Claiming Independence in 140 Characters. Uses of Metaphor in the Construction of Scottish and Catalan Political Discourses on Twitter

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CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN POLITICAL DISCOURSES ON
TWITTER

Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs.

ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices.

WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes.

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN POLITICAL DISCOURSES O Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

Carlota M. Moragas Fernández
CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN
POLITICAL DISCOURSES ON TWITTER

DOCTORAL THESIS
Supervised by Dr Arantxa Capdevila Gómez
Department of Communication Studies

Tarragona 2016

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

Tomas did not realize at the time that metaphors are dangerous.
Metaphors are not to be trifled with.
A single metaphor can give birth to love.

Milan Kundera, The unbearable lightness of being

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

As the reader has noted, I have opted not to dedicate the present study to anyone.
The reason is simple. My wish is to dedicate this work to all people that in a way or another have been part of it. Because the most natural thing is to thank people in the language we use to communicate with them, the following acknowledgements are written in various languages.
Com diria qui ha fet de les frases fetes el lema de tot un Departament, “és just i necessari” que aquests agraïments comencin amb la persona que s’ha encarregat de donar suport i orientar el treball que aquí es presenta, l’Arantxa Capdevila Gómez. La tranquil·litat i la confiança que m’ha donat des de l’inici de la tesi doctoral han fet aquest camí on la inseguretat és una constant molt més fàcil. Mai agrairé prou els seus consells ni la seva comprensió amb els deadlines no complerts; però, sobretot, vull agrair-li la seva humanitat i la “imposició” de descansar en la recta final, que m’han permès gaudir al màxim de la redacció d’aquesta tesi. Les seves aportacions en l’àmbit acadèmic han millorat considerablement cada línia d’aquest treball. Gràcies per deixarme llibertat absoluta en la presa de decisions, per obligar-me a repensar allò pensat, per permetre’m aprendre. És el regal més gran que m’emporto de la tesi doctoral.
L’Enric Castelló no és només un referent com a professor i investigador. És també qui ha estat allà sempre que ha calgut demanar un consell i qui, sense tenir-ne cap obligació, ha mogut cel i terra per ajudar aquesta doctoranda amb l’entramat burocràtic que acompanya tota tesi internacional. Espero seguir aprenent d’ell i compartir inquietuds al voltant de la recerca en l’àmbit del discurs polític i mediàtic.
A la Iolanda Tortajada vaig comentar-li que el que tenia més ganes d’escriure eren els agraïments. I és que la seva aposta decidida per aquella alumna que a 2n curs li va fer pensar que “havien de fer coses” és un dels principals motius pels quals em trobo avui aquí. Des que vaig començar la meva vinculació com a becària de col·laboració al Departament d’Estudis de Comunicació (DEC) n’hem fet moltes de coses i estic segura que ens en queden moltes més per fer. Pels ànims diaris, per la calidesa i la confiança que m’has transmès sempre, gràcies, iol.
El meu agraïment, en aquest sentit, és també per al Jordi Farré, director del Grup de Recerca en Comunicació ASTERISC i director del DEC en el moment en què vaig començar la tesi doctoral; no podria haver-me sentit més recolzada durant tot aquest temps. Gràcies també a l’actual director del DEC, el Bernat López; no hauria pensat mai que en el transcurs de deu anys (¡al loro!) passaria de descobrir el significat de la paraula “peremptori” a les classes d’Història de la Comunicació a les microtertúlies a l’Havana. I és que no puc deslligar els darrers anys de la meva vida dels Estudis de Comunicació a la Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Ni de la Laia, la María José, la Sunsi, el Paul, el Toni, la Mònica, la Natàlia, el David, l’Anna, la Bea, la Cilia o l’Antonio.

