, in the popular movement for he was the ruler of Nargund Princely responsible government in Mysore State. Revolted against the British for State. When the Congress, under the the question of adoption. He leadership of T. Rainachar, decidedñ murdered S. J. Manson. He was ñas a part of the movementññupon caught and hanged at Haystack Hill defying the IPC Section 144 on 25 at Belgaum on 12 June 1858. [Poll April 1938 and assembling at Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. Viduraswatha (a place of pilgrimage No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June 1858; in Goribidanur Taluk), Bheemiah WWIM, III, p. 22] joined in the act. As soon as the 4 violators of the prohibitory order Bhaskaruni Lakshminarayana: Resident were arrested by the police, the of Tenali, distt. Guntur, Andhra infuriated gathering hurled abuses Pradesh; a petty merchant. In and pelted stones on the police. response to the ìQuit Indiaî Failing to control it by lathi-charge, movement, he took part in an attack the policemen resorted to on the Tenali Railway Station on 12 indiscriminate firing at 4 p. m., killing Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 27

10 persons, including Bheemiah. Bhim Rao Nadgowda: Resident of [AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB; Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; WWIM, II, pp. 35-36] s/o Ranga Rao; Tehsildar of Bellary. Dismissed from services for his anti- Bhikajipant Ganesh Gokhale: Resident British ideas, he organized an anti- of Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. British alliance of patriotic chiefs like He took part in the 1857-1858 Kanchan Gowda Sirnagowda of Uprising and joined the rebels of Govenkop, Srinivas Desai of Dumbal, Nargund led by Baba Saheb. He was Bhaskar Rao Bhave of Nargund, and arrested and charged with ëaiding raised an army of over 3,000 soldiers and abetting the rebellion and also and launched a revolt against the taking part in the murder of Mansoní. British in 1857. He captured the He was sentenced to transportation Koppaldurg fort and put up a valiant beyond the Sea for life. He was fight against superior British forces, deported to the Andaman Islands however he fell at the battleground where he died in custody. [Poll Deptt, after gallant resistance and died. No. 226, Part-XIII, DD,Vol. No. 31, [WWIM, III, p. 23] 24 June 1858] Bhim: Belonged to Kurlahalli, t. Bhikshamayya: Resident of v. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Patarlapahad, t. Suryapet, distt. He took active part in the Uprising Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now in led by Bhim Rao and Kanchan Telangana). A Communist, he Gowda in 1857-58. Arrested in an resisted the raid by the Nizamís encounter with the British at Military on Pata Suryapet area in Koppaldurg, he was sentenced to November 1946, during the anti- death and shot dead by musketry in feudal struggle of the Communists June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] in Telangana. He was shot dead in the confrontation. [WWFSAP, II, p. Bhima Rao M.: Resident of distt. 463]. Anantpur, Andhra Pradesh, he served as a Revenue official, and felt Bhiksmayya: Resident of v. Patasurya- inspired when the 1857 Revolt broke pet, distt. Nalgonda, erstwhile out. He took part in this Revolt Hyderabad (now in Telangana); against the colonial authorities and member of Andhra Mahasabha. He helped in spreading the anti-British was injured in the shootout on 15 feelings in his area. Somewhat November 1946 with the raiding team successful in his efforts in the early of the Nizamís army, who came to the stages, Bhima Rao was killed on 27 village in the search of the May 1858. [BDG, p. 50; HFMRSRAD, underground Communist workers, p. 21] and died soon after. [PA,1 December 1946; TPSL, pp. 44-5 & 450] Bhima: Resident of Kukanur, t. Yelburga, distt. Koppal, Karnataka. He actively 28 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

participated in the 1857-58 Uprising [Hirenandihal], distt. Koppal, under the leadership of Bhim Rao and Karnataka. He actively participated Kanchan Gowda. Arrested during in the 1857-58 Uprising under the the battle at Koppaldurg, he was leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan sentenced to death and shot dead by Gowda. Arrested in an encounter musketry in June 1858. [HFMK,1, pp. with the British at Koppaldurg, he 272, 440; SI1857WI, p. 280] was sentenced to death and shot dead by musketry in June 1858. Bhima: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. [HFMK,1, pp. 272, 440; SI1857WI, p. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. 279] He actively participated in the 1857- 58 Uprising under the leadership of Bonalu Gunnaiah alias Bonula Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Gunnadu alias Bonnalu Gunnulu: Arrested in an encounter with the Resident of v. Serabhannapalem, t. British at Koppaldurg, he was Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam, sentenced to death and shot dead by Andhra Pradesh; s/o Pottanna, he musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. took part in the Rampa Rebellion 279; WWIM, III, p. 22] (1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. He participated in some successful Bhimanna Mandagai: Resident of rebel attacks on the British Police. Halagali, Mudhol Princely State (now Declared an accused under the in distt. Bagalakot), Karnataka. A sections of 121, 121A, 122, 143, 145, Kavalagar (guard), he participated in 149, 395 & 302 of I.P.C. and his the Halagali Bedas revolt under the property was confiscated by the leadership of Babaji Sovaji Nimbalkar Government. On the evening of 29 against the British imposition of the September 1923, the police party Disarming Act of 1857. He was chased the rebels and opened fire on caught during a clash with the British them near Battapanukula. Being and later blown away with a cannon among the rebels, Bonalu received at Halagali on 14 December 1857. serious bullet injuries and died the [SI1857WI, p. 199] next day. [F. Nos. 2, 4 and 23A, FASRRF, 1923, pp. 11, 18, 30, 50, 135, Bhimanna: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. 155, 195, 243 & 244, APSAH] Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He participated in the Uprising led Borayya Kakuru alias Nadapi Baladu by Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda in alias Nadapi Padal: Born at v. 1857-58. Arrested in the course of an Gummalagondi, teh.. Gudem Kotha engagement with the British at Veedhi, distt. Visakhapatnam, Koppaldurg, he was sentenced to Andhra Pradesh; s/o Mangayya. A death and shot dead by musketry in farmer, he took part in the Rampa June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] Rebellion (1922-24). He was arrested for his involvement in the Rebellion Bhimappa: Resident of v. Hirendwal and sentenced to three yearsí Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 29

rigorous imprisonment. Put in the Satyagraha Ashram, Sitanagaram in Rajahmundry Central Jail, Borayya 1924. He again suffered 1-year died there on 9 November 1923 while imprisonment from 19 April 1930 at serving his term. [WWIM, I, p.160] Vellore and Cuddalore Jails for conducting Salt Satyagraha. His ashram Boya: Born in Bada Mallur, thereafter was taken over by the Chikkaballapur, distt. Karnataka. He Government in 1932. Arrested took part in the popular agitation for following severe injuries in a lathi- responsible government in the charge in January 1932 at Mysore State. The agitation resulted Rajahmundry (in which one of his in an incident of police firing at ribs was broken), he was sentenced Viduraswatha on 25 April 1938. (for (Third Time) on 14-5-1932 to six details, see the entry on Bheemiah). monthsí rigorous imprisonment and Boya was one who died in the firing. incarcerated in the Rajahmundry and [AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB] Cuddalore Jails. A victim of tuberculosis, brought about by harsh Brahmajosyula Subrahmanyam: treatment and harassment in the jail, Resident of Rajahmundry, distt. East he passed away on 23 December Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/o 1936. [Andhra Patrika, 25 December Ramayya Sastry. He graduated in 1936 & 15 August 1942, APSAH; Medicine from the Calcutta Medical WWFSAP, 1, p. 165] College and took part in the Home Rule campaign, 1916-17. Participating Burmah: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. in the Non-Cooperation movement, Mundargi, distt. Gadag, div. he was imprisoned and suffered 1- Belgaum, Karnataka; took part in the year rigorous imprisonment, from 7 Uprising of 1857-1858 and fought January 1922 in the Rajahmundry and against the British; caught and tried Cuddalore Jails. He held the office by Court Martial, he was sentenced of Joint Secretary, Andhra Provincial to death and shot dead by musketry Congress Committee in 1921 and in June 1858. [HFMK, 1, pp. 272, 440; became the founder of Goutami SI1857WI, p. 278] 30 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

C. Chinnaiyan: Hailed from 14, Motilal F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ Main Road, distt. Madurai, 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & No. 133/48, B. Tamilnadu. A Member of Indian No. 64, 1948, KSAT] Independence League, he also served the Indian National Army and took C. Krishnaswami Pillai: Hailed from part in its march towards India at distt. South Arcot, Tamilnadu. An Junglighat, the Andamans, in active participant in the ìQuit Indiaî December 1944. He is believed to agitations of 1942 and he was have died in action. [FFPO No. 7787/ arrested for his anti-British role in it 1973, 29.12.1973, TNSAC] and imprisoned. He died under detention, perhaps towards the end C. K Madhavan: Resident of of 1942 owing to police tortures. [Pub Vadakketathu Palli, Punnapra, distt. Deptt, G.O. No. 1518, 22. 05. 1947, Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated TNSAC] in the movement for responsible government in Travancore, and C. Kuttan Pillai: Born on 27 September against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís 1910 at Karakulam, distt. notorious proposal for setting up an Trivandrum, Kerala. He studied up ëAmerican modelí of administrative to the fourth standard. Joining the arrangement. When a temporary Travancore State Congress in 1938, police camp was set up in Punnapra he participated in the demonstration to counter the agitation and harass staged at Neyyattinkara on 31 the agitators and their families, August 1938 to protest against the Madhavan also joined others in arrest of N.K. Padnamanbha Pillai, demanding for its withdrawal, and the second State Congress President. eventually for its destruction. During A contingent of Travancore State the activistsí raid on the camp, he Force, which had been dispatched to died in the police firing on 24 October restore order, opened fire on the 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), demonstrators at the Bus Stand, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 31

Neyyattinkara, killing Pillai in the at the age of 30. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), process. [Freedom Movement Files G.O. (MS) No. 1130, 08.04.1942, (II), F. No. 1149\44, 1944, Confd. TNSAC] Report of S.P. on 4 September 1938 (First Class Magistrate to District Chakala: Born in v. Odugur, t. Magistrate, 15-1-114), Bulletin No. I, Gauribidanur, distt. Chikkaballapur II, All Travancore Jatha Committee, Karnataka. He took part in the C.S. No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp.124- popular agitation for responsible 26; TTT, p. 164; WWFFK, p. 312; government in the Mysore State at WWIM, II, p. 245] Viduraswatha village on 25 April 1938. The movement resulted in an C. Narayanaswami: Resident of incident of police firing on the Anakkavur, t. Cheyyar, distt. agitators (for details, see the entry Tiruvannamalai (formerly in North on Bheemiah). Chakala was one who Arcot), Tamilnadu. A dyer by died in the firing. [VDECB; PAR, profession, he led a crowd of 4000 at P.M.R.A., P.M.L.C., C.B.F] Tiruvattipuram, Cheyyar, on 3 March 1946, to protest against the Chakkalakkunnan Kunjumoyi Haji: Governmentís providing inferior Resident of Perambalam, Pukkottur imported rice to the ration shops, and amsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, to demand the supply of boiled rice Kerala, he was involved in an armed instead. The crowd demonstrated confrontation in his village with the before the taluk Supply Officerís British during the Malabar rebellion office, and also raided the wholesale of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Government rice depot at Cheyyar. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation The police opened 11 rounds of fire movement (for details, see the entry to disperse the agitators. on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjumoyi was Narayanaswamy, a forerunner in the one among those militant peasants agitation, died on the spot at the age who died in the 26 August 1921 firing of 26. [Pub Deptt (G-A), by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. G.O.No.1114, 10.05.1946, TNSAC] 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, C. Rathnam: Inhabitant of 1st Street, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. Ekanjipuram near Perambur Railway 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. Station, Madras (Chennai), 179-209] Tamilnadu; s/o Chinnasami. An unemployed supporter of the Chakkalakkunnan Pokkar Haji: workers during the labour unrest in Resident of Perambalam, Pukkottur the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills, amsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, he joined them and fell victim to the Kerala, he was involved in an armed police firing on the agitators on 11 confrontation in his village with the March 1942. He died of his bullet British during the Malabar rebellion wounds the next day (12 March 1942) of 1921-22 and coinciding with the 32 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; movement (for details, see the entry PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt on Ahmmad Kutty). Pokkar was one (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, among those militant peasants who TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74] died in the 26 August 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Chalil Avaran: Resident of distt. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, and detained in connection with the 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. combination of the British colonial 179-209] authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Chakkalakkunnan Saidali: Resident of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom, movement. He was detained as an Manjeri, Ernad taluk, Malabar, Kerala, under-trial prisoner and kept in the he was involved in an armed Malappuram Sub-Jail, where he died confrontation in his village with the of Ankylostoma Diarrhoea in May British during the Malabar rebellion 1922 in the Malappuram Sub-Jail of 1921-22 and coinciding with the hospital. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] movement (for details, see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Saidali was one Chambayil Koya: Resident of among those militant peasants who Kizhuparamba amsom, Kerala, he died in the 26 August 1921 firing by was taken into custody for his role the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. in the Malabar rebellion of 1921 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; against the combination of the British Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, colonial authorities and the 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. with the Khilafat and Non- 179-209] Cooperation movement. He was detained on 3 January 1922 as an Chakkalkunnan Mammad Koya: under-trial prisoner and kept in the Resident of Pandikad amsom, t. Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he was brutal police tortures and a serious involved in an armed confrontation attack of pneumonia in the jail (due in his village with the British during to bad sanitary conditions, the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 and overcrowding and insufficiency of coinciding with the Khilafat and clean water and food), Koya died on Non-Cooperation movement (for 23 April 1922 in detention at the age details, see the entry on Apankollan of 35. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, Moideen) Mammad was one among 20.11.1922, TNSAC] those who died in the 14 November 1921firing by the British troops. [H/ Champakraman Pillai: Born on 15 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 33

September 1891, in distt. 1934 in Berlin due to suspected Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o poisoning by the Nazis. [The Hindu, Chinnaswamy Pillai, he took part in 25 February 1938; S. P Sen (ed.) political activities against the British Dictionary of National Biography, rule while still a student. Kept under volume II; WWIM, II, p. 245] surveillance by the police for his activism, he left India in September Channamparambil Aydruman: Resident 1908 and reached Italy via Colombo. of Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken Sometime later, he went to Berlin, into custody in connection with the studied and obtained doctorate Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the degrees in Engineering, Politics and combination of the British colonial Economics. He organized an authorities and the exploitative association called the International Jenmis, and coinciding with the Pro-India Committee in Zurich, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Switzerland, to enlist support for movement. Kept in Malappuram Sub- Indiaís independence in the Jail, he died due to urrhosis in the European countries. He persuaded Malappuram Sub-Jail Hospital in May the German Government during the 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) First World War to give military No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] assistance for the freedom struggle in India. He was belived to have Channappa: Resident of Betageri, distt. served in the famous German Gadag, Karnataka; he took active submarine Emden which inflicted part in the antiñBritish struggle for heavy losses on the British shipping independence Koppaldurg in 1857-58 in the Indian Ocean and once under the leadership of Bhim Rao and bombarded British military Kanchan Gowda. Captured by the establishments on the Madras coast. British in the course of an Pillai founded the Indian National engagement at Koppaldurg, he was Party in Berlin, Germany, in 1914, shot dead by musketry in June 1858. along with Lala Har Dayal, Shri [SI1857WI, p. 278] Taraknath Das, Maulana Barkatullah and Heramba Lal Gupta. Organizing Chantavilla Gangadharan: Resident of the ëLeague of Oppressed Peoplesí to distt. Trivandrum, Kerala. On 5 work for the liquidation of October 1938, the people of Kadakkal colonialism, he became an active in Kottarakara taluk started an armed member of the Pan German revolt against the toll collection at the Nationalist Partyññ a position that Kadakkal market. The occurrence was considered to be great honour also reflected the popular discontent for a foreigner in Germany. Got into against the Government, its conflict with the German Fuehrer, curtailment of civil liberties and the Adolf Hitler, when he protested Criminal Law Amendment Act 18 X against the latterís disparaging of 1935. Arrested and manhandled remarks about India, he died in May by the police in this connection, 34 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Gangadharan died due to tortures in in connection with the Malabar the Trivandrum Jail. [Freedom rebellion of 1921 against the Movement Files, (II), F. Nos. 1/45, combination of the British colonial 1945, B.No.38, 674/45, 1945 B.No.39, authorities and the exploitative 357/46, 1946 B. No. 49, KSAT; Jenmis, and coinciding with the Judicial Files, No. 78 of 114 Sessions Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Court Quilon, Kadakkal Riot Case 1 movement. He was detained on 18 PE 1/ 1938, Commitment Order 29 June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner May 1939, KSAT; EMK, p. 36] and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal police tortures Charchil Mammadutty: Resident of and a serious attack of pneumonia Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad, (due to very bad sanitary conditions, Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into overcrowding and insufficiency of custody in connection with the clean water and food) in the jail, Ali Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the died on 3 July 1922 in detention at combination of the British colonial the age of 20. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), authorities and their exploitative G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, Jenmis, and coinciding with the TNSAC] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. The rebellion began on Chathanputhvayil Ali Kutty: Resident 21 August 1921 and spread to Ernad, of Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Valluvanad and Ponnai taluks where Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken Martial Law was declared. into custody in connection with the Mammadutty stayed with Ali Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Musaliar, the most influential leader combination of the British colonial of the Khilafat movement, inside authorities and the exploitative Thirurangadi mosque. When the Jenmis, and coinciding with the Gurkha regiment was rushed to Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Malabar, Thirurangadi mosque was movement. He was detained on 24 seized and rebels flushed out. December 1922 as an under-trial Mammadutty surrended with other prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub- rebels and, following a trial, he was Jail. Together with brutal police sent to the gallows on 17 February tortures and a serious attack of 1922. [Pub Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/ pneumonia (due to very bad sanitary 1922, Report of the Administration conditions, overcrowding and of the Madras Presidency for the year insufficiency of clean water and food) 1921-22; Fortnightly Reports, March in the jail, Ali died in detention on 2 1922, TNSAC; The Hindu, 10 May 1922 at the age of 20. [Pub Deptt, December 1921, NMML] G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Chathanputhvayil Ali Kutty: Resident of Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, Chattukutty: A resident of Kerala. He was taken into custody Dharmapatam in, Kerala, Beedi Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 35

factory mazdur. Since the formation Chedala Kothayya alias Kothadu alias of the Communist Party in Kerala, he Kothanna alias Pedda Balayya: was an active cadre and involved in Resident of v. Gudem, in the Agency the agitation of the party for price area of distt. Visakhapatnam, control, wage hike and relief to Andhra Pradesh; s/o Venkayya, he peasants. He participated in the Anti- took part in the Rampa Rebellion Opression Day and Anti-Imperialist (1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. Day observances. The district For his participation in the rebellion, administration banned public his property was confiscated by the meetings, demonstrations and Government, and an arrest warrant processions, under Defence of India was issued on him under sections 121, Rules. Violating the ban order he 121A, 122, 143, 145, 149, 395 and 302 attended the public meeting at of IPC. He received bullet injuries Jawaharghatt in Tellichery on 15 while fighting against the British September 1940. In the police firing Malabar Reserve Police, led by to disperse the crowd, he was killed. Sweney on the night of 6 December He was only 22 old at the time of his 1922 at Lingapuram and died. [F. martyrdom. He was one among the Nos. 2 & 23 A, FASRRF, 1923, pp. 19, first two martyrs of the Communist 23 & 256ñ57, APSAH] Party in Kerala. [Pub Deptt, G. O. (MS) No. 4654, 24 October 1941, Chedalandakondla Bheema Reddy: TNSAC; H/Deptt (Poll), F. No. 5/ Resident of v. Polasamamidi, in the 22/40, 1940, NAI; AICC Papers, F. Agency area of Rekapalli; now in No. G(32) K.I. Part-2, 1940, NMML] distt. Khammam, Andhra Pradesh. As Munsab of Polasamamidi, he led a Chedala Chinnayya: Resident of v. rebellion in the Agency area of Gudem, t. Chintapalli, distt. Rekapalli in June 1879 against the Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He oppressive rule of the Forest Ranger took a prominent part in the Rampa and British authorities. He gathered Rebellion (1922-24) against the fifty Rampa Reddies with the help of British, led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. Ambel Reddy and also collected His property was confiscated by the many Rekapalli people to attack the Government for his participation in Forest Ranger. He made the first Rampa disturbances. He received attack in July 1879 on Wudagudem, bullet injuries while fighting against where the Forest Ranger used to keep the British Malabar Reserve Police, its office and records. He also actively led by Sweney, on the night on 6 took part in the Rampa Rebellion, December 1922 at Lingapuram. He and participated, along with Karam died of his injuries and his dead body Tamman Dora and other leaders, in was sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F.Nos. many attacks on the police. He was 4 & 22, FASRRF, 1924, pp. 28 & 159, confronted by a party of Hyderabad APSAH] Contingent under Surgeon Brown. He received bullet injuries in the 36 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

encounter and died thereafter. (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922 [IPMGFSGJD, 1880, pp.75, 79, & G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; TNSAC; Judl Deptt (G), (Madras), Report of Deputy Superintendent of G.O. No. 2551, 12-12-1881, APSAH; Police, Madras, dated 27.09.1922; MHDFC, pp. 5, 10 & 11] Under-Secretary Safe Secret File, No. 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Cheera Koya: Resident of Pandikad Malayala Manorama, 22 November amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, 1921; WTS] Kerala. He was taken into custody for his role in the Malabar rebellion Cheerathodika Moideen: Resident of t. of 1921 against the combination of Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- the British colonial authorities and cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, the exploitative Jenmis, and Manjeri, Ernad Taluk, he was coinciding with the Khilafat and involved in an armed confrontation Non-Cooperation movements. He in his village with the British during was detained on 13 January 1922 as the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and an under-trial prisoner and kept in coinciding with the Khilafat and the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with Non-Cooperation movement (for brutal police tortures and a serious details, see the entry on Ahmmad attack of pneumonia (due to very Kutty). Moideen was one among bad sanitary conditions, those militant peasants who died on overcrowding and insufficiency of 26 August 1921 in the British troops clean water and food) in the jail, Koya firing. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; died in detention on 8 May 1922 at HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. the age of 75. [Pub. Deptt, G.O. (MS) 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Chelakkara Ahmadkutty: Resident of Cheeramputhur Kunhayambu: Resident Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, of Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, Kerala, he was involved in an armed Malabar, Kerala, a coolie. He was confrontation in his village with the taken into custody in connection with British during the Malabar rebellion the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and of 1921-22 and coinciding with the transported to Podanur Central Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Prison along with 100 other Mappila movement (for details, see the entry rebels in an almost air-tight Railway on Apankollan Moideen). Ahmad goods wagon (for details, see the Kutty was one among those who died entry on Akkara Veetil alias in the 14 November 1921 firing by Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Kunhayambu was one among those 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, who had been suffocated to death in MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. this wagon tragedy, notoriously No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, known as the Black Hole of Podanur pp. 372-74] (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 37

Chelakkara Kuttymon alias confrontation in his village with the Saidalikutty: Resident of Pandikad British during the Malabar rebellion amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he of 1921-22 and coinciding with the was involved in an armed Khilafat and Non-Cooperation confrontation in his village with the movements (for details, see the entry British during the Malabar rebellion on Apankollan Moideen). Pokkar was of 1921-22 and coinciding with the one among those who died in the 14 Khilafat and Non-Cooperation November 1921 firing by the British movement (for details, see the entry troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1- on Apankollan Moideen). A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Saidalikutty was one among those Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, who died in the 14 November 1921 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372- firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, 74] F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt Chembrantodiyil Raman: Resident of (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, Angadipuram amsom, t. Walluvanad, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74] distt. Malappuram, Kerala. Arrested for taking part in the conspiracy of Chelakkatan Mootha: Resident of Mappilla outbreak at Angadipuram Kalikavu amsom, t. Nilambur, distt. against the combination of the British Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken colonial authorities and the into custody in connection with the exploitative Jenmis in February and Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the March 1896, he was deatined from combination of the British colonial June 1896 as per G.O.No. 1335, authorities and the exploitative Judicial Department, dated Jenmis, and coinciding with the 01.06.1894 and kept in Madurai jail. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation He died in imprisonment on 4 movement. He was detained on 24 Septenber1924. [Pub Deptt, G. O. No. December 1922 as an under-trial 211, 27.02.1925, TNSAC] prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub- Jail. Together with brutal police Chembrasseri Imbichi Koyal Thangal: tortures and a serious attack of Resident of distt. Malappuram, pneumonia (due to very bad sanitary Kerala. One of the important leaders conditions, overcrowding and of the Khilafat movement, he was insufficiency of clean water and food) involved in an armed confrontation in the jail, Mootha died on 2 May in his village with the British during 1922 in detention at the age of 35. the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, coinciding with Khilafat and Non- 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Cooperation movement. The rebellion began on 21 August 1921 Chelekkara Pokkar: Resident of and spread to Ernad, Valluvanad and Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Ponnai taluks where Martial-Law was Kerala, he was involved in an armed declared. He was shot dead in the 38 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

ensuing clash between the fully Kadanammana, t. Walluvanad, armed troops and the semi-armed Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in peasants at Melattoor on 20 January an armed confrontation in his village 1922. [Pub Deptt (G) G.O. No.185, with the British during the Malabar 23.01.1947; History of Freedom rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Movement Bundle 88, Anti-War and with the Khilafat and Non- Quit India Movement-E; M. Sankaran Cooperation movement (for details, Nampudiripad quoting from C. see the entry on Aboobakkar). Gopalan Nairís account on the Koyakutty was one among those Malabar Rebellion, TNSAC] militant peasants who died on 9 December 1921 in the British troopsí Chenna: Resident of Singtalur, t. firing. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, he participated in the struggle for TNSAC; HMR] independence from the British hold of Koppaldurg in 1857-58 under the Chettali Kunhalan: Resident of Malabar, leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan Kerala (place not known), he was Gowda. Captured in the course of an arrested under Section 6 of Moplah engagement with the British at Outrages Act of 1859 for his Koppaldurg, he was shot dead by involvement in Mappilla rebellion of musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 1921 against the combination of the 278; WWIM, III, p. 28] British colonial authorities and the exploitative Jenmis. He was kept as a Cherapuratthu Ahmadkutty: Resident of prisoner in the Central Jail and died t. Ernad, a tenant-cultivator in due to tuberculosis on 18 April 1928 Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar, in the Government Tuberculosis Kerala, he was involved in an armed Hospital in Rayapettah, Madras. [Pub confrontation in his village with the Deptt, G.O. (Mis.Series) No.386, British during the Malabar rebellion 30.04.1928, TNSAC] of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Chhattu Singh Rajput: Born at movement (for details, see the entry Jamakhandi, distt. Bijapur, on Ahmmad Kutty). Cherapuratthu Karnataka. A farm labourer, he took was one among those militant active part in the Uprising against the peasants who died in the 26 August British in 1857. He refused to 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/ surrender arms and to give land Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, revenue; was arrested by the British MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. and executed by hanging in 1857. No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; [WWIM, III, p. 29] ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Chhotu Singh: Residence not known; s/ o Hira Singh; he was the Chethayil Koyakutty: Resident of Commandant of the troops in the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 39

Jamakhandi Princely State (now in a riot. In the police firing that took distt. Bagalkot), Karnataka. A close place there on 3April 1920, Chinna associate of the Jamakhandi Chief, he died on the spot. [(H/(Judl) Deptt, joined the struggle for freedom from G.O. No. 1315, 26.05.1920; Judl Deptt, the British yoke. Arrested by the G.O. (Ord.Series) No.109, 27.04.1921; British, he was blown a way with a Pub Deptt, G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931, cannon in October 1858 at TNSAC.] Jamakhandi before a horrified crowd of the town people. [SI1857WI, p. 72] Chinnakannu: Born in Bangalore, Karnataka. A labourer, he Chinna Kannan: Resident of Pycrofts participated in the ìQuit Indiaî Road (now Bharathi Salai), Madras movement in Bangalore City in 1942. (Chennai), Tamilnadu; s/o He joined the labour strike in Chinappan. Belonging to a fishermen Bangalore to protest against the community, he was a tennis ball-boy arrest of Congress leaders, and also in the Presidency College Sports took part in public meetings almost arena. While taking part in a Civil every day. Police issued arrest Disobedience movement warrant against him but his dead demonstration at the Canal Bank, he body was recovered in V.O.P. Factory was shot dead in the police firing on Compound, Bangalore in 1942. [SSS, the demonstrators on the spot at the II, p. ?] age of 13 in May 1930. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 275, A, Chinnamaya Thevan: Resident of v. 12.05.1930, TNSAC] Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt. Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part in Chinna Thevan: Resident of the Kallar riot at Perungamanallur Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyuv distt. against the Colonial Madras Madurai, Tamil Nadu. He took part Governmentís policy of registering in the Kallar riot at Perungamanallur the tribesmen as criminal tribes under against the Colonial Madras the Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. George Governmentís policy of registering Joseph a popular and well-known Kallars as criminal tribes under the political agitator, inspired them not Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. George to obey the British. He adopted the Joseph popular and well-known civil disobedience method and political agitator, inspired them not encouraged the Kallars of to obey the British dictat. He Perungamanallur and the adopted the civil disobedience neighbouring villages to refuse to method and encouraged the Kallars register themselves as criminal tribes. of Perungamanallur and the Police force was then used to force neighbouring villages to refuse to them to obey leading to a riot. In the register themselves as criminal tribes. police firing that took place there on Police force was then used to 3 April 1920, he died on the spot. (H/ pressurize them to obey, leading to (Judl) Deptt, G.O.No.1315, 40 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

26.05.1920; Judl Deptt, G.O. Workers, Union of Coimbatore. He (Ord.Series) No.109, 27.04.1921; Pub gained prominence during the 1942 Deptt, G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931, strike at Kaleswara Mills against TNSAC) retrenchment. The growing militancy of workers so alarmed the mill Chinnanna: Born in Badimaralur, t. authorities that they, in alliance with Goribidanur, distt. Chikkaballapur, the police, implicated the leading Karnataka, s/o Gangana. He took trade union leaders in a false murder part in the popular agitation for case of, a watchman of Ranga Vilas responsible government in the Textile Mill. For having Ponanan Mysore State at Viduraswatha village beaten to death, the police arrested on 25 April 1938. The agitation led 4 leading leaders, including Chinniah. to an incident of police firing on the He was sentenced to death by the agitators (for details, see the entry Sessions Court which had later been on Bheemiah). Chinnanna was one confirmed by High Court and the who died in the firing. [AISPC, F. No. Privy Council. Subsequently he was 115, NMML; VDECB] hanged on 8 January 1946. [PA, 27 January 1946] Chinnaraju: Belonged to distt. Madura (Madurai), Tamilnadu. A scavenger Chirukandan, Koyithattil boy, he joined the scavengersí violent (Chiruvandan): Born in 1922 at agitation in Dindigul against the Kayyur, distt. And t. Kasargod British during the ìQuit Indiaî Kerala; tenant-farmer; started public movement of 1942. When the police life as member of Bala Sangh. Later opened fire on the agitators, he he joined the Karshaka Sangham and received severe bullet wounds and the Communist Party. As Kisan died on the same day. [Pub Deptt, activist he was involved in a number G.O. No. 2131, 12.07.1947, TNSAC] of agitations against the exploitation of the peasants by the landlords in Chinnaraju: Inhabitant of v. Kovilur, t. his locality. He also took part in the Dindigul, distt. Madura, (Madurai) anti-imperialist programmes of the Tamilnadu; s/o Karidi Madari. A boy party. Being an ìinner volunteerî, he of 14, he took part in the strike of was arrested and charge-sheeted in scavengers that broke out towards the Kayyur Riot Case of 1941 as the the end of 1946. He died in the police 31st accused. He was found guilty of firing on the striking Dindigul murder and had been awared capital scavengers on 5 December 1946. [Pub punishment. He was hanged to death Deptt(G-A), G.O. (MS) No. 2131, at Kannur Central Jail on 29 March Dept. 12.7.1947, TNSAC] 1943. The brave son of Kayyur walked to the gallows shouting Chinniah: Hailed from Tamilnadu ìInquilab Zindabadî and (residence not known), a worker and ìCommunist Party Zindabadî. a trade-union leader of Textile [Court Records in Sc. No. 44/1941 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 41

(Mangalore); Sc. No. 3/1941 290, 01.04.1922, G.O. No. 734, (Tellicherry); Sc. No. 11/1941 12.09.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy (Tellicherry), Fortnightly Report Superintendent of Police, Madras, (Political) for the Second half of dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary March 1941, First half of April 1941, Safe Secret File, No. 390A, dated and First half of May 1941. G.O. 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Home (Routine) 1328-29. (Confd.), 26 22 November 1921; WTS] October 1942, Peopleís War, 21 and 28 March and 11 April 1943, NMML] Cholakkal Usman: Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- Chittambalam Chekutty: Resident of cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Nannambra amsom of Tirurangadi Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Station, Kerala. He was involved in confrontation in his village with the an armed confrontation in his village British during the Malabar rebellion with the British during the Malabar of 1921-22, and coinciding with the rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Khilafat and Non-Cooperation with Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry movement. The rebellion began on on Ahmmad Kutty). Usman was one 21 August 1921 and spread to Ernad, among those militant peasants who Valluvanad and Ponnai taluks where died on 26 August 1921 in the firing Martial-Law was declared. He was by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. shot dead in the ensuing clash 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- between the fully armed troops and 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- the semi-armed peasants. [Pub Deptt 209] (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC] Cholakkal Valiya Mammad: Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a Cholakarambayil Chetti Chipu: tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur Resident of Trikkalangod amsom, t. amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He an armed confrontation in his village was taken into custody in connection with the British during the Malabar with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding and transported to Podanur Central with the Khilafat and Non- Prison along with 100 other Mappila Cooperation movements (for details, rebels in an almost air-tight Railway see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). goods wagon (for details, see the Mammad was one among those entry on Akkara Veetil alias militant peasants who died on 26 Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Chipu August 1921 in the firing by the was one among those who had been British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, suffocated to death in this wagon 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; tragedy, notoriously known as the PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Black Hole of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. Chunia Virappa: Resident of Hammigi, 42 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, British hands. Caught in the course Karnataka. He took part in the antiñ of an engagement with the British at British struggle in 1857-58 led by Koppaldurg, he was shot dead by Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda for musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. recovery of Koppaldurg from the 280] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 43

D. Narayana Raju: Hailing from distt. Ambalappuzha and Shertallai (now West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, he Cherthala), he took part in the participated in the ìQuit Indiaî demolition of the Mararikulam movement that broke out on 8 August Bridge at night. When the military 1942. He was arrested for his anti- started re-constructing it, he and British role in the movement and others tried to prevent them. In the sent to prison. In the police custody consequent confrontation on 26 he was subjected to severe tortures October 1946, Damu was shot dead by them, and died as an under trial by the military. [Punnapra-Vayalar prisoner, perhaps in 1943. [Pub Deptt, Records, CPIDOA] G.O. No.1036, April 1947, TNSAC] Danamu Somayya: Resident of v. Dadanna: Resident of Halagali, Mudhol Aknoor, t. Jangaon distt. Warangal, Princely State (now in distt. Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); Bagalakot), Karnataka. He took part s/o Peda Venkayya. A Sindhi Seth, in the resistance of Halagali Bedas he exposed in a Court of Law the against the imposition of the atrocities that were committed by the Disarming Act of 1857 by the British. Razakars in respect of his village. He was killed while fighting against When the Razakars and the Nizamís the British under the leadership of police jointly raided Aknoor in Babaji Sovaji Nimbalkar on 30 August 1946, Danamu Somayya was November 1857. [SI1857WI, p.199] arrested and shot dead in the Rama Temple compound of the village. Damu Pottachal: Resident of Veliyil, Eight other persons were also shot Kanjikuzhi, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, dead along with him. The Razakars he was involved as an activist in the and the Nizamís police had raided this Punnapra firing incident. Opposing village to take revenge against those the Martial- lLaw that C.P. who gave evidence in a Court of Law Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed on against them. [WWFSAP, III, pp. 364 44 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

ñ 65 ; WWIM, II, p. 68]. month Rigourous Imprisomment, he was incarcerated till 1 August 1933 Dandu Narayana Raju: Resident of v. in the Vellore Central Jail. Arrested Nelapogulu, t. Bhimavaram, distt. once again for the Individual West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/ Satyagraha, on 14 December 1940 he o Bhagavan Raju, he served as an was sent to the Vellore and Advocate. Conferred the title Tiruchunapalli Jails. Offering ìSardarî by the people of Andhra, he Satyagraha again on 6 August 1941 at gave up his legal practice in response Narasapur, he was sentenced to one to the Non-Cooperation movement year Rigourous Imprisomment and (1920). He collected money for the a fine of Rs.500/- and kept in the Tilak Swaraj Fund, and held the Alipuram Camp Jail. Released on 13 office of Secretary, District Congress December 1941 by the Government, Committee, 1921-24 and its and detained under Defence of India President, in the years 1925, 1926, Rules, during the ìQuit Indiaî 1931 and 1934. He remained a movement in the Vellore and Tanjore Member of AICC from 1921 till his Jails, from 12 August 1942 to 10 death. Organising national schools at September 1944, this illustrious Tanuku and Bhimavaram, he held the patriot died around 6 p.m. on 10 posts of Vice-President, Gandhian September 1944 in Tanjore Jail due National School, Eluru; Secretary, to heart failure. [Andhra Patrika, 12 District Khadi Board, 1923, and its September 1944; 13 September 1944; President in 1924 and 1925; Member, 17 September 1944; 19 September Debt Conciliation Board, 1944 & 20 September 1944; The Hindu, Bhimavaram. He was also Secretary, 13 September 1944; Pub Deptt (G-A), District Ryotsí Association, 1923-27 (Madras), G.O. Ms. No. 2146, 10-10- and President, 1928 and 1929, as well 1946, APSAH; Dinamani, 13-9-1944; as Member, Composite Madras RTSJ, C. No-111, 1944,TNSAC; Legislative Assembly, 1926-29 and WWFSAP, III, p. 458; WWIM, I, p. 76; 1937 and President, District Board for HFMAP, p. 148] years. He organised Salt Satyagraha and was sentenced on 23 April 1930 Dastagir Sab: Born in Bangalore, to one year, 9 June 1947; confined in Karnataka. He was a participant in Rajahmundry, Vellore, the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Tiruchunapally and Bellary Jails, he movement in the British-controlled was released on 14 March 1931 due Cantonment Area in Bangalore. to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Taking When a hartal was observed on 17 part in the Civil Disobedience November 1921 on the occasion of movement, he underwent seven Prince of Wales visiting India, and a monthsí Rigourous Imprisomment, protest demonstration was held on from 8 January 1932 in the 18 November 1921, its participants Rajahmundry and Vellore Jails; again were fired upon by the police. sentenced on 24 January 1933 to six Receiving a gunshot in the firing, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 45

Dastagir died soon thereafter [SSS, Areepurathu House, Paravoor, II, p. 31] Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated in the movement for Dattu Lakshman Matad: Born in 1917 responsible government in in Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum, Travancore, and against C. P Karnataka; s/o Laxman Matad. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Educated up to sixth standard, he proposal for setting up an ëAmerican took part in the ìQuit Indiaî modelí of administrative movement that started in August arrangement. When a temporary 1942. He joined the saboteursí in the police camp was set up in Punnapra attack on the Bailhongal Police Station to counter the agitation and harass on 16 August 1942. Receiving bullet the agitators and their families, wounds in the police firing on that Thomas joined others in demanding day, he died on the spot. [WWIM, I, for its withdrawal, and eventually for p. 219] its destruction. During the activistsí raid on the camp, he died in the Dattu Matad: Hailed from Bailhongal, police firing on 24 October 1946. distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. Laxman Matad. A farm labourer, Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ educated up to the sixth standard, 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî 64, 1948, KSAT] movement of 1942. He joined the agitators in the raiding of the Deenadayalu: Resident of Kanchipuram Bailhongal Police Station on 16 Town, distt. Kanchipuram, August 1942. He received severe Tamilnadu. He took part in an bullet wounds when the police agitation in the town over the opened firing on them and died on inferior quality of rice that was the spot. [WWIM, I, p.219] offered by the Government to the general public. People protested Daud Saheb: Resident of Hanktapur against it, demanded supply of (Venkatapur), t. Mundargi, distt. better kind of rice and raised anti- Gadag, Karnataka. He took active imperialist slogans, leading to some part in the antiñBritish struggle in sort of a rice-riot. When the police 1857-58 under the leadership of Bhim resorted to firing to control the Rao and Kanchan Gowda for the rioters on 2 March 1946, recovery of Koppaldurg from the Deenadayalu was shot dead. [Pub British hands. Captured by the Deptt (G-A) (Confd.), G.O. No.1867, British during the battle at 02.09.1946, TNSAC] Koppaldurg, he was shot dead by musketry in June 1858. [ SI1857WI, Devasi alias Porunna: Resident of p. 280; WWIM, III, pp. 31-32] Kakkariyil, Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated Daveed Thomas: Resident of in the movement for responsible 46 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

government in Travancore, and distt. Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu: s/o against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Selvananayagam Nadar. He joined notorious proposal of setting up an the Indian National Army in Malaya ëAmerican modelí of administrative as a soldier in the Third Guerrilla arrangement. When a temporary Regiment with Regiment No. 32407. police camp was set up in Punnapra He participated in the INA to counter the agitation and harass campaigns from January 1943 to the agitators and their families, December 1944 and died in action in Porunna joined others in demanding 1944. [FFPO No. 2922/1968, for its withdrawal, and eventually for 28.11.1968, TNSAC] its destruction. During the activistsí raid on the camp, he died in the Dhan Pal: Residence not known. He was police firing on 24 October 1946. serving the British-Indian Army as a [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. soldier in its Madras Sappers and Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ Miners Regiment; he joined the 48, B. No. 63 & 133/48, B. No. 64, Indian National Army in Germany 1948, KSAT] as a soldier and was placed in the Second Battalion. Deputed in France Devasi Pramani: Resident of to counter the Allied forces, he died Arasharkadavu, Zacharia Ward, there while fighting against the distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He enemy. [WWIM, II, p. 76] participated in the movement for responsible government in Dharma Prakash: Resident of Travancore, and against C. P. Hyderabad City, Andhra Pradesh Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious (now in Telangana); at Dhoolpet a proposal for setting up an ëAmerican notorious communal riot took place modelí of administrative on 16 April 1938. On 22 June 1938, an arrangement. When a temporary eminent missionary of Arya Samaj, police camp was set up in Punnapra Dharma Prakash, was murdered by to counter the agitation and harass a few fanatics who could not tolerate the agitators and their families, the propaganda work he was doing. Devasi joined others in demanding [TFSIH, IV 1921ñ47), pp.90-91]. for its withdrawal, and eventually for its destruction. During the activistsí Doddi Komarayya: Resident of v. raid on the camp, he died in the Kadavendi, t. Jangaon, distt. police firing on 24 October 1946. Warangal, Andhra Pradesh (now in [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. Telangana). This village was under 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. the social control of Visunoori No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, Deshmukh, and Janakamma, the 1948, KSAT] mother of Deshmukh Ramachandra Reddy who was notorious for Devathanjam: Resident of v. resorting to tortures and meting out Kandithankulam, p.o. Tharuvai, inhuman to the people. Komarayya, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 47

an Andhra Mahasabha worker took reported on 9 December 1924; he part in the Balemla -Pata Suryapet thus, became a martyr at the altar of Peasantsí stirrings. A ëSanghamí or the countryís freedom. [F.Nos. 23 A village Dal was formed thereof & 23 B, FASRRF, 1924, pp. 149, 339 & comprising 20 members to fight 340, APSAH] against the high-handed actions and ill-treatments of Janakamma. On 4 Doraiswamy: Resident of Kanchipuram June 1946, they represented to the Town, distt. Kanchipuram, RDO and Tahsildar who came to Tamilnadu. He took part in an Kadavendi where they and agitation in the town over the succeeded in taking away some of inferior quality of rice that was the grain stocks of Deshmukh. offered by the Government to the Offended at this, Janakamma general public. People protested mobilized goondas and encouraged against it, demanded supply of them to attack the Dal or Sangham better kind of rice and raised anti- members. As a result, some street imperialist slogans, leading to some fighting took place between them in sort of a rice-riot. When the police November 1946. Komarayya, who resorted to firing to control the was in the forefront, received bullet rioters on 2 March 1946, Doraiswamy injuries from the firing of the goons was shot. He died of his injury on 4 of the landlords, and met his death. March 1946. [Pub Deptt (G-A), Regarded as the first martyr in the G.O.No.1867, 02.09.1946, TNSAC] Telangana Rising, Komarayya sacrificed his life for the peasantsí Dr. Narayan Reddy: Resident of distt. cause. [GP, 11 July and 25 July 1946, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh (now in APSAH; RR, pp. 5-7; TPSL, pp. 36-7] Telangana); Mr. Bhupalam Chandrasekharayya, General Doori Nagayya: Resident of v. Secretary of the All-India Hindu Serabhannapalem, t. Chintapalli, in Mahasabha, wrote that, it was learnt the Agency area of distt. from the Hindu leaders that after Sir Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ Mirzaís resignation from Prime o Gangayya, he took part in the Ministership, conditions in Rampa Rebellion (1922-24), led by Hyderbad State started becoming Alluri Sitarama Raju, against the more and more deplorable. Dr. oppressive British rule. He Narayan Reddy, while helping the participated in many successful Hindu orphans, had been murdered attacks on the British Police, and was and the goondas looted and charged with 121, 121A, 122, 143, 145, destroyed the property belonging to 149, 395, 397 and 302 of the Indian the Hindus. They also treated the Penal Code. His property was Hindu ladies indecently. [Janavani, 10 confiscated by the Government. July, 1947, in F.No. L7 / d 332, in I. Nagayya was shot dead by the police No. 70, L. No. 5, S.No.288, of EF of in an encounter and his death was PAHSO TNG, HS, APSAH]. 48 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Dundasenah Radhakrishna: Resident of oppressive rule of the Mansabdar and Gaiba Fort, in the Parlakimidy British authorities in the Zamindary of the Ganjam, now in Chodavaram Division of the distt. Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh; Godavari Agency. He was successful a Savara hill tribesman; feudal several times in his exploits against chieftain of Gaiba; led rebellion and the British in the beginning of May collected a number of his tribesmen 1879 in the Yellavaram Division, and and plundered several villages managed to loot and burn the during 1856ñ57. His rebellion was put Addateegala Police Station two down soon by the British army under times. Subsequently, he was arrested the command of Capt. Wilson. He in May 1879 but managed to escape. was arrested in Pootoosinghy village Despite a reward of Rs.2000/- for his on 14 December 1856, with the help capture, he remained underground of Muddeya Doogarauze. He was and carried on his anti-British sent to Chicacole Jail, and hanged activities. Willock eventually there as a rebel in 1857 [FSGJC, 20-1- suppressed his rebellion and killed 1857, p. 84; 10-2-1857, p. 188; 12-5- his followers. Chandrayya himself 1857, p. 243; 19-5-1857, p. 299, was killed on 12 February 1880 at APSAH; WWFSAP, III, p. 147; Gurteru, betrayed by one Jampa HFMAP, p. 6] Pandayya. [Judl Deptt (G), (Madras), G.O. No. 2551, 12-12-1881, MHDFC, Durga: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. p. 18; IPMGFSGJD, 1880, pp. 73 & 75; Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Judl Deptt (Madras), G.O. No. 1307- He took active part in the antiñ A, 2-7-1881; Pub Deptt (G), (Madras) British struggle in 1857-58 under the (1938), G.O. No. 1451, 24-8-1938, p. leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan 209, APSAH; WWFSAP, 1, p. 103; Gowda for the recovery of the WWIM, II, p. 57; ASRR, p. 34] Britishñheld Koppaldurg; he was captured in the course of an Dyamavva: Resident of Halagali, engagement with the British and shot Mudhol Princely State (now in distt. dead by musketry in June 1858. Bagalakot), Karnataka. She [SI1857WI, p. 278; WWIM, III, p. 38] participated in the resistance of Halagali Bedas against the British Dwarabandham Chandrayya alias imposition of the Disarming Act of Chandra Reddy: Resident of v. 1857. She was killed while fighting Boduluru, t. Rampachodavaram, against the British under the distt. East Godavari, Andhra leadership of Babaji Sovaji Nimbalkar Pradesh. A leader of Rampa tribe, he on 30 November 1857. [SI1857WI, p. took active part in the Rampa 198] Rebellion of 1879 against the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 49

E. K. Govindasamy Mudaliar: Resident 29 April 1930. [Pub Deptt (Police), of Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; a G.O. No. 448, 13.08.1930; Pub Deptt practising lawyer, he was an (Police/Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.172, enthusiastic social worker given to 03.04.1933; NNPR, 1930, p. 695; various public causes. He was the Andhra Patrika, 28 April 1930; Madras District Secretary and Swadesamitran, 29 April 1930, TNSAC] Assistant District Commissioner of the Boys Scouts Association, Secretary Edasseri Ayamad: Resident of distt. of the School of Athletic Association, Malappuram, Kerala. He was District Superintendent of St. Johnís arrested in connection with the Ambulance Association, and an Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the active member of the Committee of combination of the British colonial the Society for the Prevention of authorities and the exploitative Cruelty to Animals, apart from being Jenmis, and coinciding with the intimately associated with several Khilafat and Non-Cooperation other public institutions in Madras. movement. He was detained as an A pacifist to the core, he appeared to under-trial prisoner and kept in the have boarded a bus for going to his Malappuram Sub-Jail. Ayamad died father-in-lawís place at Triplicane, of an attack of pneumonia (due to and came across a huge anti-British very bad sanitary conditions, gathering of the Salt Satyagrahis at overcrowding and insufficiency of the Madras beach on the Sunday clean water and food) in May 1922 evening of 27 April 1930. He got in the Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. down from the bus and tried to [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) pacify the agitators but the police No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] suddenly opened indiscriminate firing on the crowd. He was caught Elagandula Lakshminarasayya: Resident in the firing, received severe gunshot of v. Tungaturti, t. Surayapet distt. wounds and died of those injuries on Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now in 50 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Telangana); happened to be a Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, Communist; killed by the Razakars 28.11.1922, TNSAC] during the flag hoisting ceremony by the Communists at Aler in the course Elayotan Viranunny: Resident of of their anti-feudal struggle in Punnapala amsom, distt. Telangana [WWFSAP, II, p. 496]. Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken into custody for his role in the Elapalacherry Moideen: Resident of Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Kakadu amsom, Ernad, Malabar, combination of the British colonial Kerala. He was taken into custody authorities and the exploitative in connection with the Malabar Jenmis, and coinciding with the rebellion of 1921 against the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation combination of the British colonial movement. He was detained on 24 authorities and the exploitative December 1922 as an under-trial Jenmis, and coinciding with the prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub- Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Jail. Together with brutal police movement (for details, see the entry tortures and a serious attack of on Charchil Mammadutty). Moideen pneumonia (due to very bad sanitary surrendered with other rebels and conditions, overcrowding and put on trial. Following the trial, he insufficiency of clean water and food) was executed by hanging on 17 in the jail, Viranunny died in February 1922. [Pub Deptt, G.O detention on 2 July 1922 at the age of No.112, 7/2/1922, Report of the 38. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, Administration of the Madras 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Presidency for the year 1921-22; Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, Eleyadath Moyan: Resident of Kalikavu TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December amsom, t. Nilambur, distt. 1921, NMML] Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken into custody in connection with the Elarvakil Sydali: Resident of Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested combination of the British colonial in connection with the Malabar authorities and the exploitative rebellion of 1921 against the Jenmis, and coinciding with the combination of the British colonial Khilafat and Non-Cooperation authorities and the exploitative movement. He was detained on 24 Jenmis, and coinciding with the December 1922 as an under-trial Khilafat and Non-Cooperation prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub- movements. He was detained as an Jail. Together with brutal police under-trial prisoner and kept in the tortures and a serious attack of Malappuram Sub-Jail. Sydali died of pneumonia in the jail (due to very Tuberculosis and brutal police bad sanitary conditions, tortures in May 1922 in the overcrowding and insufficiency of Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [Pub clean water and food) in the jail, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 51

Moyan died on 20 April 1922 in Nellinuthu amsom, t. Ernad, detention at the age of 33 [Pub Deptt, Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into G.O. (MS) No. 960, dated 20.11.1922, custody in connection with the TNSAC] Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial Ella: Resident of Hammigi, distt. Gadag, authorities and their exploitative Karnataka; he took active part in the Jenmis, and coinciding with the struggle against the British in 1857- Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 58 under the leadership of Bhim Rao movements (for details, see the entry and Kanchan Gowda. Captured by on Charchil Mammadutty). the British during the battle at Ahmadutti surrendered with other Koppaldurg, he was blown away rebels and, following a trial, he was with a cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 39] sent to the gallows on 17 February 1922. [Pub Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/ Ellampalli Seshayya alias Seshigadu: 1922, Report of the Administration Resident of v. Minchalapadu, t. of the Madras Presidency for the year Palnad, distt. Guntur, Andhra 1921-22; Fortnightly Reports, March Pradesh. He belonged to Madiga 1922, TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 community and was a servant of December 1921, NMML] Kanneganti Hanumayya. He participated in the Forest Satyagraha, Eranthoti Kunhu Mohamod: Resident and while resisting the forest and of Payanad amsom, t. Ernad, distt. police officials who tried to take Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken away the cattle because of their illegal into custody for his role in the grazing in the forest, he was shot Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the dead, along with Kanneganti combination of the British colonial Hanumayya, on 26 February 1922. authorities and the exploitative [CDLFLCASPGTDMG, Cir. No. 406, Jenmis, and coinciding with the 28-2-1922, APSAH] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He was detained on 3 Eman Saheb: Resident of Kurlahali, t. June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. He actively participated in the anti- Together with brutal police tortures British struggle in 1857-58 under the and a serious attack of pneumonia leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan (due to very bad sanitary conditions, Gowda for the recovery of the overcrowding and insufficiency of Britishñoccupied Koppaldurg; Eman clean water and food) in the jail, was captured in the course of an Mohamod died in detention on 24 engagement with the British and shot June 1922 at the age of 25. [Pub Deptt, dead by musketry in June 1858. G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, [SI1857WI, p. 278; WWIM, III, p. 39] TNSAC]

Eraman Ahmadutti: Resident of Erassenilpalliyil Ali: Resident of 52 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh Malabar, Kerala, he was a coolie. He (now in Telangana). A Communist, was taken into custody in connection he was killed by the Razakars during with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 the anti-feudal struggle that was and transported to Podanur Central carried on by the militant peasantry Prison along with 100 other Mappila in Telangana since November 1946. rebels in an almost air-tight Railway [WWFSAP, II, p. 456]. goods wagon (for details, see the entry on Akkara Veetil alias Errabolu Appireddi: Resident of Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Ali was Mallareddyguden, t. Huzurnagar, one among those who had been distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh suffocated to death in this wagon (now in Telangana); member of tragedy, notoriously known as the Andhra Mahasabha. He was shot Black Hole of Podanur (20 November dead during the raid of the Nizamís 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. Military on his village on 29 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. December 1946. [PA, 15 December 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of 1946; TPSL, p. 46] Deputy Superintendent of Police, Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- Erukumperamban Seydali: Resident of Secretary Safe Secret File, No. 390A, Chemmalasseri amsom, t. Ernad, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Malabar, Kerala, he was a coolie. He Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] was taken into custody in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Ereykkalan Aymu: Resident of t. Ernad, and transported to Podanur Central Malabar, Kerala and a tenant Prison along with 100 other Mappila cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Manjeri, he was involved in an armed goods wagon (for details, see the confrontation in his village with the entry on Akkara Veetil alias British during the Malabar rebellion Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Seydali of 1921-22, and coinciding with the was one among those who had been Khilafat and Non-Cooperation suffocated to death in this wagon movement (for details, see the entry tragedy, notoriously known as the on Ahmmad Kutty). Ereykkalan Black Hole of Podanur (20 November Aymu was one among those militant 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. peasants who died on 26 August 1921 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. in the firing by the British troops. [H/ 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; Deputy Superintendent of Police, ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- MM, pp. 179-209] Secretary Safe Secret File, No. 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Errabolu Appi Reddy: Resident of v. Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Mallareddigudem, t. Huzurnagar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 53

Fakeer Saheb: Resident of Kurlahali, t. responsible government in the Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Ramdurg State, led by the Praja He took active part in the anti-British Sangh (1938-39). The Praja Sangh struggle in 1857-58 under the conducted a procession demanding leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan the release of the Praja Sangh leader, Gowda for the recovery of the B.N. Munaavalli, and others on 7 Britishñheld Koppaldurg; Fakeer was April 1939. He was killed, along with captured during an encounter with 3 more persons, when the State Police the British and shot dead by opened fire on the demonstrators musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. near the Ramdurg Jail. [Samyukta 278; WWIM, III, p. 40] Karnataka, 09 April 1939; WWIM, II, pp. 332-33] Fakir Mohammad: Resident of Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He Faras Khan: Resident of Nargund, distt. participatd in the Uprising of 1857 Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Moviskhan. and fought under Baba Saheb against He took part in the Uprising of 1857 the British; arrested in the course of and fought under Baba Saheb against an engagement and charged with the British; arrested in the course of ëjoining the revolt of Nargund an engagement and charged with against the Britishí. He was shot dead ëjoining the revolt of Nargund by musketry at Nargund on 10 June against the Britishí. He was shot dead 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, by musketry at Nargund on 10 June Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, 1858] Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June 1858] Fakirappa Bheemappa Torgal: Born in 1914 at Medenoor, distt. Belgaum, Francis: Resident of Mannaparambil, Karnataka; s/o Bheemappa Torgal. Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated in the movement for He participated in the movement for 54 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

responsible government in for its withdrawal, and eventually for Travancore, and against C. P. its destruction. During the activistsí Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious raid on the camp, he died in the proposal for setting up an ëAmerican police firing on 24 October 1946. modelí of administrative [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. arrangement. When a temporary Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 265/48, B. police camp was set up in Punnapra No. 63, 1948, & Freedom Movement to counter the agitation and harass Files (II), No. 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, the agitators and their families, KSAT] Francis joined others in demanding Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 55

G. Gopal: Born in 1932, resident of 19 Travancore Jatha Committee, C.S., F. Kumbeswaran Tirumanchana Street, No. 339/45, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 386; Kumbakonam (Coombaconum), EMK, p. 43; WWIM, I, p. 13] distt. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; s/o T. N. Govindasamy Rao. He died in his G. R. Pillai: Resident of Kandiyur boyhood in the police firing on a Kollathumedu, distt. Thanjavur, gathering near Gandhi Park, Tamilnadu; he was a civilian Kumbakonam, on 16 August 1942 employee in the British-Indian Army, when the ìQuit Indiaî movement but shifted his loyalty to the Indian took off there in a big way. [Pub Deptt National Army in 1942, and served (Poll-B), G.O. (MS) No. 3097, its Medical Branch as Second 10.10.1947, TNSAC] Lieutenant. He was killed in the course of British forcesí attack on the G. Kochu Narayanan Asari: Born on 31 retreating INA soldiers. [WWIM, II, August 1914 at Venkittamoodu, t. p. 245; ROH, pp. 750-51] Nedumangad, distt. Trivandrum, Kerala. A blacksmith, studied up to G. Shankarappa: Resident of v. Issur, the fourth standard, he participated distt. Shimoga, Karnataka; s/o in the Kallara-Pangode revolt during Holiyappa. A farmer educated up to the Travancore State Congress middle standard, he took part in the political agitation in 1938. Involved ìQuit Indiaî movement that started in the attack on police station at in August 1942. He was involved in Pangode on 30 September 1938, he an encounter with the police near his was killed in the police firing. village in which a Sub-Inspector and [Freedom Movement Files, II, F. No. a Tehsildar were killed. Shankarappa 3/45 (Situation report, Commandant, was arrested, tried for their killings Travancore State Force to Chief and was awarded death sentence. Secretary to Government, 3 October Subsequently, he died on the gallows 1938), Bulletin Nos. I, II, All on 10 March 1943. [WWIM, I, p.332] 56 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

G.M. Panaiah: Resident of 1/41 thrown down when he attempted to Kutchery Road, Luz Mylapore arrest the former. Immediately, (Madras), Tamilnadu. He served the rumour spread that the constable was British-Indian Army as a civilian killed, and this led to a regular employee but left the British service skirmish. Chinnapa Reddy was in 1942 to join the Indian National arrested and detained in the police Army in Malaya. He was recruited station. The mob attending the fete in the Training Camp of the INA in got infuriated at the police behaviour Malaya where he died during an and raised ìVandemataramî slogans enemy attack on the camp in 1944. and started attacking the police [INA Papers, F.No.1/INA, NAI; party, resulting in causalities on both ROH, pp.750-51] sides. Five people lost their lives, including a police constable. Gaddam Obulesappa: Resident of t. Chinnapa Reddy was arrested, tried Uravakinda, distt. Anantapur, and sentenced to death. Later, several Andhra Pradesh; s/o Rangappa, a ballads were composed in his honour weaver. A Congress worker, he and sung, eulogizing his valour in worked for Harijan upliftment and fighting the tyrannical police. participated in Civil Disobedience [RAPDMP, 1909, p. 15, APSAH; movement of 1932. For offering TFSAPA, II, p. 61; WWFSAP, I, p. Satyagraha, the police arrested him 219] and caned him for three successive days. On the fourth day, the Gali Ramakotayya: Resident of v. Magistrate ordered for his rigorous Kancharlapalem, t. Tenali, distt. imprisonment for six months. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; in response Following this hard-ship, Obulesappa to the ìQuit Indiaî movement, he became sick and died a few days participated in the Congress later. [Sri Sadhana Patrika, 3 February volunteersí attack on the Tenali 1940; WWIM, I, p. 104; WWFSAP, p. Railway Station on 12 August 1942. 23] They set fire to the Railway Station and cut the signal, telephone and Gade Chinnapa Reddy: Resident of v. telegraph wires. When the Reddipalem, t. Narasaraopet, distt. Superintendent of Police issued Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. During the orders for opening fire on the Mahashivaratri festival on 18 gathering, Gali Ramakotayya February 1909 at Kotappakonda, the received bullet injuries in firing, and police started beating the celebrating died in a local hospital. [SMEAT, people unnecessarily in the name of 1942, Tenali; WWFSAP, I, p. 280; maintaining discipline. When one of WWIM, I, p.105; HFMAP, p. 151] the bullocks was shot in the melee a quarrel broke out between Chinnapa Gam Gantam Dora: Resident of v. Reddy and a police constable, and the Ganerlapalem, distt. Visakhapatnam, latter was severely beaten and Andhra Pradesh; s/o Gogi Dora. He Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 57

belonged to Bagata Community and Baba Saheb against the British; was a village munsab of arrested in the course of an Battapanukulu. He was removed engagement, he was hanged to death from the village munsabís post by at a public place at Dharwad in June Bastian, Deputy Tehsildar of Gudem. 1858. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII, Besides, Bastian was reported to DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 have kicked Gantam Dora for June 1858; WWIM, III, p. 128] collecting rents even after his removal from the village munsabís Gangadharan Perthil: Belonging to post; it was said that because of Kerala (place not known), he Bastianís harassment, he had become participated in the movement for part and parcel of the Rampa responsible government in Rebellion, 1922-24; he was one of the Travancore, and against C. P. leaders and a lieutenant of Alluri Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Sitarama Raju in the Rampa Rebellion proposal for setting up an ëAmerican for which he mobilized men for the modelí of administrative armed struggle against the British; arrangement. He was caught up in personally led several successful the Olathal Camp Firing at Vayalar armed attacks against the British on 27 October 1946 when C. P. troops; the Government had Ramaswamyís military reached announced a reward of Rs.2,500/-for Olathala Labour Camp and attacked his capture; a patrol of the East Coast the labourers gathered therein. In the Special Police, under Jamadar process they shot Gangadharan Ponnuswami, killed him on 7 June dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, 1924 at a place called Singadara CPIDOA] which lies above Makaram Mutta Canal in the lower hills of the ghats, Gangadharan Velikkakath: Belonging near Yeddummidi village in to Kerala (place not known). He Krishnadevipeta area. [Andhra participated in the movement for Patrika, 12 June 1924 & 16 June 1924; responsible government in F.No.2, FASRRF, 1925, p. 24; PC, Travancore, and against C. P. FSG, 16-6-1924 & 10-6-1924; Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious RAPDMP, 1924, p. 14, APSAH; proposal for setting up an ëAmerican WWFSAP, III, p. 184; WWIM, I, p. modelí of administrative 105] arrangement. He was involved in the Menasseri Camp Firing at Vayalar on Gangadhar Chintamun alias Anna 27 October 1946 when C.P. Sahasrabudhe: Resident of Nargund, Ramaswamyís military reached distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He was a Menasseri Labour Camp and Clerk in the Nargund Princely State; attacked the labourers gathered aged 24; belonged to a Brahmin therein. In the process they shot family. He participated in the Gangadharan dead. [Punnapra- Uprising of 1857 and fought under Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] 58 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Gangineni Narasappa Naidu: A native Suryapet peasant uprisings during the of Nellore district of Andhra anti-feudal struggle launched by the Pradesh and a Congress volunteer, Andhra Mahasabha and the he participated in the Civil Communists. He was shot dead by Disobedience movement. He was the Nizamís police at Balemla on 25 arrested for his anti-British activities October 1946. [GRñHD, APSAH; in the course of the agitation. He died WWFSAP,III, p. 455; WWIM, II, p. 94] in detention probably by the second half of 1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra Girianna: Resident of Kurlahali, t. Provincial Committee Report, 8-11- Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; 1931, F. No. G-1(i)/1931, NMML] he took active part in the antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 under the Gangubai (Smt.): Born on 23 December leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan 1905 at v. Konakari, distt. Belgaum, Gowda. While fighting for the reñ Karnataka, w/o Bhimaji Kinare. occupation of the British-held Before taking active part in the ìQuit Koppaldurg, he was captured and Indiaî movement of 1942, she had shot dead by musketry in June 1858. also participated in the Salt [SI1857WI, p. 278; WWIM, III, p. 46] Satyagraha of 1930. During the ìQuit Indiaî movement she was arrested Giriyaappa Jogi: Resident of Ramdurg and imprisoned. She died under Princely State (now in distt. detention in Hindalga Jail, Belgaum, Belgaum), Karnataka. A farmer, he on 20 December 1942. [SSS, I, p. 1147] participated in the stet peasantsí movement in Ramdurg State on 7 Garlapati Ananta Reddy: Resident of v. April 1939. Arrested in this Balemla, t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda, connection and charged with Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); indulging in the violence during the s/o Venkatanarsayya. He was a agitation, he was hanged in Hindalga Communist worker who took active Jail, Belgaum on 6 May 1940. part in the peasant uprising in the [Convicted Trial Prisoners No. 18558, district against the feudal landlords CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23 May1939 to and the autocratic rule of the Nizam. 01 April 1940; RSVH, p. 73] He was killed in the Balemla and Pata-Suryapet peasantsí anti-feudal Gograppa: Resident of Hemmigi, t. uprisings in November 1946. [S & Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka, VOís; GR ñ HD, APSAH; WWFSAP, he took an active part in the antiñ II, p. 454; WWIM, II, pp. 93 ñ 94] British struggle in 1857-58 under the leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan Garlapati Anthayya: Resident of v. Gowda. While fighting for the Balemla, t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda, recovery of Koppaldurg from the Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana). British, he was captured by them and A Communist Party worker, he took shot dead by musketry in June 1858. part in the Balemla and Patañ [SI1857WI, p. 279] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 59

