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A Preliminary Study on Potential of Developing Shower/Laundry Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse System

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A Preliminary Study on Potential of Developing Shower/Laundry Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse System Chemosphere 52 (2003) 1451–1459 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system Weizhen Lu *, Andrew Y.T. Leung Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, HKSAR, PR China Abstract With the ever-increasing urban population and economic activities, water usage and demand are continuously in- creasing. Hence, finding/re-creating adequate water supply and fully utilizing wastewater become important issues in sustainable urban development and environmental benign aspect. Considering Hong KongÕs situation, e.g., lack of natural fresh water, domination of municipal wastewater, etc., developing wastewater reclamation and reuse system is of specific significance to exploit new water resource and save natural fresh water supplied from Mainland China. We propose and have carried out some preliminary studies on the potential of categorizing municipal wastewater, devel- oping grey and storm water recycling system in public housing estate, investigating the feasibility and potential of using reclaimed grey water, etc. Since there is very limited experience in grey water recycling, such initial studies can help to understand and increase knowledge in utilizing grey water, to foresee the feasibility of developing new water resource, to estimate the cost-effectiveness of reclaiming grey water in metropolitan city. Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Potable; Potential; Shower/laundry water; Water resource; Wastewater reclamation and reuse 1. Introduction densely populated international world-trading center (with population density of 6000 persons/km2) has suf- Water is a limited and, in the mean time, the most fered water shortage for most of its 160-years history. strategically important resource on earth (Spivy, 2002). Currently, the major single source of fresh water comes Water is essential for urban, industrial, and agricultural from Guangdong Province, Mainland China. Such needs. It is estimated that the consumption of fresh supply system can be traced back to 1960 when it was water by domestic usage takes up to 70–80% of the total first formulated for receiving a supply of 22.7 million volume of wastewater globally (Harrison, 1999; Asano, cubic meters a year. It provides and annually increases 2002). Such ration in Hong Kong is even higher due to by 30 million cubic meters from 690 million cubic meters the migration of major industries further north to in 1995 to 840 million cubic meters in 2000. During Mainland China in recent years. Besides, Hong Kong 1986, water from Guangdong represented only about itself is almost totally lacking in natural water resources 52% of the total demand. In 1996, the annual supply has due to the hard granite base yields no appreciable un- been raised to 720 million cubic metres, which is over derground water and there are no sizable lakes or riv- 70% of Hong KongÕs demand. Such ratio keeps in- ers. Finding adequate water supplies has always been a creasing in recent years and the demand for fresh water problem for Hong Kong over the past 150 years. This is also raised continuously. Besides, since 1863, Hong Kong government has established series rainfall catch- ment reservoirs for collecting and storing the rainfall * Corresponding author. Tel.: +852-2784-4316; fax: +852- water as reservation, e.g., Pok Fu Lam reservoir 1863 2788-7612. (9000 m3 capacity), Wong Nai Chung reservoir 1899 E-mail address: [email protected] (W. Lu). (150 000 m3 capacity), Tai Tam Byewash reservoir 1904 0045-6535/03/$ - see front matter Ó 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00482-X 1452 W. Lu et al. / Chemosphere 52 (2003) 1451–1459 (1.36 million m3 capacity), New Kowloon reservoir shower and laundry discharges to reuse level. The study 1906, Shek Lei Pui reservoir 1925, Kowloon Byewash aims to arouse the attention of relevant parties (both reservoir 1931, Tai Lam Chung reservoir 1957, Shek Pik official and social organizations) to promote and sup- reservoir on Lantau Island 1963, Plover Cove reservoir port the development and processing of municipal 1973 (170 million m3 capacity), High Island reservoir wastewater for reuse in Hong Kong territory. 