REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
PROPOSEDINTEGRATED WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (HILLS II)
=~ .. . Public Disclosure Authorized
T Public Disclosure Authorized
0 ~~~~~B: # )(%O
N @
THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT E- 261
W- : v .> ,e E 1999<_,>sfFebruary
Lea AssocAes Public Disclosure Authorized
Submitted by Lea Associates South Asia Pvt Ltd. A-220, New FriendsColony, New Delhi-65 Phone 682 2908, 682 2909 Fax: 682 2907 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
PROPOSEDINTEGRATED WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (HILLS 4I)
ENE
THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
FINA
February 1999
Submfitedby Lea Associates South Asia Pvt Ltd. A-220, New FnendsColony, New Delhi-65 Phone: 682 2908, 682 2909 Fax: 682 2907 THE STUDY TEAM
Mr. A.K. Mookerjee PROJECTCO-ORDINATOR
Dr. S.D. Badrinath REA Specialist(TEAM LEADER)
Mr. D.C. Das SoilConservation and Watershed ManagementSpecialist
Prof. T.M. Vinod Kumar Hill Ecology/CarrjnngCapacity Specialist
Dr. D.V. Varshney WaterResources Specialist
Mr. T.K. Mukhopadhyay WaterResources Specialist
Dr. N. Ranganathan Ruralroads/lInstitutional Development specialist
Dr. Rangasamy Agronomist/AuidArea Development Specialist
Mr. Ajay Gupta EnvironmentalEngineering Specialist (PROJECTINCHARGE)
Dr. A. Panneerselvam Socio-economicDevelopment Specialist
Ms. Meenakshi Dhote Ecology/LandscapeSpecialist
Mr. Tapas Paul RegionalEnvminmental Planning Specialist
Ms. Dipall Kulkami TeamMember
Mr. Chandra Shekhar Sinha Team Member
Ms. Vinita Bhasin TeamMember
Mr. RPViswanathan Team member
Mr. Sujit Mirdha TeamMember
Mr.Vinay Chandan TeamMember (CAD Draughtsman)
Mr. Prabhjeet Dhillon - DeskTop Publisher
ia, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It gives us a great pleasure in submittingthe Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) report for the Proposed Integrated Watershed Development Project (Hills-ll) - the first of its kind in any World BankAssisted project in India. We are highly thankful to the World Bank and the Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Govemmentof India, for giving us, Lea Associates South Asia Private Limited, New Delhi, an opportunity to work on this prestigious project. This projectassumes a specialsignificance due to the fact that it addressesan area which is highly prone to land degradation,where the criticality of the natural ecosystemshas emerged as a major issue and where a major proportionof the populationbelongs to the economicallyweaker sectionsof the society.
This report has largely been guidedby the technical informationsgiven to us by the respective States Watershed ManagementDirectorates. We wish to sincerely thanks all the Project Directors of the concemedstates, viz. Uttar Pradesh,Haryana, Punjab,Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmirand their staff for their painstakingefforts in compilingand forwardingto us all the relevantinformations at one place.
We would like to extendour sincerethanks and regardsto the World Bank officials,in particular, the Team Leaderof IWDP( Hills 11)- Mr. Hamdy M. Eisa; Dr. T.C.Jain,Agriculture Specialist; the environmentand socio-economicstudy team - Mr. L. Panneerselvam,Dr. N. R. Harshadeep, Ms. Sonia Kapoor and Ms. MargaretD'costa for their valuable guidance and commentsduring all the stages of the project We would like to record our specialthanks to Dr. N.R.Harshadeep and Ms. Sonia Kapoorfor providing us all the assistanceduring the entire project. Our report would not have been in this presentform without the guidanceand suggestionsfrom them from time to time.
The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Govemment of India, provided us with very useful informationsand guidance.For their help, we would speciallylike to thank Ms. Rita Sharma,the Joint Secretary.We were highly benefittedfrom the discussionsmade with Mr. R.N. Mishra,Mr. P. Rudra, Dr. A.N. Sarkarfrom time to time on various issuespertinent to the report. Mr. G. F. Thawakar, MoA consultant,provided great assistance to our team, when it had gone on the sites visit.
We are highly grateful to Dr. S. S. Grewal for many useful discussions and valuable contributons in the report.
Finally, we would like to place on recordour deep appreciaton of the contributons made by all the individualsand agenciesfor makingthis report a success.