Gograppa: Resident of Kurlahalli, distt. native women against some accosting Gadag, Karnataka; he took active European soldiers near Guntakal part in the anti-British struggle in Rest Camp. The soldiers had beaten 1857-58 under the leadership of Bhim him, and one among them drew a Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Captured revolver and fired a shot at by the British in course of the battle Hampanna on 4 October 1893. He at Koppaldurg, he was blown away suffered death, and a memorial tablet with a cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 47] was constructed in his name at Gooty. [The Hindu, 7 October 1928, Gokiri Valasayya: Resident of v. NMML; GKP, pp. 54ñ59] Makaram, distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Bheemayya, he Gopal: Hailed from distt. Tanjore, took part in the Rampa Rebellion Tamilnadu; s/o T. N. Govindasami. (1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. He actively joined the ìQuit Indiaî He participated in a number of agitation of 1942 in his area. While successful attacks against the British participating in a rally to demand the Police during the rebellion. He was British ouster from India, he was hit booked under Sections 121, 121A, in the sudden police firing on the 122, 143, 145, 149, 395, 397 & 302 of agitators in August 1942. He could the Indian Penal Code. His property not survive these injuries and died was also confiscated by the the same day. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. Government for his participation in 3097, 10.10. 1947, TNSAC] the rebellion. Undeterred and along with his other associates, he Gopalan: Belonged to Kerala (place not continued the rebellion even after the known). The Kerala Pradesh death of their leader, Alluri Sitarama Congress Committee gave a call to Raju. While the rebels visited the people of Malabar to observe 15 Kanaparti for the supplies, the police September 1940 as the Anti- received prior information and Imperialist Day. Despite the attacked the Pituridars on 31 May disapproval of the call by the 1924. In the police firing Valasayya Congress High Command, there was killed by Inspector Radhakrishna were meetings and demonstrations at the Golugonda side of the all over Malabar on this day, and also Kanaparti Ghats. [F. No-23A, violent clashes between the people FASRRF, 1925, pp. 153, 154 & 247, and the police at several places APSAH; ASRR, p. 164] resulting in lathi-charges and firings by the police. Two young men were Goolapaliem Hampanna: Resident of t. killed in one such clash between the Guntakal, distt. Anantapur, Andhra mob and a police party at Morazha. Pradesh. Belonging to Kuruba Gopalan was one who lost his life in community, he served as a Railway the police firing. [Mathrubhumi, 17th gatekeeper and gave away his life in September 1940, NMML; MKSSAR] defending the honour of two Hindu 60 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Gopalan: Resident of Thurmugham, 133; WWIM, I, p. 250; SJMRPCK, pp. Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. 50, 57 & 229] He participated in the movement for responsible government in Gottemukkala Balarama Raju: Resident Travancore, and against C. P. of v. Chinna Amaram, t. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Bhimavaram, distt. West Godavari, proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Andhra Pradesh. Belonged to modelí of administrative Kshatriya community; s/o arrangement. When a temporary Venkatanarasimha Raju and a police camp was set up in Punnapra student aged 17. He took part on 17 to counter the agitation and harass August 1942 in the strike in schools the agitators and their families, and the raiding of the Collectorís Gopalan joined others in demanding office and police station at for its withdrawal, and eventually for Bhimavaram, along with his its destruction. During the activistsí associates, in connection with the raid on the camp, he died in the ìQuit Indiaî movement. He fell a police firing on 24 October 1946. victim to the police bullets on that [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, day when firing took place at the CPIDOA] Revenue Divisional Office. [ASMEAB, 29-12-1999, Bhimavaram; Gorrela Jaggayya alias Chandrayya: WWFSAP, III, p. 408; WWIM, I, p. Resident of v. Guduri 118; HFMAP, p. 154] Rajamanipuram, t. Sompeta, distt. Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh. Gouri Komanezhathu: Belonging to Belonging to Kalinga community and distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, she aged about 45, he took part in the participated in the movement for raiyatsí agitation in the Mandasa responsible government in Estate in 1940. He was charged under Travancore, and against C. P. the Sections 147 and 357 of the Indian Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Penal Code for violating the Forest proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Laws at Mandasa Estate. He also modelí of administrative resisted the police against arresting arrangement. She was connected the persons who defied the Forest with the Vayalar firing which took Laws in his village. A large crowd place on 27 October 1946 when C.P. gathered and disturbances took Ramaswamyís military reached place.This led the Joint Magistrate to Vayalar labour camp, attacked the order firing on the crowd. In the labourers gathered therein and shot firing Gorrela Jaggayya received Gouri dead. [Travancore Information grievous bullet injuries and died on and Listener, VII No. 5, January 1947, 1 April 1940. [Andhra Patrika, 11 April KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 1940; RAPDMP, 1940, p. 12, APSAH; November 1946, NMML, PVCS, pp. SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988,Veera 78-9] Gunnammapuram; WWFSAP, III, p. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 61

Gousaab: Resident (not known). When Myanmar) front. He died in the the Non-Cooperation movement battle-field while facing an enemy air- spread in the Bombay Presidency in attack on the INA soldiers in 1944. 1921-22, a large number of [WWIM, II, p.104; ROH, pp. 690-91] processions, meetings and burning of foreign goods had taken. During the Govindan Chemmasheriyal: Resident of movement, Gousaab participated in Vayalar, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, a picketing in front of an arrack shop truck driver, he participated in the in Dharwad along with his movement for responsible companions on 1 July 1921. The government in Travancore, and picketers were fired upon by the against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís police. Gousaab was killed in the notorious proposal for setting up an firing. [KQIC, p. 6] ëAmerican modelí of administrative arrangement. He also suffered in the Govind Dhanagar: Resident of Vayalar firing incident that took place Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; on 27 October 1946. Ramaswamy s/o Sultan Dhanagar. He participated Aiyarís military reached Vayalar in the Uprising of 1857, arrested and Labour Camp, and attacked the charged with ëwaging war against labourers gathered therein, arrested the British in 1858í. He was shot dead Chemmasheriyil and sent him by musketry at Nargund on 12 June immediately to jail. He died in jail 1858. [Poll Deptt, No.197, Part-XII, within few days due to the inhuman DD, Vol. No. 30, 12 June 1858] tortures he suffered there. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, Govind Narayan Parachure alias Anna CPIDOA] Parachure: Resident of Nargund Princely State (now in distt. Gadag), Govindan Mancheri: Born in Ellarangi Karnataka. He participatd in the in North Malabar, Kerala; s/o Uprising of 1857 and fought under Maramangalam Ambu and Mancheri Baba Saheb against the British; Uthala; active member of the arrested in the course of an Karshaka Sangham and the engagement and hanged at Dharwad Communist Party. Attended the in June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Karshaka camp at Kuyilur and gave Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 47/ weapon training to the tenant- 1858, 16 June 1858; WWIM, III, p. 112] farmers. The farmers were demanding waste land for Govinda Raju: Born in Tamilnadu (place cultivation, but the landlords evicted not known), he was a civilian them from their holdings with the aid employee in the British-Indian Army. of police. The Communists He left the British service in 1942 and encroached waste land, organized a joined the Indian National Army. He demonstration in front of the Irikkur was deputed to accompany the INA Police Station in November 1946, soldiers serving on the Burma (now resulting in lathi-charge, and arrest 62 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

of leaders. Section 144 of the Cr. P.C. a call to the people of Malabar to was imposed and public gatherings observe 15 September 1940 as the were banned. Violating the ban Anti-Imperialist Day. Despite the order, the Communists assembled at disapproval of the call by the Kavambayi hills to resist the police Congress High Command, there party on 30 December 1946. Police were meetings and demonstrations resorted to firing in which he was all over Malabar on this day, and also shot dead. [Letter No. 10349, 6 violent clashes between the people January 1947, Pub Deptt (G-A), M.S. and the police at several places Series, Regional Archives, Calicut, resulting in lathi charges and firings Pub Deptt (G-A), 1947. G.O. No. by the police. Two young men were 1885, 17 June 1947, Madras Legislative killed in one such clash between the Assembly, Q. No. 432-Starred, mob and a police party at Morazha. Proceedings of the Joint Magistrate Govindan was one who lost his life Tellicherry, 2 January 1947, Malabar in the police firing. [Mathrubhumi, 17 District Magistrateís office, Calicut to September 1940, NMML; MKSSAR] Scott Brown, Chief Secretary to Govt. Fort St. George, Madras, 26 Govindram: A revolutionary from north December 1948, District India, he stayed at Linghi Celti Street Superintendent of Police to Inspector in Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu. General of Police, Madras, 3 Connected with the ìCity Bomb September 1947, TNSAC] Caseî, he confronted the police raiding his hide-out, and died in a Govindan Mankootathil: Resident of bomb explosion on 4 May 1933. [Pub Kanjikuzhi, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Deptt (Police), G.O. No.501, An activist in the Punnapra 20.09.1933, TNSAC] disturbances, he operated during the Martial-Law that C.P. Ramaswamy Gowramma (Smt.): Born in Bellary, Aiyar imposed on Ambalappuzha Karnataka; w/o Venkatachalaiah. She and Shertallai (now Cherthala). He took part in the popular movement also took part in the demolition of for responsible government in the the Mararikulam Bridge at night. Mysore State. The agitation resulted When the military started re- in an incident of police firing on the constructing it, he and others tried agitators at Viduraswatha on 25 April to prevent them. In the ensuing 1938 (for details, see the entry on confrontation on 26 October 1946, he Bheemaiah). Gowramma was one was shot dead by the military. among those who died in the firing. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, [AISPC, Papers, F. No. 115, NMML; CPIDOA] VDECB]

Govindan Nambiar: Belonged to Kerala Guddu: Resident of Nargund, distt. (place not known). The Kerala Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Hussain. He Pradesh Congress Committee gave participatd in the Uprising of 1857 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 63

and fought under Baba Saheb against evening and served Mr. Nariman the British; arrested in the course of with the prohibitory orders under an engagement and charged with Section 39, Mysore Police Act. Mr. ëjoining the revolt of Nargund Nariman, however, decided to defy against the Britishí. He was shot dead the order and delivered a short by musketry at Nargund on 10 June speech, before his being arrested. On 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, his arrest the mob became unruly and Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June attacked the police with stones, 1858] shoes, and brickbats, but was somehow dispersed. In the next Gudipati Surayya: Resident of v. morning on 25 October 1937, a Balemla, t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda, general hartal was observed and a big Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); crowd gathered near the Mysore s/o Kotayya, he took part in the Bank. The gathering attacked the peasantsí uprising in the district police stationed in the District Office against the oppressive regime of the compound with stones and brickbats, landlords-Nizam combine in and a man even attempted to strike November 1946. He was killed in the a constable with a chopper. In firing by the police on the peasants. retaliation the police opened [WWIM, II, p. 106]. indiscriminate firing on the mob in which Gundappa was killed on the Gullapalli Nagiah Chowdari: Hailed spot. [S-36, Secret Files, Special from v. Meduru, distt. Kistan, Branch Abstract No. 44/37, KSAB; Andhra Pradesh. Taking part in the KSGI, BRD, p. 108; FAPG, pp. 23-24] Civil Disobedience movement, he was arrested during the course of the Gunta Chakrapani alias Budhiyadu alias agitation. He died in jail by the end Gudiyadu: Resident of v. Dabaru, t. of 1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra Sompeta, distt. Srikakulam, Andhra Provincial Committee Report, 8-11- Pradesh. He belonged to Kalinga 1931, F.No. G-1(i)/1931, NMML] community and was a rich farmer of about 40 years of age. He took part Gundappa: Born in Bangalore, in the rayatsí agitation in the Mandasa Karnataka. He took part in the Estate in 1940. On 1 April 1940, he popular movement for responsible actively participated in the government in Bangalore in 1937. On demonstrations against the atrocities 24 October 1937, the local Congress committed on the villagers of Gudari in Bangalore City wanted to hoist Rajamanipuram by the district the Congress Flag in Banappa Park authorities. While resisting the armed in a ceremony under the police, a bullet had penetrated into Chairmanship of K. F. Nariman his thigh. He tied the injury with his coming from Bombay (Mumbai). The dhoti and continued with the District Magistrate of Bangalore demonstration. The police fired at prohibited the gathering on the same him again, and he fell down in the 64 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

field. He was taken to the hospital at Gurda: Resident of Hassoor (Hesarur), Mandasa where he died. [Andhra t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Patrika, 11 April 1940; RAPDMP, 1940, He took an active part in the antiñ p. 12, APSAH; SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988, British struggle in 1857-58 led by Veera Gunnammapuram; SJMRPCK, Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda for pp. 50 & 57] recovery of Koppaldurg from the British hands; he was captured by Gunta Chinna Narayana: Resident of v. them and blown to death with a Dabaru, t. Sompeta, distt. cannon. [SI1857WI, p. 280; WWIM, III, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh. An p. 47] agriculturist of about 45, he belonged to Kalinga community and took part Gurukkal Mammad: Resident of in the raiyatsí agitation in the Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Mandasa Estate in 1940. He resisted Kerala, he was involved in an armed the police from arresting the persons confrontation in his village with the who defied the Forest Laws at British during the Malabar rebellion Gudari Rajamanipuram. When a large of 1921-22, and coinciding with the crowd gathered and disturbances Khilafat and Non-Cooperation took place, the Joint Magistrate movements (for details, see the entry ordered for firing. In the firing on Apankollan Moideen). Mammad Narayana received grievous bullet was one among those who died in injuries and died on 1 April 1940. the 14 November 1921 firing by the [Andhra Patrika, 11 April 1940; British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, RAPDMP, 1940, p. 12, APSAH; Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988, Veera MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Gunnammapuram; WWFSAP, III, p. No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, 128; WWIM, I, p. 121, SJMRPCK, pp. pp. 372-74] 50 & 57] Guruswamy: Resident of Pannapathu, Gurappa: Resident of v. Issur, distt. distt. North Arcot, Tamilnadu; s/o Shimoga, Karnataka; s/o Iswarappa. Gurumurthy; he was serving the A farmer, educated up to the middle British-Indian Army, but left it in standard, he took part in the ìQuit 1942 to join the Indian National Indiaî movement that started in Army as a Naik in the Second August 1942. He was involved in an Guerrilla Regiment. He fought the encounter with the police near his Allied forces at different places in village in which a sub-inspector and Burma (now Myanmar) and finally a Tehsildar were killed. Gurappa was died in action during an enemy air- arrested, tried for their killings and attack on Myaung Hospital, Burma. was awarded death sentence. [WWIM, II, p. 111] Subsequently, he died on the gallows on 8 March 1943. [WWIM, I, p. 123] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 65

H. H. Rahalkar: Born on 18 July 1909 in Thankappan joined others in the southern part of India (place not demanding for its withdrawal, and known); s/o Hari Babu. Residing in eventually for its destruction. During the Andaman Islands, he joined the the activistsí raid on the camp, he Indian Independence League, died in the police firing on 24 October became its active worker and was 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), elected as an Executive Member at F. No. 774\46, B. Nos. 46, 1946, 265/ its Port Blair branch. He was arrested 48, B. No. 63, 1948 & Freedom by the Japanese forces during their Movement Files (II), No. 133/48, B. occupation of the Islands (1942-45), No. 64, 1948, KSAT] and kept imprisoned in the Cellular Jail. He was subjected to inhuman Hamid Sahib: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. tortures on the suspicion of his being Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; a British spy, and finally was shot he joined the struggle in 1857-58 led dead on 30 January 1944. [UHFSA, by Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda p. 233] for recovery of Koppaldurg from the British hands; he was captured in H. S Thankappan: Resident of Hanuman 1858 and shot dead by musketry in Parambu, Punnapra, distt. June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279; WWIM, Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated III, p. 50] in the movement for responsible government in Travancore, and Hammanana: Resident of Yesvur against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís (Hesarur), t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, notorious proposal for setting up an Karnataka. He took active part in the ëAmerican modelí of administrative antiñBritish struggle in 1857-58 under arrangement. When a temporary the leadership of Bhim Rao and police camp was set up in Punnapra Kanchan Gowda and fought for the to counter the agitation and harass recovery of the Britishñheld the agitators and their families, Koppaldurg; he was captured in the 66 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

course of an engagement and shot revolt of 1857 and was shot dead by dead by musketry in June 1858. musketry on 28 June 1858. [Poll Deptt, [SI1857WI, p. 280; WWIM, III, p. 50] No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31, 24 June 1858] Hanagowda: Resident of Gangapur, t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; Hanumanta: Resident of Nargund, distt he took an active part in the antiñ Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Maritamma; British struggle in 1857-58 led by aged about 40; Lingait; Sawar/Silledar; Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda for took part in the Uprising of 1857-58; recovery of Koppaldurg from the joined the rebel force of Baba Saheb British hands; he was captured in of Nargund which killed Mr. C.J. 1858 and he shot dead by musketry Manson ñ the Acting Political Agent, in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] Naib Risaldar, Pooran Singh and others in Ramdoorg Estate and Hanamappa Naik: Inhabitant of wounded many sawars (horse- Shorapur, distt. Yadagir, Karnataka. soldiers) of Lt. Col. Malcolm of An employee in the service of Raja British Army; captured by the British Venkatappa Naik; he took an active and charged with ëaiding and part in the Uprising of 1857 and abetting in rebellion and waging war played a prominent role in organizing against the British Governmentí; the rebellion of the Arab troops hanged at Dharwad in the last week stationed in the area. He was of June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, captured by the British and promptly Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 47/ executed by hanging in 1857. [WWIM, 1858, 16 June 1858; WWIM, III, pp. III, p. 50] 50-51]

Hanumanna: Inhabitant of Kurlahalli, t. Hanumantappa: Resident of Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Maganahalli, Davanagere, distt. He took an active part in the struggle Chitradurga, Karnataka. An activist for freedom from the British in1857- in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 58 led by Bhim Rao and Kanchan 1942, he participated in the picketing Gowda. Arrested in an encounter at the taluk office, stopping military with the British at Koppaldurg, he vehicles and railway trains. He was was shot dead by musketry in June shot dead by the police at 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] Devanagere on 17 August 1942 at the age of 45. [KQIC, p. 49; SSS, II, p. Hanumant Ghatage: Resident not 564; WWIM, II, p. 113] known, he was Shetsanadi of Nargund Princely State (now in Hanumanthappa: Born in v. Marlur, distt. Gadag), Karnataka; he distt. Kolar, Karnataka; s/o participated in the Uprising of 1857 Thimmaiah. A farmer, educated up against the British. He was arrested to Matric, he took part in the popular for his participation in the anti-British movement for responsible Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 67

government in the Mysore State. The [SI1857WI, p. 279] agitation resulted in incident of police firing on the agitators at Hayat Saib: Resident of Bannur, distt. Viduraswatha on 25 April1938 (for Koppal, Karnataka; took part in the details, see the entry on Bheemiah). Uprising of 1857-58; captured by the Hanumanthappa was one among British, tried by Court-Martial and those who died in the firing. [AISPC, sentenced to be blown away from a F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB] cannon; his sentence was carried out in June1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280; Hareah Saheb: Resident of Kurlahalli, HFMK, 1, pp. 272,441; WWIM, III, p. Mundargi taluk, distt. Gadag, 54] Karnataka. He took an active part in the revolt led by Bhim Rao and Hereah Saib: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. Kanchang Gowda in 1857. Captured Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; in the battle of Koppaldurg, he was took part in the Uprising of 1857-58; shot dead by musketry in June 1858. captured by the British, tried by [SI1857WI, p. 279] CourtñMartial and sentenced to be blown away from a cannon; his Hassan Moyi: Resident of Pandikad sentence was carried out in 1858. amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he [SI1857WI, p. 279; HFMK, 1, pp. 272 was involved in an armed & 440] confrontation in his village with the British during the Malabar rebellion Hiremath Mahalingayya: Resident of of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Avaradi, Ramdurg Princely State Khilafat and Non-Cooperation (now in distt. Belgaum), Karnataka. movement (for details, see the entry A farmer, he participated in the on Apankollan Moideen). Hassan Peasantsí movement in Ramdurg was one among those who died in State on 7 April 1939. Arrested in this the 14 November 1921 firing by the connection and charged with British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, indulging in violence during the Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, agitation, he was hanged in Hindalga MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Jail, Belgaum, on 6 May 1940. No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, [Convicted Trial Prisoners No. 18560, pp. 372-74] CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23 May1939 to 01 April 1940; RSVH, p. 73; WWIM, Hayat Saheb: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. II, p. 121] Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He actively participated in the 1857- Hiriyappa: Resident of Hesur (Hesarur), 58 Uprising under the leadership of t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. He took an active part in the antiñ Captured in an encounter with the British struggle in 1857-58 under the British at Koppaladurg, he was shot leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan dead by musketry in June 1858. Gowda. Fighting for the recovery of 68 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the Britishñheld Koppaldurg, he was Hunnamah: Belonged to Kurlahalli, t. captured and shot dead by musketry Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] He took an active part in the antiñ British struggle for independence in Hulgia: Inhabitant of Kurlahalli, t. 1857 under the leadership of Bhim Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Fighting He took an active part in the antiñ for the recovery of the Britishñheld British struggle in 1857-58 under the Koppaldurg, he was captured and leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan shot dead by musketry in June 1858. Gowda. Fighting for the recovery of [SI1857WI, p. 279] the Britishñheld Koppaldurg, he was captured and shot dead by musketry Hussain Kutti: Resident of Malabar, in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 278] Kerala (place not known), he was taken into custody in connection with Huliyappa: Resident of v. Gangur, t. the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against Arkalgud, distt. Hasan, Karnataka. the combination of the British colonial He along with other companions authorities and the exploitative participated in picketing at Nittur Jenmis, and coinciding with the village on the occasion of weekly Khilafat and Non-Cooperation market to defy the British movement. He was sentenced to administration on 25 October1942. death by the Malabar Special Tribunal The police enforced lathi-charge on on 18 February 1922 at the the picketers. Severely injured in the Coimbatore Central Jail. [Judl Deptt, police action, Huliyappa died on 27 G.O. (Ord.Series) No.496, 11.04.1922, October 1942. [KQIC p. 155] TNSAC]

Hunma: Resident of Wadarhatti Hussun Saib: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. (Waddatti), t. Mundargi, distt. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; Gadag, Karnataka. He took an active he took part in the Uprising of 1857- part in the antiñBritish struggle in 58; captured by the British, tried by 1857-58 under the leadership of Bhim Court Martial and sentenced to be Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Fighting blown away with a cannon; his for the recovery of the Britishñheld sentence was carried out in 1858. Koppaldurg, he was captured and [SI1857WI, p. 279; HFMK,1, pp. 272, shot dead by musketry in June 1858. 440; WWIM, III, p. 58] [SI1857WI, p. 279] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 69

I. Subbrayu: Resident of Satyada, distt. (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. A Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, cultivator, he was arrested and TNSAC; Report of Deputy imprisoned for one year for his taking Superintendent of Police, Madras, part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary against the British. While serving his Safe Secret No. 390A, dated term in jail, he fell severely ill on 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, account of the police tortures and 22 November 1921; WTS] poor living conditions. Convict number 228, he succumbed to his Imam Ismail: Resident of Nargund, distt. illness in Vellore Central Jail in 1942. Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Jamal. He was [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, 10-10- charged with joining the revolt of 1946, TNSAC] Nargund under Baba Saheb against the British. He was shot dead by Illikal Aydru: Resident of Mambad musketry at Nargund on 10 June 1858 amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part- coolie. He was taken into custody in XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June 1858] connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and transported to Immini Sadanandan: Born in Podanur Central Prison along with Thottunbhagam, Kadakal, distt. 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Trivandrum, Kerala. He participated air-tight Railway goods wagon (for in the Civil Disobedience movement details, see the entry on Akkara for responsible government in Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan Travancore in September 1938 and Nayar). Aydru was one among those was detained in the Kottarakara Jail who had been suffocated to death in for ten months without trial. this wagon tragedy, notoriously Arrested again in Trikkanapuram in known as the Black Hole of Podanur connection with the Kadakal Riot (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Case, he died at the age of 23 in the 70 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Kollam lock-up on account of brutal September 1943 in the Vellore police tortures. [Freedom Movement Central Jail; he was transferred on 1 Files, (II), F. Nos. 1/45, 1945, October 1943 for further detention B.No.38, 674/45, 1945, B.No.39, to the Thanjavur Special Jail where KSAT; 357/46, 1946, B.No.49, KSAT; he died on 1 July 1944 due to heart Judicial Files, F. No. 78 of 114 Sessions failure. His body was cremated at the Court Quilon, Kadakkal Riot Case 1 jail burial ground in consultation with PE 1/ 1938, Commitment Order 29 the District Magistrate, Tanjore. [Pub May 1939, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 526; Deptt (G), (Madras), G.O. Nos. 2872, EMK, p. 35] 2004 ñ S6/42 & 2146, 15-9-1942; 15- 07-1946 & 10-10-1946 respectively; Inalai Anna: Hailing from southern part RTSJ, C. No. 228, 1944 & IE, 5-7-1944, of India (place not known) and APSAH; WWFSAP, III, p. 517 ; residing in Malaya, he joined the WWIM, I, p. 140] Indian National Army there in 1942 as soldier in the Third Guerrilla Indukuri Subha Raju: Hailing from Regiment. Sent to Burma (now distt. West Godavari, Andhra Myanmar) to counter the British Pradesh, he joind the ìQuit Indiaî forces there, he fought the enemy on agitation in August 1942 and was several occasions and died in the arrested and imprisoned for his course of an engagement. [WWIM, II, participation in it. He died as on p.11] under-trial prisoner owing to the police tortures, perhaps early in 1943. Indukuri Subba Raju: Resident of v. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.1035, April 1947, Satyavada, t. Tanuku, distt. West TNSAC] Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Venkata Raju, he belonged to Intankuzhiyan Ali Momed: Resident of Kshatriya community. An Urangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. agriculturist, he was an important Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken Congress worker, wielding much into custody in connection with the influence over the surrounding Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the villages. He was a member of the combination of the British colonial Working Committee of the Tanuku authorities and the exploitative Congress and served as President, Jenmis, and coinciding with the Taluk Congress Committee. He also Khilafat and Non-Cooperation organized a team of saboteurs and movement. He was detained on 6 got rails removed and the railway June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner and telegraph wires cut near and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Satyavada and Godicherla. He was Together with brutal police tortures arrested on 17 August 1942 under and a serious attack of pneumonia in Rule 129 of the Defence of India the jail (due to very bad sanitary Rules, during the ìQuit Indiaî conditions, overcrowding and movement and detained from 30 insufficiency of clean water and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 71

food), Momed died on 23 June 1922 He died in the jail on 20 August 1922 in detention at the age of 30. [Pub at the age of 40 due to brutal police Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, tortures. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. TSNAC] (MS) No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC]

Inti Seethayya alias Sattenna: Resident Iriyakkulam Kunjara: Inhabitant of t. of v. Chittivalasa, t. Bhimunipatnam, Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Pradesh. He took part in a strike Manjeri, he was involved in an armed organized by the Labour Union of confrontation in his village with the Jute Mills at Chittivalasa against the British during the Malabar rebellion unreasonable suspension of Madimi of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Appanna on 14 February 1939. All the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation workers sat on strike inside the mill movement (for details, see the entry from 1 p.m. onwards. At 6:30 p.m. on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjara was one the Reserve Police came in a lorry and among those militant peasants who surrounded the mill. At about 12:30 died on 26 August 1921 in the firing a.m. the District Collector arrived on by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. the spot and ordered Reserve Police 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- to fire on the gathering of workers. 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- Firing was opened with the help of 209] torch lights, and Seethayya received grievous bullet injuries in it. He died Ittaman: Belonging to distt. Alappuzha, in the Visakhapatnam King George Kerala, he participated in the Hospital on 15 February 1939 [Andhra movement for responsible Patrika, 24 February 1939, APSAH; government in Travancore, and APKC, p. 12] against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious proposal for setting up an Iriyakalathi Moideen: Resident of ëAmerican modelí of administrative Malemari amsom, t. Ernad, arrangement. He was connected with Malappuram distt. Kerala. A trader the Vayalar firing which took place by profession, he was taken into on 27 October 1946. C. P. custody in connection with the Ramaswamy Aiyarís military Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the reached Vayalar Labour Camp on combination of the British colonial that day, opened fire on the labourers authorities and the exploitative gathered therein and shot Ittaman Jenmis, and coinciding with the dead. [Travancore Information and Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Listener, VII No. 5, January 1947, movement. He was detained and KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 kept in the Rajahmundry Central Jail. November 1946, NMML; PVCS, pp. 78-9] 72 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Jadagannavar Jadagappa: Born in Rebellion of 1857. When the British Haligali, Mudhol Princely State (now Resident, Col. Davidson, was coming Taluka Headquarters), distt. Bijapur, out of the Nizamís, (Afzal-ud- Karnataka; actively participated in Daulahís) palace on 15 March 1859, Halagali Bedaís revolt against the Jahangir discharged the contents of Disarming Act. Refused to register his carbine, loaded with slugs. their arms. Halagali village was Missing the target, he drew his plundered by the British and they sword, and advanced towards the burnt it. Jadagappawas killed in the Resident but was killed on the spot course of a battle on 30 November by the attendants of the Dewan, Salar 1857. [SI1857WI, p.199] Jung I, who was present on the occasion. [TFSIH, II (1857 ñ1885); Jagannathan: Resident of Aruppukottai WWWFSAP, I, p. 425, WWIM, II, p. Town, distt. Virudhunagar, 62] Tamilnadu. He took part in the Aruppukottai agitation against the Jampa Chinnayya: Resident of v. Padi, British in 1941. He was beaten to t. Narsipatnam, distt. Visakhapat- death by the police in course of the nam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Bhagayya agitation in a protest rally he joined (Bogenna) and belonging to Bagata in his locality. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), community, he was an agriculturist G.O. (MS) No. 919, 05.05.1941; The of about 37. He took an active part Hindu, 22 April 1941 (paper cutting in the Rampa Rebellion (1922-24) led in the same G.O.), TNSAC] by Alluri Sitarama Raju. For his exploits against the overwhelming Jahangir Khan: Resident of Hyderabad, British power, he was convicted and a Rohilla Pathan, he remained an under Section 121 of the Indian Penal employee of Tegh Jung, grandson of Code, and sentenced on 13 May 1925 Shams-ul-Umra, a Paigah, nobleman. to life imprisonment by the Agency He took an active part in the Great Additional Sessions Judge, Waltair. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 73

While serving imprisonment, he died Provincial Committee Report, 8-11- on 12 February 1927 in the 1931, F. No. G-1(i)/1931, NMML] Rajahmundry Central Jail. [RRCJ, C. No. 1237, 1927; F. No. 22, FASRRF, Jasti Appayya: Resident of v. 1925, p. 33, APSAH] Kuchinapudi, t. Tenali, distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. On 12 August 1942, Jan Mohammad: A resident of Tenali town observed a complete Hyderabad and leader of the Rohillas hartal as a protest against the arrest in Hyderabad, he organized the of the Congress leaders in connection armed rebellion against the British, with the outbreak of the ìQuit Indiaî in association with Turrebaz Khan. movement. At 9 a.m. a large crowd It was he who planned the attack on of students and Congressites raided the British Residency in Hyderabad the Tenali Railway Station. Along on 17 July 1857. He was killed by the with his associates, Jasti Appayya British troops while protecting participated in it and received bullet Turrebaz Khan from arrest, a couple injury in firing by the police. He died of days later. [WWIM, III, p. 65; the same day in hospital. [SMEAT, WWFSAP, I, p. 426] 1942, Tenali; WWFSAP, I, p. 203; WWIM, I, p. 150; HFMAP, p. 151] Jangam Lakshmayya: Resident of v. Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal, Jivan Sahib: Resident of Hammigi, t. Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Mallesam. A toddy tapper, he he took active part in the Uprising of took part in the popular 1857-58 against the British under the demonstration against the leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan oppressions of the police and Gowda. While fighting for the reñ Razakars. While giving evidence in a occupation of Koppaldurg, he was Court of Law, he exposed the captured by the British and shot dead atrocities committed by them on the by musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, villagers of Aknoor. The Razakars p. 279; WWIM, III, p. 67] and the Nizamís police wreaked their vengeance on him by shooting him Joseph Kuntham (Spear Joseph): down along with eight other Belonging to distt. Alappuzha, villagers in August 1946. [WWFSAP, Kerala, he was active in campaigning III, p. 284; WWIM, II, p. 130] against the brutal human massacre by the army during the Martial-Law Jangirala Subbarao: A resident of West days in Ambalappuzha and Shertallai Godavari, distt. Andhra Pradesh. taluks. On 25 October 1946, the day Taking part in Civil Disobedience after the Punnapra police camp attack, movement, he was arrested during the military surrounded stet activistsí a tumultuous phase of the agitation. camp in Kattor and asked the inmates He died in jail towards the end of to vacate it and disperse. Joseph, 1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra Pradesh known as Kuntham Joseph since the 74 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

days of the 1938 struggle, took cover to counter the agitation and harass behind a coconut tree and began to the agitators and their families, argue with the military. Meanwhile Joseph joined others in demanding the soldiers from either side fired at for its withdrawal, and eventually for him and he fell down dead. its destruction. During the activistsí [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. raid on the camp, he died in the Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ police firing on 24 October 1946. 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p.92] CPIDOA]

Joseph Kurishinkal: Resident of Junah: Resident of Hammigi, distt. Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Raichur, Karnataka. He took part in He participated in the movement for Uprising of 1857-58 against the responsible government in British under the leadership of Bhim Travancore, and against C. P. Rao and Kanchan Gowda. While Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious fighting for the reñoccupation of proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Koppaldurg, he was captured by the modelí of administrative British and shot dead by musketry arrangement. When a temporary in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280] police camp was set up in Punnapra Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 75

K. K. Krishnan: Resident of Kakkiriyil revolt against the State authorities. House, Vattayal, distt. Alappuzha, Arrested and detained in Kerala. He participated in the Nedumangad police lock-up for one movement for responsible year and a half, he was sentenced to government in Travancore, and death by the High Court of against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Travancore for waging war against notorious proposal for setting up an the sovereign. He died on the ëAmerican modelí of administrative gallows in the Central Prison, arrangement. When a temporary Trivandrum. [Freedom Movement police camp was set up in Punnapra Files, II, F. No. 3/45 (Situation to counter the agitation and harass Report, Commandant Travancore the agitators and their families, State Force to Chief Secretary to Krishnan joined others in demanding Government, 3 October 1938), for its withdrawal, and eventually for Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore Jatha its destruction. During the activistsí Committee, C. S. F. No. 339/45, raid on the camp, he died in the KSAT; WWFFK, p. 238; WWIM, II, p. police firing on 24 October 1946. 164] [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ K.S. Krishnan, Resident of Thaiparambil, 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. Beach Ward, distt. Alappuzha, 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p. 72] Kerala. He participated in the movement for responsible government in K. Krishnan: Born on 27 January 1899 at Travancore, and against C. P. Pullayi, Chirayankil, distt. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Trivandrum, Kerala, and studied up proposal for setting up an ëAmerican to the seventh standard. He modelí of administrative participated in the Civil Disobedience arrangement. When a temporary movement at Kallara and Pangode police camp was set up in Punnapra where it developed into a violent to counter the agitation and harass 76 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the agitators and their families, wounds in the police firing and died Krishnan joined others in demanding the same day. [WWIM, I, p. 245] for its withdrawal, and eventually for its destruction. During the activistsí K. Angu: Hailing from southern part of raid on the camp, he died in the India (place not known) and residing police firing on 24 October 1946. in Malaya, he joined the Indian [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. National Army there in 1942 as a Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ soldier in the Third Guerrilla 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. Regiment. He was sent in Burma 64, 1948, KSAT] (now Myanmar) to confront the British forces in that area and fought K. A. Sukumaran: Resident of the enemy at several places in it. Thaiparambil House, Vattayal, distt. Injured during one of the British Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated forcesí attacks, he was admitted in a in the movement for responsible hospital where he died soon government in Travancore, and thereafter.[ WWIM, II, p.10] against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious proposal for setting up an K. Aungam: Belonging to southern part ëAmerican modelí of administrative of India (place not known) and arrangement. When a temporary residing in Malaya, he joined the police camp was set up in Punnapra Indian National Army in 1942. As a to counter the agitation and harass soldier of the Unit No. 451 he was sent the agitators and their families, to Burma (now Myanmar) to fight Sukumaran joined others in under the INA flag. He took part in demanding for its withdrawal, and the actions on several occasions and eventually for its destruction. During died on 16 March 1945 during the the activistsí raid on the camp, he British-Allied forcesí attack on the died in the police firing on 24 October INAís position. [INA Papers, F. No. 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), 1/INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 15] F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. K. Das: Resident of Panakki, Vayalar, 64, 1948, KSAT] distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated in the movement for K. A. Nalliyan: Born in 1912 at v. responsible government in Pillaiyarppatti, Ramnad (now in distt. Travancore, and against C. P. Puddukottai), Tamilnadu; s/o Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Andiambalam. Educated up to the proposal for setting up an ëAmerican fifth standard, he took part in the modelí of administrative arrange- ìQuit Indiaî movement that started ment (for more details, see the entry in August 1942. While taking part in on Agneess Lonappan). Das was shot a procession at Karaikudi (now in dead by the military on 27 October Sivaganga District) on 12 August 1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, 1942, he received severe bullet CPIDOA] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 77

K. Govindasamy: Belonged to Secretary of the Thirukoilur Town Sankaranpandal, Mayuram, distt. Congress Committee. He took active Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. He was part in Individual Satyagraha in 1941 recruited as an Indian Independence and was kept in Madras Jail for one League member in Singapore, and month. He was detained again in later joined the Indian National Vellore Jail for his role in the ìQuit Army at Kuala Lumpur Kuala Indiaî movement of 1942. Suffering Lumpur (Malaya, now Malasiya). from a critical illness in the jail, he Serving as a driver in the INA, he died in the Government Pentland died in a hospital before its surrender Hospital on 28 June 1943. [Pub Deptt, on 9 October 1945. [FFPO No. 5613/ G.O. (MS) No. 3415, 24.10.1942; Pub 1970, 08.05.1970, TNSAC] Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2050, 22.07.1943; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. K. Kandachan: Belonged to (MS) No.2744, 27.09.1943; Pub Deptt Bhavajhanaveli, Pazhaveedu, (G-E), G.O. (MS) No. 1518, Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. 22.05.1947; Pub Deptt (Poll-B), G.O. He participated in the movement for (MS) No.3221, 30.10.1947; FFPO No. responsible government in 2992/68, 12.12.1968; South Arcot Travancore, and against C. P. District Jail Slip Clean Copy No. 310, Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious TNSAC] proposal for setting up an ëAmerican modelí for administrative K. Lekshmanan: Born in 1917 at arrangement. When a temporary Ashramam, distt. Quilon, Kerala, and police camp was set up in Punnapra studied up to the seventh standard. to counter the agitation and harass He took part in the Travancore State the agitators and their families, Congressí movement for responsible Kandachan joined others in government. Participating as a demanding for its withdrawal, and volunteer in the State Congress eventually for its destruction. During meeting held in defiance of the the activistsí raid on the camp, he prohibitory orders at Quilon on 2 died in the police firing on 24 October September 1938, he received bullet 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), wounds when police opened fire to F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ disperse the gathering and died the 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. same day. [Freedom Movement Files 64, 1948, KSAT] (II), F. Nos. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, Confd. Section Files, F. No. 323/38 K. Krishnasamy Pillai: Born in 1888, (Report of District Magistrate Quilon resident of v. Keezhaiyur, p.o. to Chief Secretary, 4 September), Thirukoilur, distt. Viluppuram, Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore Jatha Tamilnadu; s/o Kumarasamy Pillai, Committee, C. S. F. No. 339/45, he worked as a Vakilís clerk. He was KSAT; WWFFK, p. 317; WWIM, II, p. active in the national movement from 169; FST, pp. 360-61] 1919, and served for sometime as 78 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

K. N. Nagamalliah: Born in 1903 at v. procession reached Savakotta Bridge, Karnadahi, distt. Kolar, Karnataka; the police opened fire on it. A bullet s/o Rama Reddy. A farmer, he took hit him and he fell dead on the spot. part in the popular movement for [First Annual Report, Travancore responsible government in the Coir Factory Workers Union, Confd. Mysore State. The agitation resulted Session Files, F. No. 413/1939, KSAT; in an incident of police firing on the TTT, p. 165; WWFFK, p. 379; WWIM, agitators at Vidurashwath on 25 II, p. 216] April 1938 (for details, see the entry on Bheemiah). Naganalliah was one K. Padmanabha Pillai: Born in 1884 at among those who died in the firing Neyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum, [AISPC Papers, F. No. 115, NMML; Kerala, and studied up to the VDECB] primary standard, he joined the Travancore State Congress and took K. Nando: Born at Kunnirila House, v. part in the Civil Disobedience Kallankoram, Varkala, Kerala. He movement for responsible govern- was a civilian employee in the British- ment in August 1938. Participating in Indian Army in Malaya but left it in the protest demonstration at 1942 to join the Indian National Neyyattinkara on 31 August 1938, Army. He was placed as Lance-Naik following the arrest of N. K. in the Third Guerrilla Regiment and Padmanabha Pillai, the acting State deputed in Burma (now Myanmar) Congress President, he faced a to fight under the INA flag. He contingent of Travancore State Forces fought the British forces on several that had been sent to maintain law occasions and finally died in the and order. When the force opened course of a serious engagement with fire on the demonstrators at the bus the enemy forces in 1944. [INA stand, at Neyyattinkara, Pillai was Papers, F. No.1/INA, NAI; WWIM, killed in the firing. [Freedom II, p. 215] Movement Files (II), F. No. 1149\44, 1944, KSAT, Confd. Report of S.P. on K. Nanu: Born in 1912 at Changan- 4 September 1938 (First Class kulangara, t. Karunagapally, distt. Magistrate to District Magistrate, 15- Quilon, Kerala; s/o Sankaran 1-114); Bulletin No. I, II, All Kochukunju, he studied up to the Travancore Jatha Committee, C.S. F. fourth standard. Professionally a Coir No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp. 124-26; Factory worker, he carried on trade TTT, p. 164; RR, p. 425; WWFFK, p. union activities in Alleppey. Joining 429; WWIM, II, p. 245] the Civil Disobedience movement of the Travancore State Congress for K. Padmanabha Pillai: Born in 1884 at responsible government on 24 Neyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum, October 1938, he took part, in Kerala. Studying up to the primary defiance of prohibitory order, in a standard, he joined the Travancore procession at Aleppey. When the State Congress and took part in the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 79

Civil Disobedience movement for No. 64, 1948, KSAT] responsible government in August 1938. Participating in the protest K. Perumal: Born in 1923, resident of 1/ demonstration at Neyyattinkara on 92, Perumal Street, Udayarpalayam, 31 August 1938, following the arrest (via). Peelamedu, distt. Coimbatore, of N.K. Padmanabha Pillai, the acting Tamilnadu. An activist in the national State Congress President, he faced a movement, he played at the local contingent of Travancore State Forces level a leading role in the ìQuit that had been sent to maintain law Indiaî upsurge of 1942. He was shot and order. When the force opened dead in the police firing on a fire on the demonstrators at the bus gathering he participated on 12 stand, at Neyyattinkara, Pillai was September 1942. [Coimbatore killed in the firing. [Freedom District Jail Slip Office Copy No. 846 Movement Files (II), No. 1149\44, & Clean Copy No. 846, TNSAC] 1944, KSAT, Confd. Report of S.P. on 4 September, 1938 (First class K. Ramachandran: Born in 1920 and magistrate to district Magistrate, 15- hailed from Mavelikkara in distt. 1-114); Bulletin No. I, II, All Alappuzha, Kerala; s/o Kesava Travancore Jatha Committee, C.S. Panicker, he was educated up to the File No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp. fourth standard. A social and political 124-26; TTT, p. 164; RR, p. 425; worker, he took active part in the WWFFK, p. 429; WWIM, II, p. 245] popular movements in the Travancore State (1938). Picketing K. Padmanabhan: Resident of Aayiram liquor shops and shops selling Thai Valappu, Punnapra, distt. foreign cloth at Alleppey, he Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated participated in a procession, in the movement for responsible demonstrating against the Maharajaís government in Travancore, and autocratic rule at Alleppey on 24 against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís October 1938. Seriously wounded in notorious proposal for setting up an the firing by the police on the ëAmerican modelí of administrative procession at Savakotta Bridge, he arrangement. When a temporary died in a hospital the next day. police camp was set up in Punnapra [Freedom Movement Files F. No. II, to counter the agitation and harass 413/1939, First Annual Report, the agitators and their families, Travancore Coir Factory Workers Padmanavan joined others in Union, KSAT; TTT, p. 165] demanding for its withdrawal, and eventually for its destruction. During K. S. Gopalan: Resident of Thaiparambil, the activistsí raid on the camp, he Beach Ward, distt. Alappuzha, died in the police firing on 24 October Kerala. An activist, he shared his 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), fellow workersí annoyance when a F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ temporary police camp was set up in 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & No. 133/48, B. Punnapra to harass them and their 80 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

families. They agitated for the Army in Malaya. He was recruited withdrawal of the camp and as a soldier in the Second Guerrilla eventually raided it. During the raid Regiment, and sent to Burma (now on 24 October 1946, Gopalan was Myanmar) to counter the Allied killed in the police firing [Freedom forcesí advancement there. He Movement Files (II), F. No. 774\46, fought the enemy at different places B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, and finally died in the course of an 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, engagement in 1944. [WWIM, II, p. KSAT; IPV, p.79] 340; ROH, pp. 796-97]

K. P. Narayanan: Belonged to Calicut, Kadakkadan Moideen: Resident of t. Kerala. Arrested for his active Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- participation in the Civil cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Disobedience movement in 1931, he Manjeri, he was involved in an armed died in detention on the very date confrontation in his village with the of his release [AICC Papers, F. No. British during the Malabar rebellion G-1(i)/1931, NMML] of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation K.V. Pathrose: A working class organizer movement (for details, see the entry of Alleppey and one of the leaders on Ahmmad Kutty). Moideen was of the 1938 strike, he was one of those one among those militant peasants workmen who agitated for the who died on 26 August 1921 in the withdrawal of the Punnapra Police firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, Camp in Kerala. The police camp was F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, set up in Punnapra to raid the pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, workersí homes, beat them and their pp. 179-209] families and commit all sorts of atrocities on them. When in Kadakkadan Moothamu: Resident of desperation the workers decided to t.Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a hit back and attacked the camp on 24 tenant- cultivator there in Pukkottur October 1946. Pathrose joined them amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in and was killed in the police firing. an armed confrontation in his village [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. with the British during the Malabar 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, with the Khilafat and Non- 1948, No. 561/46, 1946, B. No. 48, Cooperation movement (for details, KSAT; IPV, p.71] see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Moothamu was one among those K.Velukutty: Resident of Villayil Veedu, militant peasants who died on 26 p.o. Odayam Varkala, Tamilnadu; he August 1921 in the firing by the was a Sepoy in the British-Indian British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Army. He left the British service in 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; 1942 and joined the Indian National PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 81

Kadali Veerla Venkiah: Hailing from of the Administration of the Madras distt. West Godavari, Andhra Presidency for the year 1921-22; Pradesh, he joined the ìQuit Indiaî Fortnightly reports, March 1922, agitation in August 1942. He was TNSAC, The Hindu, December 10, arrested for his anti- British activities 1921; NMML] and sent to jail. He died as an under- trial prisoner owing to police Kaithakkal Kunhalavi: Resident of tortures, perhaps early in 1943. [Pub Mattathur amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Deptt, G.O. No. 1323, May 1947, Kerala; s/o Kunhammu. He was TNSAC] connected with the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 against the combination of Kaderi Ahmed Kutty: Resident of t. the British colonial authorities and Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- the exploitative Jenmis, and cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, coinciding with the Khilafat and Manjeri, he joined in an armed Non-Cooperation movement. He confrontation in his village with the was arrested and punished by the British during the Malabar rebellion Court of Special Magistrate of Calicut of 1921-22, and coinciding with the in 11 January 1922 to suffer rigorous Khilafat and Non-Cooperation imprisonment for 7 years under movement (for details, see the entry Section 395 of the Indian Penal Code on Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmed Kutty at the Camp Jail at Bellary. was one among those militant Simultaneously, he was also peasants who died on 26 August 1921 punished at a Court martial held in in the firing by the British troops. [H/ January 1922 at Tirur for the offence Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; of murder punishable under Section ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; 302 of the Indian Penal Code read MM, pp. 179-209] with Martial Law (Military Courts) Ordinance 1921 and sentenced to Kailuvappadathu Kunhi Choque: death. The death sentence was, Resident of Thirurangadi amsom, t. however, commuted to the of Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. He was transportation for life and he was taken into custody in connection with kept in the camp jail at Bellary and the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against subsequently transferred to the the combination of the British colonial Penal Settlement of Port Blair in the authorities and the exploitative Andamans Islands on 18 April 1922 Jenmis, and coinciding with the by S. S. ìMaharajaî ship from Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Madras. He died on 27 December movement (for details, see the entry 1927 at the age of 33 due to on Charchil Mammadutty). Choque Septicaenia in the Andamans. [Law surrendered with other rebels, and deptt (G), G.O. (Mis. Series) No. 3277, following a trial, he was sent to the 29.09.1928, TNSAC] gallows on 17 February 1922. [Pub Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922 Report Kaithakkotan Mammod: Resident of 82 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Tiruvali amsom, t. Nilambur, distt. road work. He died due to these Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken tortures. Bastianís ill-treatment of the into custody in connection with the coolies like Ramayya and his illegal Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the gratifications constituted one of the combination of the British colonial causes for the rise of the famous authorities and the exploitative Rampa Rebellion (1922-24), led by Jenmis, and coinciding with the Alluri Sitarama Raju. [F. No. 17, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation FASRRF, 1923, p. 107, APSAH] movement. He was detained on 24 December 1921 as an under-trial Kakkadumban Mamad Kutty: Resident prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub- of Orangattiri amsom, distt. Jail. Together with brutal police Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested tortures and a serious attack of in connection with a forcible pneumonia in the jail (due to very conversion case during Malabar bad sanitary conditions, rebellion of 1921 against the overcrowding and insufficiency of combination of the British colonial clean water and food), Mammod authorities and the exploitative died in detention on 16 June 1922 at Jenmis in parts of Ernad and the age of 22. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) Walluvanad Taluks. He was kept No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] under police custody for trial under the Madras State Prisoners Act, 1819 Kajah: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. and died in jail before the trial. [Pub Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (Mis.Series) He took part in the the Uprising of No.749, 25.09.1923, TNSAC] 1857-58 against the British under the leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan Kakkat Paramban Athan: Resident of Gowda. While fighting for the Karuvarakundu amsom, distt. recovery of Koppaldurg, he was Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken captured by the British. He was into custody in connection with the sentenced to death and shot dead by Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. combination of the British colonial 278] authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Kakara Ramayya: Resident of v. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Veeramuthipeta, in the Agency area movement. He was detained on 8 of distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Pradesh. A coolie, he was harassed and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. by Bastian, the Deputy Tehsildar of Together with brutal police tortures Gudem. He was tied to a pillar of and a serious attack of pneumonia in Guppyís bungalow at village the jail (due to very bad sanitary Lammasingi, beaten with hands and conditions, overcrowding and chilli paste rubbed in his anus for insufficiency of clean water and going away without completing the food), Athan died in detention on 22 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 83

June 1922 at the age of 19. [Pub Deptt, rebels, and, following a trial, he was G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, deported. He died as a state prisoner TNSAC] on 15 March 1923. [Pub Deppt, F. No. 202, 1923, TNSAC] Kakumanu Durgaprasada Rao: Hailed fom v. Tenali, distt. Guntur, Andhra Kalathigalthoti Mammod: Resident of Pradesh; took part in the Civil Pookottur amsom, Kerala, he was Disobedience movement; arrested taken into custody in connection with during the course of the movement; the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against died in jail by the end of 1931. [AICC the combination of the British colonial Papers, Andhra Pradesh Provincial authorities and the exploitative Committee Report, 8-11-1931, F. No. Jenmis, and coinciding with the G-1(I)/ 1931, NMML] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements. He was detained on 4 Kalam Valappil Komu: Resident of June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Vennur, t. Ernad, Kerala, he was a and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. cultivator by profession. He was Together with brutal police tortures taken into custody for his role in and a serious attack of pneumonia in Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the the jail (due to very bad sanitary combination of the British colonial conditions, overcrowding and authorities and the exploitative insufficiency of clean water and Jenmis, and coinciding with the food), Mammod died in detention on Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 29 June 1922 at the age of 35. [Pub movement. He was imprisoned Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, under Madras State Prisoners TNSAC] Regulation, 1819, and kept in Vellore Central Jail. He died at the age of 72 Kalathingal Abdulla: Resident of in the jail hospital due to acute Payanad amsom, t. Ernad, distt. dysentery on 1 September 1923. [Pub Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken Deptt, G.O. (Mis) No. 765, 02.10.1923, into custody in connection with the TNSAC] Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial Kalamvalappil Komu: An inhabitant of authorities and the exploitative Malabar, Kerala (place not known), Jenmis, and coinciding with the he was taken into custody in Khilafat and Non-Cooperation connection with the Malabar movement. He was detained on 3 rebellion of 1921 against the June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner combination of the British colonial and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. authorities and the exploitative Together with brutal police tortures Jenmis, and coinciding with the and a serious attack of pneumonia Khilafat and Non-Cooperation (due to very bad sanitary conditions, movement. Komu had surrendered overcrowding and insufficiency of to the authorities along with other clean water and food) in the jail. 84 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Abdulla died in detention on 16 June Travancore State. Participating in the 1922 at the age of 40. [Pub Deptt, State Congressís Civil Disobedience G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, movement of 1938, she joined a TNSAC] demonstration to protest against the arrest of N. K. Padnamanbha Pillai Kalathingal Mammad: Resident of on 31 August 1938. When a military Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken unit under a British Colonel into custody in connection with the confronted it, and fired upon the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the demonstrators, Kali was shot and combination of the British colonial killed in the firing. [Freedom authorities and the exploitative Movement Files (II), F. Nos. 1149\44, Jenmis, and coinciding with the 1944, KSAT, Confd. Report of S. P. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation on 4 September 1938 (First Class movement. Kept in Malappuram Sub- Magistrate to District Magistrate, 15- Jail, he died due to Colitis in the 1-114); Bulletin No. I, II, All Malappuram Sub-Jail Hospital in May Travancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F. 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp. 124-26; No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] TTT, pp. 164; RR, pp. 425; WWIM, I, p. 282] Kalathingal Thodi Aimad Kutti Mulla: Resident of Malappuram, distt. Kallada Pachupilla: Belonged to Kerala Kerala, he was taken into custody in (place not known). Taking part in the connection with the Malabar Travancore State Congress move- rebellion of 1921 against the ment for responsible government in combination of the British colonial Kerala, he participated, as a authorities and the exploitative volunteer, in the State Congress Jenmis, and coinciding with the meeting held in defiance of the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation prohibitory order at Quilon on 2 movement. He was kept as a state September 1938. He received bullet prisoner at Rajahmundry Central Jail wounds when the police opened fire in Coimbatore and shifted to Karur to disperse the meeting and died the in 1928 under police surveillance. He same day. [Freedom Movement Files died on 15 March 1928 as a state (II), F. Nos. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, prisoner. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. KSAT; Confd. Section F., No. 323/38 (Ord. Ser.) No.440-40A, 20.05.1922; (Report of District Magistrate Quilon Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 260, 15.03.1928; to Chief Secretary, 4 September), Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 411, KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, All 06.04.1929, TNSAC] Travancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F. No. 339/45, KSAT; FST, pp. 360-61] Kali: Resident of t. Neyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum, Kerala. She took active Kalladi Issup: Resident of Malappuram, part in the popular movement for Kerala; s/o Unniyan. He was taken responsible government in the into custody for his role in the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 85

Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation combination of the British colonial movement. He was detained on 18 authorities and the exploitative June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Jenmis, and coinciding with the and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Together with brutal police tortures movement. He was kept in and a serious attack of pneumonia Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due (due to very bad sanitary conditions, to Enteritis in the Malappuram Sub- overcrowding and insufficiency of Jail Hospital on 19 June 1922. [Pub clean water and food) in the jail, he Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (Ord. Ser.) No. died on 28 June 1922 at the age of 20. 822, 13.10.1922 & G.O. (MS) No. 998, [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Kallappa Mutnale: Born probably in Kallayi Hydru: Resident of 1920 at Nipani, distt. Belgaum, Karuvarakundu amsom, distt. Karnataka; s/o Krushna Mutnale. A Malappuram, Kerala, aged 40. He farmer, educated up to the fifth was taken into custody in connection standard, he took part in the ìQuit with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Indiaî movement that started in against the combination of the British August 1942. He operated as an colonial authorities and the underground worker during the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding movement. Mutnale was traced and with the Khilafat and Non-Coopera- shot dead by the police near Khadaklat tion movement. He was detained on village in 1943. [WWIM, I, p. 243] 8 June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Kallappa: Resident of v. Shirole of Together with brutal police tortures Nargund Princely State (now in and a serious attack of pneumonia in distt. Gadag), Karnataka; s/o the jail (due to very bad sanitary Huliyeppa. He joined the resistance conditions, overcrowding and against the British under Baba Saheb insufficiency of clean water and in 1857. Kallappa was captured and food), Hydru died in detention on shot dead by musketry on 28 June 23 June 1922 at the age of 40. [Pub 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 226, Part-XIII, Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, DD, Vol. No. 31, 24 June 1858] TNSAC]

Kallata Virankutty: Resident of Kallayi Kunjahammad: Resident of t. Kizhuparamba amsom, distt. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, into custody in connection with the Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the confrontation in his village with the combination of the British colonial British during the Malabar rebellion authorities and the exploitative of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 86 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

movement (for details, see the entry Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjahammad TNSAC; Report of Deputy was one among those militant Superintendent of Police, Madras, peasants who died on 26 August 1921 dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary in the firing of the British troops. [H/ Safe Secret, F. No. 390A, dated Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; 22 November 1921; WTS] MM, pp. 179-209] Kallivalpil Kammu: Resident of distt. Kallayi Kunji Mammad: Resident of t. Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- into custody in connection with the cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Manjeri, he was involved in an armed combination of the British colonial confrontation in his village with the authorities and the exploitative British during the Malabar rebellion Jenmis, and coinciding with the of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He was kept in movements (for details, see the entry Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunji Mammad to Entritis in the jail hospital in May was one among those militant 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) peasants who died on 26 August 1921 No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] the firing by the British troops. [H/ Poll, 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; Kallucholla Mammad: Resident of t. ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; Ernad, a tenant-cultivator in MM, pp. 179-209] Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in an armed Kallethodi Ahamad: Resident of confrontation in his village with the Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, British during the Malabar rebellion Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was of 1921-22, and coinciding with the taken into custody in connection with Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and movement (for details, see the entry transported to Podanur Central on Ahmmad Kutty). Mammad was Prison along with 100 other Mappila one among those militant peasants rebels in an almost air-tight Railway who died in the 26 August 1921 firing goods wagon (for details, see the by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. entry on Akkara Veetil alias 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, Ahamad was one among those who 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. had been suffocated to death in this 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. wagon tragedy, notoriously known 179-209] as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Kambhampati Kumaraswamy: Resident (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; of v. Marripudi, t. Bapatla, distt. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 87