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

Tampoc de la Núria, professora excepcional molt abans que pogués considerar-la una amiga, que em va descobrir Gramsci i moltes altres coses. Ara m’ha tornat els agraïments que em dedicava a la seva tesi encarregant-se de tasques que compartíem i lliurant-me’n a mi, i així m’ha permès posar fil a l’agulla a aquesta recerca. Gràcies també a la Marta Montagut, per les hores compartides analitzant metàfores en el marc de l’I+D i per tots els consells rebuts al llarg d’aquests anys d’amistat. T’espera una abraçada ben gran quan tornis de la teva profitosa estada a Stirling! Què puc dir del meu apreciat doctor-lector? Gràcies per armar-te de paciència per escoltar les divagacions de qui només parla vint-i-quatre hores de la seva tesi i per omplir el 321 d’energia i bon humor cada vegada que creues la porta, Jan.
A hores d’ara, el despatx 321 del DEC ja deu haver sortit en els agraïments de força tesis doctorals. Hi conviuen persones excepcionals que fan que anar-hi a treballar sigui una festa. Gràcies al Jordi Prades, l’ànima “punk” del 321, que va profetitzar que jo “seria la següent” i, sense saber-ho, em va animar a aconseguir aquest objectiu. Gràcies també a la meva PhD sister, la Helle Kettner, que “serà la següent” i que m’ha acompanyat durant l’exili al CRAI del Campus Catalunya en els darrers mesos. Gràcies per tenir un somriure permanent a la boca i per no donar-me mai un no per resposta encara que després hagis de treballar fins a les tres de la matinada en els teus projectes, Helle. Àngels Galtés, res funcionaria sense tu, que ets la persona imprescindible d’aquest racó de la Facultat de Lletres. Gràcies per cuidar-me des de fa cinc anys; només desitjo compartir més temps de “fil i cotó” i altres anècdotes made in Reus. La Marta Arjona és el darrer membre d’aquest dreamteam. Amb ella ens esperen mil i un projectes vinculats a la nostra passió: la dansa i la comunicació.
Gràcies a la Carme, per tota l’ajuda en els tràmits del doctorat. També a la Judit, vigilant del Castell, que és i serà sempre part de la família del DEC, i a la Maite, que s’ha incorporat recentment al dia a dia del departament. Vull agrair també les estones d’intercanvi d’angoixes pre-doctorals amb els companys del Doctorat en Antropologia i Comunicació. Con mis queridas Mónica y Verónica, con quien emprendimos este camino después de compartir horas de conocimiento en el MasterDEC; ¡celebraremos todos los éxitos con un vermut de Reus! Y con Katty, ¡porque lo logramos!
M’agradaria també dedicar unes línies als professors i professores que en l’actualitat no formen part de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili, però que han marcat diferents etapes de la meva formació i que, d’alguna manera, m’han portat on sóc avui. Vull fer esment, però, de tres professors en concret. En primer lloc, he de mencionar la Mercè Miralles, la meva professora de llatí a l’institut, que em va inculcar la passió i la curiositat per la llengua i la cultura que un dia van dominar el món. Ella ens portava fora de les aules a reflexionar molt abans que ho fes el Merlí a TV3. Va ser també la primera persona que em va dirigir un Treball de Recerca i em va descobrir el plaer d’investigar temes que m’apassionen: Antígona va reafirmar en mi una certa

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

consciència política i de gènere i sempre serà un abans i un després en la meva carrera personal i acadèmica. El Josetxo Cerdan em va descobrir una nova dimensió de la universitat i em va confirmar que estava en el lloc correcte i en els estudis correctes. Els

seus ànims i comentaris en les assignatures d’Història de l’Audiovisual i Teoria i