(A. K Mookerjee) TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ANNEXURES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 BACKGROUND...... --... 1-1 1.2 NEEDFORREA. 1-2 1.3 REAOBECTIVES & ScopE.1-2 1.4 REAY ...... 1-4
2. PROJECr DESCRIPION 2-1
2.1 SHIVALIKANDKAREWAS:THEPROJECTAREAANDTHEWATERSHEDS .2-1 2.2 PROJECTOBJECTNVES .2-11 2.3 PROJECTCOMPONENTS .2-13 2.4 THRUSTAREAS IN THEPROJECT ACROSS THE STATE .2-14
3. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTALSE1TIN 3-1 3.1 NATURALENVIRONT ..... 3-1 3.1.1 Cliate andPhysiography . . . .3-1 3.1.1.1 Clmat c... . 3-1 3.1.1.2 Physiography.... 3-1 3.1.2 Soil, Goloy and Seismisity . . . .3-3 3.12.1 s ...... 3-3 3.1.22 Geology. .. 3-3 3.1.2.3 Se. 3s-7y. .. 3.1.3 Water Resources . . . .3-9 3.1.4 Land Use ...... 3-il 3.1.5 Biodiversity ...... 3-16 3.1.5.1 Fore ...... 3-18 3.1.52 A y ...... 3-20 3.1.5.3 Ed...... 3-21 3.1.5A Centrs of Diversity . . .3-22 3.1.5.5 Conseration of Biota . . .3-22 3.1.6 Livestock ... 3-24 3.2 SocALENiRoNMENT ..... 3-25 3.2.1 Demographic Profile . . . .3-25 3.2.2 Economic Profile ...... 3-26 3.2.3 The Indigenous Population ...... 3-29 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL HOT SPOTS...... 3-31
4. INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ISSUES - 4-1
4.1 NATIONALAND REGIONAL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENTPERSPECTVE C...... 4-1 4.1.1 Agro-climatic Zoning ...... 4-2 4.1.2 Agro-Ecological Zoning ...... 44 4.2 INSTrru-IONALAND PoLIc IssuEsACROSS THE STATES ...... 4-6 4.2.1 Policyand Institutional Mechanisms ...... ,4-6 4.2.2 DifferentWatershed Management Policies ...... 4-8 4.3 COLLABORATIONANDCO-ORDINATION ...... 4-9 4.3.1 LineDepartments ...... 4-9 4.3.2 NGO's...... 4-10 4.3.3 Decentralizationof Planning and Decision Making.4-1- ...... ,. 4-11 4.3.4 TargetGroups Participation ...... 4-12
5. BASELINEENVIRONMENTAL STATUS__ .5-1
5.1 'NATURAL ENVIRONMENT...... 5-1 5.1.1 LandEnvronment ...... 5-1 5.1.1.1 SlopeLength and Zonaon ...... 5-1 5.1.1.1.aAltitude& Aspects ...... 5-2 5.1.1.2 ErosionandSoil Deteioraion .5-9 5.1.1.3 Land degradal ion.5-10 5.1.1A Soilfertit andproductivity.5-11 5.1.1.5 Cultivationand tilage practices .5-12 5.1.1.6 ForestsAndPastureLands .5-12 5.1.1.7 So..b.o. .. 5-14 5.1.2 WaterEnvironment ...... 5-14 5.12.1 Hydrology.5-14 5S.122 WaterResources5-18 5.123 Surfacerunoff...... 5-19 5.12A Floads5 -20 5.12.5 WaterQua ty5-21.. 5.1.3 BiologicalEnvironment . . . .5-22 5.1.3.1 CultivatedLand-Horticulture .5-22 5.132 Flom& Fa..5-23a 5.1.4 Livestockresources . . . .5-24 5.1.4.1 Lvestock.5-2A 5.1.42 Livestockresources and enionment. .5-25 5.2 SOCIALLENVIRONMENT . . .5-26 5.2.1 DemographicCharacteistics . . . .5-26 5.2.2 OccupationalStructure . . . .5-28 5.2.3 GenderStaatsus..5-28 5.2.4 IndigenousPopulation . . . .5-29 52.4.1 HirnachalPr.. . .. 5-29 52.42 Harvana ...... _ 5-30 52A.3 Uttar Pradesh ...... 5-31 52.4.4 Puaab ...... 5-31 5.2.5 Rural Infrastructure. 5-32 52.5.1 Eduication.5-32 .2..5-32 5 2.5.3 DrinkingWater Supply and PowerSupply .5-32 52.5.4 Ma.k.ts.5-32 52.5.5 Rural Roads.5-32 5.26 C ommunityParticipation . . .5-33 5.3 LAND-WATER-PEOPLEINTERACIONS .. 5-34
6. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND SCREENING-N6 6-1
6.1 KEYENVIRONMENTAL IssuEs ANDSCOPE OF THEPIOJECT ...... 6-1 6.2 WIrr PROJECTScENAo.. 6-10 6.2.1 Potential Environmental Benefits ...... 6-10 6.2.2 PotlentialSocio-Economic Benefits .6-11 6.2.3 PotentinalErnvironmental Risks .6-11 6.3 ENVIRONMENTrALSCREENING OF LMACTS.6-12
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 7-1
