The Influence of Islamic on Jewish Kabbalah

Uthman Khan Khan 2

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION 3

WHAT IS KABBALA 5

A FEW SIMILARITIES 7

COSMOLOGY 12

ABRAHAM MAIMONIDES 15

CONCLUSION 17

BIBLIOGRAPHY 18

Khan 3

Introduction

Is it really a tug of war between religion and spirituality or are both concepts on the same side of the fence. Is one religion is truly influencing another religion and is this influence lower the ranking of one religion over the other? This is one of many questions that can be raised and taken to another level of dispute and it can be religious ego or a cultish subjectivity that causes it. Muslim scripture refers to the Christians and the Jews as ahl al-kita@b and creates a link between the three faiths. Understanding this connection is crucial before letting ones prejudices dictate ones relationship with others. Muslims and Jews have been interconnected and have significant common features within their respective traditions, apart from the conflict in the Middle East. However both faith traditions originate from Abraham who called to monotheism, a shared doctrine within both Judaism and . The relationship is closer than one can imagine as the Jews affirm their descent from Isaac, the son of Abraham and his wife Sarah, and Muslims from Ishmael, the son of Abraham's Egyptian slave Hagar.

The Qur’a@n repeatedly praises Moses and Muslims have considered him as one of the arch prophets (ulu@ al-‘azm), and Muslims, like Jews, believe that Moses alone spoke directly to God. Jews and Muslims both circumcise their male offspring, the Jews at puberty and the Muslims at birth. Both religions also ban the consumption of pork. Even in spirituality, from Judaism the Kabbalah sprung out which is similar to Sufism originating from Islam. Sufism not only formulated in the beginning of the 9th century under the influence of Neo-Platonism but many attempts have been made to prove that

Sufi@ ideologies have originated from the first generation of Islam and from the Qur’a@n.

The same challenge exists within the Kabbalah that its advent and codification is post Khan 4 ninth century, also under the influence of Neo-Platonism and many attempts and assumptions claim its origins from the earlier days of Judaism and derived from the

Torah.

In this Paper I wish to look into the Kabbalah and Sufism and how both practices intersected with one another wherein Sufism played a big role in influencing the practices and theory of the Kabbalah. I will start by briefly talking about the Kabbalah and the main concepts within it, and then talk some of the similarities and how chronologically Sufism preceded the Kabbalah in many points. I will also look briefly into the cosmology of Sufism and the Kabbalah. Finally I wish to look into one major

Kabbalistic figure, the son of Moses Maimonides, Abraham who took the lead in Jewish spirituality. I wish to thank Dr. Yehezkel Landau for his mentorship and guidance in the topic of Judaism and the Kabbalah and I know that this is a very vast topic that cannot be covered in a few pages of research rather it requires volumes. I tried my best to open up the topic at an exploratory level and I tried to ensure complete neutrality and objectivity in the references used and read prior to compiling and critiquing this topic. I pray that this paper will be a doorway leading to the exploration of the topic of the

Kabbalah and Sufism.

Khan 5

What is Kabbala

Kaballah has nothing to do with eschatology rather it is strictly the mystical path of Judaism. As in every religion there is always some sort of involved and these paths may be at many times an intrinsic part of the religion. For example in

Islam the concept of ih{san means to worship God as though you are seeing him and if you cannot see him them know that he is seeing you.1 Even in Christianity mysticism has been connected in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions.2 In the case of

Judaism the Torah contains many stories of mystical experiences, from visitations by angels to prophetic dreams and visions. The Talmud contains vague hints of a mystical school of thought that was taught only to the most advanced students and was not committed to writing. There are several references in ancient sources to ma'aseh bereishit (the work of creation) and ma'aseh merkavah (the work of the chariot [of

Ezekiel's vision]), the two primary subjects of mystical thought at the time. Eventually these mystical teachings were put in writing in books like the Zohar.3 Because of its depth and spiritual nature, discussions on magic, amulets, demons, exorcism, dreams and interpretations, and God’s names and attributes are all included. Within the

Kabbalah there are a few fundamental concepts such as the concept of God as the ein sof, the ten sefirot also known as the Kabbalistic tree of life.