Crítica del film em van fer pensar decididament a encaminar la meva trajectòria professional cap a la recerca en comunicació. D’altra banda, no puc evitar pensar en l’impacte que van tenir en mi les classes magistrals de l’Antoni Batista. Ell sap que té la meva admiració i el meu respecte, encara que ara em permeti anomenar-lo “Toni.” Sempre m’ha encoratjat a iniciar-me en el món de la investigació acadèmica; jo no sé si m’he sabut deixar ajudar, però el seu exemple m’ha acompanyat durant la redacció d’aquesta tesi.
Gràcies també a la Lorena Gómez, per les correccions i els consells sobre com aproximar-se a la semiòtica narrativa, però sobretot per la facilitat en el tracte i l’entusiasme amb què m’ha animat a culminar la tesi. I també al John Bates, per la predisposició i la cura a l’hora de corregir lingüísticament aquest treball.
M’agradaria donar les gràcies a la meva “família escocesa”, que em va fer sentir com a casa durant el meu estiu a Edinburgh. La Isabel, el Josep M. i el no tan petit Pep, la Meritxell, la Maria, la Carme, la Xènia, l’Erola i la Núria, la Mar, la Irene i la Rosie (desitjo que arribi el dia en què domini tan bé l’anglès com vosaltres el català), el Jordi (amb qui ens vam retrobar després dels anys a “La Prese” i a qui estic segura que espera un gran futur) i l’Oriol i l’Oier, els meus ulls periodístics durant els dies previs al referèndum d’Escòcia, amb qui tenim un dinar pendent! A l’Òscar Palau, que em va guiar abans de començar l’estada i amb qui vaig compartir la darrera pinta a Edinburgh i algun que altre té a la tornada a Reus. Nicola McEwen, Simon Kershaw and Hugh O’Donnell (a qui dec l’exemplar de La Arqueologia del Saber que em va deixar en préstec) were essential to make my research stay more comfortable and fruitful.
A la meva “família catalana”; les companyes de dansa (Magda, Vane, Marta,
Laura, Xavi, Olga, Pilar...), que també han patit la susceptibilitat i els canvis d’humor de la ballarina que escriu aquestes línies i que avui pot dir amb un cert orgull que ni la tesi ha pogut amb la dansa. Els amics de sempre (Eli V., Jur, Marta, Ada, Eli F., Judit, Íngrid, Carles, Laia, Blanca...). Els amics per sempre, l’equip Welles (Marta, Tamara, Albert i Núria) i el Publiteam, que continua creixent amb l’arribada de la Paula i l’Abril; malgrat no veure’ns sovint, tots i totes m’han transmès el seu suport durant la redacció d’aquesta tesi. També m’ho han demostrat sempre així l’Àngels, el Josep, la Marina, l’Hèctor i la resta de la família Romeu-Serra, que també és la meva, especialment l’Èlia i l’Estel, que han escoltat pacients els meus “sermons” sobre el món de la comunicació en les sobretaules dels dinars familiars.
En darrer lloc, gràcies a la meva família vagi on vagi sempre. Als meus germans, a qui estimo moltíssim, que han format part del meu dia a dia durant molts anys i amb qui

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

ara, cadascú per la seva banda (coses de l’edat), procurem compartir moments de felicitat (i de picabaralles) quan les agendes ho permeten. L’Eulàlia, la meva altra meitat; no conec a ningú més treballadora, valenta i tossuda. Ara fa camí amb el Joan en el difícil món de la petita i mitjana empresa, més feliç que mai. La celebració del seu casament farà encara més especial l’estiu de 2016. L’Arnau, que m’ensenya cada dia que les habilitats i la bona feina no es demostren amb títols. No l’havia vist mai somriure com quan ho fa al costat de la Geòrgia (i la Kènia, el Pol i el Max). I la Clàudia, de qui sempre he pensat que té una intel·ligència diferent que segur que troba el seu camí en el món de la Psicologia; quan rellegeixo el seu Treball de Recerca encara m’admira que bona que és. El “lonset”, la “teta” i la resta d’animals de companyia de la família Moragas-Fernández també han tingut el seu paper en aquest treball amb l’amor desinteressat que professen cada vegada que passo pel llindar de la porta.
La Mar, l’Alba, la Jenny i tots els Alberts de la casa també formen part d’aquest col·lectiu, així com els tiets/es, l’avi Josep i la iaia Maria; no em puc estar de parlar, però, del meu “Darietto”, que se m’ha fet molt gran i comença a entendre que la feina de la seva padrina hagi provocat que hàgim d’anar a buscar el seu regal d’aniversari amb dues setmanes de retard. Tampoc a la meva cosina Marta, que està a punt d’entregar el seu TFG i amb qui ens uneix aquella connexió que només es té amb qui s’ha compartit una infància molt feliç. A la yaya Carmen, que me quiere tanto que es capaz de leer cualquier cosa que haya escrito aunque sea en una lengua que no comprende. Y a ti, yayo; sé que te habrías sentido orgulloso de tu nieta, como siempre, aunque nos habríamos discutido mil veces a raíz del tema de esta tesis. Te echamos mucho de menos.
Als meus pares, el Josep i l’Enriqueta, que, encara que soni tòpic, m’ho han donat tot. Em costa trobar les paraules per donar-los les gràcies; ells han estat els primers mestres que he tingut, els qui han fomentat la curiositat i les ganes de capbussar-me en tot allò que em crida l’atenció. Tan diferents, en el seu caràcter s’hi confronten els valors de l’exigència i la calma, la rigorositat i el fet de deixar fer, la impaciència i la serenitat. Potser és veritat això que diuen que en el centre hi ha la virtut... Així doncs, gràcies, papa, per entendre la importància del repte que he afrontat en els darrers dos anys i mig. Gràcies, mama, per treure-li ferro –o fer-ho veure per treure’m pressió–. Espero continuar tenint-vos a prop molts i molts anys.