7.1 IDENTIFcAnoN,ASSESSMENT& PREDIcToN OF LPAcTS . . . .7-1 7.1.1 PotentialPositive and Negative Environmental Impacs .7-3 7.1.1.1 PotentialPositive inmpacts .. 7-3 7.1.12 Potentil NegativeImpacts .. 7-3 7.1.2 Erosion Prediction/Soil Erosion Model. . . 7-4 7.1.3 EcologicalRiskModel . . .7-7 7.2 ANALYSISOFALTERNATIVES . . . .7-7 7.2.1 Without Project Scenario. . .7-8 7.2.2 WithProject Scenario ...... 7-8 7.2.3 ComparisonofAlternative Scenario ...... 7-9 o. LESSONSFROM PREVIOUS AND ON GOINGPROJECTS 881
8.1 UTrARPRADESH.8-3 8.2 PUNJAB.8-4 8.3 HARYANA .. 84 8.4 HimAcHALPRADEsH ...... 8-5 8.5 JAMM & KASHIR . .. 8-5 8.6 NWDPRA... 8-5 8.7 OTHR STATES...... _. 8.8 IWDP-PLAINS& IWDP-ILS (I) ...... 8-6 8.9 OuTrSIDEINDDAI8-9 8.9.1 Chinaa...9 8.9.2 Nepal(JhikuKhola Watershed) .. 8-9 AHdVUSO[lSI
SaunX2NNV
8Z-I I * s1nL afdudu lm £-1 iz- I ...... w§ulxd§a2u!jua=Ijdmi 10Mol au. EvZ, I I S'Z-II.------LoMw3eZ3OVNN 13eOu I a SO Z I1I
...... ---- -' ---''-''' :)5aI.N----ZII -- tz t l *------. sj vsWpun sv%uodmo3'swmI m S Smm1 £uTu!.L£ ZII
£~~~~~~~~~~~II.2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~unnu iojsodoj v i CZ1 ...... ------u m pu- 2u a!L MU2 OMA!da Z£ I
7Z1-l ------...... sumS°sdaOM (IVU MU2MU°nAUZZ' I11 tZ-I 1 ...... aouRe%ga.PM puepuy o noouema TMM , Z l Z 11 61-11...... uauldoIa^aFeuoqM4sL pne IsnPttPL IZ l I 61-11 ...... 2tpl!n Ep4puoed leVaMOn!AUaI Z'I I 81-11 ...... xm ovxw°Larou sol amv.oarouim jo SvNavLsris Z-1
1-01- tNMd JLK IU53M9VJNHNO1HN3 11
Z 01 .--...... - japloya-MnS.aillo S-l OI
1-01 I.OUtI VILMSNOU
Z-6 ...... - ID oar d NadO -1AWa GaHsualvi IaLV-dgJIA9 W031320d Slndun -IJ1,-NOMAx 1-6
1-6I (3VI)NOEVlIAR aNa OINOWl.ZII *6 LIST OF TABLES
Table-2.1 Objectivesof IWDPProject of ShivaliksAcross variousstates Table-2.2 ProjectComponents Table-3.1 Soil and Geologicalfeatures of the Shivaliks Table-3.2 IWDP (Hills-li) PredominantLand use, 1998 (Percent) Table-3.3 A classificationof forest types in the ShivaliksRegion Table-3.4 IWDP (Hills II) Area and Population,1991 Table-3.5 IWDP (Hills Il): PredominantEconomic Base in Rural Areas (% of Workersengaged in variousactivities), 1991 Table-3.6 IWDP (Hills Il): PredominantEconomic Base in Urban Areas (% of Workers Engagedin various activities),1991 Table-3.7 IWDP (Hills Il): Indigenous Population (% of SC and ST population),1991 Table-5.1 SlopeCategories and their correspondingslope percentages Table-5.2 Slopecategory-wise area is selected districtsof 5 states Table-5.3 Detail of rainfed and irrigated areas in five catchments of HimachalPradesh Table-5.4 No. and Lengthof Streamsin differentsub-watersheds Table-5.5 Block-wiseground water availabilityand utilisation Table-5.6 Fluctuationsin groundwater levels Table-5.7 Hourly runoff unit hydrographs(Hr. R.U.G.) of the five sub- catchments Table-5.8 Average rainfall in the five states Table-5.9 Uve stock characterisationof area - type, number, locations, migrationpattems, fodder requirements Table-5.10 IWDP (Hills-Il): Rural - Urban Populafiondistribution, 1991 Table-5.11 IWDP (Hills-ll): ExistingStatus of LiteracyLevels (%), 1991 Table-5.12 IWDP (Hills-fl): Existing Statusof Workers engaged in different activities(%), 1991 Table- 5.13 IWDP (Hills-ll): Existing Status of Women Literacy and Workforce(%), 1991 Tabkl- 6.1 Key EnvironmentalIssues & Scope of the Project Table- 6.2 Statewisecomparison of key environmentalissues Table- 6.3 PotentialEnvironmental Risks Table-6.4 InteractiveMatrix (EnvironmentalScreening of Impacts) Table-7.1 Identificationof Potential EnvironmentalImpacts Table-7.2 Potential Environmental Impact Matrix CVVithoutProject Scenario) Table- 7.3 PotentialEnvironmental Impact Matrix (Vith ProjectScenario) Table- 7.4 Altemative Scenarios Table- 8.1 Watershed Projects Across various states of the Shivailik Region Table- 8.2 Strengths& Constraintsof IWDP (Hills-1) Table- 8.3 StrengthsNVeaknesses-Constraintsand Lessons Leamt from various watershedproject in and outside India Table- 9.1 Principal M&E Environmental Indicators for Watershed Development Table- 11.1 EnvironmentalMitigation Measures Table- 11.2 Proposed EnvironmentalTraining Components and Training Schedule Table- 11.3 EnvironmentalManagement Costs LIST OF FIGURES