1 Ibn Rajab, Ja@mi‘al-‘ulu@m wa al-h{ikam, 93

2 Christian mysticism, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism, last modified on 14 November 2014, (Accessed September 29 2014).

3Tracey Rich, Kabbalah and Jewish Mysticism, 2011, Judaism 101, http://www.jewfaq.org/kabbalah.htm, (Accessed September 29 2014).

Khan 6

The Kabbalist refer to God transcendent as ein sof. The word refers to god in His pure essence: God in Himself, apart from His relationship to the created world.4 The sefirot is a fundamental concept of Kabbalah that during the process of creation an intermediate stage emanated from God’s infinite light to create what we experience as finite reality and these channels were called the ten sefirot.5 It is believed that through these powers God created and ruled the , and it is by influencing them that humans cause God to send to earth forces of compassion or severe judgment. The right side represents the principles of unity, harmony and benevolence and it is associated with the bestowing of generous goodness upon our world. It is the considered masculine side. The left side is the side of power and strict justice and it symbolizes the female side, representing the fearsome awe of God, and the principles of separation and distinction. The unrestrained dominion of the left side gives rise to evil. The middle column of the sefirot structure represents the ideal balance of divine mercy and justice.6

Sufism, is very similar to Kabbalah in its being the mysticism within Islam and is a concept in Islam, defined by scholars as the inner and mystical dimension of Islam. 7

Islamic Sufism was very much influenced by Neo-Platonist philosophy. 8 Perhaps the reason why many people involved in it would simply follow it because it was very

4 Gershom Scholem and Moshe Idel. "Ein-Sof." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik.

5 Harav Ginsburgh, The Ten Sefirot: Introduction, Jan 27 2014, Gal Einai, http://www.inner.org/sefirot/sefirot.htm, (Accessed October 12 2014).

6 Eliezer Segal, The Ten Sefirot of the Kabbalah, n.d., Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sefirot.html, (Accessed October 11 2014).

7 Sufism, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism, last modified on 17 November 2014, (Accessed October 11 2014).

8 Kamuran Godelek, The Neoplatonist Roots of , n.d., The Paideia Project, http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/CompGode.htm, (Accessed September 22 2014). Khan 7 philosophical and hard to understand yet logical and thus it must be true. Many Sufis have argued that Sufism originated from the Qur'a@n and was compatible with mainstream Islamic thought and did not contradict Islamic Law in any way rather it was necessary to its complete fulfillment.9 Nevertheless Sufi Muslims have been less opportune in their own religion and affiliation than Kabbalist with the Jews that Muslim fundamentalists have always attacked the Sufis, while Kabbalah seems to have been assimilated into Orthodox Jewish observance on the most part. The religious consciousness shared in dialogue between the Muslim Sufis and the Jewish Kabbalist provides a positive example for the believers in each of the two religions today. 10

A few Similarities

The Kabbalah has been strictly Jewish since the time of its inception even though its roots were traced back to Moses, or even Abraham or Adam. The issue of whether or not there had been external influence or not is one that has been discussed in academic circles and A.S. Halkin, states that: "In all the vast literature of the Kabbalah, there is no trace of a non-Jewish source or influence”.11 Nevertheless there are many similarities with Sufism that are very much apparent within the kabalistic literature.

Ibra@him b. Maymu@n (the famous Maimonides’ son) was in the forefront of Jewish spirituality and constructed a defense of his father's strict rationalism out of a Su@fi@ mold and string of Pseudo-Maimonidean writings stressing an interiorized Neo-Platonism,

9 Sufism, Wikipedia.

10 Stephen Schwartz, Islamic Sufism and Jewish Kabbalah: Shining a Light on Their Hidden History, Huffpost Religion, (Dec 5 2011), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-schwartz/sufism-and- kabbalah_b_989875.html, (Accessed September 29 2014).