I gràcies a tu, Leandre, amor, l’única seguretat i l’arrelament dels meus dubtes,

que m’has fet feliç cada dia des del primer 29 i m’has sostingut en les anades i vingudes d’aquesta recerca. Gràcies per nedar nit i dia per la teva Hero; en cada paràgraf de la tesi hi ha un pensament per tu. Saps que no tindré mai prou petons, carícies i abraçades per agrair-te la comprensió, les bronques “ensucrades” per esperonar-me a treballar i les càrregues de vitamina C de la llimona amb mel dels vespres per no defallir. Because “a single metaphor can give birth to love.” You know... t’estime, t’estimo, t’estim.

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

This doctoral thesis was partially carried out as part of the METAFPERCOM R+D project:
“The Role of Metaphor in the Definition and Social Perception of
Conflict Issues: Institutions, Media, and Citizens”
[CSO2013-41661-P], which was funded by the
Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

ABSTRACT

The ability to “simplify and make understandable political events” (Mio 1997:121) and to “present political ‘reality’ in a specific way” (Cammaerts 2012:244) transforms metaphor into a useful tool for political actors that struggle for imposing their view on contested issues, as independence processes in Scotland and Catalonia are. Through the use of metaphor, the present research analyses in which terms did pro-independence political actors construct their discourse on the independence processes carried out by Scotland and Catalonia. It focuses on Twitter as one of the platforms politicians use to spread their political ideas and maintains that the tool’s 140 character-long statements seem to adapt perfectly to the use of metaphor as the main goal is to say as much as the speaker can in the fewest words.
The present research works with two different samples (n1, n2), which are connected to two main objectives: to analyse the discursive representation of the independence processes carried out by Scotland and Catalonia through the use of metaphor (1) and to evaluate the extent to which these metaphorical expressions influenced the way other users understood and explained political issues (2). Sample (n1) was made up of the statements tweeted by twenty-five political actors (political parties, political leaders and civil movements) considered as the main moulders of proindependence discourses in both countries during twelve key dates in each independence process. This research has been completed with an analysis of the online debate that surrounded Scottish and Catalan independence processes in the same dates, which made up Sample (n2). A qualitative methodology approach based on Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) was used for analyzing the 6026 collected tweets. CMA is specially designed for working with particular lexemes, rather than larger texts, and is applied in three stages: the identification of metaphors (A), their interpretation (B) and their explanation (C). This thesis has contributed to address the methodological gap when dealing with stages B and C and proposes a simplified version of narrative semiotics in order to provide a proper method for constructing the scenario that guides the interpretation and the explanation of the identified metaphors.
Results show that the independence processes carried out by both countries were mainly conceptualized in terms of a JOURNEY while the relationship between the stateless nation and the nation state was presented as a BREAK UP followed by a future and secured FRIENDSHIP. The CONFLICT/WAR and the GAME/SPORT source domains were also used for comparing the political situation faced by both countries with a battle or a match that had to be won. However, the scenarios drawn through the use of the above mentioned source domains indicate meaningful differences in how independence processes were framed in Scotland and Catalonia. These discursive differences fell mainly on a relevant contextual factor: Scottish pro-independence political actors

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

defended a Yes vote within an agreed and binding referendum whereas Catalonia spend nearly two years claiming the nation’s right to decide and finally held a non-binding consultation. The uncertainty of Catalonia’s political situation and the lack of a real debate could explain the higher percentage of metaphor use among Catalan political actors with respect to Scottish political actors, as the former needed to put a greater emphasis on promoting their views. The analysis of users’ statements shows that the trend among digital audiences was to back political actors’ discourses rather than using the 2.0 environment for broadening the debate, which still presents a high polarization.