Figure-1.1 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment and the Projectcycle Figure-2.1 Statescovered under IWDP (Hills-ll)
Figure-2.2 Districtscovered under IWDP (Hills-Il)- Figure-2.3 Locationof sub-watershedsunder IWDP (Hills-Il) Figure-2.4 Sub-watershedsin Kandi Belt of Punjab Figure-2.5 Map of Kandi area (Haryana) Figure-2.6 Map indicating sub-watershedof IWDP (Hills) Kandi Solan (H.P.) Figure-2.7 Micro watersheds in Uttar Pradesh (under ongoing and proposedprojects) Figure-2.8 Akhnoorsub-watershed Phase-Il (Jammu& Kashmir) Figure-2.9 Ramnnagarsub-watershed Phase-Il (Jammu & Kashmir) Figure-3.1 Rainfalldetails Figure-3.2 ElevationDetails Figure-3.3 Soil Depthin the projectarea. Figure-3.4 Soil types in the projectarea Figure-3.5 Geologicalstructure of projectarea Figure-3.6 Major River Systemsin the projectarea Figure-3.7 Akhnoor sub-watershedPhase-lI (Jammu & Kashmir) Figure-3.8 Ramnagarsub-watershed Phase-lI (Jammu & Kashmir) Figure-3.9 Districtsof HaryanaState includedin the Project Figure-3.10 Biodiversityin the area Figure-3.11 Forestcover in the projectarea Figure-3.12 Conservationof bio-diversity Figure-3.13 Tehsils includedin the projectarea Figure-3.14 Populationdensity in projectarea (Tehsil-wise) Figure-3.15 Tribal populationin projectarea (Tehsil-wise) Figure-3.16 Soil erosionmap of Yamuna Nagar District(Haryana) Figure-3.17 Land degradationmap of Yamuna Nagar District (Haryana) Figure-3.18 Soil erosionmap of Ambala District- Haryana Figure-3.19 Land degradationMap of Ambala District-Haryana Figure-3.20 Soil erosionmap of GurdaspurDistrict - Punjab Figure-3.21 Land degradationmap of GurdaspurDistrict - Punjab Figure-3.22 Soil erosionmap of Patiala District- Punjab Figure-3.23 Land degradationmap of PatialaDistrict - Punjab Figure-3.24 Grazinghotspots in sub-watershedsin Kandibelt of Punjab Figure-3.25 Soil erosionmap OfSirmour district - HimachalPradesh Figure-3.26 Landdegradation map of Sirmourdistrict - HimachalPradesh Figure-3.27 Soil erosionmap of JammuDistrict - Jammu& Kashmir Figure-3.28 Land degradationmap of JammuDistrict - Jammu& Kashmir Figure-4.1 Agro-ecologicalzones in the Projectarea. Figure-5.1 Slope map of Yamuna Nagar District- Haryana Figure-5.2 Slope map of Ambala District- Haryana Figure-5.3 Slope map of GurdaspurDistrict - Punjab Figure-5.4 Slope map of Patiala District- Punbab Figure-5.5 Slope map of Sirmour District- HimachalPradesh. Figure-5.6 Scope map of Jammu District(Jammu & Kashmir) Figure-5.7 Hydrogeologicalzones in the Projectarea. Figure-9.1 Inter relationships between different resource maps and final output in GIS processing LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure-2.1: Over-viewof differentsub-watersheds under IWDP (Hills-Il)
Annexure-3.1 Summaryof climatologicalparameters as recordedat CSWCRTIResearch Farm(Average 1958-90)
Annexure-3.2: Sub-watershedwise distributionof land-useof 5 participatorystates in the Shivalikregions.
Annexure-5.1 IWDP(Hill-Il): Rural-urbancomposition of populationby tehsil,1991
Annexure-5.2 Ruralliteracy levels by tehsil,1991
Annexure-5.3: Urbanliteracy level by tehsil, 1991
Annexure-5.4 Workersby categoryin ruralareas by tehsil,1991
Annexure-5.5: Workersby categoryin urbanareas by tehsil,1991
Annexure-5.6: Distributionof SC & ST populationin ruralareas by tehsil,1991
