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From Revolution to Coalition – Radical Left Parties in Europe

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From Revolution to Coalition – Radical Left Parties in Europe e P uro e t Parties in t Parties F e l evolution to Coalition – r al C Birgit Daiber, Cornelia Hildebrandt, Anna Striethorst (Ed.) adi r From From revolution to Coalition – radiCal leFt Parties in euroPe 2 Manuskripte neue Folge 2 r osa luxemburg stiFtung Birgit Daiber, Cornelia Hildebrandt, Anna Striethorst (Ed.) From Revolution to Coalition – Radical Left Parties in Europe Birgit Daiber, Cornelia Hildebrandt, Anna Striethorst (Ed.) From revolution to Coalition – radiCal leFt Parties in euroPe Country studies of 2010 updated through 2011 Phil Hill (Translation) Mark Khan, Eoghan Mc Mahon (Editing) IMPRINT MANUSKRIPTE is published by Rosa-Luxemburg-Foundation ISSN 2194-864X Franz-Mehring-Platz 1 · 10243 Berlin, Germany Phone +49 30 44310-130 · Fax -122 · www.rosalux.de Editorial deadline: June 2012 Layout/typesetting/print: MediaService GmbH Druck und Kommunikation, Berlin 2012 Printed on Circleoffset Premium White, 100 % Recycling Content Editor’s Preface 7 Inger V. Johansen: The Left and Radical Left in Denmark 10 Anna Kontula/Tomi Kuhanen: Rebuilding the Left Alliance – Hoping for a New Beginning 26 Auður Lilja Erlingsdóttir: The Left in Iceland 41 Dag Seierstad: The Left In Norway: Politics in a centre-left government 50 Barbara Steiner: «Communists we are no longer, Social Democrats we can never be the Swedish Left Party» 65 Thomas Kachel: The British Left At The End Of The New Labour Era – An Electoral Analysis 78 Cornelia Hildebrandt: The Left Party in Germany 93 Stéphane Sahuc: Left Parties in France 114 Sascha Wagener: The Left in Luxemburg 129 Clemens Wirries: A Party for the «Simple People»: The Socialist Party of the Netherlands 144 Daniel Schukovits: The Radical Left in Austria 163 Holger Politt: Left-Wing Parties in Poland 178 Stanislav Holubec: The Czech Radical Left 185 Norbert Hagemann: The Communist Re-Foundation Party: Development of the Contradiction between «Great Ambition and Little Power» 196 Mimmo Porcaro: The Italian Communist Refoundation Party: Apparent Continuity And Actual Break 215 Dominic Heilig: The Portuguese Left: The Story Of A Separation 233 Dominic Heilig: The Spanish United Left 255 Michael Müller: The Left in Bulgaria 276 Julian Marioulas: The Greek Left 292 Boris Kanzleiter/Đorđe Tomić: The Left in the Post-Yugoslav Area 309 Krunoslav Stojaković: Croatia Votes for Change 326 Dorothée de Nève/Tina Olteanu: Romania: The Search for a New Left Identity 330 Cem Sey: The Search for Unity: The Left inT urkey 348 Julian Marioulas: The AKEL in Cyprus 363 Roland Kulke/Mark Khan: The Electoral Systems in the Countries of Europe 372 Autors 382 editor’s PreFaCe Since 2008, we – the Brussels Office and the Institute for Social Analysis of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation – have been working to compile reports on the left parties of Europe. This is now our second publication on the topic. We published an initial compilation of country reports in the spring of 2009, which left many questions unanswered, and also provided no comparisons between the parties. This prompted us in the summer of 2009 to organize a meeting of authors, and to draft a list of questions for more thorough-going reports. Thus, we felt, it should be possible to analyse the situation of the left parties in Europe in a comparative manner. Initially, this investigation was completed in May 2010 and published in German, but delays in the translation and events in the countries involved made the English version obso- lete before it was even finished. As a result, the texts have now been updated to cover events through the end of 2011. All 25 reports will be released internationally at the same time, as a compiled volume in the rls Position Papers Series. The political spectrum of left parties in Europe ranges from social democratic, left- libertarian and green-alternative formations to classical communist parties. We have limited our investigation to those left-wing parties which, according to their own self-image, belong to the political left, but neither to the social democratic nor to the green-alternative family. We refer to these parties as the «left parties». A total of some 60 parties can be considered part of this party family. As one of the few verifiable criteria for the selection of these parties, we have used their membership in one of the relevant European cooperative networks, specifically the European Left (EL), the New European Left Forum (NELF) and the Alliance of the Nordic Green Left (NGLA). Those parties whose elected representatives in the European Parliament adhere to the confederal Group of GUE/NGL are also included. To compare common problems and issues of party development, strategy and pro- gramme, it is necessary to use the theoretical and empirical tools of electoral and party 7 research. These instruments have hitherto been applied