11 Tom Block, Abraham Maimonides: A Jewish Sufi, Sufi Magazine, London, England, Winter 2001, http://tomblock.com/shalom_jewishsufi#_ednref2, (Accessed October 3 2014). Khan 8 which had surfaced in the thirteenth century.12 The same Neo-Platonism had influenced

Ibn ‘Arabi@ also who was from the same era. This era was one wherein there seems to have been a lot of the Kabbalistic outbreak. For example Nah{manides (Moses b.

Naḥma@n, also known as Naḥama@ni and Ramban (d. 1270) was the first commentator to introduce Kabbalah into his commentary of the Bible.13 Bahya b. Asher (d. 1340) is considered of great importance in kabbalah and is one of the main sources through which Kabbalistic sayings of Nah{manidis’ contemporaries have been preserved.14 Isaac the Blind (d. 1235), was a pivotal figure in the study of early thirteenth century

Kabbalistic philosophy and ritual studied not only by Jewish, but also early Greek, and

Christian Gnostic writings, as well as the writing of a Sufi sect in Basra, the Brethren of

Sincerity (ikhwa@n al-s{afa@) 15.

The Bahir is one of the oldest and most important of all Kabbalistic texts. Until the publication of the Zohar, the Bahir was the most influential source of Kabbalistic teachings. It is quoted in virtually every major Kabbalistic work and is cited numerous times by the Ramba@n in his commentary on the Torah. It is also paraphrased and quoted many times in the Zohar.16 The Sefer Bahir seems to have first appeared in Provence,

12 Joseph Dan, Ronald C. Kiener, The Early Kabbalah (Google eBook), Paulist Press, 1986, Pg.17.

13 Joseph Kaplan, et al. "Naḥmanides." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik.

14 Efraim Gottlieb, "BaḤya ben Asher ben ḤLava." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik.

15 Mark Stavish, Kabbalah and the Hermetic Tradition, 2006, The Hermetic Library, http://hermetic.com/stavish/essays/kabbalah-hermetic.html (Accessed October 14 2014).

16 Daniel P. Faigin, What is Sefer haBahir, The Bahir (The Book of Illumination), Question 3.32, Culture.Jewish Newsgroups, 2002, www.scjfaq.org/faq/03-32.html, (Accessed November 18, 2014).

Khan 9

Fr., in the latter half of the twelfth century.17 As for the Zohar, probably written by

Moses de Leon, a Spanish Kabbalist (d. 1305), he claimed to discover the text of the

Zohar, and the text was subsequently published and distributed throughout the Jewish world.18 Thus the Thirteenthh century was the “Medieval emergence” and the era when the kabbalah developed into a structured science.

During this century the Spaniard Ibn ‘Arabi@ (1240) emerged and his works also made it to the market. When reading Kabbalistic works the resemblance is very interesting and Michael McGaha has pointed out:

It was no coincidence that the earliest Kabbalistic writings and the work of (Sufi philosopher) Ibn ‘Arabi@ appeared around the same time (late twelfth-early thirteenth-centuries). Jewish refugees from Muslim Spain were breathing new life into the doctrines and imagery developed by the Sufis in Baghdad and later in Andalusia, creating the new system of mysticism known as the Kabbalah.19

The Sefer Yetzireh emerged into the light of day in the tenth century20 however it was referred to prior to that time.21 A little earlier in the late ninth century

Muh{ammad b. Na@sir al-Bas{ri@ al-‘Iraqi@ (d. 883) had established the foundation of the mystical Shiite group in Baghdad. Being very close in age, the Sefer Yetzireh refers to three “Mother Letters” being Mem, Shin, and Aleph and equally the Nas{i@riites also had

17 "Sefer ha-bahir". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2014 .