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; s/o No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; Venkatappayya (Venkayya); aged ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; about 35; belonged to Brahmin MM, pp. 179-209] community, brother-in-law of Gollapudi Sitarama Sastry. An Kanchan Gowda Sirnagowda: Resident agriculturist, he participated in the of v. Hammigi, t. Mundaragi distt. Salt Satyagraha of 1930. He took an Gadag, Karnataka; he participated in active part in breaking the Salt Laws the Uprising of 1857 and fought under the leadership of Konda against the British in association with Venkatappayya, in Guntur distt. He Bhim Rao, the famous rebel leader was sentenced on 14 August 1930 to of the region; organized a rebel force one yearís Rigourous Imprisomment, and captured Koppaldurg in 1857-58; under Sections 143 and 117 of Indian put up a gallant fight against a strong Penal Code, read with 74 (d) of Salt and well-equipped British force Act by the Stationary Sub-Magistrate, which stormed the fort in 1858. He Bapatla. While undergoing the was killed during the battle near the imprisonment he suffered from a gateway of the fort. [SI1857WI, p. virulent type of dysentery for one 279, WWIM, III, p. 70] month. He breathed his last on 11 November 1930, in the Rajahmundry Kanchan Gowda: Resident of Hammigi, Central Jail and his body was t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, cremated in the jail premises. [AICC Karnataka. He took a leading part in Papers, F. No. G-1 (i)/ 1931; The the Uprising of 1857-58 against the Hindu, 13 November 1930, NMML; British. He organized a rebel force, Andhra Patrika, 13 November 1930; fought the British in association with RRCJ, C. No. 2519, 1930, APSAH; Bhim Rao and captured the WWFSAP, I, p. 242; WWIM, I, p. 163] Koppaldurg from the British hands. When the British stormed the fort on Kammadu Molla: Resident of 1 June 1858, he fought bravely, their Pelathottathil House, Perambalam, strong and wellñequipped force, and Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, died fighting it gallantly near the Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in gateway of the fort. [SI1857WI, p. an armed confrontation in his village 279] with the British during the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 and coinciding Kandachan Pramani: Resident of with the Khilafat and Non- Thurmugham, Punnapra, distt. Cooperation movement (for details, Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). in the movement for responsible Molla was one among those militant government in Travancore, and peasants who died in 26 August 1921 against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, notorious proposal for setting up an F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, ëAmerican modelí of administrative MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. arrangement. When a temporary 88 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

police camp was set up in Punnapra Resident of Vaniyambalam amsom, to counter the agitation and harass t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala. the agitators and their families, He was arrested in connection with Pramani joined others in demanding the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against for its withdrawal, and eventually for the combination of the British colonial its destruction. During the activistsí authorities and the exploitative raid on the camp, he died in the Jenmis, and coinciding with the police firing on 24 October 1946. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, movement. Convicted in Sessions CPIDOA] Case 39 of 1921 and sentenced to undergo 2 yearsí rigourous Kaneervallai Mammad: Resident of t. imprisonment, he was transported Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- and kept in Alipuram Jail in Bellary, cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, and died there probably in 1922. [Pub Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Deptt, G.O.No.875, 27.10.1922, confrontation in his village with the TNSAC] British during the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Kanjeerapalli Kunji Mammad Haji: Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala movement (for details, see the entry and a tenant-cultivator there in on Ahmmad Kutty). Mammad was Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he was one among those militant peasants involved in an armed confrontation who died in the 26 August 1921 firing in his village with the British during by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- coinciding with the Khilafat and 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- Non-Cooperation movement (for 209] details, see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Haji was one among those Kanhaiya: Residence not known, militant peasants who died in the Kanhaiya was a soldier in the Madras firing of 26 August 1921 by the Sappers and Miners Regiment of the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, British-Indian Army but left it in 1942 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; to join the Indian National Army. PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Placed as Lance-Naik in the First Engineer Company of the INA, he Kanjeerapalli Kunji Moideen Haji: was deputed at several places in Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala Burma (now Myanmar) to fight the and a tenant-cultivator there in British forces almost without a break. Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he was He died while facing an Allied forcesí involved in an armed confrontation assault on the Burma front. [WWIM, in his village with the British during II, p.142] the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Kanhiranthodika Unni Moidin: Non-Cooperation movements (for Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 89

details, see the entry on Ahmmad was convicted and sent to Kutty). Haji was one among those Visakhapatnam Central Jail on 17 militant peasants who died on 26 June 1924, remanded with the August 1921 in the firing by the Prisoner No. 9392. His health British troops. [H/Poll, 1921, F. No. condition became very critical from 241, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; 14 October 1924, while serving the PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] imprisonment. He died in the jail hospital on 6 November 1924 at 6:20 Kankipati Bojjupadal alias Sarabhanna a.m. [F. No. 4, FASRRF, 1924, pp. 65, Padal: Resident of v. Peddavalasa, t. 83 & 87; F.No. 23B, FASRRF, 1925, Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam, pp. 409 & 410; LFTGRSCAO, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Kotanna Padal; TCSGMW, 22-8-1924, APSAH] aged about 40; belonged to Bagata community. He was the muttadar of Kankipati Mallupadal: Resident of v. Antada, and assisted Alluri Sitarama Peddavalasa, t. Chintapalli, distt. Raju in the Rampa Rebellion of 1922- Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ 24. He took part in the attack on the o Yendupadal and belonging to Chintapalli Police Station on 22 Bagata community, he participated in August 1922, and resisted the armed the Rampa Rebellion, 1922-24, led by police party, led by the British Alluri Sitarama Raju. He laid down officer, Goodsell. Padal was killed in his life in an encounter with the an encounter on the night of 6 British police party on 6 December December 1922, at Lingapuram. His 1922 at Peddageddapalem. It was the dead body, found near the water biggest of the victories to the course and was sent to Krishna- Government side since the starting devipeta. [F. Nos. 3 & 22, FASRRF, of the Rebellion and a major loss for 1924, pp. 28&159 APSAH; ASRR, p. the rebels. Along with other dead 84] bodies, Mallupadal was also sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F.No.3, FASRRF, Kankipati Kottanna Padal alias 1924, p. 28; F. No. 22, FASRRF, 1922, Mondalu Padal: Resident of v. p. 159] Lakkavarapupet, t.Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ Kankipati Yendupadal alias Balaiah o Balayya Padal, belonged to Bagata Padal: Resident of v. Peddavalasa, t. community. Bastian, the Deputy Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam, Tehasildar of Gudem, wrongfully Andhra Pradesh; s/o Guravanna snatched away his lands and gave to Padal, and belonging to Bagata others. This wrong led him to take community, he was village munsabdar part in the Rampa Rebellion of 1922- at Peddavalasa. He was, however, 24, launched by Sitarama Raju. His removed from the munsab post by property was confiscated by the Bastian, Deputy Tehsildar of Gudem. Government due to his participation This grievance, led him to participate in the Rebellion. After his arrest, he in the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24, 90 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. An 45. [Pub Deptt, Confd. (G-A), G.O. intelligent tribal leader who exercised No. 3003, 2 December 1948, Express great influence over Gudem and Letter No. 10399/46, dated 26 Peddavalasa people, he took a December 1946, Letter from the prominent part in several attacks and Magistrate, Malabar District to Chief encounters with the British Police in Secretary to the Govt., Madras, Chintapalli, Lingapuram, Gudem, dated 1 December 1946 of G.O. No. and Karibu, etc. On 23 May 1924, the 1885, dt. June 1947, Madras pro-British villagers of Legislative Assembly Starred Peddacheruvu captured his son. In Question No. 432. Pub (G-A) 1949, his attempt at rescuing his son from M.S Series G.O. No. 729, 17 March captivity, Padal died on 26 May 1924 1947, Special Branch CID, dated 5 with Rs. 1000 reward on his head. February 1949, KSAC] [Andhra Patrika, 12 June 1924 & 6 December 1924; PCO, 5-6-1924; Kanneganti Hanumayya: Popularly RAPDMP, 1924, p. 14; LFTGRSCAO, known as Kanneganti Hanumanthu, TCSGMW, 22-8-1924, APSAH; he was a resident of v. Minchalapadu, WWFSAP, III, p. 230; WWIM, I, p. t. Palnad, distt. Guntur, Andhra 165; ASRR, p. 163] Pradesh. An agriculturist belonging to Balija community, he became the Kannan Thidil: Resident of Karivellur, leader of his village and took part in Kerala; agricultural labourer and an the NonñCooperation movement activist of the Communist Party and (1921-22) and the Forest Satyagraha the Karshaka Sangham that had deep in 1922. Over sending cattle into the roots in his village. During the war forest without paying the grazing there was scarcity of paddy and the fees, in response to the No-Tax local people, under the leadership of campaign, he was shot dead by a the Communist Party, insisted on the police Sub-Inspector on 26 February distribution of paddy, levied as rent 1922. [CDLFLCASPGTDMG, Cir. at a fair price to the villagers. No.406, 28-2-1922, APSAH; APDGG, Opposed to it, Chirakkal Raja, the pp. 67ñ68, WWWFSAP, I, p. 228; absentee landlord, sought police WWIM, I, p. 165; TFSAPA, III, p.38] protection to remove paddy from Karivellur to Chirakkal. The Kanniah Padayachi: Born on 27 Karshaka Sangham blocked the September 1902, resident of t. shifting of paddy on 20 December Panruti, distt. †Cuddalore, Tamilnadu. 1946. The arrest of the Kisan leaders Joining the freedom struggle in 1926, infuriated the mob and they attacked he took part in the Satyagraha for the the police party. Malabar Special removal of the statue of notorious Force, known for its brutality, fired Neill in 1927. He was arrested on 28 indiscriminately on the mob. Thidil September 1927 for trying to disfigure sustained bullet injuries and died on the statue with crow-bars and the spot. At the time of death he was hammers. Detained in Bellary Jail, he Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 91

died on 13 March 1928 in detention. (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, 248, 13.03.1928; South Arcot District TNSAC; Report of Deputy Jail Slip Office Copy No. 14, TNSAC] Superintendent of Police, Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Kappachali Kunhalankutty: Resident of Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt. 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken 22 November 1921; WTS] into custody for his role in the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Kappakunnan Mootha: Resident of combination of the British colonial Punnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, authorities and the exploitative Kerala; a coolie. He was taken into Jenmis, and coinciding with the custody in connection with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Malabar rebellion of 1921 and movement. He was detained on 18 transported to Podanur Central June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Prison along with 100 other Mappila and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Together with brutal police tortures goods wagon (for details, see the and a serious bout of pneumonia in entry on Akkara Veetil alias the jail (due to very bad sanitary Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). conditions, overcrowding and Mootha was one among those who insufficiency of clean water and had been suffocated to death in this food), Kunhalankutty died on 11 July wagon tragedy, notoriously known 1922 in detention at the age of 35. as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, November 1921). [Pub Deptt 20.11.1922, TNSAC] (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Kappakunnan Kunhali: Resident of TNSAC; Report of Deputy Punnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Superintendent of Police, Madras, Kerala; a coolie. He was taken into dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary custody in connection with the Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Malabar rebellion of 1921 and 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, transported to Podanur Central 22 November 1921; WTS] Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Kappakunnan Abdulla: Resident of goods wagon (for details, see the Punnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, entry on Akkara Veetil alias Kerala; a coolie. He was taken into Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). custody in connection with the Kunhali was one among those who Malabar rebellion of 1921 and had been suffocated to death in this transported to Podanur Central wagon tragedy, notoriously known Prison along with 100 other Mappila as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 rebels in an almost air-tight Railway November 1921). [Pub Deptt goods wagon (for details, see the 92 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

entry on Akkara Veetil alias was taken into custody in connection Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Abdulla was one among those who and transported to Podanur Central had been suffocated to death in this Prison along with 100 other Mappila wagon tragedy, notoriously known rebels in an almost air-tight Railway as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 goods wagon (for details, see the November 1921). [Pub Deptt entry on Akkara Veetil alias (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Cheiryaunnimoyi was one among TNSAC; Report of Deputy those who had been suffocated to Superintendent of Police, Madras, death in this wagon tragedy, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary notoriously known as the Black Hole Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 22 November 1921; WTS] 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Kappakunnan Ayamad: Resident of Superintendent of Police, Madras, Punnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar; dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary a coolie. He was taken into custody Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated in connection with the Malabar 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, rebellion of 1921 and transported to 22 November 1921; WTS] Podanur Central Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Kappakunnan Valiya Unni Haji: air-tight Railway goods wagon (for Resident of Punnapala amsom, t. details, see the entry on Akkara Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan was taken into custody in connection Nayar). Ayamad was one among with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 those who had been suffocated to and transported to Podanur Central death in this wagon tragedy, Prison along with 100 other Mappila notoriously known as the Black Hole rebels in an almost air-tight Railway of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub goods wagon (for details, see the Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, entry on Akkara Veetil alias 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Unni 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Haji was one among those who had Superintendent of Police, Madras, been suffocated to death in this dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary wagon tragedy, notoriously known Safe Secret, Files, F. No. 390A, dated as the Black Hole of Podanur. [Pub 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 22 November 1921; WTS] 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Kappakunnan Cheriyaunnimoyi: Superintendent of Police, Madras, Resident of Punnapala amsom, t. dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 93

20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, movement. Together with brutal 22 November 1921; WTS] police tortures and a serious bout of pneumonia in the jail (due to very Karadan Kunjarunni: Resident of bad sanitary conditions, Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, overcrowding and insufficiency of Kerala, he was involved in an armed clean water and food), Athankutty confrontation in his village with the died in detention on 24 July 1922 at British during the Malabar rebellion the age of 30. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) of 1921-22 and coinciding with the No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Kareneni Ramadoss: Belonging to distt. on Apankollan Moideen). Kunjarunni Vizagapatam (Visakhapatnam), was one among those who died in Andhra Pradesh, he took an active the firing of 14 November 1921 by part in the started ìQuit Indiaî the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. movement that in 8 August 1942. He 241, 1921, Part 1-A, NAI; PPMAK, took part in the various agitations MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. connected with the movement, No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, resulting in his arrest by the police. pp. 372-74] In detention, he was mercilessly tortured by the jail authorities, and Karat Muniathan: Resident of Pookatur, died consequently as an under-trial t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala; prisoner perhaps in 1943. [Pub Deptt, a trader. He was taken into custody G.O. No.1058, April 1947, TNSAC] in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Kari Kaliyadu: Resident of v. Gudari, combination of the British colonial Rajamanipuram, t. Somapet, distt. authorities and the exploitative Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh. Jenmis, and coinciding with the Belonging to Kalinga community, he Khilafat and Non-Cooperation was an agriculturist aged 43. He took movement. He died in detention in part in the raiyatsí agitation in the the Rajahmundry Central Jail Hospital Mandasa Estate in 1940. The cutting on 21 August 1922 at the age of 84. and removing timber in defiance of [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. the orders of the authorities led to 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] serious disturbances in Gudari Rajamanipuram. On 1 April 1940 Karathi Athankutty: Resident of distt. about five hundred hostile villagers Malappuaram, Kerala. He was taken gathered to demand the release from into custody in connection with the police custody those accused of Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the violation orders. This led to serious combination of the British colonial disturbances and the police opened authorities and the exploitative fire on the mob under the orders of Jenmis, and coinciding with the the Joint Magistrate. In the firing Kari Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Kaliyadu received bullet injuries, fell 94 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

down on the field, and breathed his Koppaldurg, Karka was captured by last. Thus, he attained martyrdom. the British and awarded capital [Andhra Patrika, 11 April 1940; punishment; he was shot dead by RAPDMP, 1940, p. 12, APSAH; musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. SMEAVGP, 10-9-1988, Veera 279] Gunnammapuram; WWFSAP, III, p. 134] Karram Tamman Dora: Resident of v. Bhupatipalem, ml. Gokavaram, distt. Karimpana Kammu: Resident of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. An Urangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, Kerala, important Koya leader, he took an he was taken into custody on 6 June active part in the Rampa Rebellion of 1922 in connection with the Malabar 1879-80 against the oppressive rule rebellion of 1921 against the of the Mansabdar and the British combination of the British colonial authorities in the Chodavaram authorities and the exploitative Division of the Godavari Agency. He Jenmis, and coinciding with the boldly attacked and took the Podeh Khilafat and Non-Cooperation British Station House on 24 April movement. Together with brutal 1880, the Chodavaram Police Station police tortures and a serious on 3 May 1879, and then the Chintur pneumonia outbreak in the jail due on 10 August 1879. The Government to very bad sanitary conditions, proclaimed a reward of Rs.2000/- on overcrowding and insufficiency of his head, dead or alive. Dora was clean water and food, due to Kammu tracked out eventually by Mr. Sweet, died on 21 June 1922 detention at the the Assistant Superintendent of age of 20. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. Police, and was shot dead by him on 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] 22 July 1880, at Kottapakalu, a Koya village on the border between Karka: Belonged to Kurlahalli, t. Rekapalle and Rampa Jungles. [Judl Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Deptt (G), (Madras), G.O. Nos. 2551 He took an active part struggle & 1307-A, 12-12-1881 & 02-07-1881; against the British in 1857-58 led by IPMGFSGJD, 1880, pp. 72 & 80, Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. APSAH; MHDFC, p. 20] Arrested in the battle of Koppaldurg, Karka was shot dead by musketry in Karunakaran Kakkariyil: Resident of June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] Vattayal, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated in the movement for Karka: Inhabitant of Hammigi, t. responsible government in Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Travancore, and against C. P. He took active part in the great Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious revolt of 1857-58 against the British proposal for setting up an ëAmerican led by Bhim Rao and Kanchan modelí of administrative Gowda. While fighting for the arrangement. When a temporary defence of the reoccupied police camp was set up in Punnapra Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 95

to counter the agitation and harass [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, the agitators and their families, CPIDOA] Kakkariyil joined others in demanding for its withdrawal, and Karunakaran: Belonging to distt. eventually for its destruction. During Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated in the activistsí raid on the camp, he the movement for responsible died in the police firing on 24 October government in Travancore, and 1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís CPIDOA] notorious proposal for setting up an ëAmerican modelí of administrative Karunakaran Madhavan: Born on 10 arrangement. He was connected with September 1920 and resident of the Vayalar firing which took place Kakkanath House, Thalayola- on 27 October 1946. C. P. parambu, distt. Kottayam, Kerala, he Ramaswamyís military reached studied up to the fourth standard. A Vayalar Labour Camp, attacked the tailor, he joined the Travancore State labourers gathered therein and shot Congress in 1938 and became an Karunakaran dead. [Travancore active member of the Vaikom and Information and Listener, VII No. 5, Elankavu Village Congress January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 Committees. Severely tortured and October and 15 November 1946, detained in jail for his agitational NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9] activites, he came out of it with a shattered health. Because of his Karuthachan Pramani: Resident of insufficient financial background, Devasomk Purayidam, Zacharia and inadequate medical attention, Ward, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He Madhavan committed suicide in utter participated in the movement for despair in 1946. [Oral Transcript by responsible government in G. Chandrasekharan Pillai, Freedom Travancore, and against C. P. Movement Files, KSAT; WWFFK, p. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious 201] proposal for setting up an ëAmerican modelí of administrative Karunakaran Thaliayam Parambil: arrangement. When a temporary Resident of Vayalar, distt. police camp was set up in Punnapra Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated to counter the agitation and harass in the movement for responsible the agitators and their families, government in Travancore, and Pramani also joined others in against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís demanding for its withdrawl, and notorious proposal for setting up an eventually for its destruction. During ëAmerican modelí of administrative the activistsí raid on the camp, he arrangement (for more details, see died in police firing on 24 October the entry on Agneess Lonappan). 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), Parambil was shot dead by the F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ military on 27 October 1946. 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 96 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

64, 1948, KSAT; PVCS, pp. 78-9] Kashi Rao Nalgowda: Resident of Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka, Karuturi Satyanarayana: Resident of v. he joined the resistance against the Kattunga, t. Razolu, distt. East British under Baba Saheb in 1857. Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, he Captured by the British and belonged to Kamma community. He sentenced to death, he was executed took part in the Civil Disobedience by hanging. [WWIM, III, p. 105] movement (1930). On the occasion of the Venkateswaraswami Car Festival Kashirao Nemaji Nalwade: Resident of in Vadapalli on 30 March 1931, along Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; with the deity, Congress Flag and aged 60; Maratha; independent Sawar photos of Mahatma Gandhi and some (Shiledar); he participated in the other national leaders were placed Uprising of 1857 and joined the forces on the car. The Government officials of Bhaskar Rao Bhave (Baba Saheb) objected to this, and while the of Nargund. Charged with ëaiding procession was about to start, the and abetting in rebellion and waging Sub-Inspector of the Razolu removed war against the British Governmentí, the portraits of the national leaders. he was arrested at Torgal and This act enraged the people who hanged at Dharwad in June 1858. refused to draw the car without the [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, portraits. Consequent to this melee Vol. No.30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June in Chinnavadapalli, the police 1858] arrested some people and also resorted to lathi-charge. The crowd Kasia Pillai: Resident of v. Alampatti, retaliated by throwing stone and p. o. Kuruntampattu, (via) Kallal, t. mud on the police, resulting in their Karaikudi, distt. Ramanathapuram, indiscriminate firing on the crowd. Tamilnadu. He served the Indian Satyanarayana became a victim of the National Army as a Sepoy at Kampo police firing and died immediately in Burma (Myanmar) from 1942 to after receiving the gun shot. 1945. He died in action against the [SMEAV, 2-10-1987, Vadapalli] British in 1945. [FFPO No. 6172/1970, 11.09.1970, TNSAC] Karyanna: Resident of Hammigi, t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka, Katcheri Kunhalom Mussaliar: An he took active part in struggle inhabitant of Malabar, Kerala (place against the British in 1857-58 led by not known), he was taken into Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. custody in connection with the While fighting for the reñoccupation Malabar outbreaks of 1921 against of Koppaldurg, he was captured by the combination of the British colonial the British and shot dead by authorities and the exploitative musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. Jenmis. He was sentenced and 279] transported for life for attempting to murder a deputy jailer, and for his Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 97

role in a Mappila Conspiracy for an movement. Together with brutal outbreak. Mussaliar died as a state police tortures and a serious attack prisoner on 2 February 1945. [Pub of pneumonia in the jail (due to very Deptt, F. No. 87, 1940, TNSAC] bad sanitary conditions, overcrowding and insufficiency of clean water Katnaveedla Venkanna: Resident of v. and food), Sulaiman died in Kalipatnam, ml. Mogalthur, distt. detention on 19 August 1922 at the West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; age of 35. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. took part in the ìQuit Indiaî 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] movement of 1942. He was arrested for his anti-British activities, Kavungal Kunhalan Molla: Resident of convicted and sent to Eluru Sub-Jail. Koduvayur amsom, t. Ernad, distt. While undergoing imprisonment Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken Venkanna fell ill and died in the jail into custody in connection with the in 1947. [Andhra Patrika, 20 June 1947, Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the APSAH] combination of the British colonial authorities and the exploitative Kattattu Kunjan: Belonging to Kerala Jenmis, and coinciding with the (place not known), he participated in Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the movement for responsible movement. Arrested in connection government in Travancore, and with a case of forcible conversion against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís during the rebellion in parts of Ernad notorious proposal for setting up an and Walluvanad taluks, he was kept ëAmerican modelí of administrative in detention for trial under the arrangement. He was caught up in Madras State Prisoners Act, 1819, the Menasseri Camp firing at Vayalar and deported to Vellore Central Jail. which took place on 27 October 1946. Molla died there due to heart failure C. P. Ramaswamyís military reached on 2 June 1923. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), Menasseri Labour Camp and G.O. No. 488, 20.06.1923; Pub Deptt, attacked the labourers gathered G.O. No. 837, 27.08.1925; Pub Deptt, therein. In the process they shot G.O. (Ord.Series) (Mis) No.1120, Kunjan dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar 18.11.1925, TNSAC] Records, CPIDOA] Kayikara Krishnan: Belonged to Kerala Kattikkattan Sulaiman: Resident of (place not known), and Involved in Malabar, Kerala (place not known). the Kadakkal Riot Case in September He was taken into custody in 1938, he was arrested and tortured connection with the Malabar by the police at Kottarakara; died in rebellion of 1921 against the consequence of the police tortures. combination of the British Colonial [Freedom Movement Files, (II), F. authorities and the exploitative Nos. 1/45, 1945 B.No. 38, 674/45, Jenmis, and coinciding with the 1945 B.No.39, & 357/46, 1946, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation B.No.49, KSAT; Judicial Files, No. 78 98 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

of 114 Sessions Court Quilon, Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Kadakkal, Riot Case 1 PE 1/1938, transported to Podanur Central Commitment Order 29 May 1939, Prison along with 100 other Mappila KSAT; WWFFK, p. 240] rebels in an almost air-tight Railway goods wagon (for details, see the Kazhagum Paladi Aymu: Resident of t. entry on Akkara Veetil alias Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, he Mamad was one among those who was involved in an armed had been suffocated to death in this confrontation in his village with the wagon tragedy, notoriously known British during the Malabar rebellion as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 of 1921-22, and coinciding with the November 1921). [Pub Deptt Khilafat and Non-Cooperation (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; movement (for details, see the entry Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, on Ahmmad Kutty). Aymu was one TNSAC; Report of Deputy among those militant peasants who Superintendent of Police, Madras, died on 26 August 1921 in the firing dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Safe Secret File, F. No. 390A, dated 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- 22 November 1921; WTS] 209] Keeneri Kunhambu: Belonged to Kerala Kazhagum Paladi Yousuf Haji: Resident (place not known). He was an activist of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a of Karshaka Sangham movement in tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur Malabar and participated in amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in Karivellur struggle against forcible an armed confrontation in his village paddy procurement. The resistance with the British during the Malabar was organized by the poor peasants rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding of Karivellur against the feudalist with the Khilafat and Non- Chirakkal Thamburan at a time when Cooperation movements (for details, due to a severe strorage of grains see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). paddy was being unlawfully hoarded Yousuf Haji was one among those and ìblackî marketing practised. militant peasants who died on 26 When their demand for the August 1921 in the firing by the distribution of the paddy at a British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, reasonable price through Co- 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; operative Societies was turned down, PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] a 6000 strong mob of peasants under the Communist leadership assembled Keenathodi Mamad: Resident of near the granary shouting slogans Punnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, against the transportation of paddy Kerala; a coolie. He was taken into and forcibly stopped a party carrying custody in connection with the the paddy as rent (pattom) to the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 99

Chirakkal Raja on 20 December 1946. died almost immediately after When the Raja requested for police coming out of the jail. [Pub Deptt (G- protection, it was granted and the E), G.O. (MS) No. 767, 08.03.1947, Special Police Force fired at the TNSAC] gathering, resulting in the death of the Sangham volunteer, Kunhambu. Keshavan Ilanjithara: Belonging to distt. †[PA, 22 and 29 December 1946; 2 Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated in February 1947, NMML; PSLRSC, pp. the movement for responsible 127-29; ASK, p. 28] government in Travancore, and against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Kelappan Murikkumthara: Belonging to notorious proposal for setting up an distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He ëAmerican modelí of administrative participated in the movement for arrangement. He was connected with responsible government in the Vayalar firing which took place Travancore, and against C. P. on 27 October 1946. C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Ramaswamyís military reached proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Vayalar Labour Camp, attacked the modelí of administrative arrange- labourers gathered therein and shot ment. He was connected with the Ilanjithara dead. [Travancore Vayalar firing which took place on Information and Listener, VII No. 5, 27 October 1946. C. P. Ramaswamyís January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 military reached Vayalar Labour October and 15 November 1946, Camp, attacked the labourers NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9] gathered therein and in the process shot dead. [Travancore Information Khandu: Inhabitant of Nargund, distt. and Listener, VII No. 5, January 1947, Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Vyankat. He KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 was arrested for ëhis taking part in November 1946, NMML, PVCS, pp. the revolt of Nargund under Baba 78-9] Saheb against the Britishí. He was killed by musketry at Nargund on Kesava Mudaliar: Resident of v. 10 June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, Pallikonda, t. & distt. Vellore, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, Tamilnadu; s/o Natesa Mudaliar. He 10 June 1858, MSM] took part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 and was arrested Kila Kudiyar Govindasamy: Inhabitant on 19 August 1942. Convicted by the of Thirumagalur, p.o. Maruvathur, t. Special II Class Magistrate, Vellore, Papanasam, distt. Thanjavur, for anti-Government activities, he Tamilnadu. He took part in the Salt was sent to Alipuram Jail in Bellary Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience to undergo 6 monthsí rigorous movement in 1932. He was arrested, imprisonment and one monthís awarded 33 months of imprisonment simple one. Despite his release on and kept in the Central Jail, remission on 28 April 1943, Mudaliar Tiruchirappalli, where he died on 5 100 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

January 1933. [Thanjavur District Jail pay it resulted in a confrontation in Slip Office Copy No. 824, TNSAC] the Kallara market between them and the authorities on 30 September 1938 Kizhakkilaapalathil Tatan and led to the arrest of their leaderñ Unnipurayan : Resident of Trikka- ñKochappi Pillai. His detention so langod amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, infuriated the assembled farmers Kerala; a coolie. He was taken into that they attacked the police outpost, custody in connection with the resulting in serious disturbances. Malabar rebellion of 1921 and When this violent incident or the transported to Podanur Central Kallara Case was investigated and Prison along with 100 other Mappila tried, Kochupillai was sentenced to rebels in an almost air-tight Railway death and hanged on 18 December goods wagon (for details, see the 1940 in Thiruvananthapuram Jail. entry on Akkara Veetil alias [Freedom Movement Files, II, F. No. Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). 3/45 (Situation Report, Commandant, Unnipurayan was one among those Travancore State Force to Chief who had been suffocated to death in Secretary to Government, 3 October this wagon tragedy, notoriously 1938), KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, All known as the Black Hole of Podanur Travancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F. (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt No. 339/45, KSAT] (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Kodasery Ahmed: Resident of TNSAC; Report of Deputy Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad, Superintendent of Police, Madras, Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary custody in connection with the Safe Secret File, F. No. 390A, dated Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, combination of the British colonial 22 November 1921; WTS] authorities and their exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Kochupillai: Belonged to Kerala (place Khilafat and Non-Cooperation is not known); s/o Arankuzhi movement (for details, see the entry Puthenveetil Sankarapillai, he was on Charchil Mammadutty). involved in the Kallara-Pangode Surrendered with other rebels and, agitation in Travancore over the following a trial, Ahmed was sent to ìentry taxî. The State revenue the gallows on 17 February 1922. authorities under Diwan C. P. [Pub Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Ramaswamy Aiyar introduced in Report of the Administration of the 1937 a tax on the agricultural Madras Presidency for the year 1921- produce, entered or brought into the 22; Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, markets of Kallara and Pangode by TNSAC; The Hindu, December 10, their local producers ñ the farmers. 1921, NMML] Farmers of all categories resented this imposition, and their refusal to Kokanparambil Rajin: Resident of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 101

Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad, Kolakanni Kunhahamad Musaliar: Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into Resident of distt. Malappuram, custody in connection with the Kerala, he actively participated in the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial combination of the British colonial authorities and their exploitative authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry movement. He was arrested and on Charchil Mammadutty). Rajin imprisoned in Malappuram Sub-Jail surrendered with other rebels and, and died in the jail hospital due to following a trial, he was sent to the Enteritis in June 1922. [Pub Deptt gallows on 17 February 1922. [Pub (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Report 28.11.1922, TNSAC] of the Administration of the Madras Presidency for the year 1921-22; Kolakkadan Kutti Assan: Resident of Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, Kuniyil desam, Urugattiri amsom, t. TNSAC; The Hindu, December 10, Ernad, Malabar, Kerala. A timber 1921, NMML] trader and floater, he was involved in the Trikkalore temple firing (see Kolakandathil Moidin Kutty: Resident Trikkalore temple firing at the entry of Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, on Ambalapatta Mutta Kutti). Hit in Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was the armed forcesí firing, Assan died taken into custody in connection with on 28 December 1884 [Judl Deptt, the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and No. 1169, 2 May 1885, File No. M/ transported to Podanur Central 30, KSAK; PPRM, pp. 332-44] Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Kolakkadan Moyan: S/o of Mulla goods wagon (for details, see the Mammad, resident of Kuniyil desam, entry on Akkara Veetil alias Urugattiri amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Kutty Kerala. An agricultural labourer of was one among those who had been 19, he was involved in the Trikkalore suffocated to death in this wagon temple firing (see Trikkalore temple tragedy, notoriously known as the firing on the entry on Ambalapatta Black Hole of Podanur (20 November Mutta Kutti). Injured in the armed 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. forcesí firing, Moyan died 28 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. December 1884. [Judl Deptt, No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of 1169, 2 May 1885, File No. M/30, Deputy Superintendent of Police, KSAK; PPRM, pp. 332-44] Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- Secretary Safe Secret File, F. No. Kolakkadan Viran: Resident of Kuniyil 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala desam, Urugattiri amsom, t. Ernad, Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Malabar, Kerala. Aged 25, he took 102 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

to timber-floating (transporting movement at Gudiyatham. Kept in timber by floating in the rivers) as the Central Jail, Vellore, he died there his profession. He was involved in in the jail hospital on 28 October 1931. the Trikkalore temple firing (see [Law Deptt (G), G.O. (MS) No. 4270, Trikkalore temple firing in the entry 23.11.1931; FFPO No. 1898/1968, on Ambalapatta Mutta Kutti). Hit by 08.05.1968; North Arcot District Jail the armed forcesí bullets, Viran died Slip Clean Copy No. 502, TNSAC] on 28 December 1884. [Judl Deptt, No. 1169, 2 May 1885, File No. M/ Kolayani Sangathulu alias Pasupuleti 30, KSAK; PPRM, pp. 332-44] Kannadu alias Gubalagadu: Resident of v. Peddavalasa, t. Kolakkattil Kuhialaiankutti: Resident Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatam, of Kolapuram amsom, t. Ernad, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Baladu, he Malabar, Kerala, he was taken into belonged to Valmiki community and custody in connection with the served as vetti (village servant). He Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the took part in the Rampa Rebellion combination of the British colonial (1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. authorities and their exploitative He participated in the armed Jenmis, and coinciding with the encounters with the British Reserve Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Police at Chintapalli, Rajavommangi, movements (for details, see the entry and in the firing at Onjeri ghats. While on Charchil Mammadutty). collecting food from Rampolu village, Kuhialaiankutti surrendered with he was arrested in the first week of other rebels and, following a trial, September 1922. He was the first to he was sent to the gallows on 17 be arrested within the first two week February 1922. [Pub Deptt, G.O of the rebellion. Convicted under No.112, 7/2/1922, Report of the Sections 121A & 122 of the Indian Administration of the Madras Penal Code, by the Agency Presidency for the year 1921-22; Additional Sessions Judge, Waltair, Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, he was sentenced on 25 June 1923 to TNSAC; The Hindu,10 December three yearsí Rigourous Imprisom- 1921, NMML] ment. While serving the imprisonment in the Rajahmundry Central Jail, Kolandai: Resident of Perumal Koil he died on 18 July 1924. [RRCJ, C.No- Street, Pichanur, Gudiyatham, distt. 6989, 1924, APSAH; WWFSAP, III, p. Vellore, Tamilnadu; s/o Kangai 208; WWIM, I, p. 183; ASRR, pp. 58 & Mudaliar. Born in a poor Sengunthar 60] weaving family, he took part in the Civil Disobedience movement in 1931 Kollathodi Saidutty: Resident of and was arrested and sentenced to 1 Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt. yearís rigorous imprisonment under Malappuaram, Kerala. He actively Sections 436, 147 and 426 of the IPC participated in the Malabar rebellion for participating in the Satyagraha of 1921 against the combination of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 103

the British colonial authorities and Travancore State Congressí the exploitative Jenmis, and movement for responsible coinciding with the Khilafat and government, when he was barely 16. Non-Cooperation movements. He He participated as a volunteer in the was arrested on 20 March 1922 and State Congress meeting held in detained in Manjeri Sub-Jail as an defiance of prohibitory order at under-trial prisoner.Together with Quilon on 2 September 1938. brutal police tortures and a serious Receiving bullet wounds when the attack of pneumonia in the jail (due police opened fire to disperse the to very bad sanitary conditions, meeting, Moideenkunju died the overcrowding and insufficiency of same day. [Freedom Movement Files clean water and food), [died in (II), F. No. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, detention on 22 May 1922.[ dated Confd. Section Files, F. No. 323/38 20.11.1922, TNSAC] (Report of District Magistrate Quilon to Chief Secretary, September), Kollithodokorakakottil Avarankutty: Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore Jatha Resident of Karuvambalam amsom, Committee, C.S. F. No. 339/45, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. KSAT; FST, pp.360-61] He was taken into custody in connection with the Malabar Koman V.: Belonged to Guruvayar, rebellion of 1921 and transported to Malabar, Kerala; s/o A. Achuthan Podanur Central Prison along with Naik. He was a civilian employee in 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost the British-Indian Army but shifted air-tight Railway goods wagon (for his loyalty to the Indian National details, see the entry on Akkara Army in 1942 and served it at Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan Penang, Malaya. He was also sent to Nayar). Avarankutty was one among Burma (now Myanmar) to take part those who had been suffocated to in the INA fighting against the death in this wagon tragedy, British forces. Koman died there in notoriously known as the Black Hole the course of an attack on his camp of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub by the enemy forces. [ROH, pp.710- Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 11; WWIM, II, p.160] 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Komiji Chintalu: Resident of v. Superintendent of Police, Madras, Rajannapet, t. Narsipatnam, distt. dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated took part in the 1922-24 Rampa 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Rebellion, led by Alluri Sitarama 22 November 1921; WTS] Raju, against the oppressive British rule over the Agency area. On the Kolloorvilla Moideenkunju: Belonged night of 4 May 1924 he participated to Kerala (place not known), A in the armed encounters with the teenager of 16, he took part in the British Police near Kondapalli. While 104 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

retreating from Damanapalli towards suffocated to death in this wagon Kirabu, he was shot dead at Kirabu tragedy, notoriously known as the on the morning of 5 May 1924, by the Black Hole of Podanur (20 November Intelligence Inspector, Upendra 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. Patnaik. [PCO, 7-5-1924, & 16-5-1924, 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. APSAH; ASRR, p.155; WWFSAP, III. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of p. 182; WWIM, I, p. 183] Deputy Superintendent of Police, Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- Kondaneeti Padmanabhan: Hailing from Secretary Safe Secret File, F. No. distt. West Godavari, Andhra 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Pradesh, he participated in the ìQuit Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Indiaî movement that broke out on 8 August 1942. He was arrested for Konnara Imbichi Koya Thangal: his anti- British role in the movement Resident of distt. Malappuram, and sent to prison. While in police Kerala, he actively participated in the custody he was subjected to severe Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the tortures and died as an under-trial combination of the British colonial prisoner, perhaps in 1943. [Pub Deptt, authorities and the exploitative G.O. No.1322, May 1947, TNSAC] Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Kondaveeti Padmanabham: Resident of movement. He was a Mappilla State v. Kalipatnam, ml. Mogalthuru, distt. Prisoner under Madras State West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. He Prisoners, Regulation, 1819, and took part in the ìQuit Indiaî detained under surveillance in the movement, 1942, and was arrested Willingdon Leper Settlement in for his anti- British activities. He was Chinglepet. He became seriously ill convicted and sent to jail. While and died on 8 August 1928 in a undergoing imprisonment, he fell ill hospital attached to the settlement. and died in detention in 1947. [Andhra [Pub Deptt, G.O. (Mis.Series) No. 700, Patrika, 20 June 1947] 21.08.1928, TNSAC]

Konkatt Cheriar Moidin: Resident of Konnayya Kona: Born at v. Chittem- Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, padu, t. Koyyuru, distt. Visakha- Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was patnam, Andhra Pradesh. He joined taken into custody in connection with Alluri Sitarama Raju in the Rampa the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Rebellion (1922-24) against the transported to Podanur Central oppressive functioning of the British Prison along with 100 other Mappila Government in the Agency area. He rebels in an almost air-tight Railway was killed in action while fighting the goods wagon (for details, see the British Police on 6 December 1922 at entry on Akkara Veetil alias Peddageddapalem. [F. Nos. 3 & 22, Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Moidin FASRRF, 1924, pp. 28 & 159, APSAH; was one among those who had been WWIM, I, p.183] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 105

Koolivilakal Assan Kutty: Resident of 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad, 22 November 1921; WTS] Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into custody in connection with the Kooripara Hassankutty: Resident of Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Kadanammana, t. Walluvanad, combination of the British colonial Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in authorities and their exploitative an armed confrontation in his village Jenmis, and coinciding with the with the British during the Malabar Khilafat and Non-Cooperation rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding movement (for details, see the entry with the Khilafat and Non- on Charchil Mammadutty). Kutty Cooperation movement (for details, surrendered with other rebels and, see the entry on Aboobakkar). following a trial, he was executed by Hassankutty was one among those hanging on 17 February 1922. [Pub militant peasants who died on 9 Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Report December 1921 in the British troopsí of the Administration of the Madras firing. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt Presidency for the year 1921-22; (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, TNSAC; Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, HMR] TNSAC; The Hindu, 10 December 1921, NMML] Koothradan Unniavaran: Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- Koorapilakal Koyama: Resident of cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was confrontation in his village with the taken into custody in connection with British during the Malabar rebellion the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and of 1921-22, and coinciding with the transported to Podanur Central Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Prison along with 100 other Mappila movement (for details, see the entry rebels in an almost air-tight Railway on Ahmmad Kutty). Unniavaran was goods wagon (for details, see the one among those militant peasants entry on Akkara Veetil alias who died on 26 August 1921 in the Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, Koyama was one among those who F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, had been suffocated to death in this pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, wagon tragedy, notoriously known pp. 179-209] as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Koothranadan Atheez: Inhabitant of t. (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a tenant- Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Superintendent of Police, Madras, confrontation in his village with the dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary British during the Malabar rebellion Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated of 1921-22, and coinciding with the 106 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). movement (for details, see the entry Ahamad was one among those who on Ahmmad Kutty). Atheez was one had been suffocated to death in this among those militant peasants who wagon tragedy, notoriously known died on 26 August 1921 in the firing as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. November 1921). [Pub Deptt 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, 209] TNSAC; Report of Deputy Superintendent of Police, Madras, Koovangal Alikutty Haji: Resident of dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Melmuri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Malappuram, Kerala; a trader. He 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, actively participated in the Malabar 22 November 1921; WTS] rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial Koravanthodi Kunhi Moideen: authorities and the exploitative Resident of distt. Malappuram, Jenmis, and coinciding with the Kerala; s/o Ali, he actively Khilafat and Non-Cooperation participated in the Malabar rebellion movement. Arrested in connection of 1921 against the combination of with the forcible conversion in the British colonial authorities and Melmuri amsom of Ernad Taluka, he the exploitative Jenmis, and was detained on 20 June 1922 and coinciding with the Khilafat and then transferred from Malappuram Non-Cooperation movement. He Sub-Jail from Rajahmundry Central was detained in Malappuram Sub-Jail Jail. Haji died in jail hospital on 10 and died in the jail hospital on 20 October 1924 at the age of 71. [Pub April 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, dated 13.10.1922; 440-40A, 20.05.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. Pub Deptt, G.O. (Mis) No. 765, (Ord.Ser.) No. 773, 29.10.1924; Pub 02.10.1923, TNSAC] Deptt, G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 211, 27.02.1925, TNSAC] Koriparambath Aiderman: Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, Korankottil Ahamad: Resident of Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was Kuruvamabalam amsom, t. Ernad, taken into custody in connection with Malabar, Kerala; a Quran reader. He the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and was taken into custody in connection transported to Podanur Central with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Prison along with 100 other Mappila and transported to Podanur Central rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Prison along with 100 other Mappila goods wagon (for details, see the rebels in an almost air-tight Railway entry on Akkara Veetil alias goods wagon (for details, see the Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). entry on Akkara Veetil alias Aiderman was one among those who Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 107

had been suffocated to death in this Nagavaram Fort and kept it under wagon tragedy, notoriously known his control for 15 days. It was as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 recaptured by the British in a battle November 1921). [Pub Deptt a fortnight later and he was caught (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; in the process. He was sentenced to Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, death and executed along with seven TNSAC; Report of Deputy of his followers in 1858. During his Superintendent of Police, Madras, trial, he declared that he had been dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary encouraged to rebel when he heard Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated that Nana Saheb was advancing 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, towards the Deccan, and that Nana 22 November 1921; WTS] Saheb would reward all those who rebelled against the British. [Judl Deptt Korre Sanyasi: Resident of v. (Madras), G.O. No. 2927, 20-12-1880, Malamakaram, t. Chintapalli, distt. APSAH; WWFSAP, III, pp. 524ñ25; Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ WWIM, II, p. 71; HFMAP, p. 6] o Chinnayya, he took part in the Rampa Rebellion (1922-24), led by Koshy Vaidian T. K.: Born at Thekky Alluri Sitarama Raju, against the Thayil, The Valakara, p.o. Chava, oppressive deeds of the British Travancore, Kerala, he was a civilian government in the Agency area. For employee in the British-Indian Army. anti-British activities, his property He left his service in 1942 and joined was confiscated by the Government the Indian National Army in Malaya. and he was captured on 10 May 1924 He served as an Office Assistant of in Malamakaram by an army captain. the INA at many place in Malaya and He was put in jail on 17 June 1924, Burma (now Myanmar), and died remanded with the prisoner No. during the Allied forcesí raids on the 9402. His health condition INA establishment in Burma in 1944. deteriorated from 28 October 1924 [INA Papers, F. No. 379/INA (1945), while serving the term of NAI; ROH, pp. 710-11] imprisonment in the Visakhapatnam Central Jail. Sanyasi died in the jail Kothiri Potteyya: Resident of v. hospital on 11 November 1924 at 7:40 Bundrella, distt. Visakhapatnam, a.m. [F. No. 3 & 4, FASRRF, 1924, pp. Andhra Pradesh; he joined Alluri 2, 73, 83 & 85, APSAH] Sitarama Raju in the Rampa Rebellion during 1922-24, against the Korukonda Subba Reddy: Resident of oppressive deeds of the British v. Koruturu, t. Polavaram, distt. West Government in the Agency area. Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. A village Kothiri was killed in action while Munsab, he carried on a rebellion fighting the British Police on 6 against the British in the Godavari December 1922 at Peddageddapalem. Agency with the help of hill tribesmen His dead body was sent to from 1857. He attacked and captured Krishnadevipeta. [F. Nos. 3 & 22, 108 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

FASRRF, 1924, pp. 28 & 159, APSAH] age of 30. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Kottakkat Marakkar: Resident of Pookottur amsom, distt. Kottola Kunhahmad: Resident of Malappuram, Kerala. He actively Vettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor, participated in the Malabar rebellion distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He of 1921 against the combination of actively participated in the Malabar the British colonial authorities and rebellion of 1921 against the the exploitative Jenmis, and combination of the British colonial coinciding with the Khilafat and authorities and the exploitative Non-Cooperation movement. He Jenmis, and coinciding with the was arrested on 4 June 1922 for his Khilafat and Non-Cooperation role in the rebellion and detained in movement. He was arrested on 5 Manjeri Sub-Jail as an under-trial June 1922 and detained in Manjeri prisoner. Together with brutal police Sub-Jail as an under-trial prisoner. tortures and a serious attack of Together with brutal police tortures pneumonia in the jail (due to very and a serious attack of pneumonia in bad sanitary conditions, the jail (due to very bad sanitary overcrowding and insufficiency of conditions, overcrowding and clean water and food), Marakkar insufficiency of clean water and died in detention on 1 July 1922 at food), Kunhahmad died in detention the age of 25. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) on 18 June 1922 in the jail at the age No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] of 45. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Kottipulliyan Mammu: Resident of Urangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Koyisseri Mammad: Resident of Malappuram, Kerala. He actively Thirurangadi, distt. Malappuram, participated in the Malabar rebellion Kerala. He actively participated in of 1921 against the combination of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat the British colonial authorities and movements at Thirurangadi before the exploitative Jenmis, and the outbreak of the Malabar rebellion coinciding with the Khilafat and of 1921. He, along with Mammad Haji Non-Cooperation movement. He and Koyisser Moideen Kutty, was arrested for his anti-British preached violence and enlisted activity on 6 June 1922 and detained themselves as volunteers to fight in Manjeri Sub-Jail as an under-trial against the British Government. prisoner. Together with brutal police They manufactured swords and tortures and a serious attack of openly paraded themselves through pneumonia in the jail (due to very the Thirurangadi Bazaar, wearing bad sanitary conditions, swords and cross belts. The District overcrowding and insufficiency of Magistrate of Malabar, Mr.Thomas, clean water and food), Mammu died ordered the arrest of all these three in detention on 24 June 1922 at the men who precipitated in the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 109

rebellion. Koyisseri Mammad was Workshop of the South Indian arrested and charged under the Railways at Trichy in Tiruchirappalli Moplah Outrages Act, 1859 and kept District. He participated in the South in the Cannanore Cantonment in Indian Railways Labour Unionís detention. He died in the Sub-Jail on strike for the redressal of some basic 27 September 1922. [Pub Deptt grievances of the workers, i.e. the (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 814, victimization of the activists and 12.10.1922, TNSAC] leaders of the Union, the promotion of workers overlooking their Kozhikodan Muhammad: Resident of seniority, and the practice of distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he favouritism by the management. actively participated in the Malabar However, the immediate cause of the rebellion of 1921 against the strike was the change in the service combination of the British colonial rules regarding the dismissal of authorities and the exploitative workers, without setting up any Jenmis, and coinciding with the enquiry committee. The Union gave Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the notice of strike on 1 August 1946, movement. He was detained in but the high-handed attitude of the Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due top officials forced it to begin a total to Enteritis in the Jail Hospital in July strike from 24 August 1946. Despite 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) its many attempts, the management No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] failed to break the workersí strike. On 5 September 1946, at its instance, Krishnamurthi alias Krishnasami: the Malabar Special Police (led by Resident of Jallikuli Street in Harrison) stormed the Golden Rock Coimbatore Town, distt. Workshop and arrested the President Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/o of the Union. The workers, along Rangasami; a labourer in Kaleswara with Krishnamurthy, resisted the Mills, Coimbatore, he participated in police force from taking their leader the labour struggle organized by the out of the premises. The police Coimbatore Spinning and Weaving drastically took to firing to frighten Mills Company Limited workers. On the workers, and Krishnamurthy was 11 November 1946, police opened shot dead in the mayhem. [PA, 29 fire on an estimated huge mob of September, 27 October, 1 December 6000 workers. In the 39 rounds of 1946; LMI, Vol. 23, pp. 157-69] firing that took place, Krishnasami died of gun-shot wounds. [Pub Deptt Krishnan Alorambankandy: A resident (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2701, of Blathur in North Malabar, Kerala, 14.12.1946, TNSAC] an ex-service man, he gave weapon- training to the Communist cadres in Krishnamurthy: Belonging to Tamil Irikkur. The tenant farmers of the Nadu (residence not known), he locality under the Communist banner worked as a fitter at the Golden Rock demanded more wasteland for punam 110 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

cultivation. But the landlords did not withdrawal, and eventually for its yield to their demand; rather they destruction. During the activistsí raid tried to evict the encroachers with on the camp, he died in the police police aid. The Communists decided firing on 24 October 1946. [Punnapra- to resist the police atrocities. In Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] November 1946, they organized a demonstration in front of Irikkur Krishnan: Resident of Kikkara, Police Station and many of their Kalavamkodam, distt. Alappuzha, workers were wounded in the lathi- Kerala. He participated in the charge. Under Section 144 of Cr. P.C., movement for responsible a ban was also imposed on public government in Travancore, and gatherings. Violating the ban order, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís the Communists had assembled at notorious proposal for setting up an Kavumbayi hills on 30 December ëAmerican modelí of administrative 1946. To disperse the crowd, the arrangement (for more details, see police fired at them. Krishnan was the entry on Agneess Lonappan). one of the victims who was shot Krishnan was shot dead by the dead. [Letter No. 10349, 6 January military on 27 October 1946. 1947, Pub Deptt (G-A), M.S. Series, [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, Regional Archives, Calicut, Pub Deptt CPIDOA] (G-A), 1947. G.O. No. 1885, 17 June 1947, Madras Legislative Assembly Krishnappanashan: Belonging to distt. Q. No. 432-Starred, Proceedings of Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated in the Joint Magistrate Tellichery, 2 the movement for responsible January 1947, Malabar District government in Travancore, and Magistrateís office, Calicut to Scott against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Brown, Chief Secretary to Govt. Fort notorious proposal for setting up an St. George, Madras, 26 December ëAmerican modelí of administrative 1948, District Superintendent of arrangement. He was connected with Police to Inspector General of Police, the Vayalar firing which took place Madras, 3 September 1947] on 27 October 1946. C.P. Ramaswamyís military reached Krishnan: He participated in the Vayalar Labour Camp and attacked movement for responsible govern- the labourers gathered therein, and ment in Travancore, and against C. in the process they shot P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Krishnappnashan dead. [Travancore proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Information and Listener, VII No. 5, modelí of administrative arrange- January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 ment. When a temporary police camp October and 15 November 1946, was set up in Punnapra to counter NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9] the agitation and harass the agitators and their families, Krishnan joined Kuda Kannayya: Resident of v. others in demanding for its Chittempadu, t. Chintapalli, distt. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 111

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ serious attack of pneumonia o Balayya, he took part in the armed outbreak in the jail (due to very bad struggle conducted by Alluri Sitarama sanitary conditions, overcrowding Raju during 1922-24, against the and insufficiency of clean water and oppressive deeds of the British food), Virankutty died on 3 July 1922 Government in the Agency area. He in detention at the age of 46. [Pub was killed in an encounter with the Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, police party on 6 December 1922 at TNSAC] Peddageddapalem and his dead body was sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F.No.4, Kullan Periakaruppa Thevan: Resident FASRRF, 1924, p. 28; F.No. 22, of v. Perungmanallur, t. Peraiyur, FASRRF, 1922, p. 159, APSAH] distt. Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part in the Kallar riot at Kudakkadan Marakkar: Resident of Perungamanallur against the Colonial Malemari amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Madras Governmentís policy of Kerala; a cultivator. He actively registering the Kallars as criminal participated in the Malabar rebellion tribesmen under the Criminal Tribes of 1921 against the combination of Act, 1911. A popular and well-known the British colonial authorities and political agitator, George Joseph, the exploitative Jenmis, and inspired tribesmen not to obey the coinciding with the Khilafat and British and started a civil Non-Cooperation movement. He disobedience agitation. The Kallars was arrested and transferred from of Perungamanallur and the Malappuram Sub-Jail to neighbouring villages refused to Rajahmundry Central Jail. Marakkar register themselves as criminal died in the jail hospital on 6 May1922 tribels. Police force was used to at the age of 40. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), coerce them to obey that led to a riot. G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, In the police firing on 3 April 1920, TNSAC] Thevan died on the spot. [(H/ Deptt (Judl), G.O. No.1315, 26.05.1920; Judl Kuddukkan Virankutty: Resident of Deptt, G.O. (Ord.Series) No.109, Kizhuparamba amsom, distt. 27.04.1921; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 935, Malappuram, Kerala. He actively 10.09.1931, TNSAC] participated in the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of Kulli Goundan: Resident of the British colonial authorities and Chettipalayam in Coimbatore Town, the exploitative Jenmis, and distt. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/o coinciding with the Khilafat and Maranna Goundan; a labourer of Non-Cooperation movement. He Coimbatore Spinning and Weaving was arrested on 18 June 1922 for his Mills Company Limited, he role and detained in Manjeri Sub-Jail participated in the labour struggle as an under-trial prisoner. Together organized by the workers of the with brutal police tortures and a Coimbatore Spinning and Weaving 112 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Mills on 11 November 1946. When enrolled in the Indian National Army the police opened fire on an as a member of its Suicide Squad. estimated huge mob of 6000 workers Reached India through Burma in and fired 39 rounds, Kulli was shot December 1942, he sustained injuries and he died. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), in an encounter and was captured G.O. (MS) No. 2701, 14.12.1946, and jailed. Charge-sheeted as an TNSAC] ëagent of Japan, sabotaging of British Indian government, and waging war Kumarambathoor Seethi Koya Thangal: against King Emperorí, he was found Resident of distt. Malappuram, guilty. Awarded capital punishment, Kerala, he actively participated in the he was hanged to death on 7 July Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the 1944; he walked to the gallows combination of the British colonial shouting ëVande Mataram, authorities and the exploitative Bharatmata ki Jai.í Netaji conferred Jenmis, and coinciding with the the title of ìShaheed-E-Hindî on Khilafat and Non-Cooperation him, posthumously. [Freedom movement. When the Khilafat Movement Files, I and II, F. No. 3451 movement started, he assumed the & F. No. 1309, 3-6-44; Extract from charge of the capital of a ìKhilafat Convict Register, Central Jail principalityî. He issued orders, Madras, No. 5963, 1-7-49; Martyrís warning that the country was theirís File Bundle No. 97, Nos. 2038, 2045, and that no dacoities and mischiefs KSAT] should be committed by the people thereafter. Thangalwas later caught Kumaran Pulluvan: A resident of and shot dead by the British forces. Urathur in North Malabar, Kerala, he [Pub Deptt, (G-B), G.O. No.185, was an active cadre of the Communist 23.01.1947; History of Freedom party and Karshaka Sangham. He Movement, B. 88, Anti-War and Quit attended the Kisan camp at Kuyilur India Movement, E. M. Sankaran and received training in weapons. Nambudiripad quoting from C. When the tenant farmers of the Gopalan Nairís account on the locality demanded wasteland for Malabar Rebellion, TNSAC] cultivation on and encroached on these, the landlords with the Kumaran Nair T. P: Born in 1903, s/o assistance of the police evicted them. A.K. Krishna Panikar and T. P. Under the leadership of the Kalyani Amma, resident of v. Communist Party at Irikkur, they Nellicode, Calicut, Kerala, he joined organized a demonstration in front Malabar Special Police and to of the police station. The police lathi- married Kochumalu Amma. charged and arrested the Kisan Resigning his job and reaching leaders in November 1946. The Singapure in 1939, he associated District Administration also banned himself with the Indian public gatherings there under Section Independence League, and later 144 of the Cr. P.C. Violating the ban Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 113

the Communists assembled at 115, NMML; VDECB] Kavumbayi hills on 30 December 1946. The police tried to disperse the Kundalaseri Paidal: Resident of crowd and resorted to firing. Urangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Pulluvan was shot dead in the police Malappuram, Kerala. He actively firing at Kavumbayi. [Letter No. participated in the Malabar rebellion 10349, 6 January 1947, Pub Deptt (G- of 1921 against the combination of A), M.S. Series, Regional Archives, the British colonial authorities and Calicut, Pub Deptt (G-A), 1947, G.O. the exploitative Jenmis, and No. 1885, 17 June 1947, Madras coinciding with the Khilafat and Legislative Assembly Q. No. 432- Non-Cooperation movement. He Starred, Proceedings of the Joint was arrested on 6 June 1922 and Magistrate Tellichery, 2 January detained in Manjeri Sub-Jail as an 1947, Malabar District Magistrateís under-trial prisoner. Together with Office, Calicut to Scott Brown Chief brutal police tortures, a serious attack Secretary to Govt. Fort St. George, of pneumonia outbreak in the jail Madras, 26 December 1948, District (due to very bad sanitary conditions, Superintendent of Police to Inspector overcrowding and insufficiency of General of Police, Madras, 3 clean water and food), Paidal died September 1947] in detention on 29 June 1922 at the age of 45. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. Kumaran T. P.: Belonged to v. Nelligode, 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] p.o. Puthiyora, Malabar, Kerala; s/o K. Achuthan Naik. He was a civilian Kunhambu Keeneri: Resident of employee in the British-Indian Army Karivellur, distt. Kannur, Kerala; in Malaya but shifted his loyalty to belonged to peasant family. He, the Indian National Army in 1942 along with his family members, and served its Intelligence Branch. blocked the shifting of paddy from He was caught by the British forces Karivellur to Chirakkal by the while performing his duties, and was landlord, on 20 December 1946. His hanged in 1945. [ROH, pp. 712-13] parents were members of the Karshaka Sangham and they were Kummara: Born in v. Hampasandram, t. involved in the peasants agitation in Goribidanur, and distt. Chikkaballa- the locality. The Malabar Special pur, Karnataka. He took part in the Police, in order to lift the blockade popular agitation for responsible imposed by the Communists-fired government in the Mysore State at indiscriminately. Two persons died Viduraswatha village on 25 April in this firing, Keeneri was one among 1938. The agitation resulted in an the two. At the time of death he was incident of police firing on the only sixteen. [Pub Deptt (G-A), Home agitators (for details, see the entry Series G.O. No. 3003/ Confd., 2 on Bheemiah). Kummara was one December 1948, Regional Archives who died in the firing. [AISPC, F. No. Calicut, Express Letter No. 10399/46, 114 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

26 December 1946, Letter from the Communist party and the Karshaka Magistrate, Malabar District, to Chief Sangham. The tenant-farmers of the Secretary to the Govt., Madras 1 locality demanded wasteland for December 1946 of G.O. No. 1885, June cultivation but the landlords rejected 1947, Madras Legislative Assembly their demand and evicted tenants Starred Question No. 432, Pub (G- with police aid. The ex-militarymen A) 1949, M.S. Series, G.O. No. 729, trained the Communists in the use 17 March 1947, Special Branch CID, 5 of country weapons to resist and February 1949] attack the police. In November 1946, the Malabar Special Police stationed Kunhi Aidross: Resident of Malemari at Irikkur lathi-charged a amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, demonstration in front of the police Kerala; a cultivator. He actively station and arrested leaders and participated in the Malabar rebellion imposed a ban on public meetings of 1921 against the combination of under Section 144 of Cr. P.C. the British colonial authorities and Violating the ban order, the the exploitative Jenmis, and communists had assembled at coinciding with the Khilafat and Kavumbayi hills to confront the Non-Cooperation movements. He police party on 30 December 1946. To was arrested for his role and disperse the crowd, the police transferred from Malappuram Sub- opened fire. Pulukkal escaped from Jail to Rajahmundry Central Jail. firing, but was captured and tortured Aidross died in the jail hospital on to death. [Letter No. 10349, 6 January 14 June 1922 at the age of 46. [Pub 1947, Pub Deptt (G-A), M.S. Series, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, Regional Archives, Calicut, Pub (G- 28.11.1922, TNSAC] A), 1947. G. O. No. 1885, 17 June 1947 Madras Legislative Assembly Q. No. Kunhiraman Adiyodi: Hailed from 432-Starred, Proceedings of the Joint Payyanur, North Malabar, Kerala. Magistrate, Tellichery, 2 January He took active part in Civil 1947, Malabar District Magistrateís Disobedience movement in 1931. He Office, Calicut to Scott Brown Chief was arrested and sentenced to Secretary to Govt. Fort St. George, rigorous imprisonment for six Madras, 26 December 1948, District months under Section 117 of Indian Superintendent of Police to Inspector Penal Code. Adiyodi died in the General of Police, Madras, 3 Bellary Camp Jail on 13 June 1930 on September 1947] account of police tortures. [AICC Papers, F. No. G-1(i)/ 1931, NMML] Kunhoran: Resident of Othalur amsom, t. Ponani, distt. Malappuram, Kerala. Kunhiraman Pulukkal: Resident of He actively participated in the Payyavur in North Malabar, Kerala; Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the s/o Krishnan Nair and Themana combination of the British colonial Amma, he was active worker of the authorities and the exploitative Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 115

Jenmis, and coinciding with the Non-Cooperation movements. He Khilafat and Non-Cooperation was detained as an under-trial movement. He was kept in the prisoner in Malappuram Sub-Jail and Cannanore Central Jail as an under- died due to colitis in the jail hospital trial prisoner. A sudden outbreak of in July 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), prisoners erupted in the jail on 4 G.O. (MS) No.998, dated 28.11.1922, December 1921 at 4.00 p.m. when TNSAC] they were let out of their cells for meals. He received bullet wounds Kuniyampetta Aimukutti Haji: when the police opened fire to Resident of Vallayoor amsom, distt. control the outbreak, and he died the Malappuram, Kerala, he actively same day. [Low Deptt (G), G.O. participated in the Malabar rebellion (Ord.Series) Nos.1084 and 1085, of 1921 against the combination of 25.04.1922, TNSAC] the British colonial authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and Kunhu Haji: S/o Kunhoran; resident of coinciding with the Khilafat and Othalur amsom, t. Ponnani, distt. Non-Cooperation movement. He Malappuram, Kerala. He actively was arrested on 1 June 1922 and participated in the Malabar rebellion detained in Manjeri Sub-Jail as an of 1921 against the combination of under-trial prisoner. Together with the British colonial authorities and brutal police tortures and a serious the exploitative Jenmis, and attack of pneumonia in the jail (due coinciding with the Khilafat and to very bad sanitary conditions, Non-Cooperation movement. He overcrowding and insufficiency of was kept in the Cannanore Central clean water and food), Aimukutti Jail as an under-trial prisoner. An died in detention on 10 July 1922 in outbreak of prisoners occurred in the detention at the age of 35. [Pub jail on 4 December 1921 at 4.00 p.m. Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, when they were let out of their cells TNSAC] for meals. He received bullet wounds when the police opened fire to Kunji Poker: An inhabitant of Malabar, control the outbreak, and he died the Kerala (place not known), he was same day. [Low Deptt (G), G. O. taken into custody in connection with (Ord.Series) Nos.1084 and 1085, the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against 25.04.1922, TNSAC] the combination of the British colonial authorities and the exploitative Kunikadan Ali: Resident of Jenmis, and coinciding with the Malappuram, Kerala, he actively Khilafat and Non-Cooperation participated in the Malabar rebellion movements. Poker had surrendered of 1921 against the combination of to the authorities along with other the British colonial authorities and rebels, and, following a trial, he was the exploitative Jenmis, and deported. He died as a state prisoner coinciding with the Khilafat and on 19 October 1923. [Pub.Deppt, F. 116 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