Annexure-5.7: Distributionof SC & ST populationin urbanareas by tehsil,1991
Annexure-5.-8 % of villageshaving selected infra-structure facilities by tehsil,1991
Annexure-5.9: % of villagesconnected by differenttypes of roadsby tehsil,1991
Annexure-9.1: Comprehensiveset of M & E environmentalindicators for Watershed Management
Annexure-9.2 A casestudy on utilisationof GIS techniquesin watershed planning
Annexure-9.3: A detaileddescription of methodto determinebio-diversity index EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutiveSummary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
THEPREAMBLE 1. The Shivalikranges, in NorthIndia, are at the lowerend of the Himalayasand at the upperend of denselypopulated productive Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains. The ShivalikRegion is a thin belt, with an averagewidth of about52km and a lengthof about650km has an area of neariyfour millionhectares in the statesof Punjab,Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.These hills, oncecovered by denseforests, are nowtotally denuded. Much of the denudationtook place since colonial times, when the exploitationof forest wealth was encouragedfor meetingtimber and fuel needsfor militarycantonments. The settlerscleared land for farmingand nomadic herdsmen brought cattle for grazing.In the process,rich forests gaveway to barehill slopes.Soil erosionbecame common and the once perennialstreams becameseasonal torrents, locally knownas 'choes'.The degradationcontinued unabated. Today,these hills are almosttotally barren,a sourceof damageand destructionand are currentlyrecognized as oneof the eighthighly degraded ecosystems in the country. 2. In the last decade,in orderto preventand reverse the degradationprocess of the Shivalikshills, the IntegratedWatershed Development (Hills) Project(IWDP) was undertaken in the4 states of Jammu& Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.Originally, the projectwas for a periodof 7 years(1990-97), but was extendedfor anotheryear up to 1998.The projectwas supportedby the WorldBank. Seeing the physicaltargets being achieved by the participatory states,the WorldBank decided to furtherextend the programin the form of IWDP(Hills-1l) not onlyin otherareas of thesestates but alsoincluding the stateof UttarPradesh. This was aimed at providinga uniformintegrated rural developmentplatform to addressthe socialand natural resourcesproblems of the entireShivaliks in India. 3. Giventhe undefinedinvestments spread spatially and temporally over the largeproject region covering five states, the World Bank suggestedconducting a Regional Environmental Assessment(REA) for the project. This is the first instanceof such an REAfor any World Bankfunded project in India.The primaryobjective foreseen in the REAprocess was to obtaina frameworkto identifykey environmentalissues related to the project both on environmental concemsrelated to proposedproject components and on the assessmentof the environmental benefitsof the project.It wasto serveas a valuabletool for addressing environmental issues that wouldhelp influenceproject appraisal and design, execution and supervision of its components. In addition,it would serve as a set of environmentalguidelines to shape environmentally sustainableinvestment strategies in the projectThe mainobjectives, envisaged for the Regional EnvironmentalAssessment are: * To providea frameworkfor identificationof key environmentalissues related to the project andto quantifyits environmentalimpact * To assesspositive environmental contributons of watersheddevelopment and examine environmentalconcems associated with the variousproject components; * To suggestmitigation measures, outline monitoring and evaluationstrategies