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI CLAIMING INDEPENDENCE IN 140 CHARACTERS. USES OF METAPHOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCOTTISH AND CATALAN PO Carlota Maria Moragas Fernández

ACRONYMS

Assemblea Nacional Catalana – ANC Associació de Municipis per la Independència – AMI Candidatura d’Unitat Popular – CUP Comissions Obreres / Workers’ Comission – CCOO Conceptual Metaphor Theory – CMT Convergència i Unió – CiU Critical Discourse Analysis – CDA Critical Metaphor Analysis – CMA Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya – ERC Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds - Esquerra Unida Alternativa – ICV-EUiA Partido Popular – PP Partit Socialista de Catalunya – PSC Scottish Green Party – SGP Scottish National Party – SNP Unió Democràtica de Catalunya – UDC Unión General de Trabajadores / General Union of Workers – UGT United Kingdom – UK

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    Catalan Independence 2018 On October 1, 2017, the Catalan Government headed by Carles Puigdemont of the Junts per ​ Catalunya parliamentary alliance held a referendum on the future independence of Catalonia. A ​ semi-autonomous region within Spain, Catalonia enjoyed comparatively larger self-governance than many of Spain’s other regions after Francisco Franco’s rule ended in 1975. While independence has had relatively strong support in recent years, a final decision has remained elusive due to inconclusive elections, referenda, and political opposition from Madrid. The 2017 referendum recorded 92% of respondents favoring Catalan independence. However, only 43% of registered voters voted in the election marred by domestic and national opposition. The government nonetheless pushed through, declaring itself independent on October 27th. Declaring the referendum and declaration illegal, Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dismissed the Catalan Generalitat and renewed elections. Puigdemont and his cabinet subsequently fled to Brussels, the headquarters of the European Union. This committee takes place in Catalonia, but Puigdemont remains in exile and his former vice president, Oriol Junqueras, remains in prison. This cabinet consists of fifteen members of Junts ​ pel Sí (Together for Yes) who had not been prosecuted by the Spanish Government after the ​ ​ ​ referendum, and five Spanish representatives sent from Madrid to ensure compliance. Each Catalan member will have access to powers retained after the dissolution of parliament and powers temporarily withheld by Madrid in response to the crisis. Each Spanish member starts with greater powers given by the Spanish government, but will lose some power if and when Madrid deems the situation more under control.
  • The Catalan Struggle for Independence

    The Catalan Struggle for Independence

    THE CATALAN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE An analysis of the popular support for Catalonia’s secession from Spain Master Thesis Political Science Specialization: International Relations Date: 24.06.2019 Name: Miquel Caruezo (s1006330) Email: [email protected] Supervisor: Dr. Angela Wigger Image Source: Photo by NOTAVANDAL on Unsplash (Free for commercial or non-commercial use) Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Resource Mobilization Theory ...................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1 Causal Mechanisms ................................................................................................................ 9 1.1.2 Hypotheses........................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Norm Life Cycle Theory ............................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1 Causal Mechanisms .............................................................................................................
  • An Ever More Divided Union?

    An Ever More Divided Union?

    An ever more divided Union? Contemporary separatism in the European Union: a comparative case study of Scotland, Catalonia and Flanders MA Thesis by T.M. Wencker (s1386042) European Union Studies, Leiden University [email protected] Supervisor: Prof. Dr. J.Q.T. Rood Second Marker: Dr. Mr. Anne-Isabelle Richard 2 1 Figure A: 'If all separatists had their way... 1 One Europe, If all separatists had their way…, (25-07-2013) accessed at 07-09-2014 via: http://one- europe.info/in-brief/if-all-separatists-had-their-way 3 Table of contents: - Introduction p.6 o Note on sources and methods p.9 o Note on Scottish case p.9 - Part I: An analysis of European separatism o Chapter I: Separatism as a phenomenon . Definitions p.11 . Origins p.12 . Self-determination p.14 . Unilateral Secession p.15 . Chapter review and conclusions p.18 - Part II: The cases of Scotland, Catalonia and Flanders o Chapter II: Scotland . Background p.21 . The case for Scottish independence p.23 . The imagined community of Scotland p.25 . It’s Scotland’s oil! P.28 . Scotland and the EU p.31 . EU-membership: a contested bone p.34 . Chapter review and conclusions p.37 o Chapter III: Catalonia . Background p.39 . The imagined community of Catalonia p.42 . The case for Catalonian independence p.47 . Unilateral secession and the EU? P.50 . Chapter review and conclusions p.54 o Chapter IV: Flanders . Background p.55 . The Belgian imagined communities p.56 . Understanding Flemish separatism p.59 . Flanders and the EU p.61 . Chapter review and conclusions p.62 - Part III: Connecting the dots: conclusions about separatism in the European Union o Chapter V: connecting the dots .
  • A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays

    A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays

    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2002 A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays. Bonny Ball Copenhaver East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Copenhaver, Bonny Ball, "A Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays." (2002). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 632. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/632 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays A dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis by Bonny Ball Copenhaver May 2002 Dr. W. Hal Knight, Chair Dr. Jack Branscomb Dr. Nancy Dishner Dr. Russell West Keywords: Gender Roles, Feminism, Modernism, Postmodernism, American Theatre, Robbins, Glaspell, O'Neill, Miller, Williams, Hansbury, Kennedy, Wasserstein, Shange, Wilson, Mamet, Vogel ABSTRACT The Portrayal of Gender and a Description of Gender Roles in Selected American Modern and Postmodern Plays by Bonny Ball Copenhaver The purpose of this study was to describe how gender was portrayed and to determine how gender roles were depicted and defined in a selection of Modern and Postmodern American plays.
  • The Regions of Spain

    The Regions of Spain

    © 2017 American University Model United Nations Conference All rights reserved. No part of this background guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever without express written permission from the American University Model United Nations Conference Secretariat. Please direct all questions to [email protected] A NOTE Julia Clark Chair Estimats Diputats del Parlament de Catalunya, Dear Diputats of the Parliament of Catalonia, My name is Julia Clark and I’ll be serving as your Chair for the Parliament of Catalonia. I cannot wait to meet all of you in February. Time is of the essence and the Catalan Republic needs creating! As for a little bit about myself: MUN is my life! Last year, I served on the AmeriMUNC Secretariat as the Charges D’Affaires and currently I am an Assistant Head Delegate of the AU Model United Nations competitive travel team. I have done MUN for seven years, competing at 24 conferences across the US and Canada, and I once chaired a conference in the Netherlands! I’m proud to say that AmeriMUNC will be my eighth time chairing. Outside of MUN, I am also the President of my sorority, Phi Mu. If you have any questions about greek life or collegiate MUN, I’d love to chat via email or at the conference. I’m personally very excited to be forming our own new nation, the Catalan Republic. I just studied abroad for four months in Madrid, Spain and was at the center of the real life action surrounding the Catalan independence movement.
  • Review of European and National Election Results Update: September 2019

    Review of European and National Election Results Update: September 2019

    REVIEW OF EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL ELECTION RESULTS UPDATE: SEPTEMBER 2019 A Public Opinion Monitoring Publication REVIEW OF EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL ELECTION RESULTS UPDATE: SEPTEMBER 2019 Directorate-General for Communication Public Opinion Monitoring Unit May 2019 - PE 640.149 IMPRESSUM AUTHORS Philipp SCHULMEISTER, Head of Unit (Editor) Alice CHIESA, Marc FRIEDLI, Dimitra TSOULOU MALAKOUDI, Matthias BÜTTNER Special thanks to EP Liaison Offices and Members’ Administration Unit PRODUCTION Katarzyna ONISZK Manuscript completed in September 2019 Brussels, © European Union, 2019 Cover photo: © Andrey Kuzmin, Shutterstock.com ABOUT THE PUBLISHER This paper has been drawn up by the Public Opinion Monitoring Unit within the Directorate–General for Communication (DG COMM) of the European Parliament. To contact the Public Opinion Monitoring Unit please write to: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN DISCLAIMER This document is prepared for, and primarily addressed to, the Members and staff of the European Parliament to assist them in their parliamentary work. The content of the document is the sole responsibility of its author(s) and any opinions expressed herein should not be taken to represent an official position of the Parliament. TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 1 1. COMPOSITION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 5 DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS OVERVIEW 1979 - 2019 6 COMPOSITION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT LAST UPDATE (31/07/2019) 7 CONSTITUTIVE SESSION (02/07/2019) AND OUTGOING EP SINCE 1979 8 PROPORTION OF WOMEN AND MEN PROPORTION - LAST UPDATE 02/07/2019 28 PROPORTIONS IN POLITICAL GROUPS - LAST UPDATE 02/07/2019 29 PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN POLITICAL GROUPS - SINCE 1979 30 2. NUMBER OF NATIONAL PARTIES IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT CONSTITUTIVE SESSION 31 3.
  • He Catalan Sovereignty Process and the Spanish Constitutional Court. an Analysis of Reciprocal Impacts *