No. 808, 1923, TNSAC] Menasseri Camp Firing at Vayalar which took place on 27 October 1946 Kunji Pokker: Resident of t. Ernad, when C.P. Ramaswamyís military Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant reached Menasseri Labour Camp and cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, attacked the labourers gathered Manjeri, he was involved in an armed therein. In the process they shot confrontation in his village with the Madathikulangara dead. [Punnapra- British during the Malabar rebellion Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Kunnathoti Sulaiman: Resident of movement (for details, see the entry Elankur amsom, Malabar, Kerala, he on Ahmmad Kutty). Pokker was one actively participated in the Malabar among those militant peasants who died rebellion of 1921 against the on 26 August 1921 in the firing by the combination of the British colonial British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, authorities and the exploitative NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. Jenmis, and coinciding with the 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He was arrested on 3 Kunjikrishna Panikkar Madthikulan- June 1922 and detained in Manjeri gara: Belonging to distt. Alappuzha, Sub-Jail as an under-trial prisoner. Kerala, he was connected with the Together with brutal police tortures Menasseri Camp Firing of Vayalar, and a serious attack of pneumonia in which took place on 27 October 1946 the jail (due to bad sanitary conditions, when C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís overcrowding and insufficiency of military reached Menasseri Labour clean water and food), Sulaiman died Camp and attacked the labourers in detention on 23 June 1922 at the gathered therein, and in the process age of 35. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. they shot Madthikulangara dead. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] [Travancore Information and Listener, VII No. 5, January 1947, Kunnimal Alavi: Resident of KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 Chathangotpuram amsom, distt. November 1946, NMML; PVCS, pp. Malabar, Kerala; aged 25. He actively 78-9] participated in the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of Kunjukrishna Panikkar Madathiku- the British colonial authorities and langara: Belonging to Kerala (place the exploitative Jenmis, and not known), he participated in the coinciding with the Khilafat and movement for responsible Non-Cooperation movement. He government in Travancore, and was arrested on 7 May 1922 and against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís detained in Manjeri Sub-Jail as an notorious proposal for setting up an under-trial prisoner. Together with ëAmerican modelí of administrative brutal police tortures, a serious attack arrangement. He was involved in the of pneumonia in the jail (due to bad Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 117

sanitary conditions, overcrowding Quilon on 2 September 1938. and insufficiency of clean water and Receiving bullet wounds when the food), Alavi died in detention on 4 police opened fire to disperse the July 1922 [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. meeting, he died the same day. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] [Freedom Movement files (II), F. No. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, Confd. Sec. Kunnummal Moideenkutty: Resident of Files, F. No. 323/38 (Report of District Kadanammana, t. Walluvanad, Magistrate Quilon to Chief Secretary, Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in September 1945), Bulletin No. I, II, an armed confrontation in his village All Travancore Jatha Committee, C. with the British during the Malabar S. Files F. No. 339/45, KSAT; FST, rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding pp.360-61] with the Khilafat and Non- Cooperation movement (for details, Kurien Thomas: Born on 25 January 1897 see the entry on Aboobakkar). at Adimpamkad Pampady, distt. Moideenkutty was one among those Kottayam, Kerala. Studied up to the militant peasants who died on 9 fourth standard, he joined the December 1921 in the British troopsí Travancore State Congress in 1938 firing. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt and participated during the Civil (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, Disobedience movement in a meeting TNSAC; HMR] held at Puthupally, near Kottayam, to protest against arrest of the State Kuppammal: Resident of Chinnakadai Congress leaders on 4 September Lane in Coimbatore Town, distt. 1938. When the Travancore Army Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; widow and soldiers fired upon the crowd, a labourer of Kaleswara Mills, Thomas was killed in the firing. Coimbatore. Participating in the [Freedom Movement Files, II, F. No. labour struggle organized by the 323/38, 1938 (District Magistrate workers of Coimbatore Spinning and Kottayam to Chief Secretary, 5 Weaving Mills Company Limited on September 1938), Bulletin No. I, II, 11 November 1946, she died in the All Travancore Jatha Committee, C. 39 rounds of police firing on an S. Files F. No. 339/45, KSAT; estimated huge mob of 6000 workers. WWFFK, p. 310; WWIM, I, p. 363] [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2701, 14.12.1946, TNSAC ] Kurimannil Valiya Mannil Ahmad: Belonged to t. Ernad, Malabar, Kureepuzha Kochukunju: Belonged to Kerala and a tenant-cultivator in Kerala (place not known), he took Anakayam, Pukkottur amsom, part in the Travancore State Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Congressí movement for responsible confrontation in his village with the government. He joined as a volunteer British during the Malabar rebellion in the State Congress meeting held of 1921-22, and coinciding with the in defiance of prohibitory order at Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 118 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

movement (for details, see the entry on Kuttan was killed in the police firing. Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmad was one [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. among those militant peasants who died 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. on 26 August 1921 in the firing by the No. 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p. 74] British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. Kutteeri Soopi: Resident of Pandikad 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in an armed Kurttithidi Koyakutty: Resident of confrontation in his village with the Trikkalangod amsom, t. Ernad, British during the Malabar rebellion Malabar, Kerala; a tea shop-keeper. of 1921-22 and coinciding with the He was taken into custody in Khilafat and Non-Cooperation connection with the Malabar movement. (For details, see the entry rebellion of 1921 and transported to on Apankollan Moideen). Soopi was Podanur Central Prison along with one among those who died in the 14 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost November 1921 firing by the British air-tight Railway goods wagon (for troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, details, see the entry on Akkara 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, Nayar). Koyakutty was one among 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74] those who had been suffocated to death in this wagon tragedy, Kutti Krishna Panicker: Belonged to notoriously known as the Black Hole Calicut, Kerala, he passed his high of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub school examination from Ganpat Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, High School. He was arrested in 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, connection with his participation in 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy the Civil Disobedience movement. Superintendent of Police, Madras, He died in 1931 due to an internal dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary injury sustained as a result of the Safe Secret File, F. No. 390A, dated police tortures inflicted on him. 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, [AICC papers, F.NO. G-1(i)/ 1931, 22 November 1921; WTS] NMML; Kerala Congress Bulletin, 25 June 1930, NMML] Kuttan alias Ettan: A resident of Pollechira, Paravoor, Punnapra, distt. Kuttiassan Naduthodi: Resident of Alappuzha, Kerala, and an activist, Melmuri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. he shared his fellow workersí Malappuram, Kerala. Arrested in annoyance when a temporary police connection with a forcible conversion camp was set up in Punnapra to case during Malabar rebellion of 1921 harass them and their families. They in parts of Ernad and Walluvanad agitated for the withdrawal of the taluks, he was detained in Salem camp and eventually raided it. Central Jail from 20 May 1922 and During the raid on 24 October 1946, died there due to Deuodenal Ulcer Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 119

on 4 March 1928 at the age of 40. [Pub movement (for details, see the entry Deptt, G.O. No. 440, 20.05.1922; Pub on Ahmmad Kutty). Moideen was Deptt, G.O. No. 336, 09.04.1926; Pub one among those militant peasants Deptt, G.O. No. 970, 10.10.1927; Pub who died on 26 August 1921 in the Deptt, G.O. No. 855, 04.10.1928, firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, TNSAC] F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, Kuttikal Kunjappan: Belonged to pp. 179-209] Kerala (place not known). Born in 1893, he participated in the Travan- Kuvengal Ahmed: Resident of t. Ernad, core State Congressí movement for Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- responsible government. Kunjappan cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, was killed in the police firing at Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Puthupally Maidan, Kottayam, on 4 confrontation in his village with the September 1938. [Freedom Move- British during the Malabar rebellion ment Files, F. II, No. 323/38, 1938 of 1921-22, and coinciding with the (District Magistrate Kottayam to Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Chief Secretary, 5 September 1938), movement (for details, see the entry Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore Jatha on Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmed was one Committee, C. S. Files F. No. 339/ among those militant peasants who 45, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 303] died on 26 August 1921 in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Kuttikal Kunjappan: Belonged to Kerala 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- (place not known). Born in 1893, he 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- participated in the Travancore State 209] Congressí movement for responsible government. Kunjappan was killed in Kuvengal Koya: Resident of t. Ernad, the police firing at Puduppally Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Maidan, Kottayam, in September cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, 1938. [Confd. Session Files, No. Manjeri, he was involved in an armed 1149\44, 1944, Confd. Report of S.P confrontation in his village with the on September, 1938 (First Class British during the Malabar rebellion Magistrate to District Magistrate, 15- of 1921-22, and coinciding with the 1-114), KSAT; WWFFK, p. 303] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry on Kuttithody Puthiya Moideen: Resident Ahmmad Kutty). Koya was one among of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, a tenant- those militant peasants who died on 26 cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, August 1921 in the firing by the British Manjeri, he took part in an armed troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; confrontation in his village with the HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332- British during the Malabar rebellion 44; MM, pp. 179-209] of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 120 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

L. P. L. Mutthiah: Hailing from sentenced to death and shot dead by Meelasivpura in the former musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. Pudukkottai State, Tamilnadu, 280] Mutthiah resided in Malaya where he joined the Indian National Army. Latchma: Resident of v. Bagewardi, distt. He was killed in the course of an Gadag, Karnataka; he participated in encounter with the British forces in the Uprising at Koppaldurg in 1857- Burma (now Myanmar). [WWIM, II, 58 under the leadership of Bhim Rao p. 207] and Kanchan Gowda. Captured by the British in an encounter at Lakshman Rao: Resident of Hyderabad Koppaldurg, he was blown away City, distt. Hyderabad, Andhra with a cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 82] Pradesh (now in Telangana), he took part in the popular movement Laxman Janardan: Resident of Nargund, demanding Civil liberties from the distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He was Nizamís administration in 1938. He arrested and charged with ëhis was arrested and imprisoned in the joining the revolt of Nargund under Hyderabad Jail and subjected to Baba Saheb against the Britishí. He brutal tortures in detention. He died was shot dead by musketry at on 3 August 1939. [WWIM, II, pp. 168- Nargund on 10 June 1858 at 5 p.m. 69] [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June 1858] Lakshmana: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Laxmana: Resident of Bagewadi, t. He actively participated in the 1857- Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. 58 Uprising under the leadership of He took active part in struggle Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. against the British in 1857-58; while Arrested in an encounter with the fighting for the re-occupation of British at Koppaldurg, he was Koppaldurg from the British hands- Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 121

under Bhim Rao and Kanchan Linga: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. Gowda, he was captured by the Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. British. Laxmana was sentenced to He actively participated in the 1857- death and shot dead by musketry in 58 Uprising under the leadership of June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280] Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Arrested in an encounter with the Laxminarayana Shetty alias Laxmaiah: British at Koppaldurg, Linga was Born in 1918 in Uppalahalli, distt. sentenced to death and shot dead by Kolar, Karnataka; s/o Shivapuram musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. Narayanaiah. A sweetmeat seller, he 279] took part in the popular movement for responsible government in the Linga: Resident of Nargund Princely Mysore State. The agitators were State (now in distt. Gadag), fired upon by the police at Karnataka; s/o Lakshmappa. On the Viduraswatha on 25 April 1938 (for charge of ëassisting the chief of details, see the entry on Bheemiah). Nargund in the rebellion against the Laxminarayana was among those British Governmentí, Linga was who had been hit by the police bullets arrested on 18 June 1858 and hanged and died a few days later. [SSS, II, in front of the Petah of Nargund. [Poll p. 490; WWIM, II, p. 302] Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 309/1858, 19 June Linga: Inhabitant of Hammigi, t. 1858] Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He took an active part in struggle Lingappa: Born in distt. Davanagere, against the British in 1857-58 under Karnataka. He took part in the ìQuit the leadership Bhim Rao and Kanchan Indiaî movement that started in Gowda. Fighting for the defence of August 1942. He joined the picketers Koppaldurg against a British in stopping train movements at the onslaught, Linga was captured and railway station on 17 August 1942. shot dead by musketry in June 1858. Since the curfew was declared in the [SI1857WI, p. 280] City, picketers were fired upon by the police in which Lingappa died. Linga: Resident of Harpanahalli, distt. [SSS, II, p. 125] Bellary, Karnataka. He took an active part in struggle of 1857-58 and fought Lingati Moogayya : Resident of v. the British forces under the leadership Veeramuthipeta in the Agency area of Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. of distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra Captured by the British while Pradesh. A labourer, he was harassed defending the Koppaldurg, he was by Bastian, the Deputy Tehsildar of sentenced to death and shot dead by Gudem. He was tied to a pillar of musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. Guppyís bungalow at village 280] Lammasingi for not attending to the road works, his clothes were 122 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

removed and he was beaten with but left it in 1942 to join the Indian sticks. Rats were put to file his body National Army. Lourdesamy was and chilli paste applied to his anus; recruited as a Havildar-Clerk in the Moogayya died due to these inhuman Second Guerrilla Regiment. He was tortures. Bastianís forced labour, ill- killed by the British forces during an treatment of coolies, underpayment attack on his Regiment in 1944 at for the road construction and illegal Ziawaddy, Burma (now Myanmar). gratifications were the causes for the [INA Papers, F. No. 403/INA (1945), outbreak of the famous Rampa NAI; WWIM, II, p.174] Rebellion (1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. [F. No. 17, FASRRF, Lukka: Born in 1915 at Valiathurai, distt. 1923, p. 105, APSAH] Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o Anthony, he studied up to the eighth standard Lingiah: Born in v. Seegehalli, distt. and became a social worker. He was Mandya, Karnataka. An employee of killed in the firing resorted to by a Mysore Iron and Steel Company at platoon of Travancore State Forces Bhadravati, he took an active part in to disperse a State Congress meeting, the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942. convened in defiance of the Lingiah was killed in the police firing prohibitory orders at Sankumukhom on the demonstrations near the gate beach, Trivandrum, on 21 September of the factory in 1942. [WWIM, II, p. 1938. [Freedom Movement Files (II), 173] F. Nos. 1826/44, (District Magistrate Trivandrum to Chief Secretary to Lourdesamy: Resident of Lalgudi, distt. Government, 21 September 1938), & Tiruchirapalli, Tamilnadu; s/o Papu 3/45, B. No. 38, 1945, KSAT; WWFFK, Tandal. He was serving the British- p. 319; WWIM, II, p. 175] Indian Army as a civilian employee, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 123

M. T. M. Somasundaram Chettiar: joined the Indian National Army in Resident of distt. Ramnad Malaya in 1942 and served it as a (Ramanathapuram), Tamilnadu. He soldier in its Unit No. 453. He was was arrested and imprisoned for his deputed to the Burma (now participation in the ìQuit Indiaî Myanmar) front to counter the movement against the British. While advancing Allied forces. He fought serving his term in jail, he fell on several occasions and died in the severely ill on account of the police course of an enemy attack on the tortures and poor living conditions. retreating INA soldiers on 16 March Convict No. 111, Chettiar died in 1945. [WWIM, II, p.148] Coimbatore Central Jail in 1943 at the age of 24. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, M. Krishna Pillai: Born on 24 February 10-10-1946, TNSAC] 1906 at Meenkonam, t. Kottarakara, distt. Kollam, Kerala, he studied up M. Arunachal Madali: Resident of to the sixth standard. Afarmer, he Ammapet, distt. Salem, Tamilnadu; participated in the revolt of Kallara s/o Munia Madali; a weaver. He took Pangode in September 1938 when the part the ìQuit Indiaî movement of Travancore State Congress launched 1942 to demand the British departure the civil disobedience to reinforce its from India. He was arrested by the demand for responsible government. police and imprisoned for six months As one among those who raided the for his anti- British activities during police station at Pangode, Pillai was the movement. He succumbed to the killed in the police firing on the police tortures in Alipuram Central raiders. He was the first martyr of Jail on 5 November 1942 at the age Kallara-Pangode revolt. [Freedom of 43. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, 10- Movement Files, II, F. No. 3/45 10-1946, TNSAC] (Situation Report, Commandant Travancore State Force to Chief M. Karppiah: Resident not known. He Secretary to Government, 3 October 124 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

1938), KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, All placed as soldier in the Eight- Travancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F. Guerrilla Regiment of the INA and No. 339/45, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 259; deputed on the Burma (now EMK, p. 43; WWIM, I, p. 275] Myanmar) front to fight against the Allied forces. He was killed by the M. Nataraja Ayyar: Hailed from distt. enemy during an engagement in 1944 Chigleput (Chingleput), Tamilnadu. in Burma. [WWIM, II, p. 328; ROH, He actively joined the ìQuit Indiaî pp. 790-91] movement and was arrested for his participation in it in August 1942. M. Ulaganathan: Resident of Ayyar died soon after his release Nungambakkam, Madras (Chennai), from the jail, perhaps towards the Tamilnadu; s/o Madurai Mudaliar. end of 1942. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. An employee of the Buckingham Mill, 712, 6 .01.1947, TNSAC] he actively participated in the Buckimgham and Carnatic Mills M. Ramankutty Panikkar: Born in Labour agitation. He received bullet November 1904 in the Muthirackal wounds when the police opened fire House, Patinhara Vemballur, on the agitating workers on 11 March Cragnore, distt. Tirchur, Kerala. He 1942. Ulaganathan died in the passed the Secondary School Leaving hospital the next day at the age of Certificate examination, he 23. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) participated in the Salt Satyagraha No. 1130, 08.04.1942, TNSAC] movement in 1930. Sentenced at Calicut to rigorous imprisonment for M. Virappan: Resident of Edarkadu, six months, he was arrested again in distt. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; s/o 1931 for violating an order under Muruga Kavandar. He was a civilian section 144 and detained in the employee in the British-Indian Army, Central Jail, Cannanore. Severely but left it in 1942 to join the Indian assaulted and tortured, he died in the National Army. He was placed as in Central Jail, Cannanore, in July soldier in the Third Guerrilla 1932. Panikkar dead body was Regiment of the INA and deputed handed over to the local Congress on the Burma (now Myanmar) front Committee for cremation. [Oral to counter the Allied forces. He transcript by G. Chandrasekharan fought the enemy on several Pillai, Freedom Movement Files, F. occasions and eventually lost his life No. 130/45, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 501; during an encounter with the British WWIM, II, p. 234] forces. [WWIM, II, p. 343]

M. Thaiyal: Resident of Nellore, distt. M.A. Damodaran: Belonging to Kerala Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; he was a (place not known), he participated in civilian employee in the British- the movement for responsible Indian Army but left it in 1942 to join government in Travancore, and the Indian National Army. He was against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 125

notorious proposal for setting up an Purushan joined others in demanding ëAmerican modelí of administrative for its withdrawal, and eventually for arrangement. He was caught up in its destruction. During the activistsí the Menasseri Camp firing of Vayalar raid on the camp, he died in the which took place on 27 October 1946. police firing on 24 October 1946. C.P. Ramaswamyís military reached [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. Menasseri Labour Camp and 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. attacked the labourers gathered No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, therein. In the process they shot 1948, KSAT] Damodaran dead. [Punnapra- Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] M. Raman: Resident of No. 318, Kannabiran Street, Erukkancheri, M. K. Nagaraja Rao: Hailing from Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; s/o Madras City, Tamilnadu, he took Munusami. An unemployed part in the ìQuit Indiaî agitations of supporter of the workers during the 1942. He was killed in the police labour unrest in the Buckingham and firing on the demonstration he joined Carnatic Mills, he joined their in the city on 23 August 1942. [Pub agitation, and fell victim to the police Deptt, G.O. No. 174, 22.01.1947, firing on 11 March 1942. Raman died TNSAC] the following day, on 12 March 1942, at the age of 25. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), M. Krishnan: Born in 1924, resident of G.O. (MS) No.1130, 08.04.1942, Devakottai, distt. Ramanathapuram, TNSAC] Tamilnadu; he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942. He was Machingal Ani: Resident of Pookottur shot dead by the police on 17 August amsom, distt. Malappuram, Kerala, 1942 at Devakottai. [Pub Deptt he was taken into custody in (Military/ Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. connection with the Malabar 3010, 03.12.1948; Ramanathapuram rebellion of 1921 against the District Jail Slip No. 9, TNSAC] combination of the British colonial authorities and the exploitative M. M. Purushan: Resident of Mattathil Jenmis, and coinciding with the House, Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Kerala. He participated in the movement. He was detained on 1 movement for responsible June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner government in Travancore, and and kept in the Manjeri Sub Jail. against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Together with brutal police tortures notorious proposal for setting up an and a serious bout of pneumonia in ëAmerican modelí of administrative the jail (due to very bad sanitary arrangement. When a temporary conditions, overcrowding and police camp was set up in Punnapra insufficiency of clean water and to counter the agitation and harass food), Ani died on 8 July 1922 in the agitators and their families, detention at the age of 45. [Pub 126 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, Venkata Santa Bhupati, he partici- TNSAC] pated in Golugonda Pituri of 1880- 81 against the British Government; Machingal Kunjahammad: Resident of he was one of the leading men among t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a the 200 tribal men who took active tenant- cultivator there in Pukkottur part in the looting of the house of a amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in pensioned Constable Panpoze an armed confrontation in his village Appalaswami of Padi. He also with the British during the Malabar participated in several successful rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding attacks on the British Police and the with the Khilafat and Non- government was forced to announce Cooperation movement (for details, a reward of Rs.250/- for his capture. see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). After the death of Rajah Venkata Machingal Kunjahammad was one Santa Bhupati in June 1881, the among those militant peasants who Pituridars got dispersed. Chinnayya died on 26 August 1921 in the firing was arrested on 9 July 1881 and was by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. sentenced to death. The High Court 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- confirmed the sentence of death 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- passed on him in the second half of 209] the year 1881. [F.No. 8, FASRRF, 1882, p. 21; IPMGFSGJD, 1880, p. 73, Machingal Muhammad: Resident of t. APSAH] Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; s/o Kunjahammad, and a tenant- Madar Dyamanna: Resident of Halagali, cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, Mudhol Princely State (now in distt. Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Bagalakot), Karnataka. He was confrontation in his village with the involved in the revolt of Halagali British during the Malabar rebellion Bedas against the British imposition of 1921-22, and coinciding with the of the Disarming Act of 1857. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Dyamanna was killed in an encounter movement (for details, see the entry with the British on 30 November on Ahmmad Kutty). Machingal 1857. [SI1857WI, p. 199] Muhammad was one among those militant peasants who died on that Madarangah: Resident of Yesvoor day in the firing. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, (Hesarur), t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; Karnataka. He took an active part in PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] struggle against the British in 1857- 58 led by Bhim Rao and Kanchan Madakam Chinnayya alias Chinnigadu: Gowda. While defending the Resident of v. Vedlagedda in the Koppaldurg against the British, he Agency area of Golugonda, distt. was captured and shot dead by Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. Under the leadership of Rajah 280] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 127

Madathil Marakar: Resident of 17-02-1938, APSAH] Vaniyambalam amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He Madhavan Narayanan: Resident of actively participated in the Malabar Puthenveedu, Thrikanapuram, rebellion of 1921 against the Kadakkal Muri, distt. Trivandrum, combination of the British colonial Kerala. On 5 October 1938, the authorities and the exploitative people of Kadakkal in Kottarakara Jenmis, and coinciding with the taluk started an armed revolt against Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the toll collection at the Kadakkal movement. He was arrested and market. The occurrence also convicted in Sessions Case 6 of 1921 reflected the popular discontent and sentenced to undergo 18 months, against the government, its rigourous imprisonment. Sent to curtailment of civil liberties and the Alipuram Jail, Bellary, Marakar died Criminal Law Amendment Act 18 X in detention. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. of 1935. Arrested and manhandled 875, 27.10.1922, TNSAC] by the police, in this connection, Narayanan died due to tortures in Madduluri Kotaiah: Resident of v. the Quilon (now Kollam) Jail. At the Chirala, distt. Prakasham, Andhra time of his death he was 58. Pradesh; s/o Madduluri Rama- [Freedom Movement Files, (II), F. swamy and aged about 28; he took Nos. 1/45, 1945 B. No.38, 674/45, part in strike from 8 February 1938 1945 B. No.39, & 357/46, 1946 B. organised by the Indian Leaf Tobacco No.49, KSAT; Judicial files, No. 78 Development Company Workersí of 114, Sessions Court Quilon, Union at Chirala. A variety of Kadakkal Riot Case 1 PE 1/ 1938, grievances were put forward by the Commitment Order 29 May 1939, workers, but no settlement was KSAT; EMK, p. 36] effected, leading to utter discontent among the workers. Eventually, riots Madhurakariyan Viran: Resident of and disturbances broke out and on Punnapala amsom, distt. 14 February 1938, a large number of Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken workers gathered outside the factory into custody in connection with the and attacked the police on duty with Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the stones. Mr. H.H. Carleston, Sub- combination of the British colonial Collector, Ongole, arrived on the spot authorities and the exploitative and ordered firing on the crowd of Jenmis, and coinciding with the workers. Kotaiah received grievous Khilafat and Non-Cooperation bullet injuries in the police firing. movement. He was detained on 24 Removed to the Guntur Head- December 1921 as an under-trial quarters Hospital, he expired there prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub- on 16 February 1938. [Pub Deptt (G), Jail. Together with brutal police (Madras), Confd., G.O. No. 1577, 20- tortures and a serious attack of 09-1938; G.O. No. 339, 24-02-1938; IE, pneumonia in the jail (due to very 128 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

bad sanitary conditions, 45, KSAT; WWIM, II, pp.166-67] overcrowding and insufficiency of clean water and food), Viran died on Maideen Kutty: Born in Kerala (place 28 June 1922 in detention at the age not known), he resided in Malaya of 50. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, and was employed there in the 20.11.1922, TNSAC] British-Indian Army. He left his service in 1942 to join the Indian Mahadev Manjare: Hailed from Nipani, National Army, and served as soldier distt. Belgaum, Karnataka. He took in its Third Guerrilla Regiment. On part in the agitations of the ìQuit his deployment in Burma (now Indiaî movement of 1942. He was Myanmar), Kutty fought the British arrested for his anti-British role in force at different places, and finally the movement and imprisoned. died in action in 1944. [INA Papers, Manjare died in detention on 17 1/INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 167] August 1942. [WWIM, I, p. 217] Mailar Mahadevappa: Born on 8 June Mahipal Singh: Hailed from Bujora in 1908/1911, resident of v. Banda in Bengal Presidency; s/o Motebennur, t. Byadagi, distt. Jawahar Singh. He was an emissary Haveri, Karnataka. A farmer of the Chief of Surapur to organize educated up to fourth standard, he the revolt against the British at actively participated in the ìQuit Belgaum; he was caught and Indiaî movement. While taking part executed on 14 August 1857 at the in a protest rally on 1 April 1943, age of 35. [SI1857WI, p. 81] Mahadevappa was killed in the police firing. [SSS, I, p. 804; MMMM, p.133; Maideen Kunju: Born in 1912 at WWIM, I, p. 203] Panmana, distt. Kollam, Kerala; educated up to the fourth standard. Majeti Subba Rao: Resident of Tenali, A labourer, he took part in the distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; s/o popular movement for responsible Bulleyya. Belonging to Vysya government in Travancore State community, he served as a clerk in a (1938). He participated in a public cloth shop. In response to the meeting at the Cantonment Maidan, ëAndhra Circularí during the ìQuit Quilon, on 2 September 1938. Kunju Indiaî movement, he took part in the was killed on the same day in the attack on the Tenali Railway Station, firing by the police on the gathering. and setting fire to Railway [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. infrastructures on 12 August 1942. 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, KSAT; Confd. The Police opened fire on the Section Files, No.s 323/38 (Report of gathering most indiscriminately and District Magistrate Quilon to Chief three persons died on the spot. Rao Secretary, September 1945), KSAT; was one of three. Six others received Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore Jatha injures and another four died in the Committee, C. S. Files F. No. 339/ hospital later. [SMEAT, 1942, Tenali; Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 129

WWFSAP, I, p. 322; WWIM, I, p. 205; in Dharwad along with his HFMAP, p. 151] companions on 1 July 1921. The picketers were fired upon by the Majeti Subha Rao: A resident of distt. police. Malikasaab was killed in the Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, he actively firing. [KQIC, p. 6) participated in the ìQuit Indiaî movement when it broke out in Mallanna Reddagar: Born in v. August 1942. He was hit by the Karudapali, t. Gauribidanur, distt. bullets in the police firing on the Chikkaballapur, Karnataka. He took demonstration (organized to part in the popular movement for demand the British ouster from responsible government in the India) he joined in his locality. Rao Mysore State at Viduraswatha village succumbed to these injuries on the on 25 April 1938. The movement led same day in August 1942. [Pub Deptt, to an incident of police firing on the G.O. No.1038, April 1947, TNSAC] agitators (for details, see the entry on Bheemiah). Reddagar was one Malayathodika Moideen Kutty: who died in the firing. [AISPC Papers, Resident of Orangattiri amsom, distt. F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB] Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken into custody in connection with the Mallappa Chougule: Born probably in Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the 1917 at v. Chichali, distt. Belgaum, combination of the British colonial Karnataka. He took part in the authorities and the exploitative Satyagraha movement launched by Jenmis, and coinciding with the the States Peopleís Conference of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Kolhapur in 1940. Arrested and movement. He was a suspect of imprisoned, he died in Kolhapur effecting forcible conversion during District Jail in 1940. [WWIM, I, pp. the rebellion and taken into police 73-74; SSS, I.] custody for trial under the Madras State Prisoners Act, 1819. Kutty died Mallappa Ittannavar: Born in v. in jail even before the trial. [Pub Hirekumbi, distt. Belgaum, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (Mis.Series) Karnataka; s/o Ningappa. A farmer, No.749, 25.09.1923, TNSAC] he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942. He was arrested Malikasaab: Hailed from Dharwad, in April 1943 and sentenced to 6 Karnataka. When the Non- monthsí rigorous imprisonment. Cooperation movement spread in the Ittannavar died under detention on Bombay Presidency in 1921-22, a 22 July 1943. [WWIM, II, p. 124] large number of processions, meetings and burning of foreign Mallappa: Born in v. Issur, distt goods took place. During the Shimoga, Karnataka. A farmer movement, Malikasaab participated educated up to the middle standard, in picketing in front of an arrack shop he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî 130 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

movement in 1942 and was involved Malliah: Resident of Waddarhatti in an encounter with the police at (Waddatti), t. Mundargi, distt. Issur. Arrested and tried for killing Gadag, Karnataka. He took active the Sub-Inspector of Police and part in the struggle against the British Tehsildar of Shikarpur. Mallappa was in 1857-58 under the leadership of sentenced to death and died on the Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. gallows on 8 March 1943. [WWIM, I, While defending the Koppaldurg p. 208] against the British, Malliah was captured, sentenced to death and Mallashetty Akki: Born in 1913 at v. shot dead by musketry in June 1858. Kittur, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/ [SI1857WI, p. 279] o Gurushiddappa Akki. A farmer educated up to the fourth standard, Mamer: Resident of Pallikal House, he took part in the peasant Punnapra, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. movement, as well as in the agitation A worker, he shared his fellow for responsible government in the workersí annoyance at the setting Ramdurg State. He participated in a up of a police camp in Punnapra to protest demonstration on 7 April harass them and their families. 1939 against a case of police firing. They agitated for the withdrawal The protestors attacked the guards of the camp and eventually raided in front of the Stateís prison. Akki it on 24 October 1946. During the was arrested in this connection and raid Mamer was killed in the police hanged in Hindalga Jail, Belgaum on firing. [Freedom Movement Files 6 May 1940. [Convicted Trial (II), F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, Prisoners No. 18563, CPR No. 3, B. No. 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & No. No. 09, 23 May 1939 to 1 April 1950, 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, Hindalga Jail Belgaum; RSVH, p. 73; p.79] WWIM, II, p. 5] Mammad: S/o Koothranadan Atheez; Malli Nannien: Resident of Pappankinar resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, Lane, Veera Raghavaperumal Koil and a tenant-cultivator there in Street, Madurai, Tamilnadu; s/o Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he Malli Nagasamy Iyer. An activist in participated in an armed the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942, confrontation in his village with the he received severe gunshot injuries British during the Malabar rebellion in the police firing during the hartal of 1921-22, and coinciding with the at South Masi Street near Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Kamatchiamman Koil Tank in movement (for details, see the entry Madurai on 10 August 1942. Nannien on Ahmmad Kutty). Mammad was died in a hospital on 15 August 1942. one among those militant peasants [Pub Deptt (Poll-B), G.O. (MS) No. who died on 26 August 1921 in the 3096, 10.10.1947, TNSAC] firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 131

pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, movements. He was detained on 5 pp. 179-209] June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Manakkatu Thattil Krishnan: Belonged Together with brutal police tortures to Kerala (place not known). He was and a serious attack of pneumonia in an activist of Karshaka Sangham in the jail (due to very bad sanitary Malabar, Kerala, and participated in conditions, overcrowding and Karivellur struggle against forcible insufficiency of clean water and paddy procurement. The resistance food), Ismal died on 23 June 1922 in was organized by the poor peasants detention at the age of 32. [Pub of Karivellur against the feudalist Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, Chirakkal Thamburan. Their demand TNSAC] was that the paddy should be sold through the cooperative society of Manappad Ahmad: Resident of t. Ernad, cultivators in order to prevent a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur ìblackî marketing. They also wanted amsom, Manjeri, Malabar, Kerala, he to stop the unlawful hoarding of the was involved in an armed paddy, harvested by the farmers and confrontation in his village with the peasants at a time when there was a British during the Malabar rebellion severe shortage of paddy. When their of 1921-22 and coinciding with the demand for the distribution at a Khilafat and Non-Cooperation reasonable price was turned down, movement (for details, see the entry a 6000 strong mob of peasants under on Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmad was one the Communist leadership forcibly among those militant peasants who stopped the taking out of paddy as died in the 26 August 1921 firing by rent (pattom) to the Chirakkal Raja, the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. and later surrounded the farm house 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; on 20 December 1946. The agitation Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, ended in a firing by the police in 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. which Krishnan was killed.†[PA, 22 & 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 29 December 1946 and 2 February 179-209] 1947, NMML; PSLRSCM, pp. 127-29; ASK, p. 28] Manathuru Ananda Rao: Resident of distt. Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, Manangotan Ismal: Resident of he was a Congress Worker who Vettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor, followed the Congress ideology, and distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He was participated in all the nationalist taken into custody for his role in the activities. Joining in the picketing in Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the 1932 during the Civil Disobedience combination of the British colonial movement, and taking part in the authorities and the exploitative Individual Satyagraha at Krothavuru Jenmis, and coinciding with the village in Anantapur district, Rao was Khilafat and Non-Cooperation arrested and died at a young age in 132 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

a hospital due to ill-health in 1941. Mandadi Somi Reddy: Resident of v. [SVVP, 16 April 1941, APSAH] Kadavendi, t. Janagaon, distt Warangal, Andhra Pradesh (now in Manchala Bodesu alias Bedeyya alias Telangana), he took part in the Bodenna: Resident of v. Communist-led Telangana peasantsí Gennerlapalem, t. Chintapalli, distt. struggle against the feudal Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. An oppressions in Warangal district associate of Alluri Sitarama Raju in commencing in November 1946. He the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24, was shot dead while resisting a raid against the oppressive deeds of the by the Nizamís military on British Government in the Agency Devaruppal village on 17 November area, he was killed in an encounter 1946. [PA, 8 December 1946; TPSL, with the armed police, led by the p. 46; WWFSAP, Vol. III, p. 366]. British Officer, Sweney, on the night between 11.45 p.m. and 12.45 a.m. of Mandapak Rangayya: Resident of t. 6 December 1922, at Lingapuram. His Coconada, East Godavari, Andhra dead body was sent to Pradesh; a weaver. He took part the Krishnadevipeta. [F.No. 4, FASRRF, ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 to 1924, p. 28; F.No.22, FASRRF, 1922, demand the British departure from p. 159, APSAH] India. He was arrested by the British police and imprisoned for nine Mancheri Mammu Gurukal: Resident of monthsí rigorous imprisonment. Vettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor, After undergoing 6 months and 3 distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He was days of his prison term, Rangayya taken into custody in connection with succumbed to the inhuman police the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against tortures in Alipuram Central Jail on the combination of the British colonial 6 March 1943 at the age of 43. [Pub authorities and the exploitative Deptt. G.O No. 2146, 10-10-1946, Jenmis, and coinciding with the TNSAC] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He was detained on 5 Mandapaka Rangayya: A resident of June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner distt. East Godavari, Andhra and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Pradesh, he joined the Individual Together with brutal police tortures Satyagraha in 1940-41. He was and a serious attack of pneumonia in arrested by the police for his role in the jail (due to very bad sanitary the anti- British activities during the conditions, overcrowding and movement. Put into jail, he had to face insufficiency of clean water and severe police tortures which resulted food), Gurukal died on 22 June 1922 in his death under detention in 1941. in detention at the age of 35. [Pub [Pub Deptt, G.O. No.1687, May 1947, Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] TNSAC] Mandapaka Rangayya Naidu: Resident Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 133

of Kakinada, distt. East Godavari, protest against the national Andhra Pradesh; s/o leadersíarrest for the adoption of the Sitaramaswamy; a businessman and ìQuit Indiaî resolution (1942). While a renowned freedom fighter. He the meeting was going on at Gandhi took active part in the Non- Park, the police suddenly opened fire Cooperation movement and was on the students. A bullet penetrated sentenced on 17 December 1922 to Purnachandra Raoís throat and he one-year rigourous imprisomment, in died on 14 August 1942. the Rajahmundry Central Jail. [LFDMGTCSG, Pub Deptt (G), Sentenced again on 25 April 1930 to (Madras), R.C. No.1150-Confd.-43 c- one-year Rigourous Imprisomment, 1, 29-5-1943; The Hindu, 15 August for taking part in the Salt Satyagraha, 1942, APSAH; WWFSAP, I, p. 271; he was put in the Rajahmundry, WWIM, I, p. 214] Madras, Cannanore and Vellore Jails. He further suffered eighteen monthsí Manikatavan Unni Moidin: Resident of rigourous imprisomment, from 17 Punnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, March 1932 in the Rajahmundry and Kerala; a coolie. He was taken into Cuddalore Jails for having custody in connection with the participated in the Civil Disobedience Malabar rebellion of 1921 and movement. In between he was the transported to Podanur Central President, East Godavari DCC, Prison along with 100 other Mappila Member, PCC, and Vice-Chairman, rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Kakinada Municipality. For taking goods wagon (for details, see the part in the Individual Satyagraha, he entry on Akkara Veetil alias was sentenced on 6 March 1941 to Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Moidin nine months, rigourous was one among those who had been imprisomment, with a fine of Rs. 300/ suffocated to death in this wagon -; While undergoing this term of tragedy, notoriously known as the imprisonment in the Alipuram Camp Black Hole of Podanur (20 November Jail, he died on 2 June 1941, on account 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. of Intra-Cranial Haemorrhage. [Pub 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. Deptt (G), (Madras), G.O. Ms. Nos. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of 2004-S6/42, & 2146, 15-7-1946 & 10- Deputy Superintendent of Police, 10-1946; RACJ, C. No. 528, 194, Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- APSAH; WWFSAP, I, p. 143; WWIM, Secretary Safe Secret File, F. No. I, p. 214] 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Mandapati Purnachandra Rao: Resident of distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; s/ Manjalamparamban Pokar: Resident of o Surya Rao, as an Intermediate class Vettikkatiri amsom, t. Wandoor, student he took a leading part in the distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He protest meeting held by the students actively participated in the Malabar at Guntur on 13 August 1942 to rebellion of 1921 against the 134 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

combination of the British colonial in this police firing. [PA, 2 February authorities and the exploitative 1947, NMML; ASK, p. 33; KKK. p. 64] Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Mankadathodika Kodakkadan Rayin: movement. He was arrested and Resident of Pandikad amsom, t. convicted for the offence of waging Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he was war against the King Emperor and involved in an armed confrontation punished under Section 121 of the in his village with the British during Indian Penal Code and with Martial the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 and Law (Military Courts) Ordinance, coinciding with the Khilafat and 1921 and sentenced to transportation Non-Cooperation movement (for for life at a Court-Martial held on 19 details, see the entry on Apankollan January 1922 at Manjeri. He was kept Moideen). Rayin was one among in the Bellary Camp Jail and those who died in the 14 November subsequently transferred to the 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/ Penal Settlement of Port Blair in the Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; Andamans Islands on 18 April 1922 PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt by S.S. ìMaharajaî from Madras. He (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, died on 16 March 1928 of infective TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74] jaundice in the Andamans. [Low Deptt (G), G.O. (Mis.Series) No.3277, Mankara Thodika Ahmad Kutty: 29.09.1928, TNSAC] Resident of t. Ernad, Kerala, and a tenant- cultivator there in Pukkottur Manjeri Govindan: Belonged to Kerala amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in (place not known), he was an activist an armed confrontation in his village of the Karshaka Sangham of Irikkoor with the British during the Malabar which took the initiative in providing rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding relief to the people suffering from with the Khilafat and Non- ìblackî marketing and hoarding. Cooperation movements (for details, The Sangham activists requested for see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). He permission of the landlord to climbed upon a tree and threw a cultivate the land of Kavumbai. When grenade into the lorry in which the the Jenmi refused, they sent a number Police Superintendent and the of petitions to the ministers and soldiers were traveling, resulting in officials of Madras Government. the killing of some soldiers. Ahmad After these, the peasants under the Kutty was one among those militant leadership of Karshaka Sangham, peasants who died on 26 August 1921 decided to occupy the area and in the firing by the British troops. [H/ cultivate it even if they had to face Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; police action. The police did turn up, ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; cordoned off the area and fired upon MM, pp. 179-209] the activists of the Sangham on 30 December 1946. Govindan lost his life Mankavilkumathu Ahamad: Resident Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 135

of Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in taken into custody in connection with an armed confrontation in his village the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and with the British during the Malabar transported to Podanur Central rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Prison along with 100 other Mappila with the Khilafat and Non- rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Cooperation movements (for details, goods wagon (for details, see the see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). entry on Akkara Veetil alias Kutty Haji was one among those Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). militant peasants who died on 26 Ahamad was one among those who August 1921 in the firing by the had been suffocated to death in this British troops. [H/Poll, 1921, F. No. wagon tragedy, notoriously known 241, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] November 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Mannayil Kunjeen Haji: Resident of t. Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- TNSAC; Report of Deputy cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Superintendent of Police, Madras, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary confrontation in his village with the Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated British during the Malabar rebellion 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the 22 November 1921; WTS] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details, see the entry Mannayil Abdulla Kutty Haji: Resident on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjeen Haji of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a was one among those militant tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur peasants who died on 26 August1921 amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in in the firing by the British troops. [H/ an armed confrontation in his village Poll, 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; with the British during the Malabar ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding MM, pp. 179-209] with the Khilafat and Non- Cooperation movement (for details, Mannayil Maamu Haji: Resident of t. see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Abdulla Kutty was one among those cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, militant peasants who died on 26 Manjeri, he was involved in an armed August 1921 in the firing by the confrontation in his village with the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, British during the Malabar rebellion 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; of 1921-22, and coinciding with the PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements (for details, see the entry Mannayil Alavi Kutty Haji: Resident of on Ahmmad Kutty). Maamu Haji was t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a one among those militant peasants 136 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

who died on 26 August 1921 in the estimated huge mob of 6000 workers. firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; ALS, No.2701, 14.12.1946, TNSAC] pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Marathodika Alavi: Resident of Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Mannikkatavan Pokker Kutti: Resident Kerala, he was involved in an armed of Punnapala, amsom, t. Ernad, confrontation in his village with the Malabar, Kerala; a religious teacher. British during the Malabar rebellion He was taken into custody in of 1921-22, and coinciding with the connection with the Malabar Khilafat and Non-Cooperation rebellion of 1921 and transported to movement (for details, see the entry Podanur Central Prison along with on Apankollan Moideen). Alavi was 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost one among those who died in the 14 air-tight Railway goods wagon (for November 1921firing by the British details, see the entry on Akkara troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1- Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Nayar). Pokker was one among those Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, who had been suffocated to death in 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372- this wagon tragedy, notoriously 74] known as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Marathodika Kunjimoidu: Resident of (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Kadanammana, t. Walluvanad, Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in TNSAC; Report of Deputy an armed confrontation in his village Superintendent of Police, Madras, with the British during the Malabar dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated with the Khilafat and Non- 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Cooperation movements (for details, 22 November 1921; WTS] see the entry on Aboobakkar). Kunjimoidu was one among those Mantri Goundan: Resident of Ganapthi militant peasants who died on 9 in Coimbatore Town, distt. December 1921 in the British troopsí Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/o firing. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt Subanna Goundan, an ex- labourer (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, of Coimbatore Spinning and TNSAC; HMR] Weaving Mills Company Limited. Participating in the labour struggle Margakkaran Ismal: Resident of organized by the workers of Karuvara Kundu amsom, distt. Coimbatore Spinning and Weaving Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken Mills Company Limited on 11 into custody in connection with the November 1946, Goundan died in Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the the 39 rounds of police firing on an combination of the British colonial Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 137

authorities and the exploitative distt. Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. Jenmis, and coinciding with the A political activist since 1940, he took Khilafat and Non-Cooperation active part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement. He was detained on 8 movement of 1942 and was involved June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner in the Ordinance Case of March 1943. and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. He was arrested in this connection Together with brutal police tortures and kept as an under-trial prisoner and a serious attack of pneumonia in in Central Jail, Madurai. During his the jail (due to very bad sanitary trial by the Special Judge, conditions, overcrowding and Ramanathapuram, he was so severely insufficiency of clean water and beaten up in the jail that he could not food), Ismal died on 18 June 1922 in bear it and died on 3 March 1944. detention at the age of 40. [Pub [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No 2146, Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, 10.10.1946; FFPO No. 9168/1980, TNSAC] 30.07.1980, TNSAC]

Marianna Damavarapu: Hailing from Maruthakohan Avarankutty: Resident distt. Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, he of Viloyil amsom, distt. Malappuram, took part in the Individual Kerala. He was taken into custody Satyagraha in 1941. Arrested for his for his role in the Malabar rebellion nationalistic role in the movement of 1921 against the combination of and sentenced to imprisonment, he the British colonial authorities and was put in Nellore District Jail. the exploitative Jenmis, and Damavarapu died there in detention. coinciding with the Khilafat and [WWIM, I, p. 76] Non-Cooperation movement. He was detained on 8 June 1922 as an Markanda Thevar: Resident of North under-trial prisoner and kept in the Shier, Thiruvadanai, distt. Ramnad, Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with Tamilnadu; s/o Kanthaswami. He brutal police tortures and a serious was arrested and imprisoned for his attack of pneumonia in the jail (due participation in the ìQuit Indiaî to very bad sanitary conditions, movement against the British. While overcrowding and insufficiency of serving his term in jail, he fell clean water and food), Avarankutty severely ill on account of the police died on 21 June 1922 in detention at tortures and poor living conditions. the age of 24. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) Convict No. 6550, Thevar died in No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Madurai Central Jail in 1943 at the age of 54. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, Maruti Agalawe: Born in 1922 at v. 10-10-1946, TNSAC] Kurali, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/ o Krushna Agalawe. A farmer Markanda Thevar: Resident of v. Keela educated up to the seventh standard, Maruthan Kulam, p.o. he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî Govindamangalam, t. Tiruvadanai, movement of 1942 and worked 138 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

underground under leadership of Sankumukhom beach. [Freedom Vasant Rao Patil. Agalawe was killed Movement Files (II), F. No. 1826/44, in the police firing in 1943 near (District Magistrate Trivandrum to Khadaklat. [WWIM, I, p. 4] Chief Secretary to Government 21 September 1938), KSAT; Freedom Matathil Ayamadkutty: Resident of Movement Files (II), No. 3/45, B. No. Kuruvamabalam, amsom, t. Ernad, 38, 1945, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 343; Malabar, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator. WWIM, II, p.191] He was taken into custody in connection with the Malabar Mathi Subba Rao: Resident of v. rebellion of 1921 and transported to Gazullanka, ml. Kollu, distt. Guntur, Podanur Central Prison along with Andhra Pradesh; he took part in the 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost anti-zamindari struggle in the air-tight Railway goods wagon (for Gazullanka village of Challapalli details, see the entry on Akkara Estate. On 10 April 1947, the peasants Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan entered the zamindari lands for Nayar). Ayamadkutty was one collecting rellu (grass) by defying the among those who had been prohibitory orders of the suffocated to death in this wagon Government. Twelve Reserve tragedy, notoriously known as the Policemen appeared on the scene, Black Hole of Podanur (20 November and arrested some peasants. When 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. the peasants protested and 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. questioned the moral authority of the 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of police, they opened fire. As a result, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Rao received gun shots in the police Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- firing and died. [Andhra Patrika, 13 Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. April 1947; 16 April 1947; 9 June 1947, 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala APSAH; CERP, pp. 76 & 136] Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Mathurakariyan Kathli: Resident of Mathai: Born on 3 December 1904 at Porur amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Chengannur, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator. He was Kerala. He studied up to taken into custody in connection with Matriculation and became a plumber. the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and He participated in the Civil transported to Podanur Central Disobedience movement launched by Prison along with 100 other Mappila the Travancore State Congress in rebels in an almost air-tight railway August 1938, demanding responsible goods wagon (for details, see the government. He was killed in the entry on Akkara Veetil alias firing by the armed forces on 21 Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Kathli September 1938 to disperse a State was one among those who had been Congress meeting, being held in suffocated to death in this wagon defiance of the prohibitory order at tragedy, notoriously known as the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 139

Black Hole of Podanur (20 November Hyderabad (now in Telangana); he 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. took leading part in the Uprising of 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 1857 at Hyderabad. Organized an 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of armed force of Rohillas and Arabs in Deputy Superintendent of Police, association with Turrebaz Khan and Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- led them in the attack on the Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. Hyderabad Residency on 17 July 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala 1857. Captured by the British during Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] an encounter, he was sentenced to transportation for life; deported to Matturi Satyanaryan Gupta: Resident of the Andaman Islands on 28 June 1859 v. Inturu, distt. Guntur, Andhra where he died in custody in 1884. Pradesh. A Congress volunteer, he [WWIM, III, p. 142] participated in the Civil Disobedience movement and was arrested during Mayakkal: Residence not known. By the the course of the agitation. Matturi Criminal Tribes Act of India, 1911, died in jail probably in the second certain castes in Madras Presidency, half of 1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra especially in its southern districts, Pradesh Provincial Committee were registered as ìCriminal tribesî. Report, 8-11-1931, F. No. G-1(i)/1931, The Kallars of Madurai refused to be NMML] marked as ìcriminalî under the leadership of George Joseph. Their Maturi Kakumanu Durgaprasada Rao: agitation took a violent turn at Hailed fom v. Tenali, distt. Guntur, Perungamanallur, and the armed Andhra Pradesh; took part in the forces opened fire on a rally that Civil Disobedience movement; Mayakkal attended on 3 April 1920. arrested during the course of the She was shot and bayoneted on that movement; died in jail by the end of day, and died of her injuries on 6 1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra Pradesh April 1920. [H/(Judl) Deptt, G.O. No. Provincial Committee Report, 8-11- 1315, 26.05.1920, TNSAC] 1931, F. No.G-1(I)/ 1931, NMML] Mayandi Thevan: Resident of v. Maturi Kakumanu Durgaprasada Rao: Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt. Hailed fom v. Tenali, distt. Guntur, Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part in Andhra Pradesh. He took part in the the Kallar riot at Perungamanallur Civil Disobedience movement, and against the Colonial Madras was arrested in the course of the Governmentís policy of registering agitation. He died in jail by the end Kallars as criminal tribes under the of 1931. [AICC Papers, Andhra Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popular Provincial Committee Report, 8-11- and well-known political agitator, 1931, F. No. G-1(i)/1931, NMML] George Joseph, inspired the tribals not to obey the British and start a Maulvi Syed Alauddin: Resident of civil disobedience agitation. When 140 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the Kallars of Perungamanallur and [Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip the neighbouring villages refused to Nos. 354 & 445, TNSAC] register themselves as criminal tribes, police force was used to coerce them Meletath Sankaran Nayar: Resident of to obey. In the resultant clash and Trikkalangod amsom, t. Ernad, police firing that took place on 3April Malabar, Kerala, a tenant-cultivator. 1920, Thevan died the same day.[H/ He was taken into custody in Deptt (Judl), G.O. No.1315, connection with the Malabar 26.05.1920; Judl Deptt G.O. rebellion of 1921 and transported to (Ord.Series) No.109, 27.04.1921; Pub Podanur Central Prison along with Deptt, G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931, 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost TNSAC] air-tight Railway goods wagon (for details, see the entry on Akkara Md. Ghouse Mohideen: Resident of Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, he Nayar). Nayar was one among those took part in the ìQuit Indiaî who had been suffocated to death in movement. A crowd of two this wagon tragedy, notoriously thousand gathered in the meeting at known as the Black Hole of Podanur Guntur Gandhi Park and the Hindu (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt College area on 13 August 1942 at 6 (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; p.m. to protest against the arrest of Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, the Indian National Congress leaders TNSAC; Report of Deputy during the ìQuit Indiaî movement. Superintendent of Police, Madras, While the people were listening to dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary the Radio news, some of them Safe Secret Filed, F. No. 390A dated casually threw stones on to the road 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, side. Suddenly, police started firing 22 November 1921; WTS] on the crowd and Md. Ghouse Mohideen was badly hit by a bullet. Melethiel Kunhalavi: Resident of He died of this bullet injuries then Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, and there. [LFDMGTCSG, Pub Deptt Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was (G), (Madras), R.C. No.1150-Confd.- taken into custody in connection with 43 C-1, 29-5-1943, APSAH; Andhra the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Patrika, 16 August 1942; The Hindu, transported to Podanur Central 14 August 1942, NMML] Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Meera Mohideen Rowther: Resident of goods wagon (for details, see the distt. Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu, entry on Akkara Veetil alias s/o Noor Mohammed Dedha Bin. He Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). took part in the ìQuit Indiaî Kunhalavi was one among those who movement of 1942, was arrested and had been suffocated to death in this kept in Alipuram Jail for 1Ω years. wagon tragedy, notoriously known Rowther died in jail in 1945. as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 141

November 1921). [Pub Deptt air-tight Railway goods wagon (for (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; details, see the entry on Akkara Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan TNSAC; Report of Deputy Nayar). Moideen Kutty was one Superintendent of Police, Madras, among those who had been dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary suffocated to death in this wagon Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated tragedy, notoriously known as the 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Black Hole of Podanur (20 November 22 November 1921; WTS] 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. Melethil Cheria Moideen Kutty: 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom, Deputy Superintendent of Police, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a religious Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- teacher. He was taken into custody Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. in connection with the Malabar 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala rebellion of 1921 and transported to Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Podanur Central Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Mian Saheb Khurd: Resident of air-tight Railway goods wagon (for Narayanakhed, distt Medak, Andhra details, see the entry on Akkara Pradesh (now in Telangana); as the Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan chieftain of the Rohillas, he took an Nayar). Moideen Kutty was one active part in the struggle against the among those who had been British rule in the region following suffocated to death in this wagon the Great Indian Revolt of 1857. He tragedy, notoriously known as the helped Ramji Gond of Adilabad Black Hole of Podanur (20 November district to lead a rebellion against the 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. British in 1860. He was killed on 9 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. April 1860 while fighting on the side 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of of the Gond rebels against the British, Deputy Superintendent of Police, near Nirmal, in Adilabad district. Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- [WWIM, II, p. 195] Secretary Safe Secret File, No. 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Mohamed Abdul Khadar: Born on 25 Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] May 1917 at t. Vakkom Chirayinkil, distt. Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o Melethil Valiya Moideen Kutty: Vavakunju. Educated upto Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom, matriculation, he took part in the t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, a religious popular movement for responsible teacher. He was taken into custody government in Travancore State in in connection with the Malabar 1938 and organized and led a rebellion of 1921 and transported to demonstration of the students Podanur Central Prison along with against the autocratic rule. He went 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost to Malaya during 1938-39, and joined 142 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the Indian National Army in 1942 p. 355; ROH, 726-27] there. As an Intelligence Official he was sent to India to gather Mohammed Hussain (Munshi): information about the British plan Resident of Poona, Maharashtra; he and the movements of their forces. was a disciple of Nurul Huda of He was detected and arrested by the Poona, under whose leadership the British authorities as soon as he Wahabis were then organizing a landed on the Calicut coast in 1942. strong anti-British movement during He was charged with ëspying for a the Uprising of 1857; Nurul Huda foreign powerí and sentenced to sent his disciples from Poona as death. Khadar was hanged in the emissaries to different Company Madras Penitentiary on 10 September army stations in the Marahta country 1943. [Freedom Movement Files, F. for organizing therein the Sepoysí No. 347/1938, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 355; revolts against the British. Hussain ROH, pp.726-27; WWIM, II, p. 2] was one who had been sent from Poona to Belgaum for giving the Mohamed Abdul Khadar: Born on 25 Sepoysí anti-British hostilities, a May 1917 at Vakkom t. Chirayinkil, rebellious shape. He was distt. Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o apprehended there by the British Vavakunju, he studied up to the tenth and executed on 14 August 1857 on standard in the S.N.V High School, the charge of ëtreasonable activitiesí. Vakkom. As a student, he organized [Mutiny Records, Poll Deptt, Vol. studentsí demonstrations in support Nos. 30-31 (1857), MSAM; SI1857WI, of the Travancore State Congressís pp. 64-7] agitation for responsible government in 1938. Migrated to Malaya before Mohiuddin: Resident of Nargund, distt. the Second World War, he joined the Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Kala. He was Indian National Army (INA) when arrested and charged with ëwaging the Japanese occupied that country. war against the British between 24 Distinguished as one of trusted few May and 2 June 1858í. Following his who were trained as intelligence arrest, Mohiuddin was shot dead by agents and sent to India for espionage musketry at Nargund on 12 June and sabotage activities, he was 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, captured after landing at the Calicut DD, Vol. No. 30, 12 June 1858] beach in a submarine late in 1942. Captured and tried for spying and Mohoment T. M.: Born at Kadikad, p.o. treason, he was sentenced to death Andathode, Malabar, Kerala; s/o in Madras. Khadar died on the Pulparayil Moidu Musaliar. He was gallows in the Madras Penitentiary in the service of the British-Indian in the small hours of 10 September Army, but left it in 1942 to join the 1943. [Fortnightly Report of April Indian National Army. He was 1938, Freedom Movement Files, 347/ placed as Secretary in the Second 1938, KSA; WWIM, II, p. 3; WWFFK, Guerrilla Regiment of the INA, and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 143

sent with the Regiment in Burma Emperor. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (now Myanmar) to look after the (Ord.Series) (MS) No.1151, affairs of the INA personnel during 01.12.1925, TNSAC] their movements and actions against the Allied forces. He died during on Moideen Kutti: Resident of distt. enemy attack on the INA forces. Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested [ROH, pp.725-26] and detained in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Moideen Kutti Gurikkal Haji: Resident combination of the British colonial of distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he authorities and the exploitative actively participated in the Malabar Jenmis, and coinciding with the rebellion of 1921 against the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation combination of the British colonial movement. He was detained as an authorities and the exploitative under-trial prisoner and kept in the Jenmis, and coinciding with the Malappuram Sub-Jail. Kutti died due Khilafat and Non-Cooperation to Pub. Tuberculosis on June 1922 in movement. He was kept in the the Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. Cannanore Central Jail as an under- [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) trial prisoner. An outbreak of No.998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] prisoners occurred in the Jail on 4 December 1921 at 4.00 p.m. when the Moideen Kutty: Resident of Vellayoor, prisoners were let out of their cells t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala, for meals. Gurikkal Haji received he actively participated in the bullet wounds in his skull when the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the police opened fire to control the combination of the British colonial outbreak and he died the same day. authorities and the exploitative [Low Deptt (G), G.O. (Ord.Series) Jenmis, and coinciding with the Nos. 1084 and 1085, 25.04.1922, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation TNSAC] movement. He was brother of Variyankunnath Ayamad, who was Moideen Kutti Haji: Resident of distt. the most prominent leader of Malabar Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested rebellion. Taking part in the and detained for his militant role in Pandikkad Camp attack during the the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against rebellion, Kutty was killed in the the combination of the British colonial encounter with the armed British authorities and the exploitative troops. [Pub Deptt, G.O.No.813, Jenmis, and coinciding with the 22.08.1925, TNSAC] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He was a close associate Mondi alias Virasami Naicken: Resident of M. P. Narayana, who was a of v. Sholinganallur (20 kms. away prominent Khilafat leader in Malabar. from Madras), t. Chingleput, distt. Kutti Haji was hanged to death for Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu. He joined waging war against the King a Salt Satyagraha gathering of 200 144 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

under the leadership of Muthukannu term he died on 29 May 1926, in Naicken, near Tulukkanamma Rajahmundry Central Jail. [RRCJ, Temple in Sholinganallur village. C.No. 1241, 1926; F.No. 21A, When the anti-British rallyists FASRRF, 1925, p. 41, APSAH] refused to disperse despite the authoritiesí orders, the police Moulvi Syed Allauddin: Resident of resorted to firing in which Naicken, Hyderabad (now in Telangana); along with a few others, was hit by acted as the Standard-bearer in the bullets and he died on the spot on 2 Nizamís army. A little before 5 oí June 1930. [Pub Deptt (Police-A), G.O. clock on the evening of 17 July 1857, No. (S-8) 329, 11.06.1930, TNSAC] he led a band of 500 Rohilla troops in the service of the Nizam,as well as Moosa: Resident of Pandikad amsom, t. a mob of 4,000 in Hyderabad, and Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, he was marched on to the Residency, involved in an armed confrontation demanding the release of thirteen in his village with the British during mutineers and deserters. the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 and Subsequently, the prisoners were coinciding with the Khilafat and released and handed over to Salar Non-Cooperation movement (for Jung, the Prime Minister, by Major details, see the entry on Apankollan Davidson. In this attack on the Moideen). Moosa was one among Briitsh Residency, several of the those who died in the 14 November rebels were killed by the British. In 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/ their flight from the Nizamís troops, Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; some more were taken prisoners by PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt them. Allauddin was also taken (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, prisoner, tried, convicted and TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74] transported to the Andaman Islands on 28 June 1859. He suffered Mothey Bodenna: Resident of v. imprisonment there till his death in Etarobba, t. Gudem, distt. 1884. [EM, 19 March 1962; TFSIH, II Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ (1857ñ85), pp. 81ñ2; WWFSAP, I, o Mallayya; belonged to Bagata 1978, p. 457] community. An agriculturist, he took part in the Rampa Rebellion (1922- Mozhikkal Athan: Resident of 24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju, Punnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, against the oppressive British rule Kerala; a religious teacher. He was over the Agency area. His property taken into custody in connection with was confiscated by the Government the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and for his participation in the rebellion. transported to Podanur Central Captured, he was convicted under Prison along with 100 other Mappila Section 121 of the Indian Penal Code rebels in an almost air-tight Railway and sentenced on 13 May 1925 for goods wagon (for details, see the life imprisonment. While serving his entry on Akkara Veetil alias Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 145

Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Athan Cheroor Kunjahammad, he was was one among those who had been involved in an armed confrontation suffocated to death in this wagon in his village with the British during tragedy, notoriously known as the the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and Black Hole of Podanur (20 November coinciding with the Khilafat and 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. Non-Cooperation movement (for 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. details, see the entry on 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Aboobakkar). Muhammad was one Deputy Superintendent of Police, among those militant peasants who Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- died on 9 December 1921 in firing by Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. the British troops. [PPMAK, 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR]

Mudallaner: Belonged to v. Kuran, distt. Mulakandi Meethal Kunhiraman: Koppal, Karnataka. He played an Resident of Keezhariyur, active role in the struggle against the Kurumbaranad, Kerala; s/o of British in 1857-58 under the Chappu; a labourer. He actively leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan participated in the ìQuit Indiaî Gowda. Captured by the British movement of 1942. He was arrested while fighting to defend by the British Police and awarded Koppaldurg, Mudallaner was punishment under Section 120 B of sentenced to death and shot dead by Indian Penal Code and various musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. sections of Defence of India Rules and 280] Explosives Substances Act. He was sentenced to 7 years, of Rigorous Mudigouda Mudigondar: Born in 1914 Imprisonment on 18 April 1944 by the in v. Mudepoor, distt. Belgaum, Sessions Judge of Calicut, in Sessions Karnataka; s/o Gondappa Gowda. A Case No. 21/44, and detained in farmer, he took part in the popular Alipuram Jail with Nominal Roll No. movement for responsible 9534. Kunhiraman died in the jail government in the Ramdurg State, hospital due to pneumonia on 1 led by the Praja Sangh (1938-39). He September 1944 at the age of 32. [Pub participated in a procession Deptt (G-A), G.O. (MS) No.2146, demanding the release of its leader, 10.10.1946, TNSAC] B. N. Munavalli, and others on 7 April 1939. He was killed, along with Muliyil Chatthukutty: Born in 1918 at a few others, when the police opened v. Dharmadom, Palayad desam, t. fire on the processionists near the Thalassery, distt. Kasargod, Kerala; Ramdurg Jail. [WWIM, II, p. 204] s/o Puthiaparamban Kunhiraman and Muliyil Thala. He was one of the Muhammad: Resident of Kadanammana, senior leaders of the beedi workersí t. Walluvanad, Malabar, Kerala; s/o union and paved the way for the 146 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Communist movement to grow in encounter with the British at Kottayam Taluk. He participated in Koppaldurg, Mulla was sentenced to Anti-Repressive movement staged at death and shot dead by musketry in Tellicherry (now Thalassery) on 15 June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] September 1940 to protest against repressive measures of the British Mundakal Vallaparambil colonial government for subjugating Unnimammad: Resident of distt. the peasants and workers. The Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested ìblackî marketing of essential and detained in connection with the commodities made life miserable for Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the millions of people who lived on the combination of the British colonial verge of starvation due to authorities and the exploitative extraordinary scarcity of food, Jenmis, and coinciding with the created by the Second World War. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation In these circumstances the Kerala movement. He was detained as an Pradesh Congress Committee had under-trial prisoner and kept in the decided to observe 15 September Malappuram Sub-Jail. Unnimammad 1940 as the Anti-Repression Day and died due to chronic dysentery in May the authorities imposed a ban on its 1922 in the Malappuram Sub-Jail observance. The ban was defied and hospital. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. meetings took place at many places (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] including Tellicherry, resulting in the police firing, killing the 22- yearí old Mundampra Aimukutti Haji: Resident Chatthukutty on the spot. of Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt. [Mathrubhumi, 17 September 1940, Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken NMML; MKSSAR] into custody in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Mulla (II): Resident of Kurlahalli, t. combination of the British colonial Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He authorities and the exploitative actively participated in the 1857-58 Jenmis, and coinciding with the Uprising under the leadership of Bhim Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Arrested in movement. He was detained on 18 an encounter with the British at June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Koppaldurg, he was sentenced to death and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. and shot dead by musketry in June 1858. Together with brutal police tortures [SI1857WI, p. 278] and a serious attack of pneumonia in the jail (due to very bad sanitary Mulla: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. conditions, overcrowding and Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. insufficiency of clean water and He took active part in the struggle food), Haji died on 7 July 1922 in against the British in 1857-58 under detention at the age of 30. [Pub the leadership of Bhim Rao and Deptt, G.O. (MS) No.960, 20.11.1922, Kanchan Gowda. Arrested in an TNSAC] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 147