to the parties discussed here in only a few cases. Comparative (western) European research on the development of the political systems in western and east-central Europe generally treats radical left parties – to the extent that they are politically relevant – as part of the left spectrum, without addressing their own development in any detail. Therefore, this publication is an attempt to enter into a comparative discussion of the development of radical left parties in Europe without as yet satisfying the demand for a well-grounded research effort of these parties. The present anthology includes 23 country reports, one of which is on all the coun- tries of former Yugoslavia, and two of which are about Italy. For some European countries, we have not been able to provide any analysis, since we were unable to find suitable authors within the required time frame. In some, we originally had reports, but were unable to get new ones for the present 2010/’eleven publication. The questionnaire developed for the country reports referred to the development of the parties, their political concepts and their self-understanding, their organisational structures, strategies and programmes, as well as their current use value in the political structure of the respective countries. Here, the focus of the authors of the different reports is again very different. There are several reasons for this: First, the national frameworks differ widely; second, there are also significant differences in their politi- cal traditions and goals; and finally, many of the parties are too small to allow for any meaningful statements about the social composition of their memberships. Hence, the country reports present differing segments of the histories and current situations of radical left parties. The main focus of our interest was and is the question of the potentials of radical left-wing parties and their chances for breaking out of the predominantly defensive position that has prevailed since 1989: Under what conditions do radical leftist par- ties compete successfully in the political spectrums in their countries? What is the role of programme and self-image? To what extent are the parties in a position to bring together actors from various left tendencies? And, beyond that: to what extent are they able to bind various sub-cultures to themselves, and to create alliances to push through leftist demands? Do the parties concerned in fact address the building of counter-hegemonic societal alliances – or do they prefer to stay within their own «camps»? What answers do they provide to the existential issues of European devel- opment? And where can we find examples of transformational projects of a forward- looking character? We hope to be able to provide answers to some aspects of these questions in our study, and thus to not only contribute to a better understanding of radical left-wing parties in Europe, but also to help spark some thought about their ability to act in a Europe of the future. The existential problems in Europe and the world, the global crises, climate change, the social political changes in Europe and elsewhere, and the growing number of regional wars call for left responses and common strategies. 8 We would like to express our thanks to the authors of the country studies, particularly for rewriting and updating their papers for the English edition, and to our translator Phil Hill for incorporating these changes into the final version. Finally, we would especially like to thank the European Left Party and the European Foundation trans- form! Europe, the European network for alternative thinking and political dialogue – the most important actors in the development of common strategies. Berlin, November 2011 9 Inger V. Johansen the leFt and radiCal leFt in denmark The parliamentary elections in Denmark in 2011 brought the Danish left back to power again after ten years of a right-wing government which had opened the door to government participation by the anti-immigrant, populist right wing in northern Europe. Yet even half a year later, there are signs that the new government is not living up to its promise. Taking aim at the right-wing government Starting in 2009, the four parties of the centre-left, the Social Democrats (SD)1, the Socialist People’s Party (Socialistisk Folkeparti/SF), the Radical Liberals (Radikale Vens­ tre2/RV) and the Red-Green Alliance Unity List3 (RGA) developed a close partnership to replace the right-bourgeois government; it began with a cooperation agreement between the SD and the SF. The crucial role of the Social Democrats in the building of the Danish welfare state in the 20th century made the Social Democrats the only truly sizeable party of the Danish working-class over that period – especially after the Second World War when the Social Democrats became the party which more or less determined Danish politics. As such, they participated in a system of so-called «left- right» – or «right-left» – parliamentary deals on a number of issues.
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