18Daniel P. Faigin, Question What is The Zohar?, 3.33, Culture.Jewish Newsgroups, 2002, www.scjfaq.org/faq/03-33.html, (Accessed November 18, 2014).

19 Michael Mcgaha, The Sefer Ha-Bahir and Andalusian Sufism, Medieval Encounters, Volume 3, Issue 1, 1997, BRILL, Pg. 57

20 A. Peter Hayman, Sefer Yetzirah, Mohr Siebeck, 2004, Pg. 40.

21 Robert Zucker, Sefer Yetsirah and Jewish Mysiticsm Time Line, 2011, The Mystical Study of Kabbalah (Qabalah) online, http://emol.org/kabbalah/seferyetzirah/timeline/1stto9thcentury.html, (Accessed November 18, 2014).

Khan 10 their mystical harmony of the letters ayn, mim and sin (three letters).22 The references of both the groups is different as the Sefer Yetzireh refers to air, water and fire while the

Nasiriites refer them to ‘Ali@, Muh{ammad and Salma@n the Persian (al-fa@rsi@). Heaven is created with fire, earth is created with Water, and air (the atmosphere) is from breath that balances between them,23 essentially the three elements from which all other life besides God came into being. In regards to the Nas{i@riites, Ali created and

Muh{ammad created [email protected] In other words they say that ‘Ali@ is equivalent to Jesus for the Christians, a god incarnate. The Nas{i@riite three letters pre dates the Kabbalistic

“Mother letters” however it seems that the Kabbalist had improved the structure of the three letters giving it a more logical explanation.

Another example is the magic and power of the letters. In the ninth century the great alchemist Ja@bir b. H{ayya@n (d. 815) he made reference to the letters and their usage and hidden meanings within them. This is also an essential part of the Sefer Yetzireh.

According to Ibn H{ayya@n letters played a big role in scientific alchemical theories, cosmology, creation of the universe etc.25 In later era’s there seemed to be an influence of alchemy on the Kabbalah for example the saying “through the gaze of the sun and its power, dust evolves and grows gold” (Zohar, 1:249–50) agrees with Artephius’ (d. 1150) theory that the metals grow like plants, but whereas the plants are composed of water

22 Ha@shim ‘Uthma@n, Al-’Alawiyyu@n bayn al-ust{u@rat wa al-h{aqi@qat, Mu’assasat al-a ‘lami@ li al- mat{bu@ ‘a@t, Beirut, Lebanon, 1985, Pg, 158.

23 David Friedman, Three Mother Letters, Kosmic Kabbalah Art, 2012, http://www.kosmic- kabbalah.com/chapter-3-three-mother-letters, (Accessed October 19 2014).

24 Zaynab al-T{alba@ni al-Sulayma@ni@, al-Nas{i@riyyat (‘Alawiyyat Su@riyyat), n.d., Mesopotamia, A Periodical published by The Center For Iraqi Nation Studies, http://www.mesopot.com/old/adad9/46.htm, (Accessed October 14 2014).

25 See Letters, Michael Ebstein, Mysticism and Philosophy in al-Andalus: Ibn Masarra, Ibn al- ʿArabī and the Ismāʿīlī Tradition, BRILL, Nov 25, 2013, Pg. 77 -122.

Khan 11 and dust, the metals are composed of sulfur and mercury; the heat of the sun's rays penetrates the earth and combines with these elements to form gold, the metal of the sun.26 Artephius pre dates the Zohar as well and was a Muslim alchemist.27

The 13th century ibn ‘Arabi@ and his works in Islamic mysticism seems to have influenced the Kabbalah quite a bit and he was a mystic influenced by philosophy and his understanding of the religion was couched under the terminology of Neo-Platonism.