Mundath Saiyid Ali: Resident of distt. Mungi Veerayya: Resident of v. Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested Mallareddigudem, t. Huzurnagar, for anti-British activities under the distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh Madras State Prisoners Regulation II (now in Telangana). On 2 December of 1819. Detained as a State Prisoner 1946 at 5am, 500 soldiers of the Nizam in Bellary Central Jail, Ali died due raided this village in search of the to fever on 29 March 1920. [Pub peasant rebels. Hearing about the Deptt, G.O. (Ord.Series) No.318, arrival of the Military, some 400 men 07.05.1920, TNSAC] and 200 women residents of the village gathered to offer resistance. Mundian Mammad Kutti: Resident of Seeing, this gathering of people, the distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was Military, without any provocation arrested and detained in connection opened fire on them. Veerayya, and with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 another peasant, died immediately. against the combination of the British Seeing this, the residents rose in self- colonial authorities and the defence by using vadiselas (for exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding throwing stones) and chilli water (for with the Khilafat and Non- throwing in the eyes). Firing Cooperation movement. He was continued, killing an old lady and detained as an under-trial prisoner eight more. [Andhra Patrika, 7 and kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail. December 1946] Kutti died due to colitis in May 1922 in Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. Muniappa Thevan: Born in 1909, [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. resident of v. Venniyur, p.o. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Moopaiyur Tiruvegampet, t. Tiruvadanai, distt. Mundian Mamumutti: Resident of distt. Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/o Malappuram, Kerala. He was Chella Thevan. Educated up to the arrested and detained in connection primary standard, he joined the Civil with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Disobedience movement of 1930 and against the combination of the British later took active part in the ìQuit colonial authorities and the Indiaî outbreak of 1942. As a exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding saboteur, he along with 17 other with the Khilafat and Non- associates, participated in damaging Cooperation movement. He was the Post and Telegraph Office at detained as an under-trial prisoner Tiruvadanai. Evading arrest, and kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail. Muniappa set fire thereafter to a Mamumutti died due to Tubercular toddy shop at Kakkalattur, Meningitis in May 1922 in the Tiruvadanai Taluk on 18 August 1942. Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [Pub He also burnt down the records in Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.998, the Estate Divisional Inspectorís 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Office at Kakkalattur. Finally, he was arrested in Pudukkottai State and 148 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

brought to a dense forest near these the same day, his dead body Tiruvegampet in 1942 by the police was sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F. No. and was shot dead. [Pub Deptt, (G- 22, FASRRF, 1922, p. 159; F.No.3, Confd.), G.O. (MS) No.4, 03.01.1944; FASRRF, 1924, p. 28, APSAH] Pub Deptt (Military/Confd.), G.O. No. 3010, 03.12.1948; Ramanatha- Mussaliyar Kammukutty: Resident of puram District Jail Slip No. 441; Office Melmuri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Copy No. 441, Clean Copy No. Malappuram, Kerala; a trader. He 441&569, TNSAC] was taken into custody in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Munta Veerabrahmam: Resident of v. against the combination of the British Bhimavaram, distt. West Godavari, colonial authorities and the Andhra Pradesh, a school boy of exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding seven. On 17 August 1942, a meeting with the Khilafat and Non- was organized in Bhimavaram, in Cooperation movement. Kammu- connection with the ìQuit Indiaî kutty was detained as a state prisoner movement. The student of the local in Rajahmundry Central Jail on 20 ULCM School boycotted their classes May 1922 and died there due to and moved in a procession towards cardiac failure on 19 December 1922. the meeting place and joined the local [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) leaders and the people. The rallyists No.440-40A, 20.05.1922; Pub Deptt, then raided and burnt the Revenue G.O. (Ord) (Mis.) No. 20, 08.01.1924, Divisional Office and the Collectorís TNSAC] Office. From there, they proceeded towards the police station where the Muthan Pillai: Born in 1874 at v. police opened fire on them. As a Varuvilakam, Neyyattinkara, distt. result, Veerabrahmam fell a victim to Trivandrum, Kerala. Educated up to the police bullet and died. [SMEAB, fourth standard, he participated in 29-12-1999, Warangal] the protest demonstrations staged at Neyyattinkara on 31 August 1938, Musa Chinnappa alias Chinnayya: following the arrest of N. K. Resident of v. Ramannapalem, t. Padmanabha Pillai, the second State Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam, Congress President during the Andhra Pradesh. A participant in the Travancore State Congressí agitation armed struggle waged by Alluri for responsible government. When a Sitarama Raju during 1922-24 in the contingent of the Travancore State Agency area, against the oppressive Forces sent for restoring order, rule of the British. He took part in opened fire on the demonstrators at an armed encounter with the Reserve the bus stand, Neyyattinkara, Pillai Police on 6 December 1922 at was hit by the bullets and died in the Peddagaddapalem. Chinnappa firing. [Freedom Movement Fles (II), received grievous bullet injuries in No. 1149\44, 1944, KSAT, Confd. the encounter and succumbed to Report of S.P. on 4 September 1938 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 149

(First Class Magistrate to District counter the British forces. Magistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I, Muthusamy was killed in action II, All Travancore Jatha Committee, against the enemy at Tamu, Burma. C. S. F/ No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp. [WWIM, II, p. 207; ROH, pp. 726-27] 124-26; TTT, p. 164; RR, p. 425; WWFFK, p. 365; WWIM, II, p. 246] Muthuya Thevan: Resident of v. Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt. Muthirakkal Ramankutty Panicker: Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part in Resident of Mathilakam, South the Kallar riot at Perungamanallur Malabar, Kerala. He was imprisoned against the Colonial Madras in Cannanore Central Jail for his Governmentís policy of registering active part in the Civil Disobedience Kallars as criminal tribes under the movement in 1931. Manhandled often Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popular by the police during his detention, and well-known political agitator, Panicker died of tortures he suffered George Joseph, inspired them not to in the Cannanore Central Jail in 1931. obey the British and start a civil [AICC Papers, F.No. G-1(i)/ 1931, disobedience agitation. When the NMML] Kallars of Perungamanallur and the neighbouring villages refused to Muthurangam Pillai: Resident of register themselves as criminal tribes, Gudlur, distt. South Arcot, police force was used to coerce them Tamilnadu; s/o Manickam Pillai; a to obey. In the resultant clash and cultivator. He participated in the police firing that took place in that ìQuit Indiaî movement that broke place on 3 April 1920, Thevan died out in 1942. He was arrested by the on the spot. [Judl Deptt, (Ord.Series) British Police on the charge of his No.109, 27.04.1921; Pub Deptt, taking part in the anti-British G.O.No. 935, 10.09.1931, TNSAC] activities. Pillai died in detention on account of severe police tortures in Mutrai Pokkai: Resident of the jail on 15 September 1942 at the Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad, age of 35. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into 10-10-1946, TNSAC] custody in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Muthusamy: Resident of combination of the British colonial Sidambaraveeram Kandu, distt. authorities and their exploitative Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; s/o M. Jenmis, and coinciding with the Singara Nander; he was a civilian Khilafat and Non-Cooperation employee in the British Indian Army, movement (for details, see the entry but left service in 1942 and joined the on Charchil Mammadutty). Pokkai Indian National Army in Malaya. surrendered with other rebels and, Trained as a soldier and placed in the following a trial, he was sent to the Third Guerrilla Regiment, he was gallows on 17 February 1922. [Pub posted in Burma (now Myanmar) to Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Report 150 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

of the Administration of the Madras Rebellion (1922-24), led by Alluri Presidency for the year 1921-22; Sitarama Raju. He was a man of Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, considerable influence in the Gudem TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December Taluq and succeeded in enlisting a 1921, NMML] large number of men for the rebellion. A proclamation was Muttadam Buddayya Dora: Resident of issued, offering a reward of Rs.50/- v. Koyyuru, t. Chintapalli, distt. for his capture. When captured at the Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ end of the rebellion, Veerayya Dora o Bodi Dora. A school teacher, he was convicted and died in jail. [Pub took a prominent part in the Rampa Deptt, (Madras), G.O. No. 572, 23- Rebellion (1922-24), led by Alluri 07-1923, pp. 6, 7 & 8, APSAH; ASRR, Sitarama Raju, against the atrocities Appendix - I, p. III, 148 & 175] of the British in the Agency area. He participated in encounters at Muttam Linganna Dora: Resident of v. Kondapalli, Kirabu, and several other Annavaram, t. Gudem of Agency places with the British Police. area in distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra Receiving bullet injury in one such Pradesh; s/o Serbhanna Dora, he encounter with the British Malabar took a prominent part in organising Reserve Police, Dora died a martyrís the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24, as death. [LFTGRSCAO, TCSGMW, 22- an associate of Alluri Sitarama Raju. 08-1924, APSAH] On the midnight of 25 October 1923, the rebels launched an attack and Muttadam Veerayya Dora: Resident of opened fire on police musketeers on v. Gudem in the Agency area of distt. the East Coast Special Police of the Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ Gudem Camp. In the course of the o Sobilan Dora, he became muttadar encounter Linganna Dora received of Gudem in 1912. In the Lagarai bullet injuries and died on 26 October Uprising of 1916-17 he became a State 1923. [F.No. 4, FASRRF, 1924, p. 28; prisoner at Vijayanagaram. Released F.No. 23A, FASRRF, 1923, pp. 135 & from the Rajavommangi Jail on 24 221; F.No. 2, FASRRF, 1925, pp. 12, August 1922, he joined the Rampa 15 & 19, APSAH; ASRR, p. 124] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 151

N. A Gopalan Nair: Born on 25 October WWFFK, pp.133-34] 1911, and a member of Kakkutumbil House, Chikkilode, near Quilandy, N. Kali Muthu: Resident of distt. Kozhikode, Kerala. He passed Puthypatnam, distt. Thanjavur, his Secondary School Leaving Tamilnadu; s/o Neelamegam. He Certificate examination from Malabar was serving the British-Indian Army, Christian College/School in 1930; but shifted his loyalty to the Indian participated in the Salt Satyagraha Natioanl Army in 1942, and joined movement at Payyanur, and its First Guerrilla Regiment as a following the trial at Cannanore, he soldier. Muthu was deployed on the was sentenced to Rigorous Burma (now Myanmar) front to Imprisonment for nine months. He counter the Allied forcesí advances. spent the prison term at the Central He fought the enemy at different Jail, Cannanore; became a volunteer places, and died in the course of a captain under the 19 Dictator in the sudden British attack on his camp. Civil Disobedience movement of [WWIM, II, p. 139; ROH, pp. 710-11] 1932, N. A. Krishnan Nair, was sentenced by the Sub-Divisional N. Kuttapan: Born at Kizhakkunkara Magistrate, Calicut, to 13 monthsí Pulhen Elumkulam, distt. imprisonment. He served the Travancore, Kerala; he joined the sentence in Cannanore, Vellore and Indian National Army in 1942 in Cuddalore Jails. On release, he Malaya; he was placed as a soldier in picketed toddy shops in the village the Third Guerrilla Regiment and of Chikkilode, Nanmanda and sent to Burma (now Myanmar) to Naduvallur. With his health severely fight the British-Allied forces under impaired in various prisons, Gopalan the INA flag. He took part in several Nair expired on 25 July 1936. engagements with the enemy [Freedom Movement Files (II), No. soldiers and finally died while 384/36, B. No. 55, 1936, KSAT; retreating at a safer place in 1944. 152 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

[ROH, pp. 708-09; WWIM, II, p.167] to the movement for responsible government by listening to the N. Munusami: Resident of No.12, speeches of the Congress leaders. He Parasurama Mudali Street, Choolai, took part in the agitation for Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; s/o responsible government and went Natesa Mudaliar. A worker in the for attending the State Congress Buckingham Mill, he participated in meeting at Pettah, Trivandrum on 13 the labour unrest in the Buckingham July 1947 to register protest against and Carnatic Mills on 11 March 1942 the ìIndependent Travancoreî and received gunshot wounds in the movement. In the firing that the State police firing on the striking workers. Army resorted to for dispersing the He died of his wounds in hospital at meeting, Rajendran was severely the age of 23. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), wounded, treated in a hospital for G.O. (MS) No. 1130, 08.04.1942, long and died on 26 September1947. TNSAC] [Freedom Movement Files (III), No. 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, KSAT; N. Padmanabhan: Born on 19 April 1894 WWFFK, p. 485; WWIM, II, p. 257] at Nagaroor, distt. Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o Narayanan, educated up N. G. Ramasami: Born in 1912, resident to the Seventh Standard and a of Peelamedu, distt. Coimbatore, farmer, he took part in the popular Tamilnadu; s/o Govindasamy. movement for responsible Joining the nationalist politics in 1936, government in the Travancore State he turned into a labour leader and (1938). As an active participant in the became a Member of the Madras Civil Disobedience movement there Legislative Assembly. He took a in 1938, he organized public prominent part in the Individual demonstrations and marches. Satyagraha of 1941 and joined the Pursued by the police, he went ìQuit Indiaî movement when it underground and committed suicide broke out. Arrested and imprisoned by taking poison when surrounded for anti-British activities, Ramasami by the police in his house. [Freedom was kept in Coimbatore and Movement Files, 3342/44, KSAT; The Alipuram Jails, and died in the latter Hindu, 12 December 1938, NMML] on 11 February 1943. [Pub Deptt (G- E), G.O. No. 2973, 25.09.1947; N. Rajendran: Born on 9 October 1934 Coimbatore District Jail Slip Office at Vanchiyoor, distt. Trivandrum, Copy No. 656, TNSAC] Kerala; s/o Neelakanta Pillai, he studied in the S.M.V. High School, N.G. Ramaswami: Hailed from distt. Trivandrum. Impelled by patriotic Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. He actively feelings from early boyhood, he wore joined the ìQuit Indiaî agitation of khadi and adhered to the Gandhian 1942 and was arrested for his active ideology. While attending the State participation in it. Ramaswami died Congress meetings, he was attracted soon after his release from jail, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 153

perhaps at the end of 1942. [Pub Madras, under Defence of India Deptt, G.O. No. 2250, 14. 07. 1947, Rules Section 38 (1) (J). Sent to TNSAC] Alipuram Jail, Bellary, as Convict No. 5848, Sundararaman died of N. M. Nayar: Born at v. Nemmona, p.o. Myocarditis in detention on 8 Kollengode, Kerala. He was a civilian December 1942 at the age 28. [Pub employee in the British-Indian Army Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 2146, but shifted his loyalty towards the 10.10.1946; Pub Deptt (G-E), G.O. Indian National Army in 1942 and (MS) No.2254, 21.07.1947, TNSAC] joined it in Malaya. He was deployed on the Burma (now Myanmar) front Nabi Badasab Pinjar: Born in v. Kesur, to counter the Allied forces there. He distt. Dharwar, Karnataka. A fought the enemy on several businessman, he took active part in occasions and received severe injuries the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942. in one of the engagements. Admitted He was arrested and sentenced to 12 to a hospital in Burma, he died soon months, imprisonment. He died thereafter. [ROH, pp. 740-41; WWIM, under detention on 21 December II, p. 222] 1942. [WWIM, II, pp. 246-47]

N. M. Sundararaman: Hailed from distt. Naduthodi Kunhi Moideen: Resident Madura (Madurai), Tamilnadu, he of Padidu in distt. Malappuram, actively participated in the agitations Kerala, he was taken into custody in of the ìQuit Indiaî movement of connection with the Malabar 1942. He was arrested by the police rebellion of 1921 against the for his involvement in anti-British combination of the British colonial activities during the movement. authorities and the exploitative While undergoing imprisonment, Jenmis, and coinciding with the Sundararaman was severely tortured Khilafat and Non-Cooperation by the jail authorities which he could movement. He was implicated in a not bear and died in detention in forcible conversion case during the 1942. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 2254, rebellion; was detained as a state 21.07.1947, TNSAC] prisoner in Rajahmundry Central Jail and released. Detained again at N. M. Sundararaman: Resident of 18, Trichinopoly, Moideen died in Jadamuni Street, Madurai Town, Trichinopoly Jail due to brutal police Tamilnadu; s/o N. Manikuppa tortures on 20 June 1933. [Pub Deptt Ayyar. He participated in the ìQuit (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No.440, Indiaî movement while staying at 20.05.1922; Pub Deptt (G), G.O. No. Sowcarpet, George Town, Madras 508, 15.06.1933; Pub Deptt (G), G.O. (Chennai). Arrested for his anti- (Mis.Ser.) No. 697, 22.08.1933, British activities, he was sentenced TNSAC] to 4 monthsí rigorous imprisonment by the Chief Presidency Magistrate, Naduthodika Cheriya Koya: Resident of 154 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a Kunjammu was one among those tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur militant peasants who died on 26 amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in August 1921 in the firing by the an armed confrontation in his village British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, with the British during the Malabar 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, p. 139-48; rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] with the Khilafat and Non- Cooperation movement (for details, Naduthodika Kunjarra: Resident of t. see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Koya was one among those militant cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, peasants who died on 26 August 1921 Manjeri, he was involved in an armed in the firing by the British troops. [H/ confrontation in his village with the Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; British during the Malabar rebellion ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; of 1921-22, and coinciding with the MM, pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Naduthodika Kunjalavi: Resident of t. on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjarra was Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- one among those militant peasants cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, who died on 26 August 1921 in the Manjeri, he was involved in an armed firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, confrontation in his village with the F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, British during the Malabar rebellion pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Naduthodika Kutty Hasan: Resident of on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjalavi was t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a one among those militant peasants tenant- cultivator there in Pukkottur who died on 26 August 1921 in the amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, an armed confrontation in his village F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, with the British during the Malabar pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding pp. 179-209] with the Khilafat and Non- Cooperation movement (for details, Naduthodika Kunjammu: Belonged to see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a Kutty Hasan was one among those tenant- cultivator there in Pukkottur militant peasants who died on 26 amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in August 1921 in the firing by the an armed confrontation in his village British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, with the British during the Malabar 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] with the Khilafat and Non- Cooperation movement (for details, Naduthodika Marakkar: Resident of t. see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 155

cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, militant peasants who died on 26 Manjeri, he was involved in an armed August 1921 in the firing by the confrontation in his village with the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, British during the Malabar rebellion 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; of 1921-22, and coinciding with the PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Naganathan: Resident of Sivaganga, on Ahmmad Kutty). Marakkar was distt. Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; one among those militant peasants he was a civilian employee in the who died on 26 August 1921 in the British-Indian Army in Malaya, but firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, left it and joined the Indian National F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, Army. He fought against the British pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, forces on several occasions and pp. 179-209] eventually died in an encounter with them in Burma (now Myanmar). Naduthodika Moideen: Resident of t. [WWIM, II, p. 209] Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Nagappa Hallur: Inhabitant of Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Devanagere, distt. Chitradurga, confrontation in his village with the Karnataka. He took an active part in British during the Malabar rebellion the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942. of 1921-22, and coinciding with the While offering Satyagraha and Khilafat and Non-Cooperation refusing to move away from the road movement (for details, see the entry to let a military unit pass, Hallur was on Ahmmad Kutty). Moideen was shot and killed by the soldiers on 17 one among those militant peasants August 1942. [SSS, II, p. 564; WWIM, who died on 26 August 1921 in the II, p. 112] firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, Nagappa Sullad: Resident of Manihal, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, Ramdurg Princely State (now in pp. 179-209] distt. Belgaum), Karnataka; a farmer. He took part in peasantsí movement Naduthodika Valiya Koya: Resident of in Ramdurg State and participated in t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a a protest demonstration on 7 April tenant- cultivator there in Pukkottur 1939 against a case of police firing. amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in The protestors attacked the guards an armed confrontation in his village in front of the Stateís prison. Sullad with the British during the Malabar was arrested in this connection and rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding hanged in Hindalga Jail, Belgaum on with the Khilafat and Non- 6 May 1940. [Convicted Trial Prisoner Cooperation movements (for details, No. 18565, CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23 see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). May1939 to 01 April 1940, Hindalga Valiya Koya was one among those Jail, Belgaum; RSVH, p. 73] 156 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Nagappa: Born in Davanagere, National flag and holding of public Karnataka. He took an active part in gatherings. The gathering was first the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942. lathi-charged and then fired upon to While offering Satyagraha and disperse; Nallevenkataraya died in refusing to move away from the road this police firing on 25 April 1938. to let a military unit pass, Nagappa [AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML; BC, 27 was shot and killed by the soldiers April 1938] on 17 August1942. [SSS, II, p. 125] Nambia Kunnan Mokari Kutty: Nallam Kinattingal Mamad: Resident of Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, and a tenant-cultivator there in Malabar, Kerala; a barber. He was Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he was taken into custody in connection with involved in an armed confrontation the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and in his village with the British during transported to Podanur Central the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and Prison along with 100 other Mappila coinciding with the Khilafat and rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Non-Cooperation movement (for goods wagon (for details, see the details, see the entry on Ahmmad entry on Akkara Veetil alias Kutty). Mokari Kutty was one among Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). those militant peasants who died on Mamad was one among those who 26 August 1921 in the firing by the had been suffocated to death in this British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, wagon tragedy, notoriously known 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] November 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Nanath Athan: Resident of distt. Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken TNSAC; Report of Deputy into custody in connection with the Superintendent of Police, Madras, Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary combination of the British colonial Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated authorities and the exploitative 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Jenmis, and coinciding with the 22 November 1921; WTS] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He was transferred from Nallavenkataraya: Resident of Mysore Malappuram Sub-Jail to State (now in Karnataka); aged 34. Rajahmundry Central Jail. Athan He took part in a movement for died on account of brutal police responsible government; attended a tortures in Rajahmundry Central Jail large public meeting in a garden at hospital on 30 August 1924 at the age Vidhuraswatha village in Kolar, of 34. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Mysore, held by the local (Ord.Ser.) No. 440-40A, 20.05.1922; Congressmen in defiance of the order Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 211, 27.02.1925, which prohibited the hoisting of the TNSAC] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 157

Narasappa Shannbhog: Born in details and in some records he is Ramachandrapurram, distt. Kolar, referred to, wrongly, as Naidu Karnataka; s/o Chayappa. A Narasimha with incorrect address] constable in the Mysore State Police, he resigned from his post and joined Naraya Doni: Born in 1926 at Hubli, distt. the national movement. In 1938, he Dharwar, Karnataka; s/o took part in the popular agitation for Govindappa alias Mahadev Doni. A responsible government in the carpenter educated up to the third Mysore State. The agitation resulted standard, he actively took part in the in an incident of police firing on the ìQuit Indiaî movement in August agitators at Viduraswatha on 25 Apirl 1942. He joined a public 1938 (for details, see the entry on demonstration on 15 August 1942 Bheemiah). Shannbhog was one outside the Hubli Town Police among those who died in the firing. Station. Seriously injured in the police [AISPC Papers, F. No. 115, NMML; firing on the demonstrators, Doni VDECB; WWIM, II, p. 297] died on the same day. [WWIM, I, p. 250; WWIM, II, p. 84] Narasimha Naicken alias Sinnamuthu Naicken: Born in 1890, resident of Narayan Rao: Born on 14 January 1914 Pudur Hamlet of v. Palavadi, t. in southern part of India (place not Udumalpet, distt. Coimbatore, known); s/o Appanna, he resided at Tamilnadu. An ardent Congressman, Port Blair, the Andaman Islands. He he joined the Civil Disobedience joined the Indian Independence movement in 1930 and took part in League and worked for its becoming toddy shop picketing. Later, he also a mass organization. He also vigorously organized the ìQuit provided uniforms to the personnel Indiaî movement of 1942 at of the INA in June 1942. He was Udumalpet Taluk along with several arrested by the Japanese forces other Congress activists. The police during their occupation of the Islands arrested him and his 42 co-workers (1942-45) and kept confined in the for the Udumalpet Treasury Looting Cellular Jail on the false charge of Conspiracy Case. On their being spying for the British. Subjected to awarded various terms of inhuman tortures, Rao was shot dead imprisonment, he was sent on 30 at last by the Japanese Firing Squad January 1943 to jail for 5 yearsí on 30 March 1943. [UHFSA, p. 233] rigorous imprisonment. Detained in Alipuram Jail, he fell critically ill and Narayana Raju: A resident of distt. West was released on 8 November 1943. Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, he joined Leaving Alipuram Jail, Bellary, and the demonstrations organized to wanting to return to his village, demand the British exit from India Naicken died on his way to home. during the ìQuit Indiaî movement [Pub Deptt G.O. (MS) No. 2550, that broke out on 8 August 1942. He 14.08.1947, TNSAC, contains correct suffered bullet injuries while taking 158 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

part in a public rally that was fired process they shot Charakkaran dead. upon by the police on 15 November [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, 1942, and died on the spot. [Pub CPIDOA] Deptt, F. No. 2482, 1946, TNSAC] Narayanan: Belonging to Kerala (place Narayana Reddagar: Born in v. Maralur, not known), A beedi worker and a t. Goribidanur, distt. Chikkaballapur, resident of Muhamma Puthengadi, he Karnataka. He took part in the was arrested by the police and was movement for responsible subjected to brutal police repression Government in the Mysore State at in the lock-up. He was 25, very Viduraswatha village on 25 April strong and alert, but the mal- 1938. The agitation resulted in an treatment and unhygienic jail indiscriminate police firing on the conditions resulted in his getting agitators (for details, see the entry typhoid, and he could not even sit on Bheemiah). Reddagar was one up. In that condition the reserve among those killed. [AISPC Papers, police took him to the canal nearby F. No. 115, NMML; VDECB] and held him immersed in water by force. Mustering all his strength, he Narayanacharya alias Narayanadas: raised himself up and gave a hard Resident of Bangalore, Karnataka. He slap to one of the armed policemen. took an active part in the ìQuit All the policemen then started Indiaî movement of 1942. While beating and kicking him till he fell offering Satyagraha and refusing to down unconscious. He was then move away from the road to let a dragged to the police station. When military unit pass, Narayanacharya he was dying he was removed to the was shot and killed by the soldiers hospital on 20 October 1946, and on 17 August 1942 at the age of 35. Narayanan died there to join the [KQIC, p. 52.] ranks of Martyrs. [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. 764\46, Narayanan Charakkaran: Belonging to B. No. 46, 1946, KSAT; Punnapra- Kerala (place not known), he Vayalar 60th Year Celebration participated in the movement for Souvenir, Punnapra-Vayalar responsible government in Remeberance Committee, 2006, pp. Travancore, and against C. P. 78-9; IPV, p. 48] Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Narayanan: Resident of v. Athivetti, t. modelí of administrative Pattukottai, distt. Thanjavur, arrangement. He was caught up in Tamilnadu; s/o Chidambara the Olathal Camp firing at Vayalar Vanathiriyar. He served in the Indian which took place on 27 October 1946. National Armyís 7th Guerilla C. P. Ramaswamyís military reached Regiment, bearing No. 63543 in Olathala Labour Camp and attacked Singapore from 1943 to 1945. In 1945 the labourers gathered therein. In the Narayanan died on his return in a Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 159

police firing. [FFPO No. 7561/1973, he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî 19.02.1973, TNSAC] movement of 1942. Parit died in 1943 in the firing by the police near Naripatta Kappur Alivi: Resident of Khadaklat village. [SSS, II, p. 334] Malemari amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala; s/o Ayamad, he Nataraja Iyer/Aiyar: Born on 4 June 1893, was taken into custody in connection resident of Big Maniagar Street, with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Chingleput Town, distt. against the combination of the British Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu; s/o colonial authorities and their Muthusami Iyer. Educated up to exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding B.A., B.L., he participated in the with the Khilafat and Non- Individual Satyagraha, courted Cooperation movements. He was arrest and sentenced to 3 monthsí transferred from Malappuram Sub- imprisonment and a fine Rs. 200. He Jail to Rajahmundry Central Jail also took part in the ìQuit Indiaî where he died in jail hospital due to movement of 1942; was arrested brutal police tortures on 3 June 1922 again for anti-British activities and at the age of 23. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), detained in Vellore Central Jail G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, 13.10.1922; where he died under detention on 2 Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. June 1943. [Pub Deptt (G-E), G.O. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] (MS) No. 712, 04.03.1947; FFPO No. 1073/1967, 27.11.1967, TNSAC] Naripatta Kappur Ismail: Resident of Malabar Distt. Kerala, he was taken Nataraja Vairavar/Nataraja Moovariyar: into custody in connection with the Inhabitant of v. Padagacheri, t. Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Papanasam, distt. Thanjavur, combination of the British colonial Tamilnadu; s/o Chinnasamy authorities and the exploitative Vairavar, he took an active part in Jenmis, and coinciding with the the Civil Disobedience movement of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 1930. Arrested for his anti-British movement. He was implicated in a activities under Section 17 (1) of 143 forcible conversion case during IPC, he was sent to Central Jail, rebellion, and kept as a state prisoner Timchirapalli, as Convict No. 9802. in Rajahmundry Central Jail where Afflicted with pneumonia he had to he died in jail hospital due to brutal be removed on 5 September 1932 to police tortures. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), the hospital. Moovariyar died in the G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 440, 20.05.1922; hospital on 6 September 1932 at the Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 211, 27.02.1925; age of 36. [Law Deptt (G), G.O. (MS) Pub Deptt, G. O. (Mis.Series) No. 260, No.3400, 14.09.1932; FFPO No. 3935/ 15.03.1928, TNSAC] 1969, 12.06.1969, TNSAC]

Narsu Parit: Born in 1942 at v. Akola, Navin Chandra Shroff: Residence (not distt. Belgaum, Karnataka. A farmer, known), a student of the junior 160 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

intermediate class in the Zamorinís June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner College, Calicut, Kerala, he was and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. involved in picketing schools and Together with brutal police tortures distributing pamphlets in the and a serious attack of pneumonia in studentís agitation during the ìQuit the jail (due to bad sanitary Indiaî movement (1942). conditions, overcrowding and Consequently, he was arrested and insufficiency of clean water and put in Bellary Central Jail where food), Athan died on 22 July 1922 in Shroff died suffering from typhoid detention at the age of 45. [Pub and utter neglect on 6 November Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, 1942. [Pub Deptt (G), G. O. TNSAC] Government of Madras, 30 September 1947; PASIHC, V, 1987, p. Nelliappan: Born in 1912, resident of v. 98] Palayapatti, distt. Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/o Andiappan Neelakandan: Belonging to distt. Ambalam. He took part in the Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated in Individual Satyagraha of 1940 and the movement for responsible joined the ìQuit Indiaî movement of government in Travancore, and 1942. He was shot dead while against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís participating in a procession that was notorious proposal for setting up an fired upon by the police at Karaikudi ëAmerican modelí of administrative on 12 August 1942. arrangement. He was connected with [Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip the Vayalar firing which took place Clean Copy No. 910, TNSAC] on 27 October 1946. C.P. Ramaswamyís military reached Nellikathodi Ahamad Kutti: Resident Vayalar Labour Camp, attacked the of distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was labourers gathered therein, and shot arrested and detained in connection Neelakandan dead. [Travancore with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Information and Listener, VII No. 5, against the combination of the British January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 colonial authorities and the October and 15 November 1946, exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding NMML; PVCS, pp. 78-9] with the Khilafat and Non- Cooperation movements. He was Neelikkattil Kutty Athan: Resident of detained as an under-trial prisoner distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was and kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail. taken into custody in connection with Ahamad Kutti died due to the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against Ankylostomia in June 1922 in the the combination of the British colonial Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [Pub authorities and the exploitative Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, Jenmis, and coinciding with the 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He was detained on 18 Nellikayi Mamad: Resident of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 161

Areakode, distt. Malappuram, Agency area. His property was Kerala, he was arrested and detained confiscated by the Government on in connection with the Malabar account of his participation in the rebellion of 1921 against the rebellion. On 5 November 1923, he combination of the British colonial received bullet injury in an encounter authorities and the exploitative near Kondalayagondi. Later, hedied Jenmis, and coinciding with the in a hospital at Peddavalasa on 10 Khilafat and Non-Cooperation November 1923. [F.No.4, FASRRF, movement. He was arrested and 1924, p. 28, APSAH] convicted from 17 May 1923 to 29 November 1926 and again from 30 Nettili Mayandi Thevan: Resident of v. November 1926 in Muthupet Jail in Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt. Thanjavur District, Tamilnadu. Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part in Mamad died on 5 September 1927 in the Kallar riot at Perungamanallur detention. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 269, against the Colonial Madras 05.04.1923; Pub Deptt, G. O. Governmentís policy of registering (Mis.Series) No. 984, 23.11.1926; Pub Kallars as criminal tribes under the Deptt, G.O. No. 207, 01.03.1928, Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popular TNSAC] and well-known political agitator, George Joseph, inspired them not to Nelloru Kunjalan Kutty Haji: Resident obey the British and he started a civil of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a disobedience agitation. When the tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur Kallars of Perungamanallur and the amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in neighbouring villages refused to an armed confrontation in his village register themselves as Criminal with the British during the Malabar Tribes, police force was used to rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding coerce them to obey. In the resultant with the Khilafat and Non- clash and police firing in that place Cooperation movements (for details, on 3 April 1920, Thevan died then see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). and there. [H/Deptt (Judl), G.O. Kutty Haji was one among those No.1315, 26.05.1920; Judl Deptt G.O. militant peasants who died on 26 (Ord.Series) No. 109, 27.04.1921; Pub August 1921 in the firing by the Deptt, G.O. No. 935, 10.09.1931, British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, TNSAC] 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Ningaiah: Born in Bhadravati, distt. Shimoga, Karnataka. He was a Nellurum Yellappa: Resident of t. worker in Bhadravati Iron and Steel Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam, Factory. On 2 May 1941, he joined Andhra Pradesh, he took part in the the agitating workers in surrounding Rampa Rebellion (1922-24), led by the police station at Bhadravati to Alluri Sitarama Raju against the prevent the police from taking four exploitative British authorities in the of their arrested leaders to the Court 162 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

for remand. In the ensuing scuffle, during the anti-feudal struggle of the the police resorted to firing on the peasants in Telangana under the assembled workers, killing Ningaiah leadership of the Communists. on the spot. [SSS, II, p. 354] [WWFSAP, II, p. 539]

Ningappa: Born in 1925 at Devanagere, Noorengal Kavangalthodi Ahmed distt. Chitradurga, Karnataka. An Kutty: Resident of Malemari amsom, activist in the ìQuit Indiaî movement t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala; of 1942, he participated in the a cultivator. He was taken into picketing at the Taluk office, custody in connection with the stopping military vehicles and Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the railway trains. Ningappa was shot combination of the British colonial dead by the police at Devanagere on authorities and the exploitative 17 August 1942. [SSS, II, p. 564; Jenmis, and coinciding with the WWIM, II, p. 225] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. He was transferred from Nochikatan Kunhalavi: Resident of Malappuram Sub-Jail to Karuvara Kundu amsom, distt. Rajahmundry Central Jail. He died Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken in jail hospital due to brutal police into custody in connection with the tortures on 28 September 1922 at the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the age of 65. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. combination of the British colonial (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Nukala Raja Reddy : Resident of v. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Sirikonda, t. Suryapet, distt. movement. He was detained on 8 Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now in June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Telangana); a Communist, Reddy and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. was killed by the Razakars during the Together with brutal police tortures anti-feudal struggle of the peasants and a serious attack of pneumonia in under the leadership of the the jail (due to very bad sanitary Communists in Telangana. conditions, overcrowding and [WWFSAP, II, p. 548] insufficiency of clean water and food), Kunhalavi died on 22 June Nurungel Kavungathodi Mammad: 1922 in detention at the age of 30. Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, and a tenant-cultivator there in 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed confrontation Nookala Papi Reddy: Resident of v. in his village with the British during Sirikonda, t. Suryapet, distt. the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now in coinciding with the Khilafat and Telangana); a Communist, Reddy Non-Cooperation movement (for was killed by the Razakars in 1946 details, see the entry on Ahmmad Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 163

Kutty]. Mammad was one among with the British during the Malabar those militant peasants who died on rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding 26 August 1921 in the firing by the with the Khilafat and Non- British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Cooperation movement (for details, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Muhammad was one among those militant peasants who died on 26 Nurungel Kavungathodi Muhammad: August 1921 in the firing by the Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] an armed confrontation in his village 164 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Olanthara Krishnan Kunju: Resident of (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. A worker, Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, he shared his fellow workersí TNSAC; Report of Deputy annoyance when a temporary police Superintendent of Police, Madras, camp was set up in Punnapra to dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary harass them and their families. They Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated agitated for the withdrawal of the 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, camp and eventually raided it. 22 November 1921; WTS] During the raid on 24 October 1946, Kunju was killed in the police firing. Orrnian Ahmed: Resident of [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. Nos. Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into No. 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p. 79] custody in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Orakottil Enadi: Resident of Punnapala combination of the British colonial amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a authorities and their exploitative coolie. He was taken into custody in Jenmis, and coinciding with the connection with the Malabar Khilafat and Non-Cooperation rebellion of 1921 and transported to movement (for details, see the entry Podanur Central Prison along with on Charchil Mammadutty). Ahmed 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost was captured with other rebels, and air-tight Railway goods wagon (for following a trial, he was sent to the details, see the entry on Akkara gallows on 17 February 1922. [Pub Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922; Report Nayar). Enadi was one among those of the Administration of the Madras who had been suffocated to death in Presidency for the year 1921-22; this wagon tragedy, notoriously Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, known as the Black Hole of Podanur TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt 1921] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 165

Ossan Moideen: Resident of distt. Colonial Madras Governmentís Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested policy of registering Kallars as and detained in connection with the criminal tribes under the Criminal Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Tribes Act, 1911. A popular and well- combination of the British colonial known political agitator, George authorities and the exploitative Joseph, inspired them not to obey the Jenmis, and coinciding with the British and start the civil Khilafat and Non-Cooperation disobedience resistance against movement. He was detained as an Government. When the Kallars of under-trial prisoner and kept in the Perungmanallur and the Malappuram Sub-Jail. Moideen died neighbouring villages refused to due to colitis on May 1922 in the register themselves as criminal tribes, Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. [Pub police force was used to eievce them Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, to obey, leading to a riot. In the 28.11.1922, TNSAC] police firing that took place there on 3 April 1920, Ovayan died on the Ovayan alias Muthukaruppan: spot. [(H/ (Judl) Deptt, G.O. No. Resident of v. Perungmanallur, t. 1315, 26.05.1920; Judl Deptt, G.O. Peraiyur, distt. Madurai, Tamilnadu; (Ord. Series) No. 109, 27.04.1921; Pub he took part in the Kallar agitation Deptt, G.O. No. 935, 10.09.1931, at Perungmanallur against the TNSAC] 166 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

P. C. Sivaraman: Resident of Chirathara, ëAmerican modelí of administrative Thiruvambadi, distt. Alappuzha, arrangement. When a temporary Kerala. He participated in the police camp was set up in Punnapra movement for responsible to counter the agitation and harass government in Travancore, and the agitators and their families, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Gopalan joined others in demanding notorious proposal for setting up an for its withdrawal, and eventually for ëAmerican modelí of administrative its destruction. During the activistsí arrangement. When a temporary raid on the camp, Gopalan died in police camp was set up in Punnapra the police firing on 24 October 1946. to counter the agitation and harass [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. the agitators and their families, 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, No. 265/48, Sivaraman joined others in B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, demanding for its withdrawal, and 1948, KSAT] eventually for its destruction. During the activistsí raid on the camp, he P. Krishna Pillai: Belonged to died in the police firing on 24 October Vadakkumkara Veedu, Mungodu, 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), Varkala, Trivandrum distt. He F. Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ studied up to the Fourth Standard. 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & No. 133/48, B. While in Burma during the Japanese No. 64, 1948, KSAT] occupation, he joined the Indian National Army in January 1943. After P. Gopalan: Resident of Mamanattu- six monthsí training in Kuala Lumpur, chira, Paravoor, Punnapra, distt. he was drafted into the Nehru Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated Brigade. Sent to fight the British on in the movement for responsible the Burma front, Pillai was wounded government in Travancore, and in the enemy bombing at Jayawadi against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís and expired. [Freedom Movement notorious proposal for setting up an Files 3345/44, B. No. 28, 1946, KSAT; Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 167

WWFFK, p. 260] Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu; s/o Perumal. An employee of the P. Kumaran: Belonged to Kerala (place Buckingham Mill in Madras, he not known), he was an activist of the received gunshot wounds in the Karshaka Sangham of Irikkoor which police firing on the striking labourers took the initiative in providing relief in the Buckingham Mill precinct. to the people suffering from ìblackî Kuppan died of his wounds on 12 marketing and hoarding. The March 1942 at the age of 35. [Pub Sangham activists requested the Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 1130, permission of the landlord for 08.04.1942, TNSAC] cultivating the land of Kavumbai. When the Jenmi refused, they P. R. Thankappan: Resident of appealed for some action to the Padinajare Thayyil House, Punnapra, ministers and officials of Madras distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He Government. Not getting any participated in the movement for response, the peasants under the responsible government in leadership of the Karshaka Sangham Travancore, and against C. P. decided to occupy the area and Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious cultivate it even if they had to face proposal for setting up an ëAmerican police action. The police did turn up, modelí of administrative cordoned off the area, and fired arrangement. When a temporary upon the activists of the Sangham on police camp was set up in Punnapra 30 December 1946. Kumaran lost his to counter the agitation and harass life in this police firing. [PA, 2 the agitators and their families, P. February 1947, NMML; ASK, p. 33; R.Thankappan joined others in KKK, p. 64] demanding for its withdrawal, and eventually for its destruction. During P. Kunhambu Nair: Born on 5 the activistsí raid on the camp, September 1918 at Patinhatam Thankappan died in the police firing Kozhuval, in Nileswaram, distt. on 24 October 1946. [Freedom Cannanore, Kerala, and studied up Movement Files (II), F. No. 774\46, to the Eighth Standard. He took part B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, in the Civil Disobedience movement 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, and offered Individual Satyagraha in KSAT] 1941. Imprisoned in Kasargod Jail for a participating in the ìQuit Indiaî P. Raghavan: Born on 23 November 1914 movement (1942), Nair died in 1942 at Athazhamangalam, t. at the age of 24. [Freedom Movement Neyyattinkara, distt. Trivandrum, Files (II), No. 4485/43, B. No. 55, Kerala. Son of Pethiru Kumaran, 1943, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 276] educated up to the Fifth Standard and a farmer, he took active part in the P. Kuppan: Resident of No. 8 popular movement for responsible Kannapiran Koil Street, Perambur, government in the Travancore State. 168 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Participating in the State Congressí and their sympathizers. He was one Civil Disobedience movement of of those leading a procession that 1938, he joined a demonstration to stopped a military vehicle with protest against the arrest of N.K. troops near Thiruvambadi, and Padnamanbha Pillai on 21 August demanded the van to go back. They 1938. When a military unit under a blocked the road and detained the British Colonel confronted it, and military vehicle for an hour and a half. fired upon the demonstrators, Thereafter, the exasperated troops Raghavan was shot and killed in the opened fire to clear the road, killing firing 4 September 1938. [Freedom Karunakaran on the spot. [Freedom Movement files (II), No. 1149\44, Movement Files (II), F. No. 774\46, 1944, KSAT, WWIM, I, p. 282] B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, P.K. Padmanabha Pillai: Born in 1897 KSAT; Punnapra-Vayalar 60th Year in Parakkulam, distt. Kollam, Kerala, Celebration Souvenir, Punnapra- he took B.A and B. L. degrees and Vayalar Remeberance Committee, became a legal practitioner. He 2006, pp. 78-9; IPV, p. 71] actively participated in various agitations of the Travancore State P.K. Padmanabha Pillai: Born in 1897 Congress for responsible at Prakulam, distt. Quilon, Kerala. government. A member of All He took his B.A. and B.L. degrees Travancore Congress Committee, he and set up a legal practice at Quilon. was arrested because of his active Doing political work on behalf of the role in the ìQuit Indiaî movement Travancore State Congress in the and his anti-British speeches at Quilon and Karunagapally taluks, he Kollam. The First Class Magistrate of became a member of the All- Kollam district awarded him two Travancore Congress Committee. yearsí Rigorous Imprisonment and Arrested along with Thayyil Krishna Pillai died as prisoner in Poojapura Pillai, he was sentenced to two yearsí Central Jail, Trivandrum, in 1943. imprisonment by the First Class [Freedom Movement Files, 3342/44, Magistrate, Quilon. For addressing KSA; TTTA, p. 189; WWFFK, 431] a meeting at the Cantonment maidan, Quilon, during ìQuit Indiaî struggle P. K. Karunakaran: Resident (not in 1942, he was sentenced to a long known). He was the secretary of the term of imprisonment. Pillai expired Tappers (Toddy) Union and also a in the Central Jail, Trivandrum, in dedicated ex-serviceman. He was 1943. [Freedom Movement Files (II), involved in attack on the Punnapra No. 274\43, B. No. 46, 1943, KSAT; Police Camp on 24 October 1946 in WWFFK, p. 431] connection with the struggle for responsible government in Kerala. P. M. Doraisamy: Resident of 21, The Punnapra Police Camp was set Rukmanipalayam Lane, No.1, up to terrorize the striking workers Munichalai, distt. Madurai, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 169

Tamilnadu; s/o P.V. Manavalasamy s/o Krishnamma. An Arya Samajist Naidu. He took an active part in the and a Congress man, he established ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942, and a gymnasium to train the youth. He received gunshot injuries in the police hoisted the Indian flag on 29 July 1946 firing on 10 August 1942 at Main in Warangal City, and resisted the Guard Square, Madurai. Doraisamy Razakar attempts to remove the flag. died a few hours later in a hospital. While fighting against the combined [Pub Deptt (G-E),G.O. (MS) No. 1037, attack of the Razakars and the Nizamís 01.04.1947, TNSAC] Police, Kanakayya lost his life and became a martyr for the cause of P. P. Mohammed: Born at Kadikad, p.o. responsible government in the Andathode, Malabar, Kerala; s/o Hyderabad State. [WWFSAP, III, p. Pulparayil Moidu Musaliar. He was 291; WWIM, II, p. 227] a civilian employee in the British- Indian Army in Malaya, but shifted Padamati Mallayya: Resident of his loyalty towards the Indian Warangal City, t. & distt Warangal, National Army in 1942 and served Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); as soldier in its Second Guerrilla s/o Krishnamma. A labourer and a Regiment. He was sent to counter the Congress worker, he took part in the British force in Burma (now popular movement against the Myanmar) where he took part in autocratic rule in Hyderabad State. several engagements with them. He assisted his brother, Padamati Mohammed died on the lmphal front Mala Kanakayya, in organising and in the course of action in 1944. training the youth of his town for [WWIM, II, p. 200; ROH, pp.726-27] defence against the Razakars. Hoisting the National flag in Warangal Town P. S. Nambiar: Born at Villayil Veedu, on 29 July 1946, he along with his p.o. Odayam, Varkala, Kerala. He brother, successfully resisted for six served the British-Indian Army as a hours the attempts of the Razakars to civilian employee but left it in 1942 remove the flag. Ultimately, to join the Indian National Army. He Mallayya was shot dead by them was trained as a soldier and recruited raid of the village with the assistance in the Second Guerrilla Regiment of of the Nizamís Police. [WWFSAP, III, the INA. Sent to Burma (now p. 298; WWIM, II, p. 227] Myanmar) to fight against the Allied forces, Nambiar died there in 1944 Padathum Padeekal Assan: Resident of while encountering an enemy t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a offensive against the INA. [ROH, tenant- cultivator in Pukkottur pp.740-41] amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed confrontation in his village Padamati Mala Kanakayya: Resident of with the British during the Malabar Warangal City, t. & distt Warangal, rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); with the Khilafat and Non- 170 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Cooperation movement (for details, Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated in see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). the movement for responsible Assan was one among those militant government in Travancore, and peasants who died on 26 August 1921 against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís in the firing by the British troops. [H/ notorious proposal for setting up an Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ëAmerican modelí of administrative ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; arrangement. He was connected with MM, pp. 179-209] the Vayalar firing which took place on 27 October 1946. C. P. Padathum Padeekal Kunji Poker: Ramaswamyís military reached Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, Vayalar Labour Camp, attacked the and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur labourers gathered therein and shot amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in Padmakshan dead. [Travancore an armed confrontation in his village Information and Listener, VII No. 5, with the British during the Malabar January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding October and 15 November 1946, with the Khilafat and Non- NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9] Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Pakala Venkata Subba Rao alias P.V. Kunji Poker was one among those Subba Rao: Resident of Guntur militant peasants who died on 26 town, distt. Guntur, Andhra August 1921 in the firing by the Pradesh; s/o Satyanarayana, he was British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, a clerk in District Munsiffís Court in 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; Guntur. He took part in the meeting PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] held at the Gandhi Park, Guntur, at 6 p.m. on 13 August 1942 to protest Padi Chinnappa alias Padichina against the arrests of the Indian Appadu: Resident of v. Thotalur, t. National leaders at the launching of Chintalpalli, distt. Visakhapatnam, the ìQuit Indiaî movement. While Andhra Pradesh. He took part in the the people assembled and listened to Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24, led by the radio news in the park, the police Alluri Sitarama Raju, against the suddenly opened fire on them. As a oppressive British power in the result, Subba Rao received bullet Agency area. He fought with the injuries and died on the spot. armed police, led by the British [LFDMGTCSG, Pub Deptt (G), Officer Sweney, and was killed in (Madras), R.C. No. 1150-Confd.-43 C- action on 6 December 1922 at 1 29-5-1943, APSAH; Andhra Patrika, Lingapuram. Appaduís dead body 16 August 1942; The Hindu, 14 August was sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F. No. 1942; WWFSAP, I, p. 323; WWIM, I, 22, FASRRF, 1922, p. 159 & F.No. 4, pp. 345ñ46] FASRRF, 1924, p. 28, APSAH] Pakkirisamy: Resident of Thethakudy Padmakshan: Belonging to distt. Vedakku, distt. Thanjavur, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 171

Tamilnadu; s/o Vaithialingam, he mob of 6000 workers. [Pub Deptt was a civilian employee in the British- (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 2701, Indian Army, but left it in 1942 and 14.12.1946, TNSAC] joined the Indian National army as a soldier. He fought the British forces Palanisami Chettiar: Hailed from at different places in Burma (now Srivilliputhur, distt. Virudhunagar, Myanmar) following his deployment Tamilnadu. Educated up to the there. He was killed by the British in primary standard, he took part in the one of their attacks. [WWIM, II, p. ìQuit Indiaî movement that started 229; ROH, pp. 750-51] in August 1942. He received severe bullet wounds in the police firing on Palakkal Kunhunnian Mussaliar: a procession he joined near the Resident of distt. Malappuram, Srivilliputhur Police Station on 8 Kerala, he was taken into custody in August 1942 and died the same day. connection with the Malabar [WWIM, I, p. 72] rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial Palankara Mammod: Resident of authorities and the exploitative Karuvarakundu amsom, distt. Jenmis, and coinciding with the Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken Khilafat and Non-Cooperation into custody in connection with the movement. He was detained in Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Vizagapatnam jail and admitted to combination of the British colonial King Georgeís hospital in authorities and the exploitative Vizagapatnam for some medical Jenmis, and coinciding with the treatment on 18 April 1924. He died Khilafat and Non-Cooperation there on 3 September 1924. [Judl movement. He was detained on 8 Deptt, G.O. No. 2080, 03.09.1915; Judl June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Deptt, G.O. No. 2082, 03.09.1915; Pub and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Deptt, G.O. No. 218, 27.03.1924; Pub Together with brutal police tortures Deptt, G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 391, and a serious attack of pneumonia in 02.06.1924, TNSAC] the jail (due to very bad sanitary conditions, overcrowding and Palaniappan: Resident of insufficiency of clean water and Machampalayam in Coimbatore City, food), Mammod died on 22 June 1922 distt. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/o in detention at the age of 30. [Pub Kanni Konan. He was a labourer of Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, Brook Bond Company, H/O Kurichi, TNSAC] Coimbatore. Participating in the labour struggle organized by the Palasseri Aymad: Resident of Coimbatore Spinning and Weaving Kizhuparamba amsom, distt. Mills workers, he died on 11 Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken November 1946 in the 39 rounds of into custody in connection with the police firing on an estimated huge Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the 172 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

combination of the British colonial on Ahmmad Kutty). Kammad was authorities and the exploitative one among those militant peasants Jenmis, and coinciding with the who died on 26 August 1921 in the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, movement. He was detained on 3 F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, January 1922 as an under-trial pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Sub- pp. 179-209] Jail. Together with brutal police tortures and a serious outbreak of Palempulackal Kunjalavi: Resident of pneumonia in jail (due to very bad Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom, sanitary conditions, overcrowding Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and insufficiency of clean water and he was involved in an armed food). Aymad died on 16 April 1922 confrontation in his village with the in the detention at the age of 25. [Pub British during the Malabar rebellion Deptt, G. O. (MS), No. 960, of 1921-22 and coinciding with the 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Palekkal Mayinkutty: Resident of t. on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjalavi was Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- one among those militant peasants cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, who died in the 26 August 1921 firing Manjeri, he was involved in an armed by the British troops. [H/Poll, F.No. confrontation in his village with the 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; British during the Malabar rebellion Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. movement ( for details, see the entry 179-209] on Ahmmad Kutty). Mayinkutty was one among those militant peasants Palempulackal Kuttyali Molla: Resident who died on 26 April 1921 in the of Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom, firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, he was involved in an armed pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, confrontation in his village with the pp. 179-209] British during the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Palekkodan Kammad: Resident of t. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- movement (for details, see the entry cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, on Ahmmad Kutty). Molla was one Manjeri, he was involved in an armed among those militant peasants who confrontation in his village with the died in the 26 August 1921 firing by British during the Malabar rebellion the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. of 1921-22, and coinciding with the 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, movements (for details, see the entry 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 173

139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. and detained in connection with the 179-209] Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial Palempulackal Moidu: Resident of authorities and the exploitative Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom, Jenmis, and coinciding with the Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation he was involved in an armed movement. He was detained as an confrontation in his village with the under-trial prisoner and kept in the British during the Malabar rebellion Malappuram Sub-Jail. Mamad died of 1921-22 and coinciding with the due to Ch. Nephritis in June 1922 in Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the Malappuram Sub-Jail hospital. movement (for details, see the entry [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. on Ahmmad Kutty). Moidu was one 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] among those militant peasants who died in the 26 August 1921 firing by Palliparambil Antony: Belonged to distt. the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Alappuzha, Kerala. On 25 October 241, 1921 NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; 1946 in Punnapra, the military went Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, to Antonyís house to question him 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. about the demolition of a culvert. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. Thereafter, when they tried to arrest 179-209] him, he threw his knife at them. But his throwing and the firing from the Palempulackal Saidutty: Resident of military were simultaneous, and Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom, Antony fell dead. [Freedom Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, Movement Files (II), F. No. 774\46, he was involved in an armed B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, confrontation in his village with the 1948, & No. 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, British during the Malabar rebellion KSAT; IPV, p.93] of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Palliyal Aidru: Resident of distt. movement (for details, see the entry Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken on Ahmmad Kutty). Saidutty was into custody for his role in the one among those militant peasants Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the who died in the 26 August 1921 firing combination of the British colonial by the British troops. [H/Poll, F.No. authorities and the exploitative 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Jenmis, and coinciding with the Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. movement. He was shifted from 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. Malappuram Sub-Jail to 179-209] Rajahmundry Central Jail where he died in jail hospital due to brutal Pallipara Mamad: Resident of distt. police tortures on 19 August 1922 at Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested the age of 73. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), 174 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

G.O. (Ord. Ser.) No. 440-40A, with the British during the Malabar 20.05.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. (Ord. rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Ser.) No. 211, 27.02.1925, TNSAC] with the Khilafat and Non- Cooperation movement (for details, Palliyali Alivi: S/o Kunhidu; resident see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). of distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was Peedikakkal Moideen was one arrested and detained in connection among those militant peasants who with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 died on 26 August 1921 in the firing against the combination of the British by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. colonial authorities and the 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- with the Khilafat and Non- 209] Cooperation movement. He was detained as an under-trial prisoner Palliyali Veedukakkal Ali Haji: and kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail. Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, Alivi died due to brutal tortures on and a tenant-cultivator there in 12 June 1922 in the Calicut Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he was Headquarters hospital. [Pub Deptt involved in an armed confrontation (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, in his village with the British during 13.10.1922, TNSAC] the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Khilafat and Palliyali Kutty Hassan: Resident of t. Non-Cooperation movement (for Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- details, see the entry on Ahmmad cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Kutty). Ali Haji was one among those Manjeri, he was involved in an armed militant peasants who died on 26 confrontation in his village with the August 1921 in the firing by the British during the Malabar rebellion British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; Khilafat and Non-Cooperation PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] movement (for details, see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Hassan was one Palliyalithodika Moideen Kutty: among those militant peasants who Resident of Pandikad amsom, t. died on 26 August 1921 in the firing Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a barber by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. by profession, he was involved in an 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- armed confrontation in his village 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- with the British during the Malabar 209] rebellion of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non- Palliyali Peedikakkal Moideen: Cooperation movement (for details, Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, see the entry on Apankollan and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur Moideen). Kutty was one among amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in those who died in the 14 November an armed confrontation in his village 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/ Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 175

Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, 22 November 1921; WTS] TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372-74] Panakal Oonainkutty: Resident of Palliyalli Peedikakkal Beeran: Resident Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad, of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into tenant-cultivator there in Pukkottur custody in connection with the amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the an armed confrontation in his village combination of the British colonial with the British during the Malabar authorities and their exploitative rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Jenmis, and coinciding with the with the Khilafat and Non- Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Cooperation movement (for details, movement (for details, see the entry see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). on Charchil Mammadutty). Beeran was one among those militant Oonainkutty surrendered to the peasants who died on 26 August 1921 British with other rebels, and in the firing by the British troops. [H/ following a trial, he was sent to the Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; gallows on 17 February 1922. [Pub ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Report MM, pp. 179-209] of the Administration of the Madras Presidency for the year 1921-22; Panagodanthodi Mamad: Resident of Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was 1921, NMML] taken into custody in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Panambizha Cheriya Kunjahammad transported to Podanur Central Haji: Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Prison along with 100 other Mappila Kerala and a tenant cultivator there rebels in an almost air-tight Railway in Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he was goods wagon. (for details, see the involved in an armed confrontation entry on Akkara Veetil alias in his village with the British during Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and Mamad was one among those who coinciding with the Khilafat and had been suffocated to death in this Non-Cooperation movement (for wagon tragedy, notoriously known details, see the entry on Ahmmad as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 Kutty). Kunjahammad Haji was one November 1921). [Pub Deptt among those militant peasants who (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; died on 26 August 1921 in the firing Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. TNSAC; Report of Deputy 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- Superintendent of Police, Madras, 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary 209] 176 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Panambuzha Abdullah: Resident of t. on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjambu was Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- one among those militant peasants cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, who died on 26 August 1921 in the Manjeri, he was involved in an armed firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, confrontation in his village with the 1921, F. No. 241, NAI; HMR; ALS, British during the Malabar rebellion pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Panambuzha Kunjammu: Resident of t. on Ahmmad Kutty). Abdullah was Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- one among those militant peasants cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, who died on 26 August 1921 in the Manjeri, he was involved in an armed firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, confrontation in his village with the F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, British during the Malabar rebellion pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Panambuzha Aymu: Resident of t. on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjammu was Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- one among those militant peasants cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, who died on 26 August 1921 in the Manjeri, he was involved in an armed firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, confrontation in his village with the F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, British during the Malabar rebellion pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Panambuzha Mohammad Haji: on Ahmmad Kutty). Aymu was one Resident of Malemari amsom, t. among those militant peasants who Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala; a died on 26 August 1921 in the firing cultivator. He was taken into custody by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. in connection with the Malabar 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- rebellion of 1921 against the 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- combination of the British colonial 209] authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Panambuzha Kunjambu: Resident of t. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- movements. He was transferred cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, from Malappuram Sub-Jail to Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Rajahmundry Central Jail where he confrontation in his village with the died in Rajahmundry Central Jail British during the Malabar rebellion hospital due to brutal police tortures of 1921-22, and coinciding with the on 30 October 1922 at the age of 85. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. movements (for details, see the entry 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 177

Panambuzha Unnitha: Resident of t. Central Jail, Rangoon. Pillai was shot Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- dead in his house in July 1946 by the cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, infuriated British troops for his Manjeri, he was involved in an armed undaunted expression of patriotism. confrontation in his village with the [FFPO No.9470/1980, 31.12.1980, British during the Malabar rebellion TNSAC] of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Pandari Narayanan: Belonging to distt. movement (for details, see the entry Alappuzha, Kerala, he was connected on Ahmmad Kutty). Unnitha was with the Olathala Camp firing of one among those militant peasants Vayalar, which took place on 27 who died on 26 August 1921 in the October 1946. C. P. Ramaswamy firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, Aiyarís military reached Olathala F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, Labour Camp and attacked the pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, labourers gathered therein. They pp. 179-209] also shot Narayanan dead. [Travancore Information and Panamozha Amakkattil Modeen Molla: Listener VII, No. 5, January 1947, S/o Mamad Haji; resident of distt. KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 Malappuram, Kerala. He was November 1946, NMML, PVCS, pp. arrested and detained in connection 78-9] with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British Pandial Mothi Gurikkal: Resident of colonial authorities and the Orangattiri amsom, distt. exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding Malappuram, Kerala, he actively with the Khilafat and Non- participated in the Malabar rebellion Cooperation movement. He was of 1921 against the combination of detained as an under-trial prisoner the British colonial authorities and and kept in the Malappuram Sub-Jail. the exploitative Jenmis, and Molla died due to Tubercular coinciding with the Khilafat and Meningitis on 21 April 1922 at the Non-Cooperation movement. He Headquarters hospital. [Pub Deptt was detained under police custody (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, for trial under the Madras State 13.10.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. (Mis) No. Prisoners Act, 1819. Gurikkal died in 765, 02.10.1923, TNSAC] jail even before the trial could begin. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Panchatcharam Pillai: Resident of 21 (Mis.Series) No. 749, 25.09.1923, Main Road, Netaji Nagar, TNSAC] Tondiarpet, Madras (Chennai), Tamilnadu. He was ex-Chairman of Pandit Vajpai: Belonging to north India, Syriam Indian Independence League he lived in Tamilnadu for long. He Branch and suffered imprisonment was arrested for writing against the for his anti-British activities in the British misrule in India and was 178 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

sentenced to imprisonment under w/o Senniappan; a labourer of Sections 123 Criminal Procedure Coimbatore Spinning and Weaving Code and 124A of the IPC. He was Mills Company Limited, Coimbatore. kept in Cuddalore Jail and died Participating in the labour struggle immediately after his release on 24 organized by the Coimbatore August 1923, because of his Spinning and Weaving Mills workers, indisposition and ill-treatment in the She died on 11 Novembaer 1946 in jail. [Law Deptt (G), G.O. No.2513, the 39 rounds of police firing on an 04.09.1924, TNSAC] estimated huge mob of 6000 workers. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. Panjtan: Belonged to Hyderabad (now 2701, 14.12.1946, TNSAC] in Telangana), he was serving the British-Indian Army as a sepoy. He Pappan Kainikkara: Belonging to Kerala left the British service in 1942 and (place not known), he participated in joined the Indian National Army in the movement for responsible Malaya. He was trained as a soldier government in Travancore, and and placed in the First Bahadur against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Group of the INA. He was sent to notorious proposal for setting up an Burma (now Myanmar) to confront ëAmerican modelí of administrative the British forces where Panjtan died arrangement. He was involved in the in 1944 while confronting the enemy. Menasseri Camp firing at Vayalar [ROH, pp.754-55; WWIM, II, p. 234] which took place on 27 October 1946. C.P. Ramaswamyís military reached Panthalan Yousuf: Resident of t. Ernad, Menasseri Labour Camp and Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- attacked the labourers gathered cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, therein. In the process they shot Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Kainikkara dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar confrontation in his village with the Records, CPIDOA] British during the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Pappana Kainikkara: Belonging to distt. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Alappuzha, Kerala, he was connected movement (for details, see the entry with the Menasseri Camp firing of on Ahmmad Kutty). Yousuf was one Vayalar, which took place on 27 among those militant peasants who October 1946. C.P. Ramaswamyís died on 26 August 1921 in the firing military reached Menasseri Labour by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Camp and attacked the labourers 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- gathered there. In the process the 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- military shot Kainikkara dead. 209] [Travancore Information and Listener VII, No. 5, January 1947, Papammal alias Subbammal: Resident KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 of Machampalayam in Coimbatore November 1946, NMML; PVCS, pp. City, distt. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; 78-9] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 179