    He Catalan Sovereignty Process and the Spanish Constitutional Court. an Analysis of Reciprocal Impacts *

    THE CATALAN SOVEREIGNTY PROCESS AND THE SPANISH CONSTITUTIONAL COURT. AN ANALYSIS OF RECIPROCAL IMPACTS * Eduard Roig i Molés** Abstract Since 2013 the Catalan sovereignty process and the Spanish Constitutional Court have increasingly been at odds with one another. This situation has altered the course of the Catalan sovereignty process, with the interventions of the Court notable for having a major bearing on sovereignty initiatives. The aim of this study is to analyse not just the constitutional jurisprudence, but also the transformation of the Catalan sovereignty process based on the decisions of the Constitutional Court, how these decisions have affected the course of action taken by Catalan institutions, and the effects and efficacy of the Court’s judgments, court orders and rulings in curbing the intentions of Catalan institutions. Conversely, the Catalan sovereignty process has had a major impact on the position of the Constitutional Court and its functions, relating to the Court’s jurisprudence and the political choices of regional and state institutions, and this impact is likewise analysed. Lastly, attention is given to the ‘collateral’ effects the Constitutional Court’s intervention in the Catalan sovereignty process has had on a number of other areas of Spain’s constitutional system. Keywords: Spanish Constitutional Court; constitutional law; sovereignty; Catalan sovereignty process Resum Des de l’any 2013, el procés sobiranista s’ha enfrontat progressivament amb el Tribunal Constitucional i ha provocat una mutació del procés
  • Voyages & Travel 1515

    Voyages & Travel 1515

    Voyages & Travel CATALOGUE 1515 MAGGS BROS. LTD. Voyages & Travel CATALOGUE 1515 MAGGS BROS. LTD. CONTENTS Africa . 1 Egypt, The Near East & Middle East . 22 Europe, Russia, Turkey . 39 India, Central Asia & The Far East . 64 Australia & The Pacific . 91 Cover illustration; item 48, Walters . Central & South America . 115 MAGGS BROS. LTD. North America . 134 48 BEDFORD SQUARE LONDON WC1B 3DR Telephone: ++ 44 (0)20 7493 7160 Alaska & The Poles . 153 Email: [email protected] Bank Account: Allied Irish (GB), 10 Berkeley Square London W1J 6AA Sort code: 23-83-97 Account Number: 47777070 IBAN: GB94 AIBK23839747777070 BIC: AIBKGB2L VAT number: GB239381347 Prices marked with an *asterisk are liable for VAT for customers in the UK. Access/Mastercard and Visa: Please quote card number, expiry date, name and invoice number by mail, fax or telephone. EU members: please quote your VAT/TVA number when ordering. The goods shall legally remain the property of the seller until the price has been discharged in full. © Maggs Bros. Ltd. 2021 Design by Radius Graphics Printed by Page Bros., Norfolk AFRICA Remarkable Original Artworks 1 BATEMAN (Charles S.L.) Original drawings and watercolours for the author’s The First Ascent of the Kasai: being some Records of service Under the Lone Star. A bound volume containing 46 watercolours (17 not in vol.), 17 pen and ink drawings (1 not in vol.), 12 pencil sketches (3 not in vol.), 3 etchings, 3 ms. charts and additional material incl. newspaper cuttings, a photographic nega- tive of the author and manuscript fragments (such as those relating to the examination and prosecution of Jao Domingos, who committed fraud when in the service of the Luebo District).
  • Daniela Ortiz + Xose Quiroga Estat Nació Part I