He had made reference to the notion of a perfect or complete man (al-insa@n al-ka@mil), which was echoed by the works of Maimonides as adam qadmo@n (primordial man) and adam salem, which is the Hebrew rendering of al-insan [email protected] It would be immature to claim that there was no influence from Islam or the Sufism upon the Kabbalah however it is not something that the Kabbalist would worry about if they were open to reform and improvement of a system based on the changing of time and place. There may be some religious and subjective opposition from the orthodox Jews as there was from the orthodox Muslims against the Sufis. Nevertheless, The Babylonian Talmud,

Megillah, states: “He who pronounces a word of wisdom, even of non-Jews, is called a wise man.” Moses Maimonides wrote: “The truth is the truth no matter what its source.”29 A few more similarities worth mentioning is that theoretical Kabbalist have

26 Bernard Suler, "Alchemy." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik.

27 Artephius, Wikipedia, last modified on 26 March 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artephius, (Accessed November 18, 2014).

28 Ronald Kiener, Ibn al-'Arabí and the Qabbalah: A Study of Thirteenth-Century Iberian Mysticism, 1982, Studies in Mystical Literature 2,2. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/1776816/Ibn_al-Arabi_and_the_Qabbalah_A_Study_of_Thirteenth- Century_Iberian_Mysticism, (Accessed November 2 2014).

29 Israel Drazin, Maimonides’ descendants rejected his philosophy, 2011, Available at: http://booksnthoughts.com/maimonides-descendants-rejected-his-philosophy/, (Accessed September 29 2014). Khan 12 seventy-two names of God 30 while the Muslims have ninety-nine names of God. The invocation of the divine name in Jewish mystical circles is similar to Islamic and invocation of the divine names of God. The Kabbalist (as well as the Jews) have a mystical interpretation of the Torah (sod)31 as the Muslims have the ba@t{in (hidden or mystical meaning). In fact, the Kabbalist state that Torah has four layers corresponding to the four worlds, and the Shiites have said that the Qur’anic verses have seven levels of meanings.32 Finally Robert Keiner writes:

It is a rare occurrence to find a Jewish mystic consciously and explicitly turning to another religion in his quest for spiritual attainment. In the pre modern world only Abraham Maimuni (d. 1237), the son of Maimonidies (d. 1204) called Jews to follow the ascetic practices of the Sufis. Maimuni thought that the Sufis preserved ascetic traditions of the Hebrew prophets and therefore saw their practices as a model for Jewish pietism. As we shall see, some Jewish philosophical texts, written in an Islamic environment show a strong Sufi influence. But nowhere does one find in Jewish mysticism, save the case of Maimuni, a positive predisposition towards, or even a recognition of, the essential monotheistic similarities of Islam.33

Cosmology Kabbalah teaches a philosophical view of the cosmos in such a way that all existing things can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance, in this case through the sefirot. It is very similar to the pantheistic vision of a cosmos and the Su@fi@ concept of wah{dat al-wuju@d. In other words the cosmos is intended to become the

30 John J. Parsons, Hebrew Names of God, n.d. Hebrew for Christians, http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Names_of_G-d/Esoteric/esoteric.html, (Accessed September 29 2014).

31 Nissan Dovid Dubov, Torah Study, 2014, Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center, http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/361894/jewish/Torah-Study.htm, (Accessed October 12 2014).

32 Mohsin Fayz Kasha@ni@, Tafsi@r Al-S{a@fi@, Maktaba As S{adr, 1416 AH 1995 CE), 60, 61.

33 Ronald Kiener, Ibn al-'Arabí and the Qabbalah.

Khan 13

"vessel" for divinity. The sefirot exposes the mind and dynamic influence of God and from a human perspective reveals a map of the inner life that is made in the divine image. Through an individual’s recognition of oneself he/she recognizes God. Human souls are ultimately considered aspects of a greater “world soul” that is meant to reflect back the conscious image of God back to God and so each person is a part of a greater spiritual community that may be called the “body of God.”34