Pappooty: Born on 16 January 1907 at 64, 1948, KSAT] Pallipuram, t. Chirayinkil, distt. Trivandrum, Kerala, he studied up Parachotil Ahmadkutti Musliyar: to the fourth standard. Joining the Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom, Travancore State Congress in 1939, t. Ernad, Kerala, Malabar, a tenant- he participated in a State Congress cultivator. He was taken into custody meeting held in defiance of the in connection with the Malabar prohibitory orders at Pettah, rebellion of 1921 and transported to Trivandrum on 13 July 1947, to Podanur Central Prison along with protest against the ìIndependent 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Travancoreî movement. When the air-tight Railway goods wagon. (for armed forces were sent to disperse details, see the entry on Akkara the meeting, the rallyists responded Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan by pelting stones at the armed men, Nayar). Ahmadkutti was one among leading to their opening of fire on those who had been suffocated to the crowd. Hit by bullets in the firing, death in this wagon tragedy, Pappooty died on the spot. [Confd. notoriously known as the Black Hole File (1936-56), No. 309\47, B. No. 47, of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub 1947, KSAT WWFFK, p. 439; WWIM, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, II, p. 238] 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Pappu George: Resident of Velikkakathu Superintendent of Police, Madras, Purayidam, Punnapra, distt. dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Alappuzha, Kerala. Opting for dress- Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A dated cleaning as an occupation, he 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, participated in the movement for 22 November 1921; WTS] responsible government in Travancore, and against C. P. Parakkal Aripravavan Moideen: Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Resident of Melmuri amsom, t. proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Ernad, distt. Maplappuram, Kerala; modelí of administrative a trader. He was arrested and arrangement. When a temporary detained in connection with the police camp was set up in Punnapra Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the to counter the agitation and harass combination of the British colonial the agitators and their families, authorities and the exploitative George joined others in demanding Jenmis, and coinciding with the for its withdrawal, and eventually for Khilafat and Non-Cooperation its destruction. During the activistsí movement. He was detained in the raid on the camp, he died in the Malappuram Sub-Jail as an under- police firing on 24 October 1946. trial prisoner and then transferred to [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. Rajahmundry Central Jail. Moideen Nos. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ died in the jail hospital on 31 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. December 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), 180 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, Alappuzha, Kerala, he was connected TNSAC] with the Menasseri Camp firing of Vayalar, which took place on 27 Parameshwaran Aasari: Resident of October 1946. C. P. Ramaswamyís Kannattu Velli, Mannukadu House, military reached Menasseri Labour Kuthirapanthi, distt. Alappuzha, Camp and attacked the labourers Kerala. A carpenter by occupation, gathered therein, and in the process he participated in the movement for they shot Parameswaran dead. responsible government in [Travancore Information and Travancore, and against C. P. Listener, VII, No. 5 January 1947, Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 proposal for setting up an ëAmerican November 1946, NMML] modelí of administrative arrangement. When a temporary Parammal Alivi: Hailing from Melmuri police camp was set up in Punnapra amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, to counter the agitation and harass Kerala, he actively participated in the the agitators and their families, Aasari Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the joined others in demanding for its combination of the British colonial withdrawal, and eventually for its authorities and the exploitative destruction. During the activistsí raid Jenmis, and coinciding with the on the camp, he died in the police Khilafat and Non-Cooperation firing on 24 October 1946. [Freedom movement. He was detained as an Movement Files (II), F. Nos. 774\46, under-trial prisoner and kept in the B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, Malappuram Sub-Jail and had been 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, implicated in a forcible conversion KSAT] case in Melmuri amsom. He was kept in jail from 20 May 1922 to 19 Parameshwaran Moopan: Resident of October 1927 and again from 22 Kalathil, Vayalar, distt. Alappuzha, October 1927. He died of smallpox Kerala. He participated in the in Salem Jail on 3 May 1928 at the movement for responsible age of 35. [Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 440, government in Travancore, and 20.05.1922; Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 970, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís 10.10.1927; Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 855, notorious proposal for setting up an 04.10.1928, TNSAC] ëAmerican modelí of administrative arrangement (for more details, see Parappan Ahamad Kutty: Resident of the entry on Agneess Lonappan). Areakode, distt. Malappuram, Parameshwaran was shot dead by Kerala, he actively participated in the the military on 27 October 1946. Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, combination of the British colonial CPIDOA] authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Parameswaran: Belonging to distt. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 181

movement. He was detained as an details, see the entry on Akkara under-trial prisoner and kept in the Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan Malappuram Sub-Jail and had been Nayar). Kunhayamu was one among implicated in a forcible conversion those who had been suffocated to case in Areakode region. He was death in this wagon tragedy, imprisoned from 18 January 1924 to notoriously known as the Black Hole 22 March 1927 and again from 23 of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub March1927 in Salem Jail in Tamilnadu. Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, He died of smallpox in the jail on 1 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 290, January 1928 at the age of 38. [Pub 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Deptt, G.O.(Mis.Series) No. 9, Superintendent of Police, Madras, 05.01.1924; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 226, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary 15.02.1927; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 207, Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated 01.03.1928, TNSAC] 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Parathodi Moideenkutty: Resident of Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom, Parayattu Vasu: He was a resident of Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar; Kerala, distt. Trivandrum, Kerala. On 5 he was involved in an armed October 1938, the people of Kadakkal confrontation in his village with the in Kottarakara taluk started an armed British during the Malabar rebellion revolt against the toll collection at the of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Kadakkal market. The occurrence Khilafat and Non-Cooperation also reflected the popular discontent movement (for details, see the entry against the government, its on Ahmmad Kutty). Moideenkutty curtailment of civil liberties and the was one among those militant Criminal Law Amendment Act 18 X peasants who died in the 26 August of 1935. Arrested and manhandled 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/ by the police in this connection, Vasu Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, died due to tortures in the MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Trivandrum Jail. [Freedom No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; Movement Files, (II), F. No. 1/45, ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; 1945 B. No. 38, 674/45, 1945 B. No. MM, pp. 179-209] 39, & No. 357/46, 1946 B. No. 49, KSAT; Judicial files, F. No. 78 of 114, Parayampalliyalil Kunhayamu: Sessions Court Quilon, Kadakkal Riot Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom, Case 1 PE 1/ 1938, Commitment t. Ernad, Kerala, Malabar; a Quran- Order 29 May 1939, KSAT; EMK, p. reader. He was taken into custody 36] in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and transported to Paree Ahmmad: Resident of t. Ernad, Podanur Central Prison along with Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, air-tight Railway goods wagon. (for Manjeri, he was involved in an armed 182 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

confrontation in his village with the 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- British during the Malabar rebellion 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- of 1921-22, and coinciding with the 209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Paree Poker: Resident of t. Ernad, on Ahmmad Kutty). Ahmmad was Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- one among those militant peasants cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, who died on 26 August 1921 in the Manjeri, he was involved in an armed firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, confrontation in his village with the F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, British during the Malabar rebellion pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, of 1921-22, and coinciding with the pp. 179-209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Paree Kunjambu: Resident of t. Ernad, on Ahmmad Kutty). Poker was one Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- among those militant peasants who cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, died on 26 August 1921 in the firing Manjeri, he was involved in an armed by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. confrontation in his village with the 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- British during the Malabar rebellion 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- of 1921-22, and coinciding with the 209] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement (for details, see the entry Pari Kunhammad: Resident of Melmuri on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjambu was amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, one among those militant peasants Kerala; s/o Pokker, a trader. He was who died on 26 August 1921 in the arrested and detained in connection firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, against the combination of the British pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, colonial authorities and the pp. 179-209] exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non- Paree Moidu: Resident of t. Ernad, Cooperation movement. He was Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- detained as an under-trial prisoner cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, and transferred from Malappuram Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Sub-Jail to Rajahmundry Central Jail. confrontation in his village with the Kunhammad died on account of British during the Malabar rebellion Tuberculosis on 3 June 1922 in the jail of 1921-22, and coinciding with the hospital at the age of 62. [Pub Deptt Khilafat and Non-Cooperation (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, movement (for details, see the entry 13.10.1922; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. on Ahmmad Kutty). Moidu was one (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] among those militant peasants who died on 26 August 1921 in the firing Pari Pokker: Resident of Melmuri by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 183

Kerala; s/o Kunhammad, a the spot and opened fire on the group cultivator. He was arrested and through a window. Salunke was hit detained in connection with the by bullets and died there. [KQIC, p. Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the 207; WWIM, I, p. 317] combination of the British colonial authorities and the exploitative Parthasarathy: Resident of Madras Jenmis, and coinciding with the (Chennai), Tamilnadu. He Khilafat and Non-Cooperation participated in the Simon movement. He was detained as an Commission Boycott movement under-trial prisoner and transferred organized in Madras on 3 February from Malappuram Sub-Jail to 1928. When the police opened fire on Rajahmundry Central Jail. Pokker the gathering, Parthasarathy received died on 11 June 1922 in jail hospital severe bullet injuries and died on the at the age of 25. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), spot. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 166, G.O. (Ord. Ser.) No. 822, 13.10.1922; 23.02.1928; Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 317, 02.04.1928, TNSAC] 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Parunthan Keyinali Alavi Haji: Parimoosa: Resident of t. Ernad, Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- and a tenant-cultivator in Pukkottur cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in Manjeri, he was involved in an armed an armed confrontation in his village confrontation in his village with the with the British during the Malabar British during the Malabar rebellion rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding of 1921-22 and coinciding with the with the Khilafat and Non- Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Cooperation movement (for details, movement (for details, see the entry see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). on Ahmmad Kutty). Parimoosa was Alavi Haji was one among those one among those militant peasants militant peasants who died on 26 who died on 26 August 1921 in the August 1921 in the firing by the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] pp. 179-209] Pasulan: Belonging to v. Nerkuppai, Parsuram Salunke: Born in 1924, resident distt. Ramnad (Madras), Tamilnadu; of v. Khadaklat, t. Chikkodi, distt. he was a civilian employee in the Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o D. B. British-Indian Army. Leaving the Salunke. He participated in the raid British service in 1942, he joined the on Budaraghad Treasury on 14 Indian National Army in Malaya and December 1942. At the same time, a was placed as sepoy in its Second police constable, on duty at the Guerrilla Regiment. He was sent to adjacent Mamaledar Office, reached Burma (now Myanmar) to counter 184 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the advancing Allied forces there. He Patil Timmanagouda alias fought at several places and finally Giriyappagowda: Born on 8 October died in the course of an engagement 1911 at v. Menasinhal, distt. in 1944. [INA Papers, F. No. 379/INA Dharwar, Karnataka; s/o (1945), INA; ROH, pp. 750-51] Halappagouda Patil (by adoption). A farmer and a political worker, he Patel Matta Reddy: Resident of v. took active part in the ìQuit Indiaî Balemla, t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda, movement that started in August Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); 1942. He carried out his activities s/o Lakshinarasimha Reddy. A from a secret hiding place. farmer, he took active part in the Considered a dangerous saboteur, peasantsí uprising against the he was hunted by the police atrocities and excesses of the feudal announcing a prize of Rs. 1,000 for lords and the autocratic rule of the his arrest. His family members were Nizam in Hyderabad State. He was also harassed by the police for his shot and killed by the Nizamís Police underground political activities. in November 1946. [WWIM, II, p. Timmanagouda was seriously 238]. wounded in an encounter with the police at Kuppelur village (now in Pathaveedan Kunhahamad: Resident of district Haveri) and died of his Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, injuries the same place. [BDG; KQIC, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was p. WWIM, I, p. 271] taken into custody in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Patrappa Haragol: Resident of Ramdurg transported to Podanur Central Princely State (now in distt. Prison along with 100 other Mappila Belgaum), Karnataka. A farmer, he rebels in an almost air-tight Railway took part in peasantsí movement in goods wagon. (for details, see the Ramdurg State. He participated in a entry on Akkara Veetil alias protest demonstration on 7 April Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). 1939 against a case of police firing. Kunhahamad was one among those The protestors attacked the guards who had been suffocated to death in in front of the Stateís prison. Haragol this wagon tragedy, notoriously was arrested in this connection and known as the Black Hole of Podanur hanged in Hindalga Jail, Belgaum on (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt 6 May 1940. [Convicted Trial (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Prisoner, CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23 Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, May1939 to 01 April 1940, Hindalga TNSAC; Report of Deputy Jail, Belgaum; RSVH, p. 73; WWIM, Superintendent of Police, Madras, II, p. 114] dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Pattalam Krishnan alias 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Thempamkuzhi Krishnan: 22 November 1921; WTS] Belonged to Kerala (place not Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 185

known), he was involved in the on Charchil Mammadutty). Ahmed Kallara-Pangode agitation in surrendered with other rebels and, Travancore over the ìentry taxî. The following a trial, he was sent to the State revenue authorities under gallows on 17 February 1922. [Pub Diwan C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar Deptt, G.O No.112, 7/2/1922, Report introduced in 1937 a tax on the of the Administration of the Madras agricultural produce entered or Presidency for the year 1921-22; brought into the markets of Kallara Fortnightly Reports, March 1922, and Pangode by their local producers TNSAC, The Hindu, 10 December ñ the farmers. Farmers of all 1921, NMML] categories resented this imposition, and their refusal to pay it resulted in Pattanath Koya: A resident of a confrontation in the Kallara market Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, between them and the authorities on Kerala, he was arrested and detained 30 September 1938 that led to the in connection with the Malabar arrest of their leaderññKochappi rebellion of 1921 against the Pillai. His detention so infuriated the combination of the British colonial assembled farmers that they authorities and the exploitative attacked the police outpost, resulting Jenmis, and coinciding with the in serious disturbances. When this Khilafat and Non-Cooperation violent incident or the Kallara Case movement. He was detained as an was investigated and tried, Krishnan under-trial prisoner and and kept in was sentenced to death and hanged Malappuram Sub-Jail. Koya died on 18 December 1940 in after suffering from diarrihoea in Thiruvananthapuram Jail. [Freedom Malappuram Sub-Jail Hospital in July Movement Files, II, F. No. 3/ 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) 45(Situation report, Commandant, No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Travancore State Force to Chief Secretary to Government, 3 October Payyala Nagayya Santhosham: Resident 1938), KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, All of Nandivada, t. Gudibada, distt. Travancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F. Krishna, Andhra Pradesh; s/o No. 339/45, KSAT] Bhimayya; a cultivator. He was arrested and imprisoned for one year Pattalathil Kuttasery Ahmed: Resident for his taking part in the ìQuit Indiaî of Thirurangadi amsom, t. Ernad, movement against the British. While Malabar, Kerala. He was taken into serving his term in jail, he fell custody in connection with the severely ill on account of the police Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the tortures and poor living conditions. combination of the British colonial Convict number 5015, Santhosham authorities and their exploitative died in Alipuram Central Jail on 24 Jenmis, and coinciding with the December 1942 at the age of 50. [Pub Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Deptt, G.O No. 2146, 10-10-1946, movement (for details, see the entry TNSAC] 186 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Payyanathuthodi Moideenkutty: A prisoner and transferred from resident of Kizhuparamba amsom, Malappuram Sub-Jail to distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was Rajahmundry Central Jail. Ali died taken into custody in connection with on 16 September 1922 in jail hospital the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against at the age of 45. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), the combination of the British colonial G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, authorities and the exploitative TNSAC] Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Perathodika Moideen: Resident of t. movement. He was detained on 18 Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Together with brutal police tortures, confrontation in his village with the and a serious attack of pneumonia in British during the Malabar rebellion the jail (due to bad sanitary of 1921-22, and coinciding with the conditions, overcrowding and Khilafat and Non-Cooperation insufficiency of clean water and movement (for details, see the entry food), Moideenkutty died on 3 July on Ahmmad Kutty). Moideen was 1922 in detention at the age of 24. one among those militant peasants [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, who died on 26 August 1921 in the 20.11.1922, TNSAC] firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, Peeru: Resident of Yesvoor (Hesarur), t. pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. pp. 179-209] He took active part in the struggle against the British in 1857-58 under Periakaruppan: Resident of v. the leadership of Bhim Rao and Kannimarpatti, p.o. Thamakki, t. Kanchan Gowda. While fighting for Sivaganga, distt. Ramanathapuram, the defence of Koppaldurg, Peeru Tamilnadu. He served the Indian was captured by the British and shot National Army as a Sepoy from 1943 dead by musketry in June 1858. to 1944. Pariakaruppan died in 1944 [SI1857WI, p. 280] during the Second World War while fighting against the British forces in Perathodi Ali: Inhabitant of Melmuri Burma (Myanmar). [FFPO No. 6342/ amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, 1970, 13.10.1970, TNSAC] Kerala, he was arrested and detained for his role in the Malabar rebellion Peringotan Kadir: Resident of Melmuri of 1921 against the combination of amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a the British colonial authorities and trader. He was taken into custody in the exploitative Jenmis, and connection with the Malabar coinciding with the Khilafat and rebellion of 1921 and transported to Non-Cooperation movement. He Podanur Central Prison along with was detained as an under-trial 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 187

air-tight Railway goods wagon (for amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, a details, see the entry on Akkara tenant-cultivator. He was taken into Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan custody in connection with the Nayar). Kadir was one among those Malabar rebellion of 1921 and who had been suffocated to death in transported to Podanur Central this wagon tragedy, notoriously Prison along with 100 other Mappila known as the Black Hole of Podanur rebels in an almost air-tight Railway (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt goods wagon (for details, see the (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; entry on Akkara Veetil alias Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Abdu TNSAC; Report of Deputy was one among those who had been Superintendent of Police, Madras, suffocated to death in this wagon dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary tragedy, notoriously known as the Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Black Hole of Podanur (20 November 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 22 November 1921; WTS] 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Periyandi: Resident of v. Deputy Superintendent of Police, Perungmanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt. Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- Madurai, Tamilnadu; s/o Chinnandi, Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. he took part in the Kallar riot at 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Perungamanallur against the Colonial Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Madras Governmentís policy of registering Kallars as criminal tribes Perumal Pillai: Resident of Munichalai, under the Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. Karimsa Pallivasal V Lane, Madurai, A popular and well-known political Tamilnadu. A clerk in a flower shop, agitator, George Joseph, inspired the he was killed in a police firing on the Kallars not to obey the British and studentsí protest procession that he start a civil disobedience agitation. joined on 6 November 1945 to The Kallars of Perungamanallur and condemn the conduct of Indian the neighbouring villages refused National Army prisonersí trial. [Pub thereafter to register themselves as Deptt, (G) (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. Criminal Tribes. When the police 256, 01.02.1946, TNSAC] force was used against them, it led to a riot. In the police firing that took Perumpali Kunhi Moidin: Resident of place there on 3 April 1920, Periyandi Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, died on the spot. [Pub Deptt Malabar, Kerala, a coolie. Pillai was (Confd.), G.O. No. 1315, 26.05.1920; taken into custody in connection with Judl Deptt, G.O. (Ord. Series) the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and No.109, 27.04.1921; Pub Deptt, G.O. transported to Podanur Central No. 935, 10.09.1931, TNSAC] Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Perngotan Abdu: Resident of Melmuri goods wagon (for details, see the 188 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

entry on Akkara Veetil alias details, see the entry on Akkara Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Moidin Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan was one among those who had been Nayar). Hassan was one among those suffocated to death in this wagon who had been suffocated to death in tragedy, notoriously known as the this wagon tragedy, notoriously Black Hole of Podanur (20 November known as the Black Hole of Podanur 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Deputy Superintendent of Police, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- Superintendent of Police, Madras, Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Peruthodi Valiyakunhi Moideen: Resident of Melmuri amsom, t. Peruvankuzhi Veeran: Resident of Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He Punnapala amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, was arrested and detained in Kerala; a petty merchant. He was connection with the Malabar taken into custody in connection with rebellion of 1921 against the the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and combination of the British colonial transported to Podanur Central authorities and the exploitative Prison along with 100 other Mappila Jenmis, and coinciding with the rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Khilafat and Non-Cooperation goods wagon (for details, see the movement. He was detained as an entry on Akkara Veetil alias under-trial prisoner and transferred Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Veeran from Malappuram Sub-Jail to was one among those who had been Rajahmundry Central Jail. Moideen suffocated to death in this wagon died on 15 August 1922 in the jail tragedy, notoriously known as the hospital at the age of 75. [Pub Deptt Black Hole of Podanur (20 November (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 28.11.1922, TNSAC] 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Peruvakuzhi Kutti Hassan: Resident of Deputy Superintendent of Police, Malappuram amsom, t. Ernad, Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- Malabar, Kerala, a petty merchant. Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. He was taken into custody in 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala connection with the Malabar Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] rebellion of 1921 and transported to Podanur Central Prison along with Peyyala Nagayya alias Santosham alias 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Bhimudu: Resident of v. Nandivada, air-tight Railway goods wagon (for t. Gudivada, distt. Krishna, Andhra Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 189

Pradesh; s/o Bhimayya and an distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was agriculturist of about 50, he took part taken into custody in connection with in the ìQuit Indiaî movement. He the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against was convicted for his anti-British the combination of the British colonial activities by the Sub-Divisional authorities and the exploitative Magistrate, Gudivada on 24 Jenmis, and coinciding with the December 1942 to one-year rigourous Khilafat and Non-Cooperation imprisonment. It was modified by movement. He was detained on 18 the Sessions Judge, Krishna district June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner to eight monthsí rigourous and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. imprisonment. Nagayya died on 13 Together with brutal police tortures April 1943, while serving his term of and a serious attack of pneumonia in imprisonment in the Alipuram Camp the jail (due to bad sanitary Jail. [RACJ, C.No. 6537, 1943, conditions, overcrowding and APSAH; WWFSAP, II, p. 212; WWIM, insufficiency of clean water and I, p. 243] food), Moideenkutty died on 18 June 1922 in detention at the age of 35. Pezhungadan Valia Peedikkal Moyan [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS), No. 960, Kutti: Resident of distt. 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Malappuram, Kerala, a British-Indian subject, aged 60. He was arrested for Pinnamaneni Kanakaiah: Resident of the first time during the Mappilla Palukonda, t. Kaikalur, distt. outbreak which occurred in the Ernad Krishna, Andhra Pradesh; s/o and Walluvanad taluks of the distt. Venkiah; a cultivator. He was Malappuram in March and April 1894. arrested and imprisoned for one year He was detained again on 1 for his taking part in the ìQuit Indiaî January1903 as per G.O. No. 529, movement against the British. While Judicial Department, dated serving his term in jail, he fell 12.04.1897; G.O. No.1970 Judicial severely ill on account of the police Department, dated 23.12.1902; and tortures and poor living conditions. G.O. No.1481, Judicial Department, Convict number 8761, Kanakaiah dated 15.09.1905. He was imprisoned died in Alipuram Central Jail on 18 further for his role in the Malabar October 1943. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. Rebellion of 1921-22 and kept at 2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC] Trichinopoly as a state prisoner. Kutti died on 6 January 1925 at Pinnamaneni Kanakayya: Resident of v. Trichinoploy. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (Ord. Polukonda, t. Kaikalur, distt. Series) No. 427, 05.05.1925; Pub Krishna, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Deptt, G.O. No. 832, 27.08.1925, Venkayya, he belonged to Kamma TNSAC] community. Aged about 35 and an agriculturist, he took part in the Pilakkelakandi Unni Moideenkutty: A ìQuit Indiaî movement. He was resident of Kizhuparamba amsom, convicted under Section 147 of Indian 190 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Penal Code by the Sub-Divisional 1149\44, 1944, KSAT, Confd. Report Magistrate, Gudivada, and sentenced of S. P. on 4 September 1938 (First on 18 October 1943 to nine monthsí Class Magistrate to District rigourous imprisonment. Later, it Magistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I, was reduced to six monthsí rigourous II, All Travancore Jatha Committee, imprisonment. While serving the C. S. F. No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp. term of imprisonment in the 124-26; TTT, p. 164; RR, p. 425; Alipuram Camp Jail, Kanakayya died WWFFK, p. 455; WWIM, II, p. 248] in hospital on 27 December 1943 on account of acute Perforative Polakkal Aydaraman: Resident of Peritonitis. [RACJ, C.No. 8761, 1943, Punnapala, amsom, t. Ernad, APSAH; WWFSAP, II, p. 185; WWIM, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was I, p. 276] taken into custody in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Piraji: Resident of Nargund, distt. transported to Podanur Central Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Hari. He Prison along with 100 other Mappila joined the resistance against the rebels in an almost air-tight Railway British under Baba Saheb in 1857. goods wagon (for details, see the Following his capture, he was shot entry on Akkara Veetil alias dead by musketry at Nargund on 10 Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. Aydaraman was one among those 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June who had been suffocated to death in 1858] this wagon tragedy, notoriously known as the Black Hole of Podanur Podiyan: Born in 1881 at Neyyattinkara, (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt distt. Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o Willy (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; and a leader of the Harijans, he Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, worked hard for obtaining the right TNSAC; Report of Deputy of temple entry for the members of Superintendent of Police, Madras, his community. He took part in the dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary State Congress-led Civil Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Disobedience movement for 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, responsible government, and joined 22 November 1921; WTS] on 31 August 1938 in the violent protest against the arrest of N. K. Pollakunnan Abdullah: Resident of Padmanabha Pillai, the acting Karuvara Kundu amsom, distt. President of the State Congress. A Malappuram, Kerala; aged 24. He contingent of armed forces, was taken into custody in connection commanded by Lt. Col. Watkis, fired with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 on the protesters flocking around the against the combination of the British Bus Stand, Neyyattinkara. Podiyan colonial authorities and the was killed in this wanton firing. exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. with the Khilafat and Non- Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 191

Cooperation movement. He was against the brutality of police and detained on 8 June 1922 as an under- exploitation of the landlords. He was trial prisoner and kept in the Manjeri the 13th accused in the Kayyur Riot Sub-Jail. Together with brutal police Case. As ëinner volunteerí of the tortures and a serious attack of Communist cell at Kayyur, he was pneumonia in the jail (due to very involved in the riot that ultimately bad sanitary conditions, led to the death of a police constable overcrowding and insufficiency of on duty in March 1941. He was clean water and food), Abdullah found guilty of murder and died on 20 June 1922 in detention at sentenced to death. Appeals and the age of 24. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) clemency petitions on his behalf were No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] rejected. Nair was hanged to death at Kannur Central Jail on 29 March Pongari: Inhabitant of Kurlahalli, t. 1943. The brave communist walked Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. to the gallows shouting, ìInquilab He participared in the struggle Zindabadî and ìCommunist Party against the British in 1857-58 under Zindabadî. [Court Records in Sc. No. the leadership of Bhim Rao and 44/1941 (Mangalore); Sc. No. 3/1941 Kanchan Gowda. While fighting for (Tellicherry); Sc. No. 11/1941 the defence of the Koppaldurg, (Tellicherry), Fortnightly Report Pongari was captured by the British (Political) for the Second Half of and shot dead by musketry in June March 1941, First Half of April 1941, 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] and First Half of May 1941; G.O. Home (Routine) 1328-29, (Confd.), 26 Ponnaswami: Resident of Bangalore, October 1942; Peopleís War, 21 March, Karnataka. At the age of 16, he took 28 March, and 11 April 1943, NMML, part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement New Delhi] of 1942. He participated in the picketing, stopping railway trains etc. Pothanpurambath Hassan Haji: During the imposition of curfew in Resident of Malappuram, distt. Bangalore City, Ponnaswami was Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested shot dead in a police firing on 17 and detained for his role in the August 1942. [KQIC, p. 52] Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial Potavara Kuhambu Nair: S/o Karuvadan authorities and the exploitative Chandan Nair and Chiruthamma, Jenmis, and coinciding with the born in 1917 at Kilaikkot, Kerala, he Khilafat and Non-Cooperation belonged to a peasant family and movement. He was detained as an received primary school education. under-trial prisoner and transferred He was an energetic and dynamic from Malappuram Sub-Jail to worker of the Karshaka Sangham and Rajahmundry Central Jail. Haji died the Communist Party, who due to Pub. Tuberculosis in June 1922 participated in the peasant agitation in jail hospital at the age of 62. [Pub 192 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, State Prisoner from 16 November 28.11.1922, TNSAC] 1925 under the Madras State Prisoner Regulation, 1819 and kept in Madras Pothuraju Padal alias Pothuri Mallayya Prison. Later shifted to Union alias Somanna Dora: Resident of v. Mission Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Chaparathipalem in the Agency area Madanapalle in Chittoor District of distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra (now in Andhra Pradhesh), Ahmed Pradesh; s/o Lakshmayya, he died there on 25 July 1928. [Pub belonged to Bagata community and Deptt, G.O. No. 441, 20.05.1922; Pub became munsab of Molagalamitta. He Deptt, G.O. No. 102, 14.02.1923; Pub was a supporter of Rampa Rebellion Deptt, G.O. No. 1081, 07.11.1925; Pub (1922-24), led by Sitarama Raju, and Deptt, G.O. No. 13, 06.011926; Pub led all village munsabs, to attend the Deptt, G.O. No. 420, 05.05.1928; Pub durbar held at Makavaram by Alluri Deptt, G.O. (Mis.Series) No. 727, Sitarama Raju on 11 September 1923. 28.08.1928; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 855, For his support to the rebellion, arrest 04.10.1928, TNSAC] warrant was issued against him under Sections 121, 121A, 122, 143, Pottavartini Omayya: Resident of v. 145, 149, 395, 397 & 302 of Indian Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal, Penal Code, and his property was Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); confiscated by the Government in s/o Dammayya and a weaver. While September 1922. He was also giving evidence in a Court of Law, convicted in October 1923 for six he exposed the atrocities committed monthsí rigourous imprisonment. by the Razakars and the Nizamís Police Padal died while serving the term of on the villagers. In retaliation imprisonment. [F.No. 2, FASRRF, Omayya was shot dead along with 1925, p. 25; F.No. 23A, FASRRF, 1923, eight (8) others of the same village p. 67; F. No.1, FASRRF, 1926, p. 9, when the Nizamís forces raided it in APSAH; ASRR, p. 119] August 1946 during the anti-feudal struggle of the Communists in Potta Kunhi Ahmed: Resident of Telangana. [WWFSAP, III, p. 320; Tirurangadi amsom, distt. WWIM, II, p. 249] Malappuram, Kerala; s/o Mamad Haji. He was arrested and detained Pottayil Mohamad Haji: A resident of for his role in the Malabar rebellion distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was of 1921 against the combination of arrested and detained in connection the British colonial authorities and with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 the exploitative Jenmis, and against the combination of the British coinciding with the Khilafat and colonial authorities and the Non-Cooperation movement. He exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding was kept in jail from 20 May 1922 to with the Khilafat and Non- 15 November 1925 as an under-trial Cooperation movement. He was prisoner. He was again detained as detained from 12 October 1922 as per Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 193

G.O. No 814 Public Department Prabhakaran Kedathattusherri: dated 12.10.1922, and transferred to Belonging to Kerala (place not Rajahmundry Central Jail. Haji died known), he participated in the on 10 January 1922 in jail hospital at movement for responsible the age of 71. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. government in Travancore, and 898, 23.09.1927, TNSAC] against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious proposal for setting up an Pottayil Unniyan Kutti Musaliar: ëAmerican modelí of administrative Resident of distt. Malappuram, arrangement. He was involved in the Kerala, he was arrested and detained Olathal Camp Firing at Vayalar in connection with the the Mappilla which took place on 27 October 1946. outbreak in parts of the Ernad and On that day C. P. ramaswamyís Walluvanad taluks in distt. military reached Menasseri Labour Malappuram in February and March Camp and attacked the labourers 1915 (as per G.O.Nos. 2080-83, gathered therein. In the process they Judicial Department, dated shot Kedathattusherri dead. 03.09.1915; G.O. No.441, Judicial [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, Department, Dated 18.02.1916; and CPIDOA] G.O. No. 555, Public Department, dated 01.09.1920). Later, he was kept Prabhakaran Kunthirisherril: Belonging in jail for his role in the Malabar to distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, he Rebellion of 1921. Sent to participated in the movement for Trichinopoly (by G.O.No.333, Public, responsible government in dated 11.04.1927), Musaliar died of Travancore, and against C. P. ill-health on 14 April 1927 in Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Anantapur District Jail at the age of proposal for setting up an ëAmerican 61. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 898, modelí of administrative 23.09.1927, TNSAC] arrangement. He was connected with the Vayalar firing which took place Prabandham Rangachar: Resident of t. on 27 October 1946. On that day C.P. Proddutur, distt. Cuddapah, Andhra Ramaswamyís military reached Pradesh. He graduated from the Vayalar Labour Camp, attacked the Madras Medical College and served labourers gathered therein, and shot as a Health Officer in the Bangalore Kunthirisherril dead. [Travancore Cantonment Health Service till 1941. Information and Listener VII, No. 5, He joined the Indian National Army January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 Medical Service in 1941 as a Captain October and 15 November 1946, and was posted in Singapore in 1943. NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9] While serving in the INA, Rangachar was killed in action in 1945 at Prabhala Subbarao: Belonged to v. Ziawaddy in Burma. [FFHFSAP, Nalluru, distt. Guntur, Andhra 1947ñ48; WWIM, II, p. 249; WWFSAP, Pradesh. A participant in the Civil I, p. 83] Disobedience movement against the 194 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

British imperialist rule, he was wires. The Tenali Superintendent of arrested at the height of the agitation. Police rushed to the spot and warned Subbarao died in jail probably before the crowd that the police would open the second half of 1931. [AICC Papers, fire if they did not disperse. The Andhra Pradesh Provincial crowd refused to do so, and Committee Report, F.No. G-1(i)/ consequently, the Superintendent of 1931, 8-11-1931, NMML] Police ordered to open fire. In the indiscriminate firing, three innocent Prahalladha Setty: Born in Bangalore, people died on the spot. Karnataka, he took part in the ìQuit Veeraraghavayya was one of them. Indiaî movement in August 1942. Six others received injuries and While taking part in an anti-British another four died in the hospital. demonstration near Banappa Park, [SMEAT, 1942, Tenali; WWFSAP, I, Mysore Bank Circle, and Kempe p. 275; WWIM, I, p. 279; HFMAP, p. Gowda Road, Setty died in the police 151] firing on the demonstrators on 16 August 1942. [PHRA; PMLC] Pudukkutti Moideen: Resident of Urangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Pratap Rao Patil: Born in v. Byakund, Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken distt. Belgaum, Karnataka. A into custody in connection with the devoted social worker and a student Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the of Intermediate class at Kolhapur, he combination of the British colonial joined the ìQuit Indiaî movement authorities and the exploitative and served its cause as a saboteur. Jenmis, and coinciding with the Hunted by the police, he had to go Khilafat and Non-Cooperation underground. Patil was killed along movement. He was detained on 6 with Kokate in an encounter with the June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner anti-social elements on 22 May 1947 and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. at Walwe, Sangli. [BDG; WWIM, II, Together with brutal police tortures p. 241] and a serious attack of pneumonia in the jail (due to bad sanitary Prayaga Veeraraghavayya: Resident of conditions, overcrowding and Tenali, distt. Guntur, Andhra insufficiency of clean water and Pradesh. A lawyer, he took an active food), Moideen died on 26 June 1922 part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement. in detention at the age of 27. [Pub On 12 August 1942, the town of Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, Tenali observed a complete hartal as TNSAC] a protest against the arrest of the Congress leaders. At 9 am, a large Pujari Balayya: Resident of t. Chintapalli, crowd of students and Congressites distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra in anger ransacked the Tenali Pradesh. He took part in the Rampa Railway Station, set it on fire and cut Rebellion (1922-24) led by Alluri the signal, telephone and telegraph Sitarama Raju, against the oppressive Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 195

British rule in the Agency area. His Pujari Lakshmayya: Resident of v. property was confiscated by the Gudem in the Agency area, distt. Government for his participation in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He the rebellion. On 5 November 1923, took part in the Rampa Rebellion he received bullet injuries in an (1922-24) led by Alluri Sitarama Raju encounter with the police at against the oppressive British over Kondalayagondi. Balaya died in the the Agency area. He participated in hospital at Peddavalasa on 10 the action at Peddagaddapalem on 6 November 1923. [F.No. 4, FASRRF, December 1922 and also took part in 1924, p. 28; F.No. 4, FASRRF, 1923, the Ramavaram encounter or p. 10, APSAH] Ramavaram ambush on 24 October 1922. Four men were killed in this Pujari Bangarayya: Resident of v. firing between rebels and police Gudem, t. Chintapalli, distt. force, led by Sanders. Lakshmayya Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ was one among them. o Balayya Dora. He took part in the [CORAOPDGOM, 7-11-1922, Rampa Tribal Rebellion (1922-24) led APSAH; ASRR, p. 72 & 90] by Alluri Sitarama Raju, against the oppressive British rule over the Pujari Sanyasi: Resident of v. Gudem, Agency area. He was accused under in the Agency area, distt. Sections 121, 121A, 122, 143, 145, 149, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; 395, & 397 of Indian Penal Code and took part in the Rampa Rebellion his property was confiscated by the (1922-24) led by Alluri Sitarama Raju Government for his participation in against the oppressive British rule the Rebellion. Bangarayya was killed over the Agency area. He took part by Sub-Inspector, Jaya Rao, in action in the Ramavaram encounter or at Kondalayagondi on 5 November Ramavaram ambush on 24 October 1923. [F. Nos. 2 & 23A, FASRRF, 1923, 1922. Four men were killed in the pp. 2, 16 & 45, 227, 233 & 247; F. Nos. firing between the rebels and police 4 & 21A, FASRRF, 1924 pp. 30 & 249, force, led by Sanders. Sanyasi was APSAH] one among them. [CORAOPDGOM, 7-11-1922, APSAH; ASRR, p. 72] Pujari Hanamma: Resident of Halagali, Mudhol Princely State (now in distt. Pulakallnodika Kunhayamu: Resident Bagalakot), Karnataka. He took part of Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, in the revolt of Halagali Bedas Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was against the imposition of the taken into custody in connection with Disarming Act of 1857 by the British. the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and He was killed in fighting against the transported to Podanur Central British under the leadership of Babaji Prison along with 100 other Mappila Sovaji Nimbalkar on 30 November rebels in an almost air-tight Railway 1857. [SI1857WI, p. 199] goods wagon (for details, see the entry on Akkara Veetil alias 196 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). in connection with the Malabar Kunhayamu was one among those rebellion of 1921 against the who had been suffocated to death in combination of the British colonial this wagon tragedy, notoriously authorities and the exploitative known as the Black Hole of Podanur Jenmis, and coinciding with the (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Khilafat and Non-Cooperation (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; movement. He died due to Brightís Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, decease in Malappuram Sub-Jail TNSAC; Report of Deputy hospital in July 1922. [Pub Deptt Superintendent of Police, Madras, (Confd.), G.O. (MS), No. 998, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Pullela Syamasundara Rao: Resident of 22 November 1921; WTS] v. Ichhapuram, distt. Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh; s/o Pulakkat Thodi Moideen: Resident of Venkataramayya Pantulu; educated Payyanad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, at Ichhapuram. While studying Kerala; a tenant-cultivator. He was Intermediate at Berhampore, he gave taken into custody in connection with up his studies in response to the Non- the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Cooperation movement. He transported to Podanur Central underwent seven monthsí and one Prison along with 100 other Mappila weekís imprisonment from 8 rebels in an almost air-tight Railway February 1922 to 14 September 1922 goods wagon (for details, see the in the Berhampore and Cuddalore entry on Akkara Veetil alias Jails for organizing the picketing of Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). toddy shops. He toured extensively Moideen was one among those who to propagate the cause of the Civil had been suffocated to death in this Disobedience movement in the wagon tragedy, notoriously known district, and raided the Naupadu Salt as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 Fields during 1930 Salt Satyagraha. He November 1921). [Pub Deptt was convicted for one yearís (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; imprisonment, and suffered six Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, monthsí rigourous imprisonment TNSAC; Report of Deputy from 16 January 1932 in the Superintendent of Police, Madras, Berhampore and Cuddalore Jails and dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary paid a fine of Rs.100/-. He served as Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Secretary, Andhra Mahasabha, in 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Burma in 1934-35 and ran a weekly 22 November 1921; WTS] Journal, Prajavani, from these. He also worked intensively for the relief of Pulikalakath Koyali: Resident of the cyclone- affected people in 1935ñ Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, 36. A member, PCC, he acted as Kerala, he was arrested and detained Secretary and President, D.C.C., and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 197

became an MLA in 1937, after participated in the Malabar rebellion defeating A.P. Patro. In 1940 he of 1921 against the combination of served as President of tbe Andhra the British colonial authorities and Kisan Sabha. While undergoing house the exploitative Jenmis, and internment at Ichhapuram, Rao fell coinciding with the Khilafat and seriously ill and died on 16 June 1940. Non-Cooperation movement. He [Andhra Patrika, 18 June 1940 & 19 was detained as an under-trial June 1940, APSAH; WWFSAP, III, pp. prisoner and kept in the Malappuram 162ñ163] Sub-Jail and had been Melmuri amsom of Ernad taluk. Arrested and Pullikal Veerankutty: Hailing from detained on 20 May1922 (as per Pub Malabar, Kerala (place not known), Deptt, G.O. No. 440, 20.05.1922) and he was taken into custody in continued to be kept in jail as per G.O. connection with the Malabar No 102 Public Department, dated rebellion of 1921 against the 14.02.1923; G.O. No 780, Public combination of the British colonial Department, dated 17.08.1925; and authorities and the exploitative G.O. (Mis.Series) No.857, Public Jenmis, and coinciding with the Department, dated 01.10.1926); Alavi Khilafat and Non-Cooperation died in Bellary Central Jail on 4 movement. He had surrendered to January 1927 of Pulmonary the authorities along with other Tuberculosis at the age of 32. [Pub rebels, and, following a trial, he was Deptt, G.O. No.898, 23.09.1927, deported. Veerankutty died as a TNSAC] State Prisoner on 2 March 1945. [Pub Deptt, F. No. 598, 1945, TNSAC] Pulliyil Avaran Haji: Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Pulliseri Kunhahammad: Resident of cultivator Pukkottur amsom, Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Kerala, he was arrested and detained confrontation in his village with the for his role in the Malabar rebellion British during the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of of 1921-22 and coinciding with the the British colonial authorities and Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the exploitative Jenmis, and movement (for details, see the entry coinciding with the Khilafat and on Ahmmad Kutty). Haji was one Non-Cooperation movement. among those militant peasants who Kunhahammad died due to died on 26 August 1921 in the firing Tuberclosis in the Malappuram Sub- by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Jail hospital in July 1922. [Pub Deptt 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- (Confd.), G.O. (MS), No. 998, 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- 28.11.1922, TNSAC] 209]

Pulliyil Alavi: An inhabitant of distt. Pulliyil Chekku: Resident of t. Ernad, Malappuram, Kerala, he actively Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- 198 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

cultivator Pukkottur amsom, Malappuram Sub-Jail to Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Rajahmundry Central Jail. He died confrontation in his village with the in the jail hospital there on 6 June British during the Malabar rebellion 1922 at the age of 65. [Pub Deptt of 1921-22, and coinciding with the (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 13.10.1922; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. movement (for details, see the entry (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] on Ahmmad Kutty). Chekku was one among those militant peasants who Pulliyil Mammad: Resident of distt. died on 26 August 1921 in the firing Malappuram, Kerala; s/o Kunheen by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Haji, he was arrested and detained 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- for his role in the Malabar rebellion 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- of 1921 against the combination of 209] the British colonial authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and Pulliyil Cheriya Chekku: Resident of t. coinciding with the Khilafat and Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Non-Cooperation movement. cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Mammad was kept in Malappuram Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Sub-Jail and died in Malappuram confrontation in his village with the Headquarters hospital, Calicut, on 1 British during the Malabar rebellion August 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), of 1921-22, and coinciding with the G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, 13.10.1922, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation TNSAC] movement (for details, see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). Cheriya Chekku Pulliyil Mammad: Resident of was one among those militant Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, peasants who died on 26 August 1921 Kerala; s/o Ahmad, he was arrested in the firing by the British troops. [H/ and detained in connection with the Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; combination of the British colonial MM, pp. 179-209] authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Pulliyil Kuttiassan: Resident of Melmuri Khilafat and Non-Cooperation amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Malappuram, movements. Mammad was kept in Kerala; s/o Kuttirayan. A cultivator, Malappuram Sub-Jail and died there he was arrested and detained in in headquarters hospital, Calicut, on connection with the Malabar 7 May 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), rebellion of 1921 against the G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, 13.10.1922; combination of the British colonial Pub Deptt, G.O. (Mis) No. 765, authorities and the exploitative 02.10.1923, TNSAC] Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Pulukkal Kunhiraman: Belonging to movement. He was transferred from Kerala (place not known), he was an Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 199

activist of the Karshaka Sangham of dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Irikkoor which took the initiative in Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated providing relief to the people 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, suffering from ëblackí marketing, and 22 November 1921; WTS] hoarding. The Sangham activists requested the landlord for Punee Saheb: Resident of Hammigi, permission to cultivate the land of distt. Gadag, Karnataka, he took Kavumbai. When the Jenmi refused, active part in the struggle against the they appealed for some action from British in 1857-58 under the the ministers and officials of Madras leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan Government. Not getting any Gowda. Captured by the British response, the peasants under the during the battle at Koppaldurg, leadership of the Karshaka Sangham, Saheb was blown away with a decided to occupy the area and cannon. [WWIM, III, 116] cultivate it even if they had to face police action. The police did turn up, Punna Kohkuyil Hydru: Resident of cordoned off the area and fired upon Karuvara Kundu amsom, distt. the activists of the Sangham on 30 Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken December 1946. Kunhiraman lost his into custody in connection with the life in this police firing. [PA, 2 Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the February 1947, NMML; ASK, p. 33; combination of the British colonial KKK, p. 64] authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Punayanpalliyalil Seydali: Resident of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, movement. He was detained on 8 Malabar, Kerala; a religious teacher. June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner He was taken into custody in and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. connection with the Malabar Together with brutal police tortures rebellion of 1921 and transported to and a serious outbreak of pneumonia Podanur Central Prison along with in the jail (due to very bad sanitary 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost conditions, overcrowding and air-tight Railway goods wagon (for insufficiency of clean water and details, see the entry on Akkara food), Hydru died on 21 June 1922 Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan in jail in detention at the age of 30. Nayar). Seydali was one among those [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, who had been suffocated to death in 20.11.1922, TNSAC] this wagon tragedy, notoriously known as the Black Hole of Podanur Puramalthodi Mammad: Inhabitant of (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Kerala, he was arrested and detained Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, in connection with the Malabar TNSAC; Report of Deputy rebellion of 1921 against the Superintendent of Police, Madras, combination of the British colonial 200 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

authorities and the exploitative this wagon tragedy, notoriously Jenmis, and coinciding with the known as the Black Hole of Podanur Khilafat and Non-Cooperation (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt movement. Mammad was kept in (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, to acute enteritis in the Malappuram TNSAC; Report of Deputy Sub-Jail Hospital in May 1922. [Pub Superintendent of Police, Madras, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, Purushottaman: Belonging to distt. 22 November 1921; WTS] Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated in the movement for responsible Puthan Veedan Kunjahammad: government in Travancore, and Resident of Kuruvambalam amsom, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. notorious proposal for setting up an He was taken into custody in ëAmerican modelí of administrative connection with the Malabar arrangement. He was connected with rebellion of 1921 and transported to the Vayalar firing which took place Podanur Central Prison along with on 27 October 1946. C.P. 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Ramaswamyís military on that day air-tight Railway goods wagon (for reached Vayalar Labour Camp and details, see the entry on Akkara attacked the labourers gathered Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan therein and shot Purushottaman Nayar). Kunjahammad was one dead in the process. [Travancore among those who had been Information and Listener, VII No. 5, suffocated to death in this wagon January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 tragedy, notoriously known as the October and 15 November 1946, Black Hole of Podanur (20 November NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9] 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. Puthan Peedikkal Veeran: Resident of 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Malabar, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator. Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- He was taken into custody in Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. connection with the Malabar 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala rebellion of 1921 and transported to Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Podanur Central Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Puthenparambil Damodaran: Resident air-tight Railway goods wagon (for of Parappila Vattathara, Punnapra, details, see the entry on Akkara distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. A Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan dedicated and brave ex-serviceman, Nayar). Veeran was one among those he joined others in preventing a who had been suffocated to death in military vehicle near Thiruvambadi Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 201

from proceeding towards Punnapra. the exploitative Jenmis, and He was also one among those who coinciding with the Khilafat and led the procession that attacked the Non-Cooperation movement. He Punnapra police camp and died in the was detained under the Madras State police firing on 24 October 1946. Prisoners Regulation, 1819, at [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. Nagore in Tanjore District in 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. accordance with G.O. (Mis. Series) No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, No. 837, Public Department dated 1948, KSAT; IPV, p. 71] 01.10.1928. He died on the night of 17 April 1930 in Nagore Jail. [Pub Puthenpeedikal Kunholan: Resident of Deptt (G), G.O. (MS) No. 770, Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, 25.06.1930, TNSAC] Kerala, he was arrested and detained in connection with the Malabar Puthiyarakkal Koyassan: Resident of rebellion of 1921 against the Trikkalangod amsom, t. Ernad, combination of the British colonial Malabar, Kerala; a timber trader. He authorities and the exploitative was taken into custody in connection Jenmis, and coinciding with the with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Khilafat and Non-Cooperation and transported to Podanur Central movement. Kunholan was kept in Prison along with 100 other Mappila Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due rebels in an almost air-tight Railway to colitis in the Malappuram Sub-Jail goods wagon (for details, see the Hospital in May 1922. [Pub Deptt entry on Akkara Veetil alias (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Koyassan was one among those who had been suffocated to death in this Puthiah: Born in v. Moodanakoppalu, wagon tragedy, notoriously known distt. Mandya, Karnataka. An as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 employee of the Mysore Iron and November 1921). [Pub Deptt Steel Company, Bhadrabati, he took (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; active part in the ìQuit Indiaî Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, movement of 1942. Puthiah was TNSAC; Report of Deputy killed in the police firing on the anti- Superintendent of Police, Madras, British demonstrators, near the gate dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary of the Mysore Iron and Steel Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Company in 1942. [SSS, II, p. 354] 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Puthiyagath Kunhamad Musaliar: Resident of distt. Malappuram, Puttaiah: Born in Bhadravati, distt. Kerala, he was arrested and detained Shimoga, Karnataka. He was a for his role in the Malabar rebellion worker in Bhadravati Iron and Steel of 1921 against the combination of Factory. On 2 May 1941, he joined the British colonial authorities and the agitating workers in surrounding 202 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the police station at Bhadravati to confrontation in his village with the prevent the police from taking four British during the Malabar rebellion of their arrested leaders to the court of 1921-22 and coinciding with the for remand. In the ensuing scuffle, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the police opened fire on the movement (for details, see the entry assembled workers, killing Puttaiah on Ahmmad Kutty). Alavikutty was on the spot. [SSS, II, p. 354; WWIM, one among those militant peasants II, p. 254] who died in the 26 August 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Puvalliyil Abobakkar: Resident of t. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Ernad, a tenant-cultivator in Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. Kerala, he was involved in an armed 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. confrontation in his village with the 179-209] British during the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Puvalliyil Koyakutty Haji: Resident of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation t. Ernad, a tenant-cultivator in movement (for details, see the entry Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar, on Ahmmad Kutty). Aboobakkar Kerala, he was involved in an armed was one among those militant confrontation in his village with the peasants who died in the 26 August British during the Malabar rebellion 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/ of 1921-22 and coinciding with the Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. movement (for details, see the entry No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; on Ahmmad Kutty). Koyakutty was ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; one among those militant peasants MM, pp. 179-209] who died in the 26 August 1921 firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Puvalliyil Alavikutty: Resident of t. 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Ernad, a tenant-cultivator in Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, Malabar, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. Kerala, he was involved in an armed 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 203

R. Vasudevan: Born on 7 February 1917 Myanmar) front, he fought the Allied at Maruthathur, t. Neyyattinkara, forces on several occasions. distt. Trivandrum, Kerala. A farmer Govindaswamy was killed by the educated upto fourth standard, he enemy on 16 March 1945 during their took part in the violent demonstra- attacks on the retreating INA tion staged at Neyyattinkara on 31 soldiers in Burma. [INA Papers, F. August 1938 to protest against the Nos. 1/INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 105] arrest of N.K. Padmanabha Pillai, the acting President of the Travancore R. Krishna Nadar: Born on 25 July 1914 State Congress. When a unit of the at Mudavanmukal, distt. Travancore State Forces commanded Trivandrum, Kerala; s/o Raman by Col. Watkis, fired upon the Nadar, studied up to the ninth demonstrators to disperse them, standard. He participated in the Civil Vasudevan was shot and killed at Disobedience movement launched by Neyyattinkara [Freedom Movement the Travancore State Congress in Files (II), No. 1149\44, 1944; KSAT, September 1938. He also attended the Confd. Report of S.P. on 4 September State Congress meeting, held in 1938 (First Class Magistrate to defiance of the prohibitory orders at District Magistrate, 15-1-114); Sankumukham beach, Trivandrum on Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore Jatha 21 September 1938. The gathering Committee, C.S. F. No. 339/45, was fired upon by a platoon of the KSAT; CHN, pp. 124-26; TTT, p. 164; Travancore State Forces. Nadar died RR, p. 425; WWFFK, pp.619-20] in the firing on the same day. [Confd. Section Files F. No. 4111/44, KSAT; R. Govindaswamy: Resident not known. Freedom Movement Files, 3345/44, He joined the Indian National Army KSAT; WWFFK, p. 244; WWIM, I, p. in 1942 and served it as a soldier in 243] its Unit No. 451. Soon after his deployment on the Burma (now R. Ramanathan: Resident of Puthakaram, 204 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

distt. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; s/o Raghoba Limaya: Resident of Nargund Rajappan; he was a civilian employee Princely State (now in distt. Gadag), in the British-Indian Army. He Karnataka. On the charge of ëjoining shifted his loyalty to the Indian the Chief of Nargund State in the National Army in 1942, and was rebellion of 1857 against the British, placed as a soldier in its Training and on being present with the rebel Group. Along with his fellow- troops during the murder of Mr. soldiers, he was sent to counter the Manson, a British Officerí, Limaya Allied forces on the Burma (now was arrested and hanged in front of Myanmar) front. Ramanathan was the Petah of Nargund on 16 June 1858 killed during a sudden enemy attack. at 6 p.m. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part- [WWIM, II, p. 265; ROH, pp. 760-61] XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, L. No. 299/1858, 17 June 1858] Rachappa Veerappa Hebbal: Born in 1917 at Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum, Rajah Venkata Santa Bhupathi: Karnataka; s/o Veerappa Hebbal. A Resident of Golugonda, distt. weaver, he took part in the ìQuit Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ Indiaî movement of 1942 and joined o Chinna Bhupati,educated up to in the raid on the Bailhongal Police Elementary level and about 22. He Station on 16 August 1942. Hebbal became Zamindar of Golugonda after received bullet wounds in the firing his fatherís death. The Zamindari of by the police and died the same day. Golugonda was, however, converted [WWIM, I, p. 136] into Ryotwari land, instead of it remaining Mokasa. The Government Radhakrishna: Resident of Nizamabad, allowed the family a yearly sum of t. & distt. Nizamabad, Andhra Rs. 2200/- leaving the Rajah utterly Pradesh (now in Telangana); s/o. discontented. The discontentment Jeetmal, he was an Arya Samajist since led him to rebel against the 1934, and became the founder of the Government, which was famously Arya Samaj at Nizamabad. He raised called as ëGolugonda Pituri of 1891í. funds for the Arya Samaj Satyagraha It was supported by all the hill during the Grant of Civil Liberties Muttadars and about 200 tribal men movement, 1938, in this former took part in it. The Rajah led Hyderabad State. He also took an successful attack on the active part in the Arya movement Krishnadevipet and Chintapalli Police against the autocratic rule in Stations and allowed his men to loot Hyderabad State. He was stabbed to the house of Panpoze Appalaswami death on 2 September 1939, by an of Padi, a constable, and the house Arab with the connivance of the of a rich bania at Kintali in the Nizamís Police, in front of the Police Madgole Estate in the months of May Station at Nizamabad [WWFSAP, III, and June of 1881. In course of the p. 77; WWIM, II, p. 254; TFSIH, IV, rebellion, his health started failing, p. 9] and he suffered from fever and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 205

dysentery. Thoroughly indisposed, ordered firing on the gathering of Bhupathi died on 20 June 1881, at workers at 3:30 p.m. Rao received Pobbunja hills, near the village of bullet injuries, and died on the spot. Bakulur. [F.No. 8, FASRRF, 1882, p. [The Hindu, 15-2-1938, NMML] 21, APSAH] Raju Naidu: Resident of Ondipudur, Rajappan Puthumanachirayil: Belon- distt. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu; s/o ging to Kerala (place not known), he Rangasamy Naidu. A mill-worker, he participated in the movement for took part in the ìQuit Indiaî responsible government in movement of 1942, and was arrested Travancore, and against C. P. and imprisoned in Central Jail, Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious Coimbatore. Suffering from proposal for setting up an ëAmerican pneumonia, Naidu died there on 17 modelí of administrative July 1943. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. arrangement. He was caught up in 2146, 10.10.1946; Pub Deptt (G-E), the Olathal Camp Firing at Vayalar G.O. (MS) No.780, 10.03.1947; Pub which took place on 27 October 1946. Deptt (Poll-B), G.O (MS) No. 3221, Ramaswamyís military reached on 30.10.1947, TNSAC] that day at the Olathala Labour Camp and attacked the labourers gathered Raju: Belonging to Tamilnadu (residence therein. In the process they shot not known), he worked in the paint Rajappan dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar shop at the Golden Rock Workshop Records, CPIDOA] of South Indian Railways at Trichy in Tamilnadu. He participated in the Rajarama Rao: Resident of Chirala in South Indian Railways Labour distt. Prakasham, Andhra Pradesh; Unionís strike from 24 August 1946 attached to the Storage Department (for details, see the entry on in the Indian Leaf Tobacco Krishnamurthy). Raju was shot dead Development Company; aged about by the Malabar Special Police on 5 25. From 8 February 1938, he took September 1946 when they stormed part in a strike organised by the the compound of the Golden Rock Workersí Union at Chirala. A variety Workshop to arrest the agitating of grievances were put forward by workers. [PA, 29 September, 27 the workers and the management, October, 1 December 1946; LMI, Vol. but no settlement was effected. It led 23, pp. 157-69] eventually to a major discontent among the workers and resulted in Raju: Resident of Nargund, dist. Gadag, a riot on 14 February, 1938. In the Karnataka; s/o Murarba; shiledar (a afternoon at 1:30 p.m. a large crowd soldierís position). He joined the stationed there outside the factory resistance against the British under and attacked the police with stones. Baba Saheb in 1857. Arrested, tried Mr. H.H. Carleston, Sub-Collector, and sentenced to death, Raju was Ongole, arrived on the spot and hanged on 24 June 1858 in front of 206 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the Petah of Nargund. [Poll Deptt, participant in the freedom struggle, No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31, he took part first in the Non- L. No. 322/1858, June 1858] cooperation movement of 1921 and later in the Civil Disobedience Ram Ratan Gir: Resident of Hyderabad, movement of 1930. While Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana), participating in a demonstration he belonged to the Gosavi community during the Civil Disobedience of bankers, settled in Begum Bazar. movement in 1932 at Bhimavaram He took an active part in the Great (West Godavari), he received severe Revolt of 1857 as a close associate of lathi blows in a police lathi-charge on Ram Rao, alias Rao Saheb Peshwa, one the demonstrators. Bodey could not of the most prominent rebel leaders bear the blows and died on the spot. of the Deccan. He was the key person [WWIM, I, p. 54] behind the mobilization of the people in Hyderabad for the revolt against Ramachandra: Born at Sirsi, distt. North the British. He was captured later by Kanara, Karnataka; s/o Shrimati the British and charged as one of the Radhabai. He took part in the Civil chief accused in the Begum Bazar Disobedience movement of 1930 and Conspiracy Case (1862). He made a played an active role in the Jungle daring escape from the British Satyagraha. Arrested and sentenced custody, but was arrested again at to six monthsí rigorous Narayankhed in Medak district of imprisonment, Ramachandra died in Andhra Pradesh. He snatched a jail. [WWIM, I, p. 297] dagger from one of the guards and killed himself (in 1862) while being Ramachandran: Belonging to Tamilnadu taken to Hyderabad as a prisoner. (residence not known), he worked [TFSH, II (1857ñ85), p. 196; WWIM, at foundry shop of the Golden Rock III, p. 122]. Workshop, South Indian Railways at Trichy in Tamilnadu. He participated Rama: Resident of Halagali, Mudhol in the South Indian Railways Labour Princely State (now in distt. Unionís strike from 24 August 1946 Bagalakot), Karnataka. He took part (for details, see the entry on in the resistance of Halagali Bedas Krishnamurthy). Ramachandran was against the imposition of the shot dead by the Malabar Special Disarming Act of 1857 by the British. Police on 5 September 1946 when Rama was killed in fighting against they stormed into the compound of the British under the leadership of the Golden Rock Workshop to Babaji Sovaji Nimbalkar on 30 frighten the agitating workers into November 1857. [SI1857WI, p. 199] submission to the ìwhiteî tyrannical administration. [PA, 29 September, Ramalingayya Choudary Bodey: Born 27 October, 1 December 1946; LMI, at v. Yendagandi, distt. East Vol. 23, pp. 157-69] Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. An active Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 207

