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Urbanization and Global Environmental Change and Its Paper Number: 99 May 2010 Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) in Hong Kong: Preliminary Survey and Implications for Mainland China Li Yangfan Nanjing University Yangfan Li is a Ph.D. and Lecturer at the School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China, where he works on urban ecosystem and environmental policy with a topical focus on urbanization and global environmental change. He was a visiting scholar at LEWI from Jan.6 to Feb. 4, 2010. The authors welcome comments from readers. Contact details: E-mail: [email protected] David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies (LEWI) Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) LEWI Working Paper Series is an endeavour of David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies (LEWI), a consortium with 28 member universities, to foster dialogue among scholars in the field of East-West studies. Globalisation has multiplied and accelerated inter-cultural, inter-ethnic, and inter-religious encounters, intentionally or not. In a world where time and place are increasingly compressed and interaction between East and West grows in density, numbers, and spread, East-West studies has gained a renewed mandate. LEWI’s Working Paper Series provides a forum for the speedy and informal exchange of ideas, as scholars and academic institutions attempt to grapple with issues of an inter-cultural and global nature. Circulation of this series is free of charge. Comments should be addressed directly to authors. Abstracts of papers can be downloaded from the LEWI web page at http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~lewi/publications.html. Manuscript Submission: Scholars in East-West studies at member universities who are interested in submitting a paper for publication should send an article manuscript, preferably in a Word file via e-mail, as well as a submission form (available online) to the Series Secretary at the address below. The preferred type is Times New Roman, not less than 11 point. The Editorial Committee will review all submissions. The Institute reserves the right not to publish particular manuscripts submitted. Authors should hear from the Series Secretary about the review results normally within one month after submission. Copyright: Unless otherwise stated, copyright remains with the author. Please do not cite or circulate the paper without the author’s consent. Editors: Ah Chung TSOI, Director of LEWI; Emilie Yueh-yu YEH, Cinema & TV and Associate Director of LEWI. Editorial Advisory Board: From HKBU: CHEN Ling, Communication Studies; Martha CHEUNG, English Language and Literature; Vivienne LUK, Management; Eva MAN, Humanities; TING Wai, Government and International Studies; WONG Man Kong, History; Terry YIP, English Language and Literature. From outside HKBU: Paul CROWE, David See-Chai Lam Centre for International Communication, Simon Fraser University (Canada). Disclaimer: David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies (LEWI), and its officers, representatives, and staff, expressly disclaim any and all responsibility and liability for the opinions expressed, or for any error or omission present, in any of the papers within the Working Paper Series. All opinions, errors, omissions and such are solely the responsibility of the author. Authors must conform to international standards concerning the use of non-published and published materials, citations, and bibliography, and are solely responsible for any such errors. Further Information about the working paper series can be obtained from the Series Secretary: David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies (LEWI) Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong Tel: (852) 3411-7273; Fax: (852) 3411-5128 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~lewi/ LEWI Working Paper Series Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC) in Hong Kong: Preliminary Survey and Implications for Mainland China Li Yangfan Nanjing University Abstract How to conserve non built-up landscapes (wetlands, country park woodlands and etc.) and realize urban-regional sustainability is a challenge with the rapid urbanization of Hong Kong and China’s coastal areas. A survey of Hong Kong will be helpful in understanding future trends and the concentration of urbanization, socio- economic drivers, key environmental changes and their effects, in particular vulnerability to increased Global Environmental Change (GEC) in urban areas. On the basis of field environmental and geographical survey, the paper attempts to identify some critical issues, e.g. sea reclamation, wetlands conservation and harmonious urbanization, presents a framework for public-oriented governance, showing that advancing eco-governance of public participation, public transport and public green space across local and regional levels of government and relevant stakeholders are crucial to