The concept of wah{dat al wuju@d within Sufism echoes the same ideas and it translated as unicity of existence. In other words we all exist and god exists thus we are all connected through a unicity of existence. The “Treatise on Being” (risa@lat al- wuju@diyyah) which was claimed to be written by Ibn ‘Arabi@ referred to this concept. The whole purpose the treatise was to talk about the Muh{ammadan narration “whoever recognizes oneself then indeed he recognized his lord” (man ‘arafa nafsahu@ fa qad ‘arafa rabbahu@) which was considered a fabricated narration.35 Nevertheless one point of human’s connection with God was when the treatise quoted the prophetic narration wherein God says, “I was sick and you didn’t visit me and I begged you and you never gave me”. According to the treatise this pointed to the fact that existence of the beggar is God’s existence thus the existence of all created things, both accidents and substances are His existence. Also there is no difference in the existence and the God. Thus the existence is not a creation and it is none other than the oneness of God. Another point along these lines was that there is in realty only one being (existence) the one being has

34 John J. Parsons, The Kabbalah of Creation, n.d. Hebrew for Christians, http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Articles/kabbalah/Creation/creation.html, (Accessed September 29 2014).

35 Jala@l al-Di@n al-Suyu@t{i@, Al-H{a@wi@ li al-Fata@wa@, Da@r al-Fikr li al-T{aba@ ‘at wa al-Nashr, 2004, Pg 288.

Khan 14 no parts and that one being is neither more here, nor less there. If one were to look deeply within oneself he/she would see the lord, justifying the saying I am the lord or glory be to me (ana al-h{aqq or subh{ani@).

From another point of view regarding the cosmos, the medieval mystic Isaac

Luria (d. 1572) distinguished between four different “levels” or “worlds” of reality, each of which itself includes the sefirot. They were Atzilut, called the “world of Emanation”.

This is completely the realm of the ein sof and is in perfect harmony and balance. Beriah called the “world of Creation”. This is the realm of the archangels and the throne.

Yetzirah called the “world of Formation”. This is the realm of paradise and the lower angels. Finally Asiyah called the “world of Action”. This is the realm of the physical universe and its creatures. This system is not alien to Muslim Mystics for example in

Sufi cosmology there is ‘A@lam al-Ha@hu@t (the world of He-ness). The realm of pre- existence, the condition of the universe before its formation, equated with the unknowable essence of God This would be similar to the ein sof of Kabbalah. Below it is the ‘A@lam al-Lahu@t (the world of God-ness) and this would be similar to the Kabbalist kether. Below it is the ‘A@lam al-Jabaru@t (the world of power); also ‘A@lam al-Arwa@h{ (the world of souls). Roughly corresponding to the world of Platonic archetypes, Shaivite

Shivaloka (the world of Shiva), or causal world of Western occultism. Below it is the

‘A@lam al-Malaku@t (the world of angels) and finally below it is the ‘A@lam al-Na@su@t (the world of humanity).36

36 Arvan Harvat, Sufi Cosmology, 2004, KHEPER, http://www.kheper.net/topics/Islamic_esotericism/cosmology.html, (Accessed October 20 2014). Also see Sufi Cosmology, Wikipedia, last modified on 20 August 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology (Accessed October 20 2014). Khan 15

Abraham Maimonides Abraham b. Moses b. Maymu@n, also known as Rabbeinu Avraham ben ha-

Rambam, and Avraham Maimuni (d. 1237) was the son of Moses Maimonidies (d.1204).

His father was the author of “the guide for the perplexed” (dala@lat al h{a@’iri@n) and was a rationalist par excellence, and the greatest Jewish thinker. His son did not seem to follow in his father’s foot steps rather took a U-turn and chose a path more connected to

Jewish spirituality and mysticism. Before reaching twenty years old he became the leader of the Jews in Egypt. He had two children, Dawood, who took over the leadership after him and ‘Uba@diyyah which is similar to the meaning of the ‘Abd Alla@h.