1978 (281 million m3 capacity), etc. Although the com- pleted reservoirs can supply certain amount of fresh water to urban use, such resources are unstable and 2. Background information and previous studies uncontrollable due to the seasonal variations and the uneven distribution of rainfall. Hence, seeking and de- Population growing and scarcely increase of new veloping new water resources are significant to stabilize water sources have stipulated a variety of water man- the water supply and further improve the living standard agement measures during the last few decades, including in Hong Kong (WSD annual report, 2001). the processing and reuse of water for many purposes. In fact, to save the fresh (potable) water resource, These measures include the use of highly treated mu- Hong Kong has two water supply systems to comple- nicipal wastewater to augment and conserve the raw ment the daily urban needs. One is the fresh water water supply. Such investigation has special significance supply system for potable usage. The other is the sea to excavate the new water resource and improve the water supply system for flushing usage. As a metropo- built environment in metropolitan city like Hong Kong. litan city with the highest population density in the Wastewater utilization is closely related to the genera- world, the daily sewage amount generated by the com- tion, collection, transfer and transport, treatment, dis- munity exceeds 2.3 million cubic meters. Among this, posal and reuse of wastewater that is in accordance with domestic usage takes up 53%, non-domestic 21% (e.g., the principles of public health, economics, engineering hotel, hospital, schools, sports centre, etc.), restaurants conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental fac- 17%, government 4%, bleaching and dyeing 2%, food tors along with political constraints. It also encompasses manufacturing 1%, textile industry 1%, laundries 1%, see all administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engi- Fig. 1 (DSD annual report, 2001). It can be seen that the neering functions in solving problems related to waste- domestic and non-domestic wastewater mainly contri- water (Cheremisinoff and Cheremisinoff, 1993; NRC, bute to the sewage discharge in Hong Kong. These two 1998; Al-Sulaim and Asano, 2000; Bryan, 2000; Henze kinds of sewages provide large sources for reclamation et al., 2002). Problems associated with wastewater utili- and may be used as new water resources. The treated zation in todayÕs society are complex because of the wastewater, especially shower and laundry water after quantity and diverse nature of the domestic and indus- first usage of fresh water, is a valuable resource, which trial wastewaters generated. Wastewater discharges are can be available for secondary usage, and, if under good classified based on whether they are from municipalities purification, for potable purpose again. This article re- or industries (Burton and Stensel, 2002). In Hong Kong, ports a preliminary investigation and discusses the po- municipal wastewater dominates and is usually dis- tential of development of wastewater recycle system to charged from residences, commercial and institutional collect, filter, and purify domestic wastewater from facilities. Domestic water usage, and, the resultant wastewater, is affected by climate, community size, de- velopment density, community affluence, dependability and quality of water supply, and water conservation requirements or practices. Hence, any wastewater utili- zation programme should include the monitoring of the quality and quantity of wastes produced. Tables 1–3 show the typical wastewater flow rates from residential, commercial, and institutional sources in Hong Kong. It can be seen from these tables that large amount of municipal wastewater is generated daily from various users in Hong Kong. Among these users, 7 out of 13 sources (over 50%) contain shower/laundry activities. It can be seen that the unit percentages of shower/laundry discharge in residential, commercial, and institutional sources are quite high, e.g., the unit percentage of laundry in commercial source is about 53% to the total unit consumption of commercial usage, the unit per- Fig. 1. Distribution of water consumptions by sewage ac- centage of shower/laundry in institutional source achi- counting in Hong Kong (2001). eves about 80% to the total unit consumption, etc. W. Lu et al. / Chemosphere 52 (2003) 1451–1459 1453 Table 1 Table 3 Typical wastewater flow rates from residential sources (DSD; Typical wastewater flow rates from institutional sources (DSD; WSD annual report, 2001) WSD annual report, 2001) Source Unit Flowrate Source Unit Flow rate (l/unit, day) (l/unit, day) Range Typical Range Typical Apartment Hospital Bed (shower/ 473–908 624 High-rise Person (shower/ 132–283 189 laundry) laundry) Employee 19–57 38 Low-rise Person (shower/ 189–302 246 laundry) Prison Inmate (shower/ 284–567 435 laundry) Employee 19–57 38 Individual residence Typical home Person (shower/ 170–340 264 School, daily laundry) With cafe- Student (shower) 57–113 95 Better home Person (shower/ 227–378 302 teria, gym, laundry) shower Luxury home Person (shower/ 283–567 360 With cafe- Student 38–76 57 laundry) teria only Older home Person (shower/ 113–227 170 Without Person
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