Ramachandra: Resident of Gorur, t. & 1149\44, 1944, KSAT; Confd. Report distt. Hassan, Karnataka; s/o of S.P. on 4 September, 1938 (First Ramaswami Iyengar. A college Class Magistrate to District student, he led a procession with Magistrate, 15-1-114); Bulletin No. I, National Flag in hand and violated II, All Travancore Jatha Committee, the orders of the police. He was shot C.S. F. No. 339/45, KSAT; CHN, pp. dead at the age of 17 when the police 124-26; TTT, p. 164; RR, p. opened fire on the processionists in 425;WWFFK, p. 508; WWIM, II, p. 246] 1947. Gandhiji wrote to his father in a letter: ìYour son has become a Ramanatharaya: Born in Bhadravati, martyrî! [SSS, II, p. 718.] distt. Shimoga, Karnataka. He was a worker in Bhadrabati Iron and Steel Ramakrishna Naicken: Resident of Factory. On 2 May 1941, he joined Murugappa Chetti Street, the agitating workers in surrounding Chindaripet, Madras (Chennai), the police station at Bhadravati to Tamilnadu; s/o Murgesa Naicken. A prevent the police from taking four Congress worker, he was employed of their arrested leaders to the court in Indian Aluminium Company and for remand. In the scuffle that also worked as a fitter in Madras followed, the police opened fire on Tramways. He joined the Civil the assembled workers, killing Disobedience protest meeting at the Ramanatharaya then and there. Triplicane beach on 27 April 1930. [PMRA; PMLC] Being in the front, Naicken received gunshot in the police firing on the Ramankunju Thiruvathikkal: gathering on the Canal Bridge, and Belonging to distt. Alappuzha, died on the spot at the age of 20. [Pub Kerala, he was connected with the Deptt (Confd.), A, G.O. (MS) No.275, Menasseri Camp Firing of Vayalar, 12.05.1930, TNSAC] which took place on 27 October 1946. C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís military Raman Pillai alias Muthukan Pillai: reached Menasseri Labour Camp on Born in 1881 at Neyyattinkara, distt. that day and attacked the labourers Trivandrum, Kerala, and studied up gathered therein, and, in the process to the fourth standard, he joined the shot Thiruvathikkal dead. violent demonstration staged on 31 [Travancore Information and August, at Neyyattinkara to protest Listener, VII, No. 5 January 1947, against the arrest of N.K. KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 Padmanabha Pillai, the acting State November, 1946, NMML; PVCS, pp. Congress President. A contingent of 78-9] Travancore State Forces ñ sent for restoring orderññfired on the crowd Ramankutti: Resident of Thurmugham, near the bus stand, Neyyattinkara. Punnapara, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. Pillai was hit and died on the spot. He participated in the movement for [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. responsible government in 208 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Travancore, and against C. P. on it in which Ramanna was killed Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious on the spot. [PMLC; PGM] proposal for setting up an ëAmerican modelí of administrative Ramannah: Resident of Singatalur, t. arrangement. When a temporary Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. police camp was set up in Punnapra He took active part in the struggle to counter the agitation and harass against the British in 1857-58 under the agitators and their families, the leadership of Bhim Rao and Ramankutti joined others in Kanchan Gowda. While defending demanding for its withdrawal, and the Koppaldurg, Ramannah was eventually for its destruction. During captured by the British and blown the activistsí raid on the camp, he to death with a cannon. [SI1857WI, died in the police firing on 24 October p. 279] 1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] Ramappa Shadlageri: Resident of Kittur in Ramdurg Princely State (now in Ramankutty: Belonging to Kerala (place distt. Belgaum), Karnataka; a farmer. not known), he participated in the He took part in peasantsí movement movement for responsible in Ramdurg State and he participated government in Travancore, and in a protest demonstration on 7 April against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís 1939 against a case of police firing. notorious proposal for setting up an The protestors attacked the guards ëAmerican modelí of administrative in front of the Stateís prison. arrangement. He was caught up in Shadlageri was arrested in this the Menasseri Labour Camp firing of connection and hanged in Hindalga Vayalar which took place on 27 Jail, Belgaum, on 6 May 1940. October 1946. On that day [Convicted Trial Prisoner No. 18563, Ramaswamyís military reached CPR No. 3, B. No. 09, 23 May1939 to Menasseri Labour Camp and 01 April 1940, Hindalga Jail, Belgaum; attacked the labourers gathered RSVH, p. 74; WWIM, II, pp. 298-99] therein. In the process they shot Ramankutty dead. [Punnapra- Ramappa: Resident of Nargund, distt. Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Yell. He joined the resistance against the Ramanna: Born in Madhugire, distt. British under Baba Saheb in 1857. Tumkur, Karnataka. An active Following his capture, Ramappa was Congress worker, he took part in the shot dead by musketry at Nargund ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942. on 10 June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, When the Congress workers No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, organized processions merging into 10 June 1858] a large public gathering, he actively participated in it. Unable to control Ramasamy: Resident of 4/158, Pankaja the gathering, the police opened fire Mills Colony, Ramanathapuram, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 209

Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, he a struggle for ending the British rule. participated in the ìQuit Indiaî He enlisted the help of the Rohilla movement of 1942. While taking part inhabitants and started a revolt in a protest rally, Ramasamy was against the British in 1860. With his shot dead by the police in August armed force of 300 Gonds and 1942. [FFPO No. 9203/1980, 08.08.80, Deccanis and 200 Rohillas, he fought TNSAC] a pitched battle against the British forces, headed by the Collector of Ramaswamy Ondiriyar: Resident of Nirmal on 9 April 1860. In the bitter Tirumangal Kottai Vidile, distt. fighting, the British troops suffered Thanjavur, Tamilnadu; he was a heavy casualties, but the rebels had civilian employee in the British- to withdraw. Gond escaped but was Indian Army. He left the British caught later on and hanged from a service and joined the Indian banyan tree at Nirmal in April, 1868. National Army in Malaya. As a The tree on which was hung, is still soldier, he served the Special Branch called as the ëRamji Gond Banyan of the S.S. Group and landed in India Treeí.[TFSH, II (1857ñ85), pp. 154ñ56; on an intelligence assignment. WWFSAP,. I, p. 7; WWIM, II, p. 266]. Ondiriyar was, however, detected and captured by the British Ramu Thevar: Hailed from v. authorities, sentenced to death and Thumpadkai Kottai, p.o. hanged. [WWIM, II, p. 226; ROH, Irudayapuram, distt. pp.760-61] Ramanthapuram, Tamilnadu. He was educated up to the Junior Cambridge Ramaswamy: Hailed from Tamilnadu at a local school in Penang. Recruited (residence not known), a worker and in Malaya as a civilian employee in a trade-union leader of Textile the British-Indian army, he later Workers Union of Coimbatore, he joined the Indian National Army. He was falsely implicated in the murder served as a soldier in the S.S. Group, of Ponanan, a watchman of Ranga of the INA, and did spying work for Vilas Textile Mill [for details, see the which he was tried for ëwaging war entry on Chinniah]. Sentenced to against the King Emperorí. death by the Sessions Court and Sentenced to death, Thevar was confirmed later by the High Court executed on 7 July 1944. [FFPO and the Privy Council, Ramaswamy No.13296/1998, 27.07.1998, TNSAC] was hanged on 8 January 1946. [PA, 27 January 1946] Ranga Rao Ratnakar Page Narkhedkar: Resident of Hyderabad, distt. Ramji Gond: Resident of Nirmal, distt. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (now Adilabad, Andhra Pradesh (now in in Telangana). A village official, he Telangana), he was the leader of the was entrusted with the work of Gond tribesmen in the Adilabad. He carrying a letter, addressed to organised the tribesmen for waging Nanasaheb Peshwa at Berwathoda in 210 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the North by Sonajipant, a Daftardar Koppaldurg, Ranga was shot dead by of Raja Rai Rayan, a nobleman of musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. Hyderabad, in February 1857. He 279] secured orders and a proclamation from Nanasaheb Peshwa, and Ranganna: Hailed from Tamilnadu hatched the conspiracy to commence (residence not known), a worker and an insurrection in the Deccan against a trade-union leader of Textile the British, along with Raja Deep Workers Union of Coimbatore, he Singh, Zamindar of Kowlas and Safdar- was falsely implicated in the murder ud-Dowla of Hyderabad and others of Ponanan, a watchman of Ranga in 1858. He collected arms and Vilas Textile Mill (for details, see the planned a mutiny in the Hyderabad entry on Chinniah). Sentenced to army against the British. He was death by the Sessions Court and however arrested before action could confirmed later by the High Court start, and tried by the British and the Privy Council, Ranganna was Resident personally at Hyderabad on executed on 8 January 1946. [PA, 27 grounds of treason and conspiracy January 1946] for disaffecting troops. He was sentenced to death in April 1859, Reddy Venkayya alias Kuruvella which was commuted by the Bhupatayya alias Bhupati: Resident Governor-General to transportation of v. Gannerlapalem, t. Golugonda, for life in the Andamans. Narkhedkar distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra died there in 1860. [WWFSAP, I, p. Pradesh; s/o Jinkayya, he took part 505]. in the 1922-24 Rampa Rebellion led by Alluri Sitarama Raju against the Ranga (II): Inhabitant of Kurlahalli, t. oppressive British rule over the Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Agency area. He was captured in He took active part in the struggle January 1923 at Amirekulu, against the British in 1857-58 under convicted under Sections 121A, 122, the leadership of Bhim Rao and 143, 145, 148 & 395 of Indian Penal Kanchan Gowda. While defending Code, and sentenced on 25 June 1923 the Koppaldurg from British attack, by the Agency Additional Sessions Ranga was captured by the enemy Judge, Waltair, for a 3 years and blown to death with a cannon in rigourous imprisonment. While 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279] serving the term of imprisonment, Venkayya died on 12 May 1924, in Ranga: Inhabitant Kurlahalli, t. the Rajahmundry Central Jail. [RRCJ, Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. C.No-6996, 1924, APSAH; WWFSAP, He participated in the struggle III, p. 225; WWIM, I, p. 307] against the British in 1857-58 under the leadership of Bhim Rao and Rehaman Khan: Resident of Nargund, Kanchan Gowda. Arrested in an distt. Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Rahim encounter with the British at Saheb. He took active part in the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 211

Uprising of 1857-58; arrested in an his name later to be Roshan Lal. He encounter with the British, and died on that day itself at 11:40 p.m. charged with ëwaging war against in the Government Hospital, the British between 24 May and 2 Royapuram, Madras. [Pub Deptt June 1858í. Soon after his arrest, Khan (Police), G.O. No. 501, 20.09.1933, was shot dead by musketry at TNSAC] Nargund on 12 June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, Rudraju Venkataraju: A resident of 12 June 1858] distt. West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, he joined the Roshan Lal: A revolutionary terrorist demonstrations organized to from North India, he stayed at demand the British exit from India Linghi Cetti Street in Madras during the ìQuit Indiaîmovement (Chennai), Tamilnadu, and was that broke out on 8 August 1942. connected with the ìCity Bomb Venkataraju suffered bullet injuries Caseî. Aged between 22 and 25, he while taking part in a public rally that was found mortally injured in a pool was fired upon by the police on 15 of blood, following a bomb explosion November, and died on the spot. on 1 May 1933. He had declared in [Pub Deptt, F. No. 2190, 1946, his dying moments that his name was TNSAC] ìGodî and that his country ìHindustanî. The police indentified 212 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

S. Arumugam: Originally from southern [CORAOPDGOM, 7-11-1922, part of India (place not known), he APSAH; ASRR, p. 72] was residing in Malaya. He joined the Indian National Army as a soldier in S. Kochappy Pillai: Born on 4 December its Unit No. 81 and fought against 1912 at Eerankazhi, t. Chirayinkil, the British forces at different places distt. Trivandrum, Kerala and in Burma (now Myanmar) following educated up to the second standard, his deployment there. He was killed he was a farmer, who took active by the British-Allied forces during part in the popular movement for their attack on the INA camp on 16 responsible government in the March 1945. [INA Papers, F. No. 1/ Travancore State.While taking part INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 13] in the Civil Disobedience movement of the State Congress in 1938, he was S. Jogayya: Resident of Kamparegulu arrested, following a clash with the Makavaram Muttah, in the Agency police at Kallara- Pangode in which area of distt. Visakhapatnam, one police constable was killed. Tried Andhra Pradesh, he took part in the for waging war against the ruler and Rampa Rebellion (1922-24), led by sentenced to death, Pillai died on the Alluri Sitarama Raju, against the gallows in the Central Prison. atrocities of the British Government [Freedom Movement Files, II, F. No. in the Agency area. He participated 3/45 (Situation Report, Commandant, in the Ramavaram encounter or the Travancore State Force to Chief Ramavaram ambush on 24 October Secretary to Government, 3 October 1922. Four men were killed in this 1938) KSAT; Bulletin No. I, II, All encounter between the rebels and the Travancore Jatha Committee, C. S. F. police force (led by Sanders). No. 339/45, KSAT; WWIM, I, p. 275; Jogayya happened to be one among WWFFK, p. 220] those killed. All the dead bodies were thrown into a deep ravine. S. Mariappan: Resident of Singara Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 213

Thope, distt. Cuddalore, Tamilnadu; S. Raju Naidu: Resident of Endiputhur, s/o P. Chinnathambi. Formerly a t. Coimbatore, distt. Coimbatore, civilian employee in the Indian Army, Tamilnadu; s/o Rangaswamy Naidu; he joined the Indian National Army mill worker. He was arrested and in Malaya and served as its soldier imprisoned for his participation in the in the Infantry Brigade from 1943 to ìQuit Indiaî movement against the 1945. While fighting on the war front British. While serving his term in jail, against the Allied forces, he was he fell severely ill on account of the captured by the British and brought police tortures and poor living to Bengal. While detained in captivity conditions. Convict No. 3534, he died there, Mariappan was shot dead by in Coimbatore Central Jail in 1943 at the prison-guards in 1945. [FFPO No. the age of 25. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 6499/1970, 17.11.1970, TNSAC; 2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC] WWIM, II, p. 190; ROH, pp. 726-27] S. Sundara Mudaliar: Resident of S. Naganathan: Resident of former Aruppukkotai, distt. Pudukkottai State, Tamilnadu; s/o Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. A Subramaniam. Serving as committed nationalist, he ran a Tamil Superintendent of Local Audit in the dailyññSuthanthiram ñ in Burma. He British-Indian Army, he shifted his was imprisoned more than once for loyalty to the Indian National Army his anti-British activities between in 1942 in Malaya. He served the INA 1930 and 1935 and kept in Rangoon as an Accounts Officer at the Jail. Mudaliar was later murdered by Headquarters of the No. 3 Division. some British agents in a village near Naganathan was killed while Rangoon. [FFPO No.12327/1983, fighting the British forces in 1945 at 24.11.1983, TNSAC] Ipoh, Malaya. [WWIM, II, p. 209] S.R. Mogham: Resident of v. Mangalam, S. Paramasivam: Resident of Tennur distt. Ramanathpuram, Tamilnadu; High Road, Tiruchirappalli Town, s/o A. Suppiah; he was a civilian Tamilnadu, he was a mechanic by employee in the British-Indian Army. profession, who took part in the He, however, left his service to join Individual Satyagraha of 1940-1941, the Indian National Army in Malaya. and was imprisoned (Convict No. He was placed in the Third Guerrilla 210) in 1941. Paramasivam fell ill Regiment as a soldier and sent to while in detention in Vellore Jail and Burma (now Myanmar) to counter died as a detenu due to typhoid on 6 the British forces. Mogham was killed November 1941 at the Government in action against the British forces Pentland Hospital, Vellore. [Pub near Imphal, Manipur. [WWIM, II, Deptt (G), G. O. No. 2273, 15.10.1941; p.197] Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 2146, 10.10.1946; Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. Sabbu Linga Reddy: Resident of v. 1686, 30.05.1947, TNSAC] Pamulapahad, t. Miryalguda, distt. 214 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh (now in 02.09.1946, TNSAC] Telangana). A peasant activist, Reddy was killed in raid by the Communists Sahib Husain: Resident of Kurlahali, t. on the camp of the Nizamís Reserve Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Police at Ravulapenta during the anti- He took active part in the struggle feudal struggle of the Communists against the British in 1857-58 under in Telangana, 1946ñ47 [WWFSAP, II, the leadership of Bhim Rao and p. 500] Kanchan Gowda. While fighting for the recovery of the Britishñheld Sabe Mallayya: Resident of v. Koppaldurg, Husain was captured Malamakaram, t. Chintapalli, distt. and blown to death with a cannon. Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He [SI1857WI, p. 279] took part in the 1922-24 Rampa Rebellion, led by Alluri Sitarama Saidali: Resident of Kadanammana, t. Raju. On the night of 4 May 1924, he Walluvanad, Malabar, Kerala; s/o participated in the armed encounter Kunnummal Moideenkutty, he was with the British Police near involved in an armed confrontation Kondapalli. While escaping from in his village with the British during Damanapalli towards Kirabu, the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and Mallayya was shot dead at Kirabu in coinciding with the Khilafat and the morning of 5 May 1924, by the Non-Cooperation movements. (For Intelligence Inspector, Upendra details, see the entry on Patnaik. [PCO, 7-5-1924 & 16-5-1924; Aboobakkar). Saidali was one among RAPDMP, 1924, p. 13, APSAH; ASRR, those militant peasants who died on p. 156; WWFSAP, III, p. 95; WWIM, 9 December 1921 in the British troopsí I, p. 310] firing. [PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, 15.03.1922, Sadasivan: Resident of Kanchipuram, TNSAC; HMR] Tamilnadu, he took part in the public agitation against the Government Saidali: Resident of Vellila Valya Veedu distribution of imported rice of Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, inferior quality. The agitators Kerala, he was involved in an armed demanded that better quality of rice confrontation in his village with the should be supplied.Frustrated at the British during the Malabar rebellion authoritiesí lack of response, the of 1921-22 and coinciding with the agitation soon turned into a rice-riot, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation raising anti-imperialist slogans. When movement. (for details, see the entry the police resorted to indiscriminate on Apankollan Moideen). Saidali was firing to quieten them, Sadasivan one among those who died in the 14 became one among the four victims November 1921firing by the British who died of gunshots on 3 March troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1- 1946 at the age of 23. [Pub Deptt (G- A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub A) (Confd.), G. O. No. 1867, Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 215

15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372- authoritiesí distribution of imported 74] rice of inferior quality; the agitators demanded supply of better quality Samberi Rajamallu: Resident of v. rice. Frustrated at the authoritiesí Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal, lack of response, the agitation turned Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); into a rice-riot and raised noisy anti- s/o. Sayanna. A weaver, he exposed imperialist slogans. When the police in a Court of Law the atrocities that resorted to firing to subdue the were committed by the Razakars on rioters, Sanjeevi was among those the villagers. He also took part in the four victims who died of gunshots popular demonstrations against the on 3 March 1946. [Pub Deptt,(G-A) oppressions of the police. Rajamallu (Confd.), G. O. No.1867, 02.09.1946, was arrested and shot dead in the TNSAC] Rama Temple compound in his village in August 1946, along with Sankara Iyer: Resident of Watrap, t. eight other persons by the Razakars Srivilliputhur, distt. and the Nizamís Police. [WWFSAP, III, Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. He p. 330; WWIM, II, p. 283]. took part in the Civil Disobedience movement in 1932 and had Sanaka Subba Rao: Resident of v. undergone imprisonment from 4 Gazullanka, ml. Kollur, distt. Guntur, April 1932 to 19 January 1933 at the Andhra Pradesh. Influenced by the Central Jail, Tiruchirappalli. He died Communist line of thinking, he took later in the police lathi-charge on a part in the anti-zamindari struggle in rally he joined in 1938. [FFPO No. Gazullanka of Challapalli zamindari. 1073/1967, 27.11.1967, TNSAC] On 10 April 1947, the peasants entered zamindari lands for collecting Sankara Pillai: Residence (not known), rellu (grass) by defying prohibitory s/o Kalyani Amma and aged 14, he orders of the Government. Twelve participated in the studentsí strike of Reserve policemen appeared on the 1924 in Shertalai, distt. Alappuzha, scene, and arrested some peasants. Kerala, while studying in Vanchiyoor When the peasants protested and School, Trivandrum. At the time of questioned the moral authority of the scaling a wall during the strike, He police, they opened fire. In the firing suffered injuries caused by the police Sanaka Subba Rao received bullet charge and died in consequence. injuries, and died in the field. [Andhra [Confd, Files, F. No. 648/24, Bundle Patrika, 13 April 1947; 16 April 1947& No. 12, KSAT] 9 June 1947; CERP, pp. 76 & 136]. Sankaran: Born in 1910, resident of Sanjeevi: Resident of Kanchipuram, Arruppalam, Vathalakundu, distt. Tamilnadu, and an adolescent, he Madurai, Tamilnadu; s/o B. S. took part in the public agitation Subramania Iyer. A participant in the against the Government over the national movement since 1927, he 216 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

was active in the Civil Disobedience Sarangapani Ayyangar: Resident of movement of 1930 and joined the Valakurichi, Sathara Street, t. Individual Satyagraha in 1941. Kumbakonam, distt. Thanjavur, Arrested and detained in Tamilnadu, he was a clerk in a silk Tiruchirappalli, Cuddalore and shop at Tirumalainambi (Thirumalai Alipuram Jails for 2Ω years, Sankaran Nambi) Street. When the Congress died in imprisonment in 1942. volunteers gathered on 3 April 1921 [Madurai District Jail Slip Clean Copy ñ in the wake of the Non-Cooperation No.1349, TNSAC] movement ñ near the police station to demand the release of Natesa Sankaran: Resident of distt. Alappuzha, Chetty, who spearheaded their Kerala and a participant in the protest against the enhanced Punnapra confrontation, he operated Municipal Tax, the police resorted to during the Martial-Law that C.P. indiscriminate firing to disperse Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed on them. Hit by a police bullet at Ambalappuzha and Shertallai (now Porrthamarai Tank opposite to the Cherthala). He took part in the thana, Ayyangar was carried to the demolition of the Mararikulam Government Hospital, Kumbakonam Bridge at night. When the military where he died on 22 April 1921 at started re-constructing it, he and the age of 27. [Judl Deptt, G.O. No. others tried to prevent them. In the 527 (MS), 22.04.1922; Pub Deptt (G- ensuing confrontation on 26 October E), G.O. (MS) No.1858, 14.06.1947, 1946, Sankaran was shot dead by the TNSAC] military. [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. Nos. 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, Sarasam Narsayya: Resident of v. & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; Patasuryapet, distt. Nalgonda, IPV, pp. 94-5]. erstwhile Hyderabad (now in Telangana); he was the captain of the Sankaran: Resident of Kaithachira, village guards formed to forewarn Kalavamkodam, distt. Alappuzha, the villagers of any army or police Kerala, he participated in the raid on the village. Narsayya was movement for responsible shot dead on 15 November 1946 government in Travancore, and when having a verbal altercation against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís with the raiding team of the Nizamís notorious proposal for setting up an army. [PA, 1 December 1946; TPSL, ëAmerican modelí of administrative pp. 44-5 & 450.] arrangement (for more details, see the entry on Agneess Lonappan). Sarasani Narasayya: Resident of Pata Sankaran was shot dead by the Suryapet hamlet, v. Nemmikal, t. military on 27 October 1946. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonada, Andhra [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, Pradesh; s/o Chakra Reddy, he CPIDOA] participated in the Balemla and Pata Suryapet peasant uprisings in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 217

November 1946, during the anti- Gudari Rajamanipuram. She was feudal struggle of the Communists pregnant at the time of her death. in Telangana. On 15 November 1946, After Independence, Gudari at 5 a.m., 500 Nizamís soldiers Rajamanipuram was re-named ëVira besieged Pata Suryapet. Learning Gunnamma-puramí to honour her this, people from the village came memory. [Andhra Patrika, 4 April 1940 out, stood in the streets, and blocked & 11 April 1940; SMEAVGP, 10-9- the entry of soldiers into the village. 1988, Veera Gunnamapuram; Enraged by this, the soldiers fired WWFSAP, III, p. 130; WWIM, I, p. on the mob. Narasayya died on the 324; SJMRPCK, pp. 50 & 57]. spot in the firing. [Andhra Patrika, 22 November 1946, APSAH; WWFSAP, Satappa Topannawar: Born on 4 II, p. 530]. December 1913 at v. Shivapur, t. Savadatti, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; Saroja: A six-years old girl of s/o Brahmappa Topannawar. Bhadrabati, distt. Shimoga, Educated up to fifth standard, he and Karnataka. Saroja walked on to a his companions, on 13 August 1942, protest meeting of the Mysore Iron declared Shivapur as an independent and Steel Company workers on 2 village and hoisted the Congress Flag May 1941. When the police opened on the Chavadi of Shivapur. Soon the indiscriminate firing to disperse the police came and opened firing on the volatile gathering, she was hit near group. Topannawar received severe the railway station and died on 3 bullet wound and died on the spot. August 1942. [S.S.S, Vol-II, pp. 354 & [SSS, I, p. 991; WWIM, II, p. 332] 604.] Seema Guravayya alias Gopadu: Sasumanu Gunnamma: Resident of v. Resident of v. Jagannadhapuram, Gudari Rajamanipuram, t. Sompeta, distt. Krishna, Andhra Pradesh; distt. Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh; belonged to the Madiga community; d/o Dumpala Krishnamma and w/o agricultural laborer. As a youngster, Madanna. Aged about 26 and he was influenced by Keshaboina belonging to Kintali-Kalinga Muthayya and imbibed the community, a one eyed woman; she Communist ideology. He took active was in the forefront of the raiyatsí part in the anti-zamindari movement agitation in the Mandasa Estate in in the Kalukova village of Munagala 1940. She severely criticised the illegal Paragana. On 17 July 1947, about 600 and repressive deeds of the peasants entered the zamindari lands Government officials, and bravely defying the prohibitory orders of the resisted the police while defying the Government and sowed the seeds for Forest Laws. When the Deputy cultivation. The Police Inspector of Collector, S. Chakravarti, ordered Nandigam and eight Reserve firing to break the resistance, she was policemen rushed to the scene for shot and killed on 1 April 1940 at chasing the peasants out of the fields. 218 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

When the peasants resisted, they to sixth standard and employed in a were fired upon. As a result, shop, he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî Guravayya received grievous bullet movement of 1942. While injuries in the police firing, fell on the participating in an anti-British field, and breathed his last while demonstration that was fired upon being taken to the Jaggayyapet by the police on 17 August 1942, Hospital. He was the first person Pangire received bullet wounds and who died in anti-zamindari died. [SSS, I, p. 991; WWIM, I, p. 263] movements in the Munagala Paragana. [Andhra Patrika, 25 July 1947 Shankar Soman: Born in 1889 at v. & 6 August 1947; MPAJC, pp. 5 & 19] Shahapur, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o Ramachandra Soman. A student Sethu alias Krishnan Chetty: Born in of matriculation, he became an active 1915, resident of v. Manjur, p.o. member of an anti-British Pandikamai, t. Paramakudi, distt. revolutionary organization. Arrested Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/o on the charge of conspiring to Danakodi. Sethu took part in the overthrow the British rule in India, ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942, and he was sentenced to 25 yearsí rigours was convicted to death sentence in imprisonment. Soman died in the the Spy Case on 9 November 1944 Yeravada Jail, Poona, on 11 under Ordinance III of 1944. [Pub December 1911. [WWIM, I, p. 344] Deptt (Military/Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 3010, 03.12.1948; Shankaran Pathinalilchira: Resident of Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip No. Muhamma, distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, 595, TNSAC] he was involved in the Punnapra firing incident. Active against the Shaik Ali Arab: Resident of Hyderabad, Martial-Law that C.P. Ramaswamy distt. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh; Aiyar imposed on Ambalappuzha he participated in the insurrection and Shertallai (now Cherthala), he against the British, led by the took part in the demolition of the Rohillasñthe adherents of Nanasaheb Mararikulam Bridge at night. When Peshwa-at Jalwa village in Basmat the military started re-constructing taluq, of Parbhani district of it, he and others tried to prevent Maharasthra, in October 1859. Arab them. In the consequent was arrested and sentenced to be confrontation on 26 October 1946, hanged and his corpse be gibbeted Pathinalilchira was shot dead by the for several days, so that it would military. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, serve as a warning to the people. CPIDOA] [WWFSAP, I, p. 517]. Shankarappa: Resident of v. Shankar Pangire: Born in 1922 in v. Krishnarajanagar, t. Kolar, distt. Nipani, distt. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/ Mysore, Karnataka. A student of o Satalingappa Pangire. Educated up Marimallappa School at Mysore, he Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 219

participated in the ìQuit Indiaî 1943. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. movement of 1942. While taking part 2146, 10.10.1946; Pub Deptt (G-A), in a protest, he received severe lathi G.O. (MS) No.3021, 30.09.1947, blows in a lathi-charge on the TNSAC] protestors and was also arrested. Imprisoned in Mysore Jail, Shanmugham: Resident of Tirupandurti, Shankarappa died of his injuries on t. Tanjore, Tamilnadu; s/o Mayathan 27 October 1942. [KQIC, p. 114; alias Kandiyan Mudaliyar; coolie. He WWIM, II, p. 297] took part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 to demand the Shankrappa Desai: Resident of Kalas British exit from India. He was and Madathi, Nargund Princely State arrested by the police and (now in distt. Gadag), Karnataka, he imprisoned for six months for his took part in the 1857 Uprising and anti-British activities during the joined the revolt of Nargund Baba movement. Shanmugham succumbed Saheb. Arrested, tried and sentenced to the police tortures in Alipuram to death, he was hanged on 24 June Central jail in 1942 at the age of 65. 1858 in front of the Petah of Nargund. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. 2146, 10-10- [Poll Deptt, No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, 1946, TNSAC] Vol. No. 31, L. No. 322/1858, 24 June 1858] Sheelam Veetil Alavi: Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Shanmuga Muthiriyar: Hailed from cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, distt. Tanjore, Tamilnadu. An active Manjeri, he was involved in an armed participant in the ìQuit Indiaî confrontation in his village with the agitation of 1942, he was arrested for British during the Malabar rebellion his anti-British role in it and of 1921-22, and coinciding with the imprisoned. Muthiriyar died under Khilafat and Non-Cooperation detention perhaps towards the movement (for details, see the entry ending days of 1942, owing to police on Ahmmad Kutty). Alavi was one tortures. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 3021, among those militant peasants who 30.09. 1947, TNSAC] died on 26 August 1921 in the firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. Shanmugam Muthiriar: Born in 1881, 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139- inhabitant of Tiruppanthuruthi, t. 48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179- Thanjavur, distt. Thanjavur, 209] Tamilnadu; s/o Mayanathan. He took part in the ìQuit Indiaî Shidda: Belonged to Bagwadi, t. movement of 1942 and was sentenced Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. to 15 monthsí imprisonment. He took active part in the struggle Detained in Thanjavur and Alipuram against the British in 1857-58 under Jails, he died in the unhealthy the leadership of Bhim Rao and conditions of the latter on 11 July Kanchan Gowda. Captured in an 220 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

encounter with the British at movement of 1942. Arrested for his Koppaldurg, Shidda was blown to involvement in the movement, he was death with a cannon in 1858. imprisoned for six months. [SI1857WI, p. 280] Hirebasannavar passed away in detention. [FSKWW, 1, p. 36] Shiddappa Sattigeri: Born on 10 August 1926 at Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum, Shrinivas: Resident of Bangalore, Karnataka; s/o Guruppa Sattigeri. A Karnataka. A boy of 16, he took part farmer educated up to the sixth in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of standard, he took part in the popular 1942. He participated in stopping the raid on the Bailhongal Police Sation railway trains during the movement. on 16 August 1942. Receiving bullet When curfew was declared in wounds in the police firing, Sattigeri Bangalore City, Shrinivas was shot died on the same day. [WWIM, I, p. dead by the police on 17 August 1942. 325] [KQIC, p. 52]

Shivalingappa Kotambari: Born in 1891 Siddappa: Born in 1919 in v. at Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum, Maranagerei, distt. Tumkur, Karnataka; s/o Yallappa Kotambari. Karnataka and educated up to eighth A farmer educated up to the fourth standard, he took part in the ìQuit standard, he took active part in the Indiaî movement in 1942. As a ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942. participant he joined in the picketing Participating in the volunteersí raid and stopping the military vehicles on the Bailhongal Police Station on and disrupting the railways in Tiptur 16 August 1942, Kotambari received on 18 August 1942. He was seriously bullet wounds in the police firing and wounded in the firing by the army died [BDG; WWIM, I, p. 184] on the gathered people at Tiptur. Siddappa died on 18 August 1942. Shivappa Hireholi: Resident of [SSS, II, p. 491; KQIC, p. 62; WWIM, Bailhongal, distt. Belgaum, I, p. 339] Karnataka. He took an active part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 Sidramappa Nilagar: Resident of and joined in the raid on the Ramdurg Princely State (now in Bailhongal Police Station on 16 distt. Belgaum), Karnataka. All the August 1942. Receiving bullet peasants who were revolting had wounds in the police firing, Hireholi assembled in front of the jail to died the same day. [BDG; WWIM, I, demand the release of B.N. p. 138] Munavalli, the leader of Praja Sangh. The police opened fire on the Shivarayappa Hirebasannavar: Born in gathering in which Nilagar was 1909 at Sampgaon, t. Bailhongal, injured and later succumbed to his distt. Belgaum, Karnataka. A farmer, injuries on 8 April 1939. [Samyukta he participated in the ìQuit Indiaî Karnataka, 9 April 1939] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 221

Simatan Unni Mohmad: Resident of near Tiruvegampet (formerly in Urangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Padukkottai State). Malappuram, Kerala. He was taken [Ramanathapuram District Jail Slip into custody in connection with the Office Copy No. 266, TNSAC] Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial Sivankalai Thevan: Resident of v. authorities and the exploitative Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt. Jenmis, and coinciding with the Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part in Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the Kallar riot at Perungamanallur movement. He was detained on 6 against the Colonial Madras June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Governmentís policy of registering and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. Kallars as criminal tribes under the Together with brutal police tortures, Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popular and a serious attack of pneumonia in and well- known political agitator, jail (due to very bad sanitary George Joseph, inspired them not to conditions, overcrowding and obey the British and he started a civil insufficiency of clean water and disobedience agitation. When the food), Mohmad died on 19 July 1922 Kallars of Perungamanallur and the in detention at the age of 35. [Pub neighbouring villages refused to Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, register themselves as Criminal TNSAC] Tribes, police used force to coerce them to obey. In the resultant clash Siva Satyanarayana Murthi Gupta: and police firing in that place on 3 Belonged to t. Thanali (Tenali), April1920, Thevan died then and Andhra Pradesh. He took part in the there. [H/Deptt (Judl), G.O. No.1315, Civil Disobedience movement and 26.05.1920; Judl Deptt, G.O. was arrested for his defiance of the (Ord.Series) No. 109, 27.04.1921; Pub laws. Gupta was kept in the Central Deptt, G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931, Jail of Tiruchirapalli where he died TNSAC] of a short illness on 9 January 1931. [Law Deptt (G), G.O. No. 860, Sivaraja Pandian: Born at Naduvilkotta, 27.02.1931, TNSAC] distt. Madurai, Tamilnadu; s/o Periya Soorappa Gounden, he Sivagnanam alias Kurunthappan: Born became a political worker and took in 1907, resident of v. Pannavayal, part in the popular movement for p.o. Tiruvadanai, distt. responsible government in the Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. Travancore State (1938). Reaching Educated up to the primary standard, Travancore as a member of a political he joined the struggle for freedom Jatha (rally) to offer Satyagraha, and in 1935. He took an active part in the arrested at Shenkkottai on 27 ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 and September 1938, he was detained in was shot dead by the police for jail. He went on hunger strike in sabotage activities in a dense forest protest against the brutal treatment 222 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

in the jail and was removed to the in Central Jail, Bellary, on 3 hospital at Quilon on 7 October 1938. December 1941. [Pub Deptt, G.O. No. Discharged from the hospital and 2146, 10.10.1946, TNSAC] detained in a cell in the police station, Pandian was found to have died Sreedharan Chirayil: Belonging to distt. from fresh head injuries in the cell Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated in next morning, suspected from the movement for responsible physical tortures. [Freedom government in Travancore, and Movement Files, F. No. 4481/44, B. against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís No. 37, 1944, KSAT; Conf. F. No. notorious proposal for setting up an NU81/44 (Division First Class ëAmerican modelí of administrative Magistrate, Quilon, to Chief arrangement. He was connected with Secretary to Government, 9 October the Vayalar firing which took place 1938); WWIM, II, pp. 233-34; Akkama on 27 October 1946. On that day C.P. Cheriyaan, The Story of 1114 (1114nte Ramaswamyís military reached Kadha), p. 72] Vayalar Labour Camp and attacked the labourers gathered therein; in the Somasundaram Chetti: Resident of distt. process they shot Chirayil dead. Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. A [Travancore Information and nationalist and a Congress worker, Listener, VII, No. 5, January 1947, he took part in Individual Satyagraha KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 16 in 1941.He was kept in Bellary November 1946, NMML,, NMML; Central Jail as a political prisoner, for PVCS, pp. 78-9] his anti-British activities. He became so sick in jail that T. Subramanyam, Sreedharan: Born at Mudakkarvila Assistant Secretary, Congress House, Mayyand, Travancore, Legislature Party at Madras, had to Kerala. He was a Lance-Naik in the approach the Colonial Government British-Indian Army but left his for Chettiís release. But the service in 1942 and joined the Indian Government refused to oblige. Chetti National Army. Placed in the same died in jail due to ill-health on 3 position in INA, he was deputed to December 1941. The Congress Burma (now Myanmar) to counter workers took out his body and went the British forces. Sreedharan fought in a procession from the jail to the on several occasions to block the burial ground. [Andhra Patrika, 4 British- Allied advancement in December 1941] Burma but lost his life in the course of one such bloody encounter. [ROH, Somasundaram Chettiar: Resident of pp. 770-71] Aruppukottai, distt. Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu; s/o M. T. Maithan Srinivas Veenkatadri Desai: Resident of Chettiar; he took part in Individual Dumbal, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He Satyagraha of 1941. Imprisoned for his joined the Chief of Nargund in open anti-British activities, Chettiar died rebellion against the British Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 223

Government on 24 May 1858 and Subhasing Ramsing: Resident of entered into a conspiracy with Bangalore, Karnataka. At age of 25, Bhimrao Mundargi, the Chief of he took part in the Quit India Nargund and others. Desai was Movement in1942. He participated in caught and blown away with a gun the picketing and stopping of railway on 12 June 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 197, trains. During the curfew that was Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 10 June declared in Bangalore City, Ramsing 1858] was shot dead by the police in firing on the picketers on 17 August 1942. Sripati Panditaradhyula Srigiri Rao alias [KQIC, p. 52] Srigirilingam: Resident of v. Emani, t. Tenali, distt. Guntur, Andhra Sulagathi Narasappa: Born in v. Pradesh. Readily responding to the Chowlur, t. Hindupur, distt. call of the nation, he participated in Anantpur, Karnataka; s/o Lingappa. a protest rally against the arrest of He took part in the movement for the Congress leaders during the responsible government in the ìQuit Indiaî movement in Tenali Mysore State at Viduraswatha village town. Along with his angry on 25 April 1938. The agitation associates, he raided and set fire to resulted in the indiscriminate police the Tenali Railway Station on 12 firing on the agitators. [For details, August 1942. The District Magistrate see the entry on Bheemiah]. issued orders for the police firing on Narasappa was one among those the raiders. When the police opened killed in the firing. [VDECB; PMRA; firing, Rao received bullet injuries PMLC; AISPC, F. No. 115, NMML] and died on the same day in a local hospital. [SMEAT, 1942, Tenali; Surabham Joganna: Resident of v. WWFSAP, I, p. 316; WWIM, I, p. 263; Nadimpalem, t. Chintapalli, distt. HFMAP, p. 151] Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He took part in the Rampa Rebellion of Subbiah: Resident of Devakottai, distt. 1922-24, led by Alluri Sitarama Raju, Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu; s/o against the oppressive British rule in Thantayappa Madabir. He was the Agency area. He assisted his serving the British-Indian Army, but leader in many encounters against the left it in 1942 to join the Indian British Police from the inception of National Army in Malaya. He was the rebellion. Receiving a bullet injury placed as a soldier in the Second during an encounter with the British Guerrilla Regiment and deployed on Police at Peddagaddapalem on 6 the Burma (now Myanmar) front to December 1922, Joganna died on the counter the Allied forces. Subbiah same day, and his dead body was fought them for long, and died in the sent to Krishnadevipeta. [F.No. 4, course of the enemyís rear-guard FASRRF, 1924, p. 28; F.No. 22, action in 1944. [WWIM, II, p. 312] FASRRF, 1922, p. 159, APSAH] 224 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Surakanti Bhadra Reddy: Resident of death by the Mysore Court, Pata Suryapet hamlet, v. Nemmikallu, Suryanarayanachari was hanged with t. Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda, Andhra four others on 9 March 1943. [PMRA; Pradesh (now in Telangana); s/o PMLC; WWIM, I, p. 353] Chandra Reddy, he participated in the ëBalemla and Pata Suryapet Syed Ahmed: Resident of Hyderabad, Peasants Uprisings in November distt. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 1946, against the feudal set-up in the (now in Telangana). He took an Nizamís State. Reggy was shot dead active part in the Great Revolt of 1857 by the Nizamís Police, for his and joined the rebel force under the militancy. [S & VOís; WWFSAP, II, command of Maulvi Allauddin and p. 462; WWIM, II, p. 317] Turrebaz Khan. The force consisted of 500 Rohillas and Arabs Surikuchi Viswanadha Sarma: Resident participated in the attack on the of Guntur, distt. Guntur, Andhra British Residency in Hyderabad on Pradesh; and belonged to Brahmin 17 July 1857; Ahmed was killed in the community. He attended the meeting fighting on the same day. [WWFSAP, held at the Gandhi Park in Guntur I, p. 533; WWIM, III, p. 142] on 13 August 1942, at 6 p.m. in protest against the arrests of Indian National Syed Budin: Resident of Bankapur, distt. Congress leaders for their ëQuit Haveri, Karnataka. He took active Indiaí resolution. While the people part in the struggle against the British had gathered at the Park, police in 1857-58 under the leadership of indiscriminately opened firing on the Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. crowd. As a result, Sarma sustained Captured in an encounter with the injuries and succumbed to these. [The British at Koppaldurg in 1858, Budin Hindu, 14 August 1942, NMML; was blown away with a cannon. Andhra Patrika, 16 August 1942 ; [SI1857WI, p. 280] LFDMGTCSG, Pub Deptt (G), (Madras), R.C. No.1150-Confd. 43 C- Syed Gaffur: Hailing from South Kuvam 1, 29-5-1943 ; WWFSAP, I, p. 299 ; Road, Madras, Tamilnadu; he served WWIM, I, pp. 289, 323 & 324] the British-Indian Army as Lance- Naik in its Artillery, but left it in 1942 Suryanarayanachari: Born in 1888 at v. to join the Indian National Army in Issur (Balgutti), t. Shikaripur, distt. Malaya. As Havildar, he was Shimoga, Karnataka. A goldsmith, he deputed in Burma (now Myanmar) took part in the ìQuit Indiaî to confront the advancing Allied movement of 1942 in the Mysore forces. Gaffurdied on 14 November State. Involved in a violent encounter 1944 while fighting against the with the police at Issur, he was enemy forces in Burma. [ROH, pp. arrested and tried for an angry mobís 774-75] killing of the Sub-Inspector of Police and the local Tehsildar. Sentenced to Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 225

T. P. Thankappan: Resident of ëAmerican modelí of administrative Thaiparambil House, Vattayal, distt. arrangement. When a temporary Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated police camp was set up in Punnapra in the movement for responsible to counter the agitation and harass government in Travancore, and the agitators and their families, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Kannappan joined others in notorious proposal for setting up an demanding for its withdrawal, and ëAmerican modelí of administrative eventually for its destruction. During arrangement. When a temporary the activistsí raid on the camp, he police camp was set up in Punnapra died in the police firing on 24 October to counter the agitation and harass 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), the agitators and their families, F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ Thankappan joined others in 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. demanding for its withdrawal, and 64, 1948, KSAT] eventually for its destruction. During the activistsí raid on the camp, he T. V. K. Kutty Menon: Resident of died in the police firing on 24 October Tharur, distt. Palghat, Kerala; s/o 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), Dharmarachan; a cultivator. He was F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ an active participant in the ìQuit 48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. Indiaî movement of 1942 and 64, 1948, KSAT] arrested in connection with it. He was sentenced on 15 September 1942 T. T. Leon alias Kannappan: Resident for 18 monthsí rigorous of Thayyil Veedu, Vadakkal, distt. imprisonment under Sections 38(1) Alappuzha, Kerala; he took part in (a) of Defence of India Rules by the the movement for responsible District Magistrate, Palghat, in government in Travancore, and Calendar Case No. 142/42. Menon against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís died in Alipuram Jail hospital due to notorious proposal for setting up an Chronic Enteritis on 17 February 226 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

1943 at the age of 35. [Pub Deptt (G- Alappuzha, Kerala. An activist in the A), G.O. (MS) No. 2146, 10.10.1946, Punnapra incident, he operated TNSAC] during the Martial-Law that C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed on T. Appana: Hailing from southern part Ambalappuzha and Shertallai (now of India (place not known), he joined Cherthala). He took part in the the Indian National Army in Malaya demolition of the Mararikulam in 1942. He was placed as a soldier Bridge at night. When the military in its Unit No. 451 and sent to Burma started re-constructing it, he and (now Myanmar) to confront the others tried to prevent them. In the British forces. Appana fought the ensuing confrontation on 26 October enemy at several places and died 1946, Padmanabhan was shot dead during one of the British forcesí by the military. [Freedom Movement attacks on the INA camp. [WWIM, Files (II), F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, II, p.12] 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/ 48, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; PVCS, pp. T. Araiya: Belonging to south India 78-9] (place not known) and residing in Malaya, he joined the Indian T. M. George: Born on 28 March 1915 at National Army in 1942. As a soldier Perissery, Chengannur, distt. in its Unit No. 451, he was sent in Alappuzha, Kerala, he studied up to Burma (now Myanmar) to counter the fifth standard. A farmer, he the British forces there. Araiya fought joined the Travancore State Congress the enemy on several occasions and as a volunteer and took part in the died on 16 March 1945 while movement for responsible confronting the advancing British- government in 1938. He participated Allied army. [INA Papers, F. No. 1/ in a State Congress meeting held at INA, NAI; WWIM, II, p. 12] Chengannur violating the prohibitory orders on 29 September T. Arulanandam Pillai: Born in 1888, 1938. When a platoon of the resident of Keela Travancore State Forces tried to Thiruparanthuruthi, distt. Thanjavur, disperse it by resorting to firing, a Tamilnadu. He took part in the ìQuit bullet hit George, and he expired Indiaî movement of 1942 and was after four hours. [Freedom detained for anti-British activities in Movement Files, II, F. No. 4494/44, Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli Jails B. No. 37, 1945, KSAT; Judicial Files, for one year and three months. Pillai Chengannoor Waging War Case, P.E. died under detention in 3 of 1938, Commitment Orders, 7 Tiruchirappalli Jail in 1943. October 1938, p. 17, KSAT; WWFFK, [Thanjavur District Jail Slip No. 639, p. 33, Regional Records Survey TNSAC] Committee, Trivandrum, 1975, p.118; WWIM, II, p. 95] T. C. Padmanabhan: Resident of distt. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 227

T. Narayan Nambiar: Resident of North 1130, 08.04.1942, TNSAC] Malabar, Kerala, he was an active participant in the Individual T.P. Kombukutty Menon: Belonged to Satyagraha of 1941. Arrested in Tarur, distt. Palaghat, Kerala. Passed connection with it, he was tried his Secondary School Leaving under Sections of 333 and 397 of the Certificate examination, he was Indian Penal Code by the Joint imprisoned in Alipuram Central jail Magistrate of Tellichery. Nambiar in connection with the ìQuit Indiaî was detained in Cannanore Central movement in 1942. Falling ill in jail Jail as an under-trial prisoner with and refused release by the Nominal Roll No.106, and died due authorities, Menon died in detention to pneumonia with pleurisy on 3 on 16 February 1943. [Freedom January 1941 in a civil hospital in Movement Files (II), No. 317/43, B. Cannanore at the age of 52. [Pub No. 58, 1943, KSAT; WWFFK, p. 228] Deptt (G-A), G.O. (MS) No. 2146, 10.10.1946, TNSAC] Tadisetti Venkateswarlu: Resident of v. Gazullanka, ml. Kollur, distt. Guntur, T. Narayanan: Belonging to North Andhra Pradesh. Attracted towards Malabar, Kerala (place not known), the Communist ideology, he took part he was arrested and imprisoned for in the anti-zamindari struggle in the his participation in the ìQuit Indiaî Gazullanka village of Challapalli movement against the British. While Estate. On 10 April 1947, peasants serving his term in jail, he fell entered into the zamindari lands for severely ill on account of the police collecting rellu grass by defying the tortures and poor living conditions. prohibitory orders of the Convict number 106, Narayanan died government. Twelve Reserve in Cannanore Central Jail in 1943 at Policemen appeared on scene, and the age of 54. [Pub Deptt, G.O No. arrested some peasants. When the 2146, 10-10-1946, TNSAC] peasants questioned the moral authority of the police, they opened T. Narayanaswami: Resident of No.17, fire. Venkateswarlu received bullet Raghava Chetty Street, Hospital shots in the firing and died. [Andhra Maidan, Choolai, Madras (Chennai), Patrika, 9 June 1947; 13 April 1947 & Tamilnadu; s/o Thiruvengadam 16 April 1947; CERP, pp. 76 & 136] Pillai. Employed in the Warehouse Department of the Buckingham Mill, Takkadan Moideen: Resident of Madras, he received severe gunshot Melmuri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. wounds in the police firing on the Malappuram, Kerala. He was labour protestors of the Buckimgham arrested and detained in connection and Carnatic Mills that he joined on with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 11 March 1942. Narayanaswami died against the combination of the British in the hospital the following day. colonial authorities and the [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding 228 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

with the Khilafat and Non- the leadership of Bhim Rao and Cooperation movement. Kept in Kanchan Gowda. While defending Malappuram Sub-Jail, he was later the Koppaldurg against a British transferred to Rajahmundry Central assault, Tammanna was captured by Jail. Moideen died in jail hospital on them and blown to death with a 21 November 1922 at the age of 35. cannon. [SI1857WI, p. 280] [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Tammanna: Resident of Nargund Princely State (now in distt. Gadag), Tam Burrayya Dora alias Borradu : Karnataka; s/o Lakshman. For his Resident of v. Burramamidi, distt. joining the anti-British resistance in East Godavari, Andhra Pardesh. He 1857, Tammanna was captured and took part in the Rampa Rebellion of shot dead by musketry on 28 June 1879-80, against the oppressive rule 1858. [Poll Deptt, No. 226, Part-XIII, of the Mansabdar and British DD, Vol. No. 31, 24 June 1858] authorities in the Chodavaram Division of the Godavari Agency. He Tammayya: Belonged to Yesvoor had also been connected with the (Hesarur), t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, pituridars from the commencement of Karnataka. He participated in the the Rebellion in March 1879. A anti- British struggle in 1857-58 at the principal member of the group of instance of Bhim Rao and Kanchan Karram Tamman Dora, he took active Gowda. Tammayya was captured by part in the attack and burnings of the British during the battle for many police stations. A reward of Koppaldurg and blown to death with Rs.200/- was proclaimed for his a cannon in 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280] capture. He killed Abbas Ali, a pensioner of Kottapalli, for giving Tammineni Subba Reddy: Resident of information to the Government about v. Parimi, t. Tenali, distt. Guntur, his activities. While looting his house, Andhra Pardesh; s/o Gurava Reddy; he had been confronted with a wing educated up to the primary standard. of 36th Regiment Native Infantry. In A farmer, he readily responded to came the clash in which Dora received the call of the nation during the ìQuit a bullet shot from Martindale. He Indiaî movement. On 12 August died after an hour and a half on 16 1942, the town of Tenali observed a November 1880. [Judl Deptt complete hartal as a protest against (Madras), G.O. No. 2893, 15-12-1880 the arrest of the Congress leaders for ; G.O. No. 2912, 17-12-1880 & G.O. the angry August Resolution. At 9 No. 1307-A, 2-7-1881, APSAH]. a.m. a large crowd of students and Congressites raided the Tenali Tammanna: Resident of Kukanur, t. Railway Station, set fire to it, and cut Yelburga, distt. Koppal, Karnataka. the signal, telephone and telegraph He took active part in the struggle wires. Reddy took part in the raid. against the British in 1857-58 under When the District Magistrate issued Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 229

orders for the opening of fire on the other national leaders were placed crowd, he received bullet injury in on the chariot. It was objected by the firing and died in a hospital. [SMEAT, Government officials, and when the 1942, Tenali; WWFSAP, I, P. 325; procession was about to start, the WWIM, II, p. 322; HFMAP, p. 151]. Sub-Inspector of Razolu removed the portraits of the national leaders. Tangavelu: Domicile of Tamilnadu People resented the act and refused (residence not known), he worked to draw the car without the portraits. in the paint shop at the Golden Rock Over this issue, a riot broke out at Workshop of South Indian Railways Chinnavadapalli. Police arrested at Trichy in Tamilnadu. He some people and lathi-charged others participated in the South Indian and the crowd retaliated by Railways Labour Unionís strike from throwing stones and mud on the 24 August 1946. (For details, refer to police. Police retaliated by the write-up on Krishnamurthy). indiscriminately firing on the crowd. Tangavelu was shot dead by the Venkataraju became a victim of the Malabar Special Police on 5 police firing; he was shot while September 1946 when they stormed proceeding to the river bund and the compound of the Golden Rock died immediately. [The Hindu, 30 Workshop to arrest the agitating April 1931; SMEAV, 2-10-1987, workers. [PA, 29 September, 27 Tenali] October, 1 December 1946; LMI, Vol. 23, pp. 157-69] Tatikonda Brahmayya: Resident of v. Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Nalgonda Tasdiq Husen: Resident of Surapur, distt. Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); Yadagiri, Karnataka. A chief leader s/o Papayya. A blacksmith, he and organizer of the rising of Surapur exposed in a Court of Law, the army, Husen was caught and publicly atrocities that were committed by the hanged at a market place of Surapur Razakars and the Nizamís Police. They Town, on 3 July 1858. [SI1857WI, p. raided Aknoor in August 1946, in 248] order to punish Brahmayya and eight (8) other villagers for giving evidence Tatapati Venkataraju alias in a court of law against them. He Venkatapatiraju: Resident of v. was shot dead, along with eight (8) Alamur, t. Razolu, distt. East other villagers. [WWFSAP, III, p. 245; Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. WWIM, II, p. 323]. Belonging to Kshatriya community, he took part in the Civil Disobedience Tatipamula Mallayya: Resident of v. movement (1930). On the occasion of Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal, the Venkateswaraswami Car Festival Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); in Vadapalli, on 30 March 1931, along s/o Lalayya and a farmer.While with the deity, Tricolour flag and giving evidence in a court of law, he photos of Mahatma Gandhi and some exposed the atrocities that were 230 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

committed by the Razakars on the the jail (due to very bad sanitary villagers of Aknoor. In retaliation the conditions, overcrowding and Razakars raided the village in August insufficiency of clean water and 1946, to punish Mallayya and eight food), Kammod died on 22 June 1922 other villagers for giving evidence in detention at the age of 20. [Pub against them in a court of law, and Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, they shot them dead. [WWFSAP, III, TNSAC] p. 300; WWIM, II, p. 324] Thadayi Moidu: Resident of Tatyagouda Patil: Born in 1914 at v. Perambalam, Pukkottur amsom, Ullagaddi Khanapur, distt. Belgaum, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, Karnataka; s/o Sethygouda Patil. A he was involved in an armed farmer educated up to the sixth confrontation in his village with the standard, he took part in the British during the Malabar rebellion Individual Satyagraha and was of 1921-22 and coinciding with the arrested and imprisoned for four Khilafat and Non-Cooperation months. He followed it up by movements. (for details, see the entry participating actively in the ìQuit on Ahmmad Kutty). Moidu was one Indiaî movement in 1942 and among those militant peasants who performed as saboteur. Wanted by died in the 26 August 1921 firing by the police for cutting telegraph wires the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. and similar acts to disrupt the 241, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; communication system, he remained Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, in the underground for about seven 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. months. Arrested and detained in 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. the Hukkeri Sub-Jail, Patil died under 179-209] detention in the Belgaum Civil Hospital. [BDG; WWIM, II, p. 241] Thaggi Chinnabbi alias Vaudalam Cheppudora: Resident of v. Gudem, Thacharthoti Kammod: Resident of t. Chintapalli, distt. Visakhapatnam, Pookkottur amsom, distt. Andhra Pradesh. He took part in the Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24, launched into custody for his role in the by Alluri Sitarama Raju, in the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Agency area against the atrocities of combination of the British colonial the British Government. He was authorities and the exploitative accused for his rebellious act under Jenmis, and coinciding with the the Sections 121, 121A, 122, 143, 147, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 148 and 395 of Indian Penal Code and movement. He was detained on 1 his property confiscated. He got June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner injured during the Pedagaddapalem and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. encounter on 6 December 1922 and Together with brutal police tortures was captured. Chinnabbi died in the and a serious attack of pneumonia in hospital at Narasipatnam on 20 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 231

September 1923. [F.Nos. 2 & 23 A, Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated FASRRF, 1923, pp. 11, 33 & 34; 85, 87 in the movement for responsible & 195, APSAH; ASRR, p. 117]. government in Travancore, and against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Thakarakatan Mayan: A resident of notorious proposal for setting up an Kavanoor amsom, distt. ëAmerican modelí of administrative Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken arrangement. When a temporary into custody for his role in the police camp was set up in Punnapra Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the to counter the agitation and harass combination of the British colonial the agitators and their families, authorities and the exploitative Hanumanparambu joined others in Jenmis, and coinciding with the demanding for its withdrawal, and Khilafat and Non-Cooperation eventually for its destruction. During movement. He was detained on 8 the activistsí raid on the camp, he May 1922 as an under-trial prisoner died in the police firing on 24 October and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. 1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, Together with brutal police tortures CPIDOA] and a serious attack of pneumonia in the jail (due to bad sanitary Thankappan Kollamparambu: Resident conditions, overcrowding and of Mannakkelathu, Vayalar, distt. insufficiency of clean water and Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated food), Mayan died on 22 May 1922 in the movement for responsible in detention at the age of 20. [Pub government in Travancore, and Deptt., G.O. (MS) No. 960, Public against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís 20.11.1922, TNSAC] notorious proposal for setting up an ëAmerican modelí of administrative Thangayattil Alavi: Resident of distt. arrangement. (for more details, see Malappuram, Kerala, he was arrested the entry on Agneess Lonappan). and detained in connection with the Kallamparambu was shot dead by Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the the military on 27 October 1946. combination of the British Colonial [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, authorities and the exploitative CPIDOA] Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Thankappan: Belonging to distt. movement. He was sentenced to Alappuzha, Kerala, he participated in transportation for life and kept as a the movement for responsible State Prisoner at Tanjore. Alavi died government in Travancore, and on 10 March 1930. [G.O. (MS) No. against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís 473, Pub Deptt (G), 08.04.1930, notorious proposal for setting up an TNSAC] ëAmerican modelí of administrative arrangement. He was connected with Thankappan Hanumanparambu: the Vayalar firing which took place Resident of Punnapra, distt. on 27 October 1946. C.P. 232 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Ramaswamyís military reached on goods wagon. (for details, see the that day Vayalar Labour Camp, entry on Akkara Veetil alias attacked the labourers gathered Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). therein and shot Thankappan dead. Ayamad was one among those who [Travancore Information and had been suffocated to death in this Listener, VII No. 5 January 1947, wagon tragedy, notoriously known KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October and 15 as the Black Hole of Podanur (20 November 1946, NMML, PVCS, pp. November 1921). [Pub Deptt 78-9] (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, Tharakuzhiyil Eni: Resident of TNSAC; Report of Deputy Kuruvamabalam amsom, t. Ernad, Superintendent of Police, Madras, Malabar, Kerala, a tenant-cultivator. dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary He was taken into custody in Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated connection with the Malabar 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, rebellion of 1921 and transported to 22 November 1921; WTS] Podanur Central Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Thattatha Marakkar: Resident of air-tight Railway goods wagon. (for Thiruvazhamkumi in t. Walluvanad, details, see the entry on Akkara distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan arrested and detained in connection Nayar). Eni was one among those with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 who had been suffocated to death in against the combination of the British this wagon tragedy, notoriously colonial authorities and the known as the Black Hole of Podanur exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt with the Khilafat and Non- (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Cooperation movement. He was Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, sentenced to transportation for life TNSAC; Report of Deputy on 26 January 1922 under Section 121 Superintendent of Police, Madras, of Indian Penal Code for waging war dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary against the King by the Court Martial, Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated Tirur Moplah Force, in Case No.34/ 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 22. He was sent to the Andamans, 22 November 1921; WTS] and on his return, detained at Berhampur. Due to illness, Marakkar Thattan Thoppiyitta Ayamad: Resident was sent to Penitentiary Jail in of Chemmalasseri amsom, t. Ernad, Madras and died these in Madras Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was Government General Hospital on 4 taken into custody in connection with June 1932 at the age of 45. [Law Deptt the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and (G), G.O. (MS) No. 2410, 23.06.1932, transported to Podanur Central TNSAC] Prison along with 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Thayyalungal Unnian: Resident of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 233

Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, those who had been suffocated to Kerala, he was arrested and detained death in this wagon tragedy, in connection with the Malabar notoriously known as the Black Hole rebellion of 1921 against the of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub combination of the British colonial Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, authorities and the exploitative 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, Jenmis, and coinciding with the 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Superintendent of Police, Madras, movement. Unnian was kept in dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated to Enteritis in the jail hospital in May 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) 22 November 1921; WTS] No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] Thazheth Veetil Pokker: Resident of Thayyam Pokku: Resident of Kavanur amsom, distt. Malappuram, Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he actively participated in the Kerala; s/o Kunhalan. He was Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the arrested and detained in connection combination of the British colonial with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 authorities and the exploitative against the combination of the British Jenmis, and coinciding with the colonial authorities and the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding movement. He was detained as an with the Khilafat and Non- under-trial prisoner and kept in the Cooperation movement. Pokku was Malappuram Sub-Jail and had been kept in Malappuram Sub-Jail and implicated in a forced conversion died due to acute Enteritis in the jail case. Pokker was was in police hospital on 11 June 1922. [Pub Deptt custody for trial under the Madras (Confd.), G.O. (Ord.Ser.) No. 822, State Prisoners Act, 1819, and died 13.10.1922; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. in jail at the age of 22 even before (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] the trial could begin. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (Mis.Series) No. 749, Thazhathetil Kuttiassan: Resident of 25.09.1923, TNSAC] Chemalasseri amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator. Thekkethil Alavi: Resident of He was taken into custody in Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, connection with the Malabar Malabar, Kerala; a tenant-cultivator. rebellion of 1921 and transported to He was taken into custody in Podanur Central Prison along with connection with the Malabar 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost rebellion of 1921 and transported to air-tight Railway goods wagon. (for Podanur Central Prison along with details, see the entry on Akkara 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan air-tight Railway goods wagon. (for Nayar). Kuttiassan was one among details, see the entry on Akkara 234 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan confrontation in his village with the Nayar). Alavi was one among those British during the Malabar rebellion who had been suffocated to death in of 1921-22, and coinciding with the this wagon tragedy, notoriously Khilafat and Non-Cooperation known as the Black Hole of Podanur movement. (For details, see the entry (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt on Ahmmad Kutty). Koyyamu was (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; one among those militant peasants Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, who died on 26 August 1921 in the TNSAC; Report of Deputy firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, Superintendent of Police, Madras, F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated pp. 179-209] 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Thekkodan Kunjolan: Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- Thekkethil Moidin: Resident of cultivator in Pukkottur amsom, Chemmalasseri amsom, t. Ernad, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was confrontation in his village with the taken into custody in connection with British during the Malabar rebellion the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and of 1921-22, and coinciding with the transported to Podanur Central Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Prison along with 100 other Mappila movement. (For details, see the entry rebels in an almost air-tight Railway on Ahmmad Kutty). Kunjolan was goods wagon. (for details, see the one among those militant peasants entry on Akkara Veetil alias who died on 26 August 1921 in the Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Moidin firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, was one among those who had been F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, suffocated to death in this wagon pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, tragedy, notoriously known as the pp. 179-209] Black Hole of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. Thekkodan Saidalavi: Resident of t. 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- confrontation in his village with the Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. British during the Malabar rebellion 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement. (For details, see the entry Thekkodan Koyyamu: Resident of t. on Ahmmad Kutty). Saidalavi was Ernad, Malabar, Kerala, and a tenant- one among those militant peasants cultivator there in Pukkottur amsom, who died on 26 August 1921 in the Manjeri, he was involved in an armed firing by the British troops. [H/Poll, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 235

F. No. 241, 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, insufficiency of clean water and pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, food), Alavi died on 20 June 1922 in pp. 179-209] detention at the age of 30. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, Thengil Appa Nambiar: Belonged to TNSAC] Kerala (place not known), he was an activist of the Karshaka Sangham of Thennatan Moideen: Resident of Irikkoor which took the initiative in Vettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor, providing relief to the people distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He was suffering from ìblackî marketing taken into custody in connection with and hoarding. The Sangham activists the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against requested for permission of landlord the combination of the British colonial to cultivate the land of Kavumbai. authorities and the exploitative When the Jenmi refused, they Jenmis, and coinciding with the appealed for some action from the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation ministers and officials of Madras movement. He was detained on 5 Government. Not getting any June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner response, the peasants under the and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. leadership of the Karshaka Sangham Together with brutal police tortures decided to occupy the area and and a serious pneumonia in the jail cultivate it even if they had to face (due to very bad sanitary conditions, police action. The police did turn up, overcrowding and insufficiency of cordoned off the area and fired upon clean water and food), Moideen died the activists of the Sangham on 30 on 20 June 1922 in detention at the December 1946. Nambiar lost his life age of 60. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) in this firing. [ASK, p. 33; KKK. p. 64] No.960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC]

Thennatan Alavi: Resident of Thevan Meentharaa: Belonging to Vettikkatiri amsom, t. Wandoor, Kerala (place not known), he distt. Malappuram, Kerala. He was participated in the movement for taken into custody for his role in the responsible government in Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Travancore, and against C. P. combination of the British colonial Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious authorities and the exploitative proposal for setting up an ëAmerican Jenmis, and coinciding with the modelí of administrative Khilafat and Non-Cooperation arrangement. (for more details, see movement. He was detained on 5 the entry on Agneess Lonappan). June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner Meentharaa was shot dead by the and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. military on 27 October 1946. Together with brutal police tortures [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, and a serious attack of pneumonia in CPIDOA] the jail (due to very bad sanitary conditions, overcrowding and Thimmanna Das: Born at Nagarathpet, 236 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Bangalore, Karnataka. He took part Congress at the Cantonment Maidan in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of in Quilon on (Chingam 17, 1114) 2 1942. Das died of bullet wounds in September 1938, in defiance of the the police firing on a procession at prohibitory orders, he received Mysore Bank Circle, Bangalore, on bullet wounds when police opened 16 August 1942. [PMRA; PMLC] fire to disperse the gathering. Thomam died the same day. Thippaiah: Born in Bangalore, [Freedom Movement Files (II), F. No. Karnataka, he took part in the ìQuit 5/45, B. No. 38, 1945, KSAT; Confd. Indiaî movement of 1942. Thippaiah Section Files, No. 323/38 (Report of died of bullet wounds in the police District Magistrate Quilon, to Chief firing on a procession in Bangalore Secretary, 4 September), KSAT; City on 17 August 1942. [PMRA; Bulletin No. I, II, All Travancore Jatha PMLC] Committee, C.S. File No. 339/45, KSAT; FST, pp. 360-61] Thiruthummal Marakkar: Resident of Karuvarakundu amsom, distt. Thoppil Kumaran: Resident of distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken Alappuzha, Kerala, an 18-year old into custody for his role in the activist in the Punnapra firing Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the incident, he operated during the combination of the British colonial Martial Law that C.P. Ramaswamy authorities and the exploitative Aiyar imposed on Ambalappuzha Jenmis, and coinciding with the and Shertallai (now Cherthala). He Khilafat and Non-Cooperation took part in the demolition of the movement. He was detained on 8 Mararikulam Bridge at night. When June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner the military started re-constructing and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. it, he and others tried to prevent Together with brutal police tortures them. In the ensuing confrontation and a serious attack of pneumonia in on 26 October 1946, Kumaran was the jail (due to bad sanitary shot dead by the military. [Freedom conditions, overcrowding and Movement Files ( II), F. Nos. 265/48, insufficiency of clean water and B. No. 63, 1948, & Freedom food), Marakkar died on 24 June 1922 Movement Files (II), F. No. 133/48, in the jail at the age of 35. [Pub Deptt, B. No. 64, 1948, KSAT; IPV, p.79; G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, EMK] TNSAC] Thottakatt Kunhi Moideen: Resident of Thomam: Born in v. Vaikom, Kerala, he Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, took part in the Travancore State Kerala, he was arrested and detained Congressí movement for responsible in connection with the Malabar government. Participating as a rebellion of 1921 against the volunteer in the massive protest combination of the British colonial meeting of the Travancore State authorities and the exploitative Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 237

Jenmis, and coinciding with the proper, he was surrounded by about Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 60 Razakars. He received stab injuries movement. He was kept in in the stomach at the hands of the Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due Razakars and died almost immediately to Acute Enteritis in Jail Hospital in as a martyr for the cause of the Join June 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Indian Union Movement. [WWFSAP, (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] II, p. 535; WWIM, II, pp. 273ñ74].

