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New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain • Carsten Jacob Humlebæk and Antonia María Ruiz Jiménez New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain

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New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain • Carsten Jacob Humlebæk and Antonia María Ruiz Jiménez New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain in Nationalism on Perspectives New • Carsten Humlebæk Jacob and Antonia María Jiménez Ruiz New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain Edited by Carsten Jacob Humlebæk and Antonia María Ruiz Jiménez Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Genealogy www.mdpi.com/journal/genealogy New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain Editors Carsten Humlebæk Antonia Mar´ıaRuiz Jim´enez MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editors Carsten Humlebæk Antonia Mar´ıa Ruiz Jimenez´ Copenhagen Business School Universidad Pablo de Olavide Denmark Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Genealogy (ISSN 2313-5778) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/genealogy/special issues/perspective). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-082-6 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-083-3 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editors .............................................. vii Preface to ”New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain” ....................... ix Pablo S´anchez Leon´ The Study of Nation and Patria as Communities of Identity: Theory, Historiography, and Methodology from the Spanish Case Reprinted from: Genealogy 2020, 4, 23, doi:10.3390/genealogy4010023 ................ 1 Carmelo Moreno The Spanish Plurinational Labyrinth. Practical Reasons for Criticising the Nationalist Bias of Others While Ignoring One’s Own Nationalist Position Reprinted from: Genealogy 2020, 4, 7, doi:10.3390/genealogy4010007 ................. 17 Enrique Maestu Fonseca Spanish Conservatives at the Early Stages of Spanish Democracy: Reshaping the Concepts of State and Community in the Thought of Manuel Fraga Reprinted from: Genealogy 2020, 4, 22, doi:10.3390/genealogy4010022 ................ 39 Robert Gould Vox Espana˜ and Alternative fur¨ Deutschland: Propagating the Crisis of National Identity Reprinted from: Genealogy 2019, 3, 64, doi:10.3390/genealogy3040064 ................ 55 Thomas Jeffrey Miley and Roberto Garv´ıa Conflict in Catalonia: A Sociological Approximation Reprinted from: Genealogy 2019, 3, 56, doi:10.3390/genealogy3040056 ................ 81 Alejandro Quiroga and Fernando Molina National Deadlock. Hot Nationalism, Dual Identities and Catalan Independence (2008–2019) Reprinted from: Genealogy 2020, 4, 15, doi:10.3390/genealogy4010015 ................109 Carsten Humlebæk and Mark F. Hau From National Holiday to Independence Day: Changing Perceptions of the “Diada” Reprinted from: Genealogy 2020, 4, 31, doi:10.3390/genealogy4010031 ................125 Josep M. Oller, Albert Satorra and Adolf Tobe˜na Privileged Rebels: A Longitudinal Analysis of Distinctive Economic Traits of Catalonian Secessionism Reprinted from: Genealogy 2020, 4, 19, doi:10.3390/genealogy4010019 ................149 Nichole Fern´andez Constructing National Identity Through Galician Homeland Tourism Reprinted from: Genealogy 2020, 4, 1, doi:10.3390/genealogy4010001 .................167 Pablo Ortiz Barquero The Electoral Breakthrough of the Radical Right in Spain: Correlates of Electoral Support for VOX in Andalusia (2018) Reprinted from: Genealogy 2019, 3, 72, doi:10.3390/genealogy3040072 ................189 v Daniele Conversi and Matthew Machin-Autenrieth The Musical Bridge—Intercultural Regionalism and the Immigration Challenge in Contemporary Andalusia Reprinted from: Genealogy 2020, 4, 5, doi:10.3390/genealogy4010005 .................203 vi About the Editors Carsten Humlebæk (Associate Professor) graduated in Hispanic philology at the University of Copenhagen in 1998, and obtained his Ph.D. in History and Civilization from the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, in 2004. Since 2005, he has held an associate professorship of Spanish Cultural and Social Analysis at the Department of Management, Society & Communication at Copenhagen Business School. He has participated in a number of international research projects centered on Spanish nationalism, nationalist conflicts in Spain, and related issues funded, e.g., by Volkswagen Stiftung in Germany, the European Science Foundation, and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. From 2014 to 2016, he was Marie Curie fellow at the University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain, where he worked on the research project Negotiating Spain: The shifting boundaries between “nation”, “nationality” and “region”, and has since been a member of the DEMOSPAIN research group. Antonia Mar´ıa Ruiz Jim´enez (Associate Professor) graduated in Contemporary History at the Universidad de Malaga´ in 1994, and obtained her Ph.D. in Political Science and Administration from the Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid in 2002, becoming a Doctor Member of the Juan March Foundation the same year. She has been a visiting scholar/researcher at the Institute of Social Science in the University of Lisbon (Portugal), ECASS (Essex University, UK), the Department of Government (GSAC, Harvard University, USA), the Center for European Studies of the University of Miami (USA), the Center for European Studies of the University of Carleton (Canada), the Washington Institute for Near East Policies (USA), and the Center on Constitutional Change (Edinbrugh University), among others. She has taught at Complutense University and UNED in Madrid. She joined the Department of Sociology at Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla in 2006, where she has served as Associate Professor of Sociology since her appointment in 2011. Professor Ruiz has led national and international research projects and is now the leader of DEMOSPAIN research group. She is currently the Head of the Department of Sociology since 2019. vii Preface to ”New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain” Nations and nationalism, as organizational principles of social life, provide individuals with a sense of who they are and where they belong. While nations are not the only form of community to serve humankind in this manner, they remain privileged due to their relationship with the nation-state, the dominant form of political organization. The Spanish nation, however, has been contested almost since its earliest existence at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and the Spanish nation-state has therefore been involved in almost perpetual conflicts between various nationalisms, particularly between different versions of Spanish nationalism as well as between Spanish majority nationalism and various minority nationalisms. At different times in the past two centuries, the conflicts have been revived and turned into organizing principles of the political communities in Spain, quite often as communities in conflict or contention but, nevertheless, as communities providing the Spaniards with different senses of belonging. In recent times, both lines of contention have been activated again, both the conflict between left-wing and right-wing nationalisms about the definition of the Spanish nation as well as the majority nationalist vs. minority nationalist conflict. The conflict between left-wing and right-wing interpretations of the Spanish nation, particularly understood through the prism of former losers and winners of the Spanish civil war, has been revived since approximately year 2000 about the contentious issue of reviving or forgetting the so-called ‘historical memory’. The other fault line between majority and minority nationalism has been revived even more recently (from approximately 2005) and will be the principal focal point of this volume. The main current issue related to this conflict is the rise of Catalan separatism, but only a few years prior to this, the Basque identities were just as conflictual. In addition, various other territorially-based conflicts loom in the shadow of the Catalan clash and are nourished from the eternal tensions between the demands for symmetry and demands for asymmetry that characterize the decentralized Spanish democratic state. These Spanish conflicts should be situated in a contemporary European and global context, where anxieties about sovereignty are on the rise, causing the revival of emotional messages and strategies to mobilize the citizenry in favor of particular political communities. Both the state-wide Spanish actors and the sub-state nationalist parties and NGOs try to develop and strengthen feelings of territorial attachments to the Spanish state and political community or to the sub-state political communities, and both use emotions and feelings to ensure support and to assert or claim sovereignty for the political community in question. These questions raise a number of issues that we address in this volume. In the first section devoted to Spain, Pablo Sanchez´ Leon´ argues for a renovation in the study of nationalism and the related terminology around the concepts of nation and
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