    Daniela Ortiz + Xose Quiroga Estat Nació Part I

    angelsbarcelona.com I NP I eng Daniela Ortiz + Xose Quiroga Estat Nació Part I 14.02.14, 20 h. The system of nation state is characterized by a clearly defined territory, a constant population with common cultural and linguistic traits, ruled by a government and organized on the basis of laws that apply to the population and to the different bodies and entities that are developed within it. The project Estat Nació (nation state) outlines a critical look at the construction of sovereignty through the use of discourses, laws and regulations involving people not recognized as citizens by the various immigration laws and regulations affecting the rights and freedoms of migrants. In turn, the project presents an analysis of various historical figures linked to colonial processes recognized in the public space today. The recognition that is given today by the city of Barcelona to historical figures and their direct involvement in colonial processes is being analyzed here through a series of photographs. At the same time, a video projection shows a Catalan language class given to non-EU migrants in which the learning process of language pronunciation it’s being performed through the repetition of several Catalan political discourses in relation to the subject of immigration. Likewise, the students in class were invited to transcribe a series of newspaper articles and official documents that are also displayed in the exhibition space . The exhibition ends with the video projection CC-13 that shows images that were recorded during the event of the Via Catalana * (Catalan Way) on the 11th of September 2013.
  • Symposium: 2017: a Year of Popular Decisions

    Symposium: 2017: a Year of Popular Decisions

    SYMPOSIUM: 2017: A YEAR OF POPULAR DECISIONS THE 2017 TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM: DOMESTIC AND TRANSNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS Ayca Arkilic Victoria University of Wellington [email protected] Introduction On 16 April 2017, Turks cast their vote in a nationwide referendum that introduced significant changes to the current constitution, which has been in use since 1982. Even though the 1982 constitution has been amended 18 times in the past 35 years, the scheduled changes will have the most dramatic impact on the Turkish political system. This article will first provide an overview of the proposed amendments to the 1982 constitution. It will then discuss the repercussions of the referendum results for Turkey and the rest of Europe. The Proposed Constitutional Changes Since its birth from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire, the modern Turkish state has had four constitutions: The Constitution of 1921, The Constitution of 1924, The Constitution of 1961, and The Constitution of 1982.1 Drafted by a military junta in the aftermath of the 1980 coup, the 1982 constitution forms the basis of Turkey’s current legal framework. The 1982 constitution has already been amended 18 times, 3 times by popular vote and 15 times through legislative action. In fact, 117 of the 177 articles are no longer in their original form.2 If constitutional amendment is not a novel 1 For more information on these constitutions, please see: https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/en/yd/icerik/12 2 Sinan Ekim and Kemal Kirişçi, “The Turkish constitutional referendum, explained,” Brookings Institute, April 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/04/13/the-turkish- constitutional-referendum-explained/ 56 phenomenon for Turkey, why has the April 2017 referendum sparked controversy? The 2017 package advised 18 groundbreaking changes, including the replacement of the current parliamentary system, under which Turkey’s president plays only a symbolic role, with a presidential system.
  • Worldwide Independent Market Report the Global Economic & Cultural Contribution of Independent Music

    Worldwide Independent Market Report the Global Economic & Cultural Contribution of Independent Music

    WORLDWIDE INDEPENDENT MARKET REPORT THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC & CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION OF INDEPENDENT MUSIC 2015 Launched June 2016 at Designed by: Emmy Buckingham The Global Economic & Cultural Contribution Of Independent Music Report © Worldwide Independent Network Ltd (WIN) 2016 All data, copy and images are subject to copyright and may not be reproduced, transmitted or made available without permission from WIN or the original copyright holder. ABOUT WIN Unique in the history of the global music industry, WIN is a representative organisation exclusively for the worldwide independent label community. It was founded in 2006 in response to business, creative and market access issues faced by the independent sector everywhere. WIN’s membership stretches across every continent, with trade associations in all the well- developed music markets taking a particularly active role. WIN’s priorities are set by the global membership, and with IMPALA, included the creation of Merlin, the world’s first commercial rights licensing agency for new media. For independent music companies and their national trade associations worldwide, WIN is a collective voice and platform. When appropriate it acts as an advocate, instigator and facilitator for its continually growing membership. WIN is also a focal point for collecting and sharing knowledge about the independent sector at national level. WINTEL 2015 The current WIN Trade Association members are: A2IM, US CIMA, CANADA LIAK, SOUTH KOREA ADISQ, CANADA DUP, DENMARK PIL, ISRAEL ABMI, BRAZIL FMPJ, JAPAN PMI, ITALY