Thottathusseri Kumaran: Resident of Thyagarajan: Resident of Tamilnadu distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, and a (residence not known), he worked participant in the Punnapra Police in the Electric Millwright at the Camp Case, he operated during the Golden Rock Workshop of the South Martial- Law that C.P. Ramaswamy Indian Railways at Trichy in Aiyar imposed on Ambalappuzha Tamilnadu. He participated in the and Shertallai (now Cherthala). He South Indian Railways Labour took part in the demolition of the Unionís strike from 24 August 1946. Mararikulam Bridge at night. When (For details, refer to the write-up on the military started re-constructing Krishnamurthy).Thyagarajan was it, he and others tried to prevent shot dead by the Malabar Special them. In the ensuing confrontation Police on 5 September 1946 when on 26 October 1946, Kumaran was they stormed the compound of the shot dead by the military. [Freedom Golden Rock Workshop to frighten Movement Files (II), F. Nos. 265/48, the agitating workers into submission B. No. 63, 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, to the ìwhiteî tyrannical 1948, KSAT; IPV, pp. 94-5] administration. [PA, 29 September, 27 October, 1 December 1946; LMI, Thummalapally Narayana Reddy: Vol. 23, pp. 157-69] Resident of v. Mudigonda, t. Devarkonda, distt. Nalgonda, Thythara Ramankutty alias Padathu Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); Raman Kutty: Resident of distt. s/o Butcha Reddy. He was a MBBS Alappuzha, Kerala, and a participant (Osmania) and worked for the in the Punnapra confrontation, he Congress. He resigned Nizam operated during the Martial Law that Governmentís service and set up C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed on private practice at Warangal from Ambalappuzha and Shertallai (now September 1944. He participated in Cherthala). He took part in the the ëJoin Indian Union Movementí of demolition of the Mararikulam 1947ñ48 which was run all over the Bridge at night. When the military former Hyderabad State for started re-constructing it, he and achieving the its integration with the others tried to prevent them. In the Indian Union. On 30 June 1947, at ensuing confrontation on 26 October about 1 p.m., while returning home 1946, Ramankutty was shot dead by from his dispensary in Warangal the military. [Freedom Movement 238 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Files (II), F. Nos. 265/48, B. No. 63, curfew in Bangalore City Tippayya 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, was shot dead by the police in a firing KSAT; IPV, pp. 94-5; EMK] on the picketers on 17 August 1942. [KQIC, p. 52] Timma: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Tirakappa: Born perhaps in 1907 at v. He took active part in the struggle Koganur, Dharwar (now in distt. against the British in 1857-58 under Gadag), Karnataka; s/o Yemanappa the leadership of Bhim Rao and Madiwalar. A labourer, he took part Kanchan Gowda. Captured in an in the ìQuit Indiaî movement that encounter with the British at started in August 1942. He, along Koppaldurg, Timma was shot dead with fellow saboteurs, raided the by musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, Government Treasury on 1 April p. 279] 1943 and received severe bullet wounds when the police fired on the Timmanaguda Menasinhaal: Born on 8 group. Tirakappa succumbed to his October 1911 at v. Menasigi, t. injuries the same day. [WWIM, I, p. Ranebennur, distt. Haveri, 363] Karnataka; s/o Hanammaguda. He actively participated in the ìQuit Tirupur Kumaran alias O. K. S. R. Indiaî movement that started in Kumaraswami Mudaliar: Born on 4 August 1942. While taking part in October 1904, resident of Odakkadu, looting the treasury of Kuppelur Tirupur, distt. Coimbatore, village in the last week of February Tamilnadu; s/o Nachimuthu 1943, Menasinhaal died in a bomb Mudaliar. He took part in the Civil burst. [SSS, I, p. 791] Disobedience movement in 1930. In January 1932, the Congress Timmappa alias Rangappa Mazumdar: volunteers belonging to Desabandu Resident of Nargund Town, distt. Youth League in Tirupur took out a Gadag. Karnataka; s/o Jayappa procession to picket the toddy shop Mazumdar. A clerk, he joined the at Tirupur main road, defying the anti-British resistance of 1857. prohibitory order in vogue. Timmappa was caught and hanged Mudaliar took an active part in the by neck on 28 June 1858. [Poll Deptt, procession which started on 11 No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31, January 1932 morning from Mangala 24 June 1858] Vilas and entered into the main road. The processionists marched holding Tippayya: Resident of Bangalore, the National Flag aloft and singing Karnataka. At the age of 15, he took patriotic songs. As they were part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement approaching the police station on the in 1942. He participated in the main road, K.V. Mohmed ñ the Circle picketing and stopping railway Inspector ñ with the help of trains. During the imposition of policemen, prevented the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 239

processionists from proceeding of the British at whose hands they further, and also ordered them to seemed to be suffering so much. disperse. When they refused, a brutal They co-operated with the lathi-charge was made upon them, in mutineers, and with the anti ñ British which Mudaliar, B.S. Sundaram and movement. But the illñorganized, ill- Raman Nair were seriously injured. trained and ill- equipped mutineers Kumaraswamiís skull was fractured, could not cope with the well- and he fell down losing consciousness organized, trained and equipped but kept the National Flag aloft, British troops. A good number of the raising the nationalist slogans. The rebels were killed, and Khan, while police took the badly injured trying to escape, was taken prisoner Kumaraswami and others to the on 22 July 1857. His property was Government hospital in a bus. But confiscated by the Government for before he could be properly treated, the attempted attack on the his condition worsened and he died Residency. He was sentenced to the next day, 12 January 1932, at 11 transportation for life, but while a.m. at the Government hospital at waiting for transportation, he the age of 27. He is remembered even escaped from the jail on 18 January today in Tamilnadu as Kodi Kaththa 1859. A reward of Rs.5,000/- was Kumaran (who saved the honour of proclaimed by the Nizamís our National Flag). [Pub Deptt Government on 19 September 1859 (Confd.), G.O. (MS) No. 340, for his arrest. He was traced and shot 27.02.1932; FFPO No. 1844/1968, dead on 24 January 1859 while 25.04.1968; Coimbatore District Jail resisting arrest. Khanís corpse was Slip No. 51, TNSAC] hung up by chains in a public place in Hyderabad, as a warning against any Torabaz Khan: Resident of Hyderabad future anti-British rebellion. capital city; s/o Rustum Khan; Rohilla Thereafter the pro-British policy of Jamadar. He led a band of Rohillas, the Nizam and his Dewan completely Arab rebels and a large crowd armed disheartened the rebels and left them with lathis, spears and derelict in the lurch. [EM, 19 March 1962, pp. muskets, to attack on the British 262ñ63; HA, III, 1883; TFSIH, II, Residency at Hyderabad, on Friday, (1857ñ85), pp. 82ñ3 ; VGRC, the 17 July 1857, a little before 5 p.m. ROTSOHITUO, 1857 A.D., pp. 197, The general discontent prevailing 199 & 301 ; WWFSAP, I, p. 535 ; elsewhere in the country against the WWIM, III, p. 148]. Britsh power, penetrated into the Hyderabad State also. In spite of the Tukaram: Resident of Nargund, distt. assumed loyalty of some top ranking Gadag, Karnataka; s/o Mahipati. He nobles of Hyderabad to the joined the resistance against the Britishers, the inhabitants of the state British under Baba Saheb in 1857. were generally in sympathy with the Soon after his capture, Tukaram was Mughal throne and wished to get rid shot dead by musketry at Nargund 240 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

on 10 June 1858 at 5 p.m. [Poll Deptt, struggle against the British in 1857- No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. No. 30, 58 under the leadership of Bhim Rao 10 June 1858] and Kanchan Gowda.Talari was captured by the British in course of Tummanah Talari: Resident of Yesur the battle for Koppaldurg, and blown (Hesarur), t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, to death with a cannon in 1858. Karnataka. He took active part in the [SI1857WI, p. 280] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 241

U. Gangadharan: Born on 29 August north Malabar in 1931. Arrested for 1918 at Attingal, distt. Trivandrum, taking part in a political conference Kerala; s/o Ulakan and a farmer who in Kunhimangalam village in 1931, in studied up to the seventh standard; defiance of the prohibitory orders, he took part in the popular he was arrested and sentenced to movement for responsible seven monthsí imprisonment. While government in Travancore State imprisoned in the Cannanore Central (1938) and participated in a Jail, Nayanar died in detention. demonstration against the arrest of [Freedom Movement Files (II), No. some of the leaders of the 796/31, B. No. 46, 1931, KSAT; movement. When the demonstrators WWFFK, pp. 285-86] were fired upon by the Travancore State Army at Attingal on 21 Uddaraju Venkatraju: Resident of v. September 1938, Gangadharan Kumudavalli, t. Bhimavaram, distt. received severe bullet injuries and West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, died after a few days. [Freedom belonged to Kshatriya community; s/ Movement Files, II, F. No. 1826/44 o Subba Raju; studied up to the 4th (District Magistrate Trivandrum to class. A cattle doctor, he used to Chief Secretary to Government, 21 administer remedies to cattle September 1938), KSAT; Bulletin No. suffering from ailments. He was I, II, All Travancore Jatha convicted and sent to Vellore Central Committee, C.S. F. No. 339/45, Jail from 4 August 1930 to 20 January KSAT; WWIM, II, p. 92, RR, I, p. 448] 1931, for his active participation in the Civil Disobedience movement. U. P. Kunjikrishna Nayanar: Belonging He also took part in the Bhimavaram to Kerala (place not known), born on disturbances on 17 August 1942, in 23 June 1916 and studied up to the connection with the ìQuit Indiaî Matriculation, he participated in the movement. He joined in a procession Civil Disobedience movement in which raided and burnt the Revenue 242 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Divisional Office and the Collectorís for the horses). He participated in the Office. From there, they proceeded Forest Satyagraha in resisting the towards the police station where the forest and police officials from taking police opened firing on the crowd. away the cattles, for their illegal As a result, Venkatraju fell victim to grazing in the forest. Police the police bullet near the indiscriminately opened firing on the Bhimavaram Taluk Office and died. resisters and Venkadu was shot [Pub Deptt (G1-A), (Madras), G.O. dead, along with two people on 26 No. 2190, 15-10-1946, APSAH; February 1922. [CDLFLCASPGT- ASMEAB, 29-12-1999; WWFSAP, III, DMG, Cir. No. 406, 28-2-1922, p. 550; WWIM, I, p. 367]. APSAH]

Ukunda: Resident of Kurlahalli, t. Urvee: Belonged to Hammigi, t. Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. He Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. took active part in the struggle against He participated in the struggle the British in 1857-58 under the against the British in 1857-58 under leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan the leadership of Bhim Rao and Gowda. Captured in an encounter with Kanchan Gowda. Urvee was the British at Koppaldurg, Ukunda was captured by the British during the shot dead by musketry in June 1858. battle over Koppaldurg, sentenced to [SI1857WI, p. 279] death and blown away with cannon in 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 278] Ulliappa Ravuttar: Resident of Mahilampatti, Tamilnadu. When the Uyhunnan Moyan: Resident of Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Urangattiri amsom, t. Ernad, distt. movement spread to Karur, its Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken volunteers turned aggressive and into custody in connection with the forced a Drama Company to give Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the benefit performances for the combination of the British colonial Khilafatists. On the Companyís curt authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, refusal, the volunteers turned hostile, and coinciding with the Khilafat and giving the police the pretext for Non-Cooperation movement. He was resorting to indiscriminate firing. detained on 6 June 1922 as an under- Ravuttar was killed in this firing at trial prisoner and kept in the Manjeri the beginning of 1921. [Judl Deptt, Sub-Jail. Together with brutal police G.O. No. 806, 28.10.1921; Pub Deptt, torturesand a serious attack of G.O.No.935, 10.09.1931, TNSAC] pneumonia in the jail (due to very bad sanitary conditions, overcrow-ding Unduvelu Venkadu: Resident of v. and insufficiency of clean water and Minchalapadu, t. Palnad, distt. food), Moyan died on 28 June 1922 in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. He the jail at the age of 52. [Pub Deptt, belonged to Madiga community and G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, was the Sub-Inspectorís syce (servant TNSAC] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 243

V.K. Kittan: Resident of Vadakkeku- notorious proposal for setting up an langara, Thazhcjayil Veedu, ëAmerican modelí of administrative Kalarkoodu, Sanathanapuram, distt. arrangement. When a temporary Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated police camp was set up in Punnapra in the movement for responsible to counter the agitation and harass government in Travancore, and the agitators and their families, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Damodharan joined others in notorious proposal for setting up an demanding for its withdrawal, and ëAmerican modelí of administrative eventually for its destruction. During arrangement. When a temporary the activistsí raid on the camp, he police camp was set up in Punnapra died in the police firing on 24 October to counter the agitation and harass 1946. [Freedom Movement Files (II), the agitators and their families, Kittan F. No. 774\46, B. No. 46, 1946, 265/ also joined others in demanding for 48, B. No. 63, 1948 & 133/48, B. No. its withdrawal, and eventually for its 64, 1948, KSAT] destruction. During the activistsí raid on the camp, he died in the police V.C. Narayanan: Resident of firing on 24 October 1946. [Freedom Vazhakkupirayidam, Beach, distt. Movement Files (II), F. No. 774\46, Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, in the movement for responsible 1948 & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, government in Travancore, and KSAT] against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious proposal of setting up an V. R. Damodharan: Resident of Parappila ëAmerican modelí of administrative Vattathara, Punnapara, distt. arrangement. When a temporary Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated police camp was set up in Punnapra in the movement for responsible to counter the agitation and harass government in Travancore, and the agitators and their families, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Narayanan joined others in 244 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

demanding for its withdrawal, and V. Muthirulappan: Resident of eventually for its destruction. During Paruthiyur, p.o. Puliyal, distt. the activistsí raid on the camp, he Ramanathapuram, Tamilnadu. A died in the police firing on 24 October political activist, he took part in the 1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, ìQuit Indiaî movement of 1942 and CPIDOA] was shot dead by the police on 18 August 1942 while taking part in a V. Dharmarajan: Born in 1916, resident protest demonstration during the of Uppathur, distt. Ramanatha- movement. [Ramanathapuram puram, Tamilnadu and educated up District Jail Slip No. 364 & Clean Copy to ESLC, he was a four-anna No. 364, TNSAC] Congress member of Devakottai Town, eking out his livelihood by V. Palaniyandi: Resident of running a typing school. Also an Bodinaickanur, distt. Madurai, activist in the National Movement, Tamilnadu. He participated in he took part in the anti-British Individual Satyagraha of 1940, and activities throughout and was served rigorous imprisonment for it arrested and awarded 2 monthsí from 16 June to 15 August 1941. In rigorous imprisonment under Section 1942 Palaniyandi joined the ìQuit 38 (5) of DIR from June to August Indiaî movement and was beaten to 1941. Freed thereafter, he plunged death by the police for his anti-British into the ìQuit Indiaî movement and activities. [FFPO No. 9287/1980, was shot dead by the police on 17 26.09.1980, TNSAC] August 1942 at Devakottai in front of the Civil Courts Building. [Pub V. Sankaralinga Mudaliar: Born in 1880, Deptt G.O. (MS) No. 467, 10.02.1947; resident of Kinetradi Street, Pub Deptt (Military) (Confd.), G.O. Kadalaiyur, distt. Tirunelveli, (MS) No. 3.12.1948; Ramanathapuram Tamilnadu. He took part in the ìQuit District Jail Slip No. 1443; FFPO No. Indiaî movement of 1942 and was 9121/1980, 21.07.1980, TNSAC] shot dead in the police firing on a demonstration in which he V. Gopala Pillai: Born on 3 May 1915 at participated towards the end of Ittava, distt. Kollam, Kerala, he took August 1942. [Tirunelveli District Jail part in Kadakkal in the disturbances Slip No. 284, TNSAC] over the State Congressí movement for responsible government on 30 V. Veeraiyan: Resident of September 1938. Sentenced to life Kotharipoulam, Kavil Kuhhagai in imprisonment for his role but released Tamilnadu; s/o Veerahathi. He was in 1943, Pillai expired shortly after a civilian employee in the British- release. [Judicial Files No. 78 of 114 Indian Army, but left it in 1942, and Sessions Court Quilon, Kadakkal Riot joined the Indian National Army in Case 1 PE 1/ 1938, Commitment Malaya. He was recruited as a Order, 29 May 1939, KSAT] soldier in the Third Guerrilla Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 245

Regiment of the INA. Veeraiyan place at Chinnavadapalli. While police fought the British forces at various arrested some people and lathi- places and eventually lost his life in charged, the crowd retaliated by the course of a British air-attack in throwing stones and mud on the 1944. [INA Papers, F. No. 379/INA police. Police eventually opened (1945), NAI; WWIM, II, p. 340] indiscriminate fire on the crowd; Gangachalam received a bullet shot Vadakkeveetil Kolathoor Mammad: and died at the time of a being taken Resident of t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala to his house. [SMEAV, 2-10-1987, and a tenant-cultivator there in Vadapalli; WWIM, I, p. 106]. Pukkottur amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in an armed confrontation Valakkayil Moosamolla: Resident of in his village with the British during Kalikavu amsom, distt. Malappuram, the Malabar rebellion of 1921-22, and Kerala, he was taken into custody for coinciding with the Khilafat and his role in the Malabar rebellion of Non-Cooperation movement. (for 1921 against the combination of the details, see the entry on Ahmmad British colonial authorities and the Kutty). Mammad was one among exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding those militant peasants who died on with the Khilafat and Non- 26 August in the firing by the British Cooperation movement. He was troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, 1921, detained on 24 December 1921 as an NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, under-trial prisoner and kept in the pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] Manjeri Sub-Jail. Together with brutal police tortures and a serious Vadapalli Gangachalam: Resident of v. attack of pneumonia in the jail (due Vadapalli, t. Razolu, distt. East to very bad sanitary conditions, Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. overcrowding and insufficiency of Belonging to Rajaka community, he clean water and food), Moosamolla took part in the Civil Disobedience died on 17 February 1922 in jail movement (1930). On the occasion of detention at the age of 36. [Pub the Venkateswaraswami Car festival Deptt, G.O. (MS) No. 960, 20.11.1922, in Vadapalli, on 30 March 1931, along TNSAC] with the deity, a Congress Flag and photos of Mahatma Gandhi and some Valapparambil Moideen Molla: other national leaders were placed Resident of Perambalam, Pukkottur on the chariot. It was objected by the amsom, Manjeri, t. Ernad, Malabar, Government officials, and while the Kerala, he was involved in an armed procession was about to start, the confrontation in his village with the Sub-Inspector of Razolu removed the British during the Malabar rebellion portraits of the national leaders. of 1921-22, and coinciding with the Consequent to it, the People refused Khilafat and Non-Cooperation to draw the car without the portraits. movement. (for details, see the entry Over this issue, a commotion took on Ahmmad Kutty). Molla was one 246 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

among those militant peasants who movement. Alassan was kept in died in the 26 August 1921 firing by Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. to colitis in the jail hospital in July 241, 1921,NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. Valipatan Moideen Kutty: Resident of 179-209] Karuvarakundu amsom, distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken Valayilathody Kunhayam: Resident of into custody in connection with the Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was combination of the British colonial taken into custody in connection with authorities and the exploitative the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Jenmis, and coinciding with the transported to Podanur Central Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Prison along with 100 other Mappila movement. He was detained on 8 rebels in an almost air-tight Railway June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner goods wagon. (for details, see the and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. entry on Akkara Veetil alias Together with brutal police tortures Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). and a serious attack of pneumonia in Kunhayam was one among those the jail (due to bad sanitary who had been suffocated to death in conditions, overcrowding and this wagon tragedy, notoriously insufficiency of clean water and known as the Black Hole of Podanur food), Kutty died on 18 June 1922 in (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt the jail due to a pneumonia attack at (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; the age of 30. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] TNSAC; Report of Deputy Superintendent of Police, Madras, Valiyathodi Koya Moideen: Resident of dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary t. Ernad, Malabar, Kerala and a Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated tenant- cultivator there in Pukkottur 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, amsom, Manjeri, he was involved in 22 November 1921; WTS] an armed confrontation in his village with the British during the Malabar Valiakath Alassan: Resident of rebellion of 1921-22, and coinciding Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, with the Khilafat and Non- Kerala, he was arrested and detained Cooperation movement. (for details, in connection with the Malabar see the entry on Ahmmad Kutty). rebellion of 1921 against the Moideen was one among those combination of the British colonial militant peasants who died on 26 authorities and the exploitative August 1921 in the firing by the Jenmis, and coinciding with the British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation 1921, NAI; HMR; ALS, pp. 139-48; Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 247

PPRM, pp. 332-44; MM, pp. 179-209] 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Deputy Superintendent of Police, Madras, Vallabhadas: Resident of Bagewadi, t. dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated He took active part in the struggle 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, against the British in 1857-58 under 22 November 1921; WTS] the leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan Gowda. Arrested in course Vallinkadan Ahamad: Resident of of the battle for Koppaldurg, Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, Vallabhadas was sentenced to death Kerala, he was arrested and detained and shot dead by musketry in June in connection with the Malabar 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 280] rebellion of 1921 against the combination of the British colonial Valliammai Ammal (Smt.): Born at authorities and the exploitative Devakottai, distt. Sivaganga, Jenmis, and coinciding with the Tamilnadu. Educated up to the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation primary standard, she took active movement. Ahamad was kept in part in the ìQuit Indiaî movement Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due that started in August 1942. Smt. to colitis in the jail hospital in July Ammal received severe bullet 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. (MS) wounds in the police firing on the No. 998, 28.11.1922, TNSAC] demonstration she joined at Devakottai on 17 August 1942 and Vanchinathan alias Sankara Iyer: Born died the same day. [WWIM, I, p. 372] in 1880 in Shenkottah, distt. Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu; s/o Vallikkapatta Mammad: Resident of Ragupathy Iyer. From his early days, Malappuram amsom, t. Ernad, he was courageous and disciplined. Malabar, Kerala; a religious teacher. Deeply devoted to the traditional He was taken into custody in ways of Hindu society, he believed connection with the Malabar that the Indian social institutions rebellion of 1921 and transported to were being trampled under the Podanur Central Prison along with British aggressively through a 100 other Mappila rebels in an almost process of Europeanization and the air-tight Railway goods wagon. (for spreading of Christianity. He grew details, see the entry on Akkara up in the political climate of militant Veetil alias Kunnapalli Achuthan patriotism and was impressed with Nayar). Mammad was one among the revolutionary secret societies in those who had been suffocated to Bengal ñ the Anushilan and the death in this wagon tragedy, Jugantar. He became a member of a notoriously known as the Black Hole similar secret society ñ Bharatha Matha of Podanur (20 November 1921). [Pub Association- organized by Nilakanta Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, Brahmachari, with the object of 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, eliminating the oppressive Europeans 248 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

standing in the way of the Indian bullet injury while fighting against the aspirations. Its members used to take British Malabar Reserve Police led by an oath in blood before the image of Sweney, on the night of 6 December Goddess Kali for committing 1922, between 11.45 pm and 12.45 themselves to end the foreign rule a.m. at Lingapuram, and died. His and safeguard the ìSanatan Hindu dead body was sent to Dharmaî. Vanchinathan Iyer, who Krishnadevipeta. [F.No. 22, FASRRF, started his career as an employee in 1922, p. 159 & F.No.4, FASRRF, 1924, the Forest Department of Travancore p. 28, APSAH] State, remained in touch with the revolutionaries in Bengal and other Variankunnath Kunhamad Haji: Born parts of Tamilnadu. He took 3 in Nellikottu in Eranad, South monthsí leave and went to Malabar, Kerala; s/o. Moideen Haji Pondicherry to get training in and Aminakutty Hajjumma. A close revolver-shooting from V.V.S. Iyer. associate and relative of Ali Musaliar, In March 1911 he collaborated with an important rebel Mappila leader, V.V.S. Iyer and Shankarakrishna he and his father were exiled to Aiyar for assassinating Ashe, the Mecca for a short period for anti- District Collector of Tirunelveli, at government activities. Thereafter the Maniyachi Railway Junction. As they came back, but continued with planned, he carried out the their anti-British demeanour. He assassination by shooting Ashe on 17 became a significant Khilafat leader June 1911. Since he did not wish to in Majeri and Nilambur, and led an be captured, insulted, tortured and attack on the British army at forced to give out revolutionary Kallamala, as well as on the Gudalur secrets, Iyer committed suicide by Police Training Camp. He also shooting himself on the same day at proclaimed himself a ruler in the area, the same spot. The killing of Ashe paralyzing the British administration was the first political assassination of there for a short period. But Haji was an European in the southern part of captured from Kallamoola in January India. [Judl Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Nos. 1922, and after a summary trial at 474 and 475, 23.03.1912; Judl Deptt, Martial Law Court, shot dead on 20 G.O. No. 1471, 16.09.1912; Tirunelveli January 1922. [Weekly (Summary) District Jail Slip No. 774, TNSAC] Report of the Rebellion, Govt. of India (Home. Dept.) for the year Vara Latchadu alias Varahalu: Resident 1921-22, Reports of the Administration of v. Laxmipuram in the Agency area, of the Madras Presidency for the year distt. Visakhapatnam, Andhra 1921-22 (Madras, 1932), The Fort, St. Pradesh. He joined Alluri Sitarama George Gazette, No. 37, Madras, 12 Raju in the Rampa Freedom Struggle, September 1922, Part-I, Public Dept., 1922-24, and in the exploits against Kerala Patrika, 29 October 1921] the oppressive British power in the Agency area. Latchadu received Vasu Edakulathu: Belonging to distt. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 249

Alappuzha, Kerala, he was connected Kuruvamabalam amsom, t. Ernad, with the Olathala Camp Firing of Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was Vayalar, which took place on 27 taken into custody in connection with October 1946. On that day C.P. the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Ramaswamyís military reached transported to Podanur Central Olathala Labour Camp and attacked Prison along with 100 other Mappila the labourers gathered therein and rebels in an almost air-tight Railway shot Edakulathu dead on the spot. goods wagon. (For details, see the [Travancore Information and entry on Akkara Veetil alias Listener, VII No. 5 January 1947, Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October, 1946 Kunhayamad was one among those NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9] who had been suffocated to death in this wagon tragedy, notoriously Vasu: Resident of Mundepalli, known as the Black Hole of Podanur Kalavamkodam, distt. Alappuzha, (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Kerala. He participated in the (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; movement for responsible Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, government in Travancore, and TNSAC; Report of Deputy against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Superintendent of Police, Madras, notorious proposal for setting up an dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary ëAmerican modelí of administrative Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated arrangement. (for more details, see 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, the entry on Agneess Lonappan). 22 November 1921; WTS] Vasu was shot dead by the military on 27 October 1946. [Punnapra- Vattanthodika Moideenkutty: Resident Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] of Vellila, t. Walluvanad, Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in an armed Vasudevan: Resident of Puthenvalli, confrontation in his village with the Kalavamkodam, distt. Alappuzha, British during the Malabar rebellion Kerala. He participated in the of 1921-22, and coinciding with the movement for responsible Khilafat and Non-Cooperation government in Travancore, and movement. (for details, see the entry against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís on Aboobakkar). Moideenkutty was notorious proposal for setting up an one among those militant peasants ëAmerican modelí of administrative who died on 9 December 1921 in the arrangement. (for more details, see firing by British troops. [PPMAK, the entry on Agneess Lonappan.) MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Vasudevan was shot dead by the No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; HMR] military on 27 October 1946. [Punnapra-Vayalar Records, Vattiparampath Kunhalan Gurikkal: CPIDOA] Resident of distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken into custody in Vatakepat Kunhayamad: Resident of connection with the Mappilla 250 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

outbreak in parts of the Ernad and Parishat held in the Warangal Fort in Walluvanad Taluks Malappuram in 1944. There he lost his leg while February and March 1915. He was resisting the attack by the communal detained on 15 September 1915 as per elements on the conference workers. G.O. Nos 2080-83 Judicial Later, he hoisted the Indian National Department, dated 03.09.1915, and Flag on 11 August 1946, on the 390 Public Department, dated Warangal Fort in spite of the threats 10.06.1920. Gurikkal remained in jail of the Razakars. For this act, even after the Malabar Rebellion of Mogalayya was later killed by the 1921-22 and died on 25 March 1925 Razakars in front of his helpless at Chenglepet at the age of 39. [Pub mother witnessing this ghastly Deptt, G.O. No.832, 27.08.1925, tragedy. [WWFSAP, III, p. 303; TNSAC] WWIM, II, p. 340].

Vayalpalyalil Veeran: Resident of Veerabhadra Rao: Resident of Guntur, Kuruvambalam amsom, t. Ernad, distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. He Malabar, Kerala; a Quran-reader. He attended the meeting at Guntur was taken into custody in connection Gandhi Park on 13 August 1942, at 6 with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 pm, held to protest against the arrests and transported to Podanur Central of the Indian National Congress Prison along with 100 other Mappila leaders for their ëQuit Indiaí rebels in an almost air-tight Railway Resolution. While the crowd goods wagon. (for details, see the gathered and listened to the Radio entry on Akkara Veetil alias news, some threw stones on the road Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Veeran side from the park. This enraged the was one among those who had been police who opened fire on the suffocated to death in this wagon assembled protesters. Rao was hit by tragedy, notoriously known as the a bullet, sustained injuries and Black Hole of Podanur (20 November succumbed to these. [Andhra Patrika, 1921). [Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 16 August 1942] 734, 12.09.1922; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, TNSAC; Report of Veeran Kutty: Resident of distt. Deputy Superintendent of Police, Malappuram, Kerala, he actively Madras, dated 27.09.1922; Under- participated in the Malabar rebellion Secretary Safe Secret Files, F. No. of 1921 against the combination of 390A, dated 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala the British colonial authorities and Manorama, 22 November 1921; WTS] the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Khilafat and Veerabattina Mogalayya: Resident of Non-Cooperation movement. He Warangal proper, distt. Warangal, was kept in the Cannanore Central Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); Jail as an under-trial prisoner where a political worker, he took part in the a jail outbreak occurred on 4 annual session of the Andhra Saraswat December 1921 at 4.00 p.m. when the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 251

prisoners were let out of their cells clash and police firing in that place for meals. Kutty received bullet on 3 April 1920, Thevanwas shot wounds when the police opened fire dead on 21 April 1920. [H/Deptt to control the outbreak and died the (Judl), G.O. No. 1315, 26.05.1920; Judl same day. [Pub Deptt (G), G.O. Deptt, G.O. (Ord.Series) No. 109, (Ord.Series) Nos.1084 and 1085, 27.4.1921; Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 935, 25.04.1922, TNSAC] 10.09.1931, TNSAC]

Veeran: A resident of Vellayoor, t. Veerappa: Resident of distt. Raichur, Ernad, distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he Karnataka; prominent landlord of actively participated in the Malabar the district, he took part in the anti- rebellion of 1921 against the British struggle in 1857-58 under the combination of the British colonial leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan authorities and the exploitative Gowda. Captured by the British Jenmis, and coinciding with the during the battle at Koppaldurg, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Veerappa was blown away with a movement. He was the brother of cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 151] Variyankunnath Ayamadññthe most prominent leader of the Malabar Veerappan: Belonged to v. Edair Kadu, rebellion. He took part in the p.o. Vadaku Sefhi Marudur, distt. Pandikkad camp attack during the Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. He was a rebellion and was killed in the battle civilian employee in the British- against the armed British troops. Indian Army but left his service in [Pub Deptt, G. O. No. 813, 22.08.1925, 1942 to join the Indian National TNSAC] Army. He was trained as a soldier and placed in the Third Guerrilla Veerana Thevan: Resident of v. Regiment. He was deployed on the Perungamanallur, t. Peraiyur, distt. Burma (now Myanmar) front to fight Madurai, Tamilnadu; he took part in under the INA flag. Veerappan the Kallar riot at Perungamanallur fought the Allied forces on several against the Colonial Madras occasions and finally died in the Governmentís policy of registering course of an engagement in 1944. Kallars as criminal tribes under the [WWIM, II, p. 343; ROH, pp. 796-97] Criminal Tribes Act, 1911. A popular and well-known political agitator, Veeraputtappa: Resident of George Joseph, inspired them not to Holenarasipur, distt. Hassan, obey the British and he started a civil Karnataka; s/o H. M. Shivananja- disobedience agitation. When the ppaai (adopted). A hotel-owner, he Kallars of Perungamanallur and the took part in the ëMysore Chaloí neighbouring villages refused to movement in 1947 for responsible register themselves as Criminal government in the Mysore State. Tribes, police force was used to Veeraputtappa was killed in the coerce them to obey. In the resultant police firing on a group of political 252 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

workers (including him) at his house. him. Raju breathed his last on 18 [PMRA; PMLC; WWIM, II, p. 340] August 1942. [SMEAB, 29-12-1999, Warangal; WWFSAP, III, p. 460; Vegesna Balarama Raju: Resident of v. WWIM, I, p. 373; HFMAP, p. 154]. Ganapavaram, t. Bhimavaram, distt. West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. Vegiraju Satyanarayana Raju alias Belonging to Kshatriya a community Aggiraju: Resident of v. and aged 22, he became a freedom Kumudavelli, t. Bhimavaram, distt. fighter. He took part in the Satyagraha West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; s/ at Bhimavaram on 17 June 1930, in o Venkata Narasimha Raju; belonged connection with the Civil to Kshatriya community; educated up Disobedience movement. He was to the fourth class. An agriculturist, arrested for his antiñBritish activities he came under the influence of and awarded imprisonment for six Mahatma Gandhi, joined the Non- months. Initially, he spent one month Cooperation movement, and worked at Rajahmundry Central Jail and later as a Congress volunteer in the was transferred to Alipuram Camp Bhimavaram Congress Camp. He Jail, where he spent two months, and liked adventures and was curious to contacted an incurable discase. The know different places in the country. authorities released him on 5 While he was going on a tour to December 1930 instead of 17 Calcutta along with his friend, he December 1930. He reached his house heard about the stories of Alluri on 7 December 1930 and died at 12 Sitarama Raju in the train from the p.m. on 19 December 1930. [Andhra co-passengers. Excited by the news Patrika, 25 December 1930] about Sitarama Raju, he got down from the train at Annavaram Railway Vegesna Narayana Raju: Resident of v. Station, proceeded towards the Vempadu, t. Bhimavaram, distt. West Agency area and met Sitarama Raju Godavari, Andhra Pradesh; in about May 1923. Soon, he became belonged to Kshatriya community; s/ a close associate of him who waged o Krishnam Raju. He gave up his the 1922-24 Rampa Rebellion against studies after completing the 5th class, the British Government in the and established talimkhanas to train Agency area of Vishakapatnam. several young men in sword-play. Attacking the British Police several He took part in the ìQuit Indiaî times, Aggiraju was captured on 6 movement of 1942, and along with May 1924 by the Intelligence his associates, set fire to the offices Inspector, Upendra Patnaik, at and broke open the Sub-Jail and fed Bodlagandi near Kirrabu village. the prisoners therein. While he was Convicted under Section 121 of snatching guns from the hands of the Indian Penal Code by the Additional police at the Bhimavaram Police Agency Sessions Judge, Waltair, and Station on 17 August 1942, the Sub- sentenced on 13 May 1925 to Inspector of Police, mugged to shoot transportation for life, he was Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 253

confined in the Rajahmundry and participated in the movement for Tiruchirapalli Jails. Finally, he was responsible government in deported to Cellular Jail in the Travancore, and against C. P. Andamans, where he died while Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious serving the term of imprisonment. proposal for setting up an ëAmerican [Pub Deptt (G), (Madras), G.O. No. modelí of administrative 1451, 24-8-1938, p. 201; PCO, 7-5-1924, arrangement. He was caught up in APSAH ; WWFSAP, III, p. 499 ; ASRR, the Olathal camp firing at Vayalar pp. 103, 154 & 156] which took place on 27 October 1946. On that day C. P. Ramaswamyís Vegisima: A resident of distt. West military reached Olathala Labour Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, he joined Camp and attacked the labourers the demonstrations organized to gathered therein. In the process they demand the British exit from India shot Velappan dead. [Punnapra- during the ìQuit Indiaî movement Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] that broke out on 8 August 1942. Vegisima suffered bullet injuries Velayudhan Kollechuveetil: Belonging while taking part in a public rally that to distt. Alappuzha, Kerala. He was was fired upon by the police in connected with the Menasseri Camp November 15, and died on the spot. of Vayalar, which took place on 27 [Pub Deptt, F. No. 2190, 1946, October 1946. C.P. TNSAC] RamaswamyAiyarís military reached Menasseri Labour Camp on that day Velappan Thandarapalli Nivarthil: and attacked the labourers gathered Belonging to Kerala (place not therein. In the process they shot known), he participated in the Kollechuveetil dead. [Travancore movement for responsible Information and Listener, VII No. 5 government in Travancore, and January 1947, KSAT; The Hindu, 30 against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís October and 15 November 1946, notorious proposal for setting up an NMML, PVCS, pp. 78-9] ëAmerican modelí of administrative arrangement. He was involved in the Velayudhan Theekara: Belonging to Olathal Camp Firing at Vayalar Kerala (place not known), he which took place on 27 October 1946. participated in the movement for On that day C. P. Ramaswamyís responsible government in military reached Olathala Labour Travancore, and against C. P. Camp and attacked the labourers Ramaswamy Aiyarís notorious gathered therein. In the process they proposal for setting up an ëAmerican shot Nivarthil dead. [Punnapra- modelí of administrative Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] arrangement. He was involved in the Olathal Camp Firing at Vayalar Velappan: Resident of Kadathirapalli, which took place on 27 October 1946. distt. Alappuzha, Kerala, he C. P. Ramaswamyís military reached 254 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Olathala Labour Camp on that day Vellal Kunnan Alavi: Resident of and attacked the labourers gathered Pullipatha amsom, t. Ernad, distt. therein. In the process they shot Malappuram, Kerala; s/o Moideen; Theekara dead. [Punnapra-Vayalar a coolie. He was taken into custody Records, CPIDOA] in connection with the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the Velayudhan: Belonging to distt. combination of the British colonial Alappuzha, Kerala, he was an ex- authorities and the exploitative serviceman who took active part in Jenmis, and coinciding with the the popular mobilization. When the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation military attacked the Menasseri- movement. Alavi was shot dead Olathal Volunteer Camp near while attempting to escape from Punnapra, he stabbed a soldier, and Bellary Alipuram Jail on 4 August died on the spot on 27 October 1946 1922 at the age of 32. [Law Deptt (G), by a bullet fired in return from the G.O. (Ord.Series) No. 2448, military. The military wreaked their 07.10.1922, TNSAC] vengeance on him by hitting his body with their rifle butts. Velayudhanís Vellana Valappil Athan Kutty: body lay there completely shattered. Resident of Trikolam, distt. [Travancore Information and Malappuram, Kerala, he was taken listener, VII No. 5 January 1947, into custody in connection with the KSAT; The Hindu, 30 October 1946, Malabar rebellion of 1921 against the NMML, The Hindu, 15 November combination of the British colonial 1946, NMML; IPV, pp. 94-5] authorities and the exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding with the Velayudhan: Resident of distt. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Alappuzha, Kerala, and an activist in movement. He was kept as a the Punnapra firing incident, he Mappilla State Prisoner under the operated during the Martial-Law that Madras State Prisoners Regulation, C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar imposed on 1819, and detained in Trichinopoly Ambalappuzha and Shertallai (now in conformity with the orders of the Cherthala). He took part in the Madras Governor in Council, dated demolition of the Mararikulam 07.11.1925. Kutty fell ill while in Bridge at night. When the military detention and died on 20 March 1928 started re-constructing it, he and in Trichinopoly. [Pub Deptt, G.O. others tried to prevent them. In the (Mis.Series) No. 456, 18.05.1928, ensuing confrontation on 26 October TNSAC] 1946, Velayudhan was shot dead by the military. [Freedom Movement Vellanchola Kunhalavi: Resident of Files (II), F. No. 265/48, B. No. 63, Malappuram, distt. Malappuram, 1948, KSAT; Freedom Movement Kerala, he was taken into custody in Files (II), No. 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, connection with the Malabar KSAT; IPV, pp. 94-5] rebellion of 1921 against the Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 255

combination of the British colonial market. The occurrence also authorities and the exploitative reflected the popular discontent Jenmis, and coinciding with the against the government, its Khilafat and Non-Cooperation curtailment of civil liberties and the movement. Kunhalavi was detained Criminal Law Amendment Act 18 X in Malappuram Sub-Jail and died due of 1935. Arrested and manhandled to acute enteritis in the jail hospital by the police at Kottarakara in this in June 1922. [Pub Deptt (Confd.), connection, Velu died due to tortures G.O. (MS) No. 998, 28.11.1922, in the Chengannur Lock-up. TNSAC] [Freedom Movement Files, (II), F. Nos. 1/45, 1945 B.No. 38, 674/45, Vellavi Moosakutty: Resident of 1945 B.No.39, & 357/46, 1946, B. No. Areakode amsom, t. Ernad, distt. 49, KSAT; Judl. Files, No. 78 of 114 Malappuram, Kerala, aged 46. He Sessions Court Quilon, Kadakkal Riot was taken into custody for his role Case 1 PE 1/ 1938, Commitment in the Malabar rebellion of 1921 Order 29 May 1939, KSAT; Kadakkal against the combination of the British N. Gopinathan Pillai, Kadakkal colonial authorities and the kathipadarna Viplava jatha; Kusuman, exploitative Jenmis, and coinciding K.K, Extremist Movement in Kerala, with the Khilafat and Non- Kerala Historical Society, 1977, p. 35; Cooperation movement. He was WWFFK, p. 627] detained on 18 June 1922 as an under- trial prisoner and kept in the Manjeri Velutha Edayanu: Belonging to Kerala Sub-Jail. Together with brutal police (place not known), he participated in tortures and a serious attack of the movement for responsible pneumonia in the jail (due to very government in Travancore, and bad sanitary conditions, against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís overcrowding and insufficiency of notorious proposal for setting up an clean water and food), Moosakutty ëAmerican modelí of administrative died on 3 July 1922 in detention at arrangement. He was involved in the the age of 46. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) Olathal Camp Firing at Vayalar No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] which took place on 27 October 1946. On that day C. P. Ramaswamyís Velu: Born in Vanjarammodu, distt. military reached Olathala Labour Trivandrum, Kerala. A 7th class drop- Camp and attacked the labourers out he took beedi-making as his gathered therein. In the process they occupation. According to the police shot Edayanu dead. [Punnapra- report, he was the main conspirator Vayalar Records, CPIDOA] behind the well-known Kadakkal Riot Case. On 5 October 1938, the Veluthangodan Kunhayamu: Resident people of Kadakkal in Kottarakara of Chemmalasseri amsom, t. Ernad, Taluk started an armed revolt against Malabar, Kerala; a coolie. He was the toll collection at the Kadakkal taken into custody in connection with 256 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

the Malabar rebellion of 1921 and Bellary Central Jail. [RBCJ, C.No. transported to Podanur Central 5230, 1926, APSAH; WWFSAP, III, p. Prison along with 100 other Mappila 228; WWIM, II, p. 341]. rebels in an almost air-tight Railway goods wagon (for details, see the Vemuri Ramulu: Resident of v. Chirala, entry on Akkara Veetil alias t. Ongolu, distt. Prakasham, Andhra Kunnapalli Achuthan Nayar). Pradesh; s/o Mahalakshmamma alias Kunhayamu was one among those Subbamma; aged about 22; belonged who had been suffocated to death in to Vysya community. From 8 this wagon tragedy, notoriously February 1938, he took part in a known as the Black Hole of Podanur strike organized by the Indian Leaf (20 November 1921). [Pub Deptt Tobacco Development Company (Confd.), G.O. No. 734, 12.09.1922; Workersí Union at Chirala. A variety Pub Deptt, G.O. No. 290, 01.04.1922, of grievances was put forward by the TNSAC; Report of Deputy workers, to the management but no Superintendent of Police, Madras, settlement was effected. It eventually dated 27.09.1922; Under-Secretary led to a serious discontentment of the Safe Secret Files, F. No. 390A, dated workersí discontentment and caused 20.01.1923, NAI; Malayala Manorama, rioting. On 14 February 1938, in the 22 November 1921; WTS] afternoon at 1:30 pm, a large crowd gathered outside the factory and Vemula Virayya: Resident of v. attacked the police stationed there Nadimpalem, t. Golugonda, distt with stones. Mr. H.H. Carleston, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ Sub-Collector, Ongole, ordered o Somayya; belonged to Bagata firing on the crowd of workers at 3:30 community. A farmer, he took an pm to restore order. Ramulu active part in the Rampa Rebellion received bullet injuries in the firing (1922-24), led by Alluri Sitarama Raju and died on the spot.[Pub Deptt (G), against the high-handed activities of (Madras), Confd, G.O. No. 339, 24- the British Government in the 2-1938; & G.O. No. 1577, 20-9-1938, Agency area. Along with his leader, APSAH; The Hindu 15 February 1938] he fought against the British authorities and participated in many Venakkan John: Resident of encounters against the police. Kochunnithara, Punnapra, distt. Convicted under Section 121 of Alappuzha, Kerala. He participated Indian Penal Code and sentenced on in the movement for responsible 13 May 1925 for life imprisonment, government in Travancore, and he was kept imprisoned in the against C. P. Ramaswamy Aiyarís Rajahmundry Central Jail up to notorious proposal for setting up an October 1926 and later transferred ëAmerican modelí of administrative to Bellary Central Jail. Virayya died arrangement. When a temporary on 27 December 1926, while serving police camp was set up in Punnapra the period of imprisonment in the to counter the agitation and harass Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 257

the agitators and their families, John Praja Sangh conducted a procession joined others in demanding for its demanding the release of its leader, withdrawal, and eventually for its B. N. Munaavalli, and others on 7 destruction. During the activistsí raid April 1939. Guntannavar was killed, on the camp, he died in the police along with 3 other persons, when the firing on 24 October 1946. [Freedom State Police opened fire on the Movement Files (II), F. No. 774\46, demonstrators near the Ramadurg B. No. 46, 1946, 265/48, B. No. 63, Jail. He was wounded and died on 7 1948, & 133/48, B. No. 64, 1948, April 1939. [Samyukta Karnataka, 9 KSAT] April 1939; WWIM, II, p. 108]

Venkappa Naik: He was Shetsanadi of Venkatappa Nayak: Resident of Nargund, distt. Gadag, Karnataka, Surapur, distt. Yadagiri, Karnataka. who took part in the resistance He objected the continuance of a against the British in 1857 led by British Officer in the State as an Baba Saheb at Nargund. Arrested, adviser for some more years. tried and sentenced to death, Naik Arrested for his refusal, and being was hanged on 24 June 1858 in front escorted to Chinglepet Prison in of the Petah of Nargund. [Poll Deptt, Madras Presidency, Nayak shot No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31, himself dead on 11 May 1858 at L. No. 322/1858, 24 June 1858] Ambatur. [SI1857WI, p. 248]

Venkatachalam: Hailed from Tamilnadu Venku Pandu: Resident of v. Boduluru, (residence not known), a worker a t. Rampachodavaram, distt. East and trade-union leader of Textile Godavari, Andhra pradesh. He took Workers. Union of Coimbatore, he part in the Rampa Rebellion of 1879- was falsely implicated in the murder 80, against the oppressive rule of the of Ponanan, a watchman of Ranga Mansabdar and British officials in the Vilas Textile Mill. [for details, refer Chodavaram Division of the to entry on Chinniah] Sentenced to Godavari Agency. Along with his death by the Sessions Ccourt and leader, he took active part in the confirmed later by the High Court attacks and burnings of many police and the Privy Council, stations. He also killed a constable Venkatachalam was hanged on 8 near Chodavaram before he was January 1946. [PA, 27 January 1946] captured. Sentenced to death, Pandu was hanged by the Government in Venkatappa Guntannavar: Born in 1881 about November 1880 at at Sureban, t. Ramdurg, distt. Yelleshwaram. [IPMGFSGJD, 1880, p. Belgaum, Karnataka; s/o Venkappa 76; Judl Deptt, (Madras), G.O. No. Guntannavar. He participated in the 2833, 7-12-1880, APSAH] movement for responsible government in the Ramdurg State, Vettanthodika Marakkar: Resident of led by the Praja Sangh (1938-39). The Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, Malabar, 258 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

Kerala, he was involved in an armed June 1922 as an under-trial prisoner confrontation in his village with the and kept in the Manjeri Sub-Jail. British during the Malabar rebellion Together with brutal police tortures of 1921-22, and coinciding with the and a serious attack of pneumonia in Khilafat and Non-Cooperation the jail (due to very bad sanitary movement. (for details, see the entry conditions, overcrowding and on Apankollan Moideen.) Marakkar insufficiency of clean water and was one among those who died in food), Sultan died on 21 June 1922 at the 14 November 1921 firing by the the age of 25. [Pub Deptt, G.O. (MS) British troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, No. 960, 20.11.1922, TNSAC] Part 1-A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub Deptt (Confd.), G.O. Virayya Hiremath: Born in 1921 at v. No. 202, 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, Koganur, distt. Dharwad, Karnataka; p. 372-74] s/o Ayyappayya Hiremath, A farmer educated up to the primary standard, Vettanthodika Moideenkutty: Resident he took part in the ìQuit Indiaî of Pandikad amsom, t. Ernad, movement of 1942. While attempting Malabar, Kerala, he was involved in to raid the government treasury on an armed confrontation in his village 1 April 1943, Hiremath received with the British during the Malabar bullet wounds in the firing and died rebellion of 1921-22 and coinciding on the same day. [DDG; WWIM, I, p. with the Khilafat and Non- 138] Cooperation movement. (for details, see the entry on Apankollan Virendranath Chattopadhyaya: Moideen) Moideenkutty was one Resident of Hyderabad, Andhra among those who died in the 14 Pradesh (now in Telangana); s/o November 1921firing by the British Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, he was troops. [H/Poll, F. No. 241, Part 1- a veteran revolutionary and a A, 1921, NAI; PPMAK, MAKIHS; Pub founder of the ëLeague against Deptt (Confd.), G.O. No. 202, Imperialismí in Berlin, Germany. He 15.03.1922, TNSAC; PPRM, pp. 372- worked vigorously for the 74] overthrowing of Imperialism in India. He had succeeded in putting Vettikkattiri Sultan: Resident of in the revolutionary ideals before the Vettikkattiri amsom, t. Wandoor, people and inculcating in the minds distt. Malappuram, Kerala, he was of Indian youth abroad, a taken into custody in connection with revolutionary fervour. He was the Malabar rebellion of 1921 against chased by the British authorities and the combination of the British colonial remained an exile all his life. authorities and the exploitative Undergoing great hardships, Jenmis, and coinciding with the Chattopadhyaya died in exile in Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Russia in 1942. [WWFSAP, I, p. 549] movement. He was detained on 5 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 259

Virupakshappa: Resident of anti-British struggle in 1857-58 under Davanagere, Karnataka, he took part the leadership of Bhim Rao and in the ìQuit Indiaî movement of Kanchan Gowda. Captured by the 1942. He joined the picketing at the British during the battle at Taluk Office and also participated in Koppaldurg, Doss was blown away stopping the military vehicles and with a cannon. [WWIM, III, p. 152] railway trains. Virupakshappa was shot dead by the police in firing on Voola Thammayya: Born at v. Pedda the picketers at Davanagere on 17 Ramannapalem, distt. August 1942 atthe age of 25. [KQIC, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; s/ p. 49; SSS, II, p. 564] o Vallasayya. He joined Alluri Sitarama Raju in the Rampa Rebellion Vishnu Bhagwan: Resident of v. (1922-24) against the oppressive Tandur, distt. Hyderabad, Andhra practices of the British Government Pradesh (now in Telangana). An in the Agency area. He was wounded Arya Samaj worker, he took an active severely while fighting the British part in the Satyagraha movement for Police on 6 December 1922 at Civil Liberties launched by the Arya Peddageddapalem. Admitted to a Samaj in 1938 in the Nizamís hospital at Narsipatnam, Thammayya territories. He was arrested and died there soon after his admission. imprisoned in the Gulbarga, [F. Nos. 3 & 22, FASRRF, 1924, pp. Aurangabad and Hyderabad Jails. 28 & 159, APSAH; WWIM, I, p. 375] Seriously wounded in the lathi- charge by the police inside the Vullengala Chandrayya: Resident of v. Hyderabad Jail on 2 May 1939, Aknoor, t. Jangaon, distt. Warangal, Bhagwan died the same day. Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana); [WWIM, II, p. 343]. s/o Sivalingam, a carpenter. While giving evidence in a Court of Law, Vishnu Hirekoppa alias Vishnu he exposed the atrocities that were Kulkarni: Resident of Hirekoppa in perpetrated on the villagers of the Nargund Princely State (now in Aknoor by the Razakars and the distt. Gadag), Karnataka, he actively Nizamís Police. By way of taking participated in the Nargund revolt vengeance on Vullengala and was reported to have beheaded Chandrayya and eight other villagers the British Officer, Manson, at for giving evidence against them in Sureban on the night of 29 May 1858. a Court of Law, the Razakars and the Hirekoppa was captured and hanged Nizamís Police raided Aknoor village publicly at Nargund in 1860. [Poll in August 1946 and shot Chandrayya Deptt, No. 197, Part-XII, DD, Vol. dead. [WWFSAP, III, p. 254; WWIM, No. 30, L. No. 47/1858, 16 June 1858] II, p. 344]

Vobul Doss: Resident of Begewadi, distt. Vyanakatrao Bhosle: A Shiledar of Gadag, Karnataka; he took part in the Nargund Princely State (now in 260 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

distt. Gadag), Karnataka, he was British in 1857í and shot dead by arrested for ëhis participation in the musketry on 28 June 1858. [Poll Deptt, revolt of Baba Saheb against the No. 226, Part-XIII, DD, Vol. No. 31, 24 June 1858] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 261

Yadagiri: Resident of v. Chilpakunta, t. away with a cannon; his sentence was Suryapet, distt. Nalgonda, Andhra carried out in 1858. [SI1857WI, p. 279; Pradesh (now in Telangana). An HFMK, 1, pp. 272, 440] agricultural labourer, he joined the Village Guerilla Squad during the Yanadayya Kadiyala: Resident of v. anti-feudal struggle of the Kattipadu, distt. Guntur, Andhra Communists in Telangana. He was Pradesh, he took part in the ìQuit arrested and tortured in connection Indiaî movement that started in with a raid on a bus and a lorry August 1942. On his refusal to belonging to the Nizamís Military at contribute to the British War Fund, Tirumalagiri. But he refused to he was arrested on 11 February 1943 disclose the particulars of any and detained in the Ongole Police participants even in the face of death. Station (now in distt. Prakasam) Yadagiri was shot dead by the Kadiyala was reported to have Nizamís Military in 1946-47 for committed suicide the very next day. abusing a Military Officer and [WWIM, I, p.159] spitting on his face. Yadagiri, thus, became a martyr for the cause of Yella Pandari: Resident of v. Aknoor, t. resistance against autocratic and Jangaon, distt. Warangal, Andhra feudal domination. [WWFSAP, II, pp. Pradesh (now in Telangana); s/o 602ñ03]. Ramayya and a weaver. While giving evidence in a Court of Law, he Yalya: Belonged to of Hammigi, t. exposed the atrocities that were Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka; perpetrated by the Razakars on the he took part in the Uprising against villagers. In order to take vengeance the British led by Bhjimarao of for this action, a combined raid by Mundargi in 1857-58; captured by the the Razakars and the Nizamís Police British and tried by Court Martial, was made on this village in August Yalya was sentenced to be blown 1946.Pandari was shot dead along 262 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

with eight others of the village Yerrabolu Appi Reddy: Resident of v. during this attack, highlighting the Mallareddygudem, t. Huzurnagar, anti-feudal struggle that Communists distt. Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh. He carried on in Telangana. [WWFSAP, was a Communist organizer of the III, p. 321; WWIM, II, p. 351] peasant revolt in Telangana. At 5 am on 6 December 1946, around 500 Yelugulur Jaggayya: Resident of v. soldiers of Nizamís Military raided Vedlagedda, t. Rampachodavaram, Mallareddygudem village in search distt. East Godavari, Andhra of the peasant rebels. They stealthily Pradesh. He earned his livelihood, came on to the fields and attacked mainly as a shikari. He took active the village taking advantage of the part in the Rampa Rebellion of 1879 darkness at dawn. Hearing of the against the atrocities of the Mansabdar arrival of the Military, nearly 600 and British officials in the villagers (400 males and 200 females) Chodavaram Division of the gathered to face them. Seeing this Godavari Agency. A lieutenant of gathering the Military started firing Dwarabandham Chandrayya, he on it without any provocation. succeeded in looting and burning the Reddy was hit in the firing and died Addateegala Police Station two immediately. The villagers however times. On 30 April 1880 a reward of continued their resistance, and seven Rs. 2000/- was proclaimed for his more of them, including a lady, lost capture. It encouraged Kotum their lives. The incident gives a Narsayya to give information to the glimpse of the anti-feudal struggle police of the movement of the rebels. that was carried on by the Inspector Engledow, along with ten Communists in Telangana since 1946. constables, went to the jungles of [Andhra Patrika, 7 December 1946; Vellagalapalem where the rebels had WWFSAP, II, p. 456] taken shelter. At 4 am on 31 October 1880, armed action began in whcih Yllya: Resident of Hammigi, t. the Inspector fired and hit Jaggayya Mundargi, distt. Gadag, Karnataka. a little above the navel; he ran 100 He took active part in the antiñ yards and fell. He was alive until British struggle in 1857-58 under the carried to the camp at Jaddanghi, leadership of Bhim Rao and Kanchan where he died. [Judl Deptt (Madras), Gowda. Fighting for the recovery of G.O. No. 390, 13-11-1880 ; G.O. No. the British held Koppaldurg, Yllya 2769, 26-11-1880 ; G.O. No. 2779, 29- was captured and shot dead by 11-1880 & G.O. No. 1307, 2-7-1881 ; musketry in June 1858. [SI1857WI, p. IPMGFSGJD, 1880, P. 82; Judl Deptt 278] (G), (Madras), G.O. No. 2551, 12-12- 1881, APSAH; MHDFC, p. 18.] Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala 263

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRIMARY SOURCES Official Papers (Archival Records): Files on Alluri Srirama Raju (Alluri Sitarama Raju) (FITURI), kept in Andhra Pradesh State Archives, Hyderabad, 1882, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 & 1926 H.E.H. the Nizam Governmentís, Home Department Files of 1355 Fasli (1946), 1356 Fasli (1947), (131 bundles, each bundle containing on an average, forty Files), available at the Interim Repository, a branch of State Archives, located at the State Secretariat, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Home Department (Public), TNSAC Home Department Reports from 1936 to 1947 of Madras Presidency Home Department, MSAM Home Judicial, NAI Home Political (Fortnightly Reports), NAI Home Political, NAI Home Public, NAI Judicial Department, MSAM Political and Home Secretariat Files of former Hyderabad Government, relating to the period, 1946 to 1948, in Urdu, selected from the Instalment Nos. 71, 72, 75 & 77 and their respective List Nos. 26, 14, 2, 1 & 9 (Available in R1 branch of A.P. State Archives, Hyderabad) Political Department, MSAM Record from Bellary Central Jail, 1926, 1932 & 1940 ñ 1942 Record from Rajahmundry Central Jail, 1924, 1926, 1927 & 1930 Records from Alipuram Camp Jail, 1930, 1941 & 1943 264 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

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Newspapers: ANDHRA PRABHA, (Madras) Telugu daily newspaper from November, 1946 to September, 1948 (Available at ëSaraswata Niketaní Library, Vetapalem, near Chirala of Prakasam District in A.P.) DINAMANI, (Madras) 1944 GOLKONADA PATRIKA, (Hyderabad) Telugu daily newspaper, published from the former Hyderabad State, from 1946 to 1948 in 3 (three) DVDs, obtained from the pen-drive of a well-wisher MADRAS MAIL, (Madras) 1924 SRI SADHANA, (Ananthapur, A.P.) Telugu Weekly, 1926 - 1947 SRI VIJAYA VANI, Telugu Weekly, 1941 ANDHRA PATRIKA, (Madras) Telugu daily newspaper, relating to the years 1922, 1924, 1930, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, January, 1946 to October, 1946 & 1947 (Available in Committee Section of A.P. State Archives, Hyderabad) INDIAN EXPRESS, (Madras) relating to the years 1938 & 1944 Peopleís Age (1946), ICHR The Hindu, 1930, 1931, 1938, 1942 & 1944, Madras & NMM&L The Times of India (1942 & 1946), NMM&L Newspaper clippings (English & Telugu) : 1939 ñ 1949 Janavani; Swatantra; Prajamitra; Andhra Rashtramu; Andhra Vani; Janma Bhoomi; Premajyoti; Visalandhra; Vani; Jagruti; Pooravani; Thrilinga (all in Telugu); The Hindu; The Indian Express; Mail; Premier; 266 Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5

The Times of India; Madras Daily (all in English) and Hindu Rashtra (Maratha Daily) (Available in the Committee Section of A.P. State Archives, Tarnaka, Hyderabad).

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