formulate ecological, low-carbon and green policies towards harmonious urbanization. Keywords: urbanization, environmental change, reclamation, wetland, public participation 1 Introduction Urban areas are hot spots that drive environmental change at multiple scales. Just as land change occurs as cities are built and must support the demands of urban populations, cities also drive other types of environmental change (Grimm et al. 2008). The irreversible transition to urbanization has, since 2008, led to more than half of the world’s population (approximately 3.3 billion people) living in urban areas; it is projected that 60% of the population will be living in urban areas by 2030 (Fig.1) (UN, 2007; Sanchez-Rodriguez et al. 2008). Furthermore, 90% of the world’s future population is expected to be occupying in urban areas, mainly in developing countries. 1 LEWI Working Paper Series Fig.1 Urban, rural and total population in the world (United Nations, 2007) Within global environmental change (GEC) research, cities are now considered to be important sites of origin for numerous environmental issues including the greenhouse effect, air and water pollution (Li et al. 2008). In this context, urban development policies and strategies should not only take the positive effects of urbanization into consideration, but also the potential and ability of mitigating the negative impact of environment change on cities (Fig.2). Fig.2 Urban areas: Crisis and Solutions (Seto, 2008) 2 LEWI Working Paper Series Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour (Wong, 2009a). With a land mass of 1,108 km2 and a population of seven million, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world (Jim, 2008b). Simultaneously, Hong Kong has 76.3% non built-up area, including grasslands, woodlands, shrublands and wetlands (Planning Department, 2009). The urban expansion of Hong Kong since the early days has been beset by the shortage of easily developable land. The city thus has adopted a high-density mode of development which extends from the core all the way to the periphery. The resulting phenomenal concentration of buildings, roads and population has disadvantages (Jim, 2008b). Although Hong Kong is regarded as one of the world's great cities, out of the total land, about three-quarters is non-urban. Scenically, Hong Kong has a great deal to offer - a landscape rising from sandy beaches and rocky foreshores to heights of almost 1,000 meters, woodlands and mountain ranges covered by open grassland and a variety of scenic vistas is rarely, if ever, matched in so small a territorial unit. What about UGEC in Hong Kong? How does Hong Kong resolve the relationship between urban expansion and environmental conservation, especially in such densely populated urban areas? What does Hong Kong’s example have to offer in building the eco-city and low-carbon city for mainland china, and the rest of the world? The paper would focus on three aspects: 1) sea reclamation, 2) conservation of non built-up areas, and 3) harmonious urbanization and environmental sustainability in future urban development. 2 Urbanization and Global Environmental Change in HK 2.1 Broad Land Usage As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's land mass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining 3 LEWI Working Paper Series land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserve (Table 1). Most of the territory's urban development happens on the Kowloon Peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories. Table 1 Broad Land Usage Distribution in Hong Kong (End of 2008)1 Approximate area (sq.km) Class 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Residential Private residential (i) 25 25 25 25 25 Public residential (ii) 17 17 16 16 16 Rural settlement (iii) 35 36 34 34 34 Commercial Commercial/Business and office 3 3 3 3 4 Industrial Industrial land 7 7 7 7 7 Industrial estates 3 3 3 3 3 Warehouse and storage (iv) 15 15 14 14 15 Institution/Open Space Government, institution and community facilities 23 23 24 24 24 Open space (v) 21 22 22 23 24 Transportation Roads 38 38 39 41 41 Railways 2 3 3 3 3 Airport 13 13 13 13 13 Other Urban or Built-up Land Cemeteries and crematoriums 7 7 7 7 7 Utilities 6 6 7 7 7 Vacant development land/Construction in 29 26 20 19 17 progress Others 18 20 21 20 21 Agriculture Agricultural land 56 55 51 51 52 Fish ponds/Gei wais 17 18 17 16 16 Woodland/Shrubland/Grassland/Wetland Woodland 268 257 245 247 241 Shrubland 214 220 228 237 238 Grassland 249 251 266 255 258 Mangrove and swamp (vi) 5 5 5 5 5 Barren Land Badland 5 5 5 5 5 Quarries 2 2 2 2 1 Rocky shore 2 2 2 2 2 Water Bodies Reservoirs 24 24 24 24 24 Streams and nullahs 3 5 5 5 5 Total 1107 1108 1108 1108 1108 Remarks: The above land usage figures as at end 2008 have been updated with satellite images dated November 2008, in-house survey information up to end 2008 and other relevant information from various Government departments.
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