His teachings and the differences between him and his father were very clear. His father focused on the development of a person’s intelligence and the acquisition of knowledge and that the purpose of the Torah was to teach true ideas and aid the people in improving themselves and society. Abraham on the other hand focused on the soul and contended that the goal of the Torah was to perfect the soul through ten kinds of ethical conduct.37 According to Abraham the soul was a separate spiritual part of a person and the part of the Human being that survives him/her after death. This soul aspires and longs for the spiritual and heavenly world but this is withheld from the unholy demonic pull of the body.38 Abraham also focused on pietistic behavior more than the acquisition of knowledge and intellect. The purpose of knowledge was to attain humility in contrary to the pride many attain through knowledge. According to him perfection was a feature

37 Israel Drazin, Maimonides: Reason Above All (Google eBook), Gefen Publishing House Ltd, Oct 1, 2009, Pg 53.

38 Ibid Khan 16 that lies in in disassociation of a person from his body of bodily needs while his father thought otherwise.39

His influence in the Sufi world is apparent in the Sufi practices of Inayat Khan

(d. 1927) who was the founder of “The Sufi Order in the West” in 1914 (London) and teacher of Universal Sufism. Universal Sufism is based on unity of all people, religions and the presence of spiritual guidance in all people, places and things.40 He initiated The

Inayati-Maymu@ni T{ari@qat of Sufi-Hasidim with his student, Netanel (Mu’in al-Di@n)

Miles-Yepez, blending the Sufi and Hasidic principles of spirituality promoted by

Abraham b. Maymu@n. He recently passed away peacefully in his sleep on Thursday, the third of July 2014, at around at the age of eighty nine.41 Abraham was accepted and was an important figure in the Jewish world to this day and even though he helped disseminate Sufi thought to the world he never broke with traditional Judaism in order to practice a Jewish brand of Sufism.42 He justified this paradoxical situation, i.e. believing that Jewish law must be strictly adhered to, while advocating Sufi-like reforms, by reading Sufi attitudes and beliefs into the distinguished history of

Rabbinical thought.43

39 Ibid. Pg. 54

40 Universal Sufism, Wikipedia, last modified on 1 June 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Sufism#cite_note-2, (Accessed October 14 2014).

41 Netanel Miles-Yepez, Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Father of Jewish Renewal, Dies at 89, 2014, Huffpost Religion, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/netanel-milesyepez/rabbi-zalman- schachtersha_b_5555879.html, (Accessed November 18, 2014).

42 Tom Block, Abraham Maimonides: A Jewish Sufi, Sufi Magazine, London, England, Winter 2001, Available at: http://tomblock.com/shalom_jewishsufi#_edn3, (Accessed September 28 2014).

43 Ibid Khan 17

Conclusion

“And were it not that God checks the people, some by means of others, there would have been demolished monasteries, churches, synagogues, and in which

the name of God is much mentioned.”44

While today's politicians are provoking hatred and desperately trying to drive each other into the Mediterranean Sea, it is important that Muslim and Jewish leaders realize the closeness of their faiths and vie towards practicing a shared version of their respective paths, at the least acknowledgement of the similarities within Judaism and

Islam over Christianity. Knowing that the heart and souls of Islam and Judaism are so closely connected and originate from one source it is very odd that the two religions can be at war. To envision peace, the answer is to rebuild the golden age harmony when the

Muslim and Jews lived together in agreement and respect; the time of the collaborative migration of the Jews and Muslims out of Spain in 1212; the welcoming of the Jews within the ottoman empire known though letters documenting the Rabbis telling the

Jews to leave the European persecution and come to Ottoman Turkey; the help offered by the Muslims to save many Jews from the holocaust. Spirituality is just one path that has shown this harmony, but the links between Islamic Sufism and Jewish Kabbalah deserve to be studied and celebrated, and efforts should be made to resolve the enigmatic history of their parallel and common pathways.45

44 Q. al-an ‘a@m: 40

45 Stephen Schwartz, Islamic Sufism and Jewish Kabbalah: Khan 18

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