associated withthe appropriateindicators to measureenvironmental benefits of the projectand outine an EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP)to be mainstreamedinto the projectcycle includingtheir preparation, implementation and completion; .. O~~~~~~~~~Lbe RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutiveSumniaty . To bring out recommendationsthat would keep constantinvolvement of the other membersof the implementationunit and wouldalso lead to the designof environmental awarenessprograms, the baseline,monitoring and evaluationstrategies as early in the projectas possible; * To help in identifyingthe additionaldetailed studies that needto be conductedas part of the project;and, * To providea screening/analysistool for addressingthe environmentalissues that shall helpinfluence project appraisal and design, execution and supervision of its comjponents. 4. Theseobjectives have to be achievedthrough the followingscope of the REA: . Formulationof spatialdetails including the locationof sub-watershedsand majorproject components; * Descriptionof the risks and scope associatedwith variousactivities under the major componentsof the project; * Creation of a framework defining criteria to be used for selection of activities in each componentand in prioritizationof objectives; . Recommendationof proceduresand institutionalarrangements to addressenvironmental concemsand ensuringsafe guards,or any activitythat wouldtrigger a moredetailed EnvironmentalImpact Assessment or EnvironmentalMonitoring; * Analysisof the lessonsfrom on-goingand previousprojects and incorporationof thesein the IWDP(Hills-4l); and, * Recommendationof mechanismsand proceduresto mainstreamthe REA work znd environmentalconcems in generalin the proposedIWDP.
PROJECTDESCRIPTION 5. The projectarea in the proposedIWDP (Hills-ll) includes the sub-tropicalShivalik and temperate Karewasranges of the five states.Although the majorfocus of the projectis on thleShivalik zone,the projectalso includessub-watersheds located in the temperateKarewas iri Kashrnir. Figure-I showsthe locationof differentsub-watersheds under IWDP (Hills-Il). The total areato betreated in the fivestates is givenbelow in Table-1.
The Karewas,in Kashmir,are separatedfrom the Shivaliksof Jammuby the Pir-Paijal mountainrange. The Shivaliksconsist of a narrowbelt of hillsthat run alongthe sub-tropical southemfoothills of the Himalayanranges. The Karewasare located north of the Shivaliksand consistof old lakebeddeposits some of which havebeen uplifted to form hilt plateausand steepravines.
ii LOCATION OF SUB-WATERSHEDS UNDER IWDP tHILLS 11)
~~~ ~JAMMU&'KASHMIR -Lgn k ) (\ ! Legend
~~~~ IM _ (
- IMACHAL P-ADIESHf
() ~ ~ ARPRA7E8H,~ r
0 p 2 .- \ (t & - - -- 2 0,; \ 0 . , FIG; 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IG
\*~~~... R~IEGIONALENVIRONMENTAL s' 'd770} _-AS9ESSMENT ' IWPE1.S Hf
7, 0 _0 ( J\ . RegionalEnwvronmental Assessmernt IMDP (Hills-Il) ExecztveSummiIy
Table-1:Total Areato be treatedin the five states under IWDP(Hills-Il)
Punjab 93938 Haryana 70472 UttarPradesh 127307 HimachalPradesh 119116 Jammu& Kashmir 109860
6. Theseareas comprise of 5 sub-watershedsin 3 districtsof HaryanaState; 17 sub-watershedsin 5 districtsof PunjabState; 8 sub-watershedsin 3 districtsof UttarPradesh; 4 sub-watershedsin 4 districtsof J&Kand 41 sub-watershedsin 5 districtsof HimachalPradesh. 7. Highdensities of people(100-1500 persons/kin 2) andlivestock, resulting in fuelwood and fodder extractionfar exceedingthe annualbiomass production characterize the projectarea. Due to populationpressure, cultivation has been extended to marginalareas including slopes unsuitable for cropping;this too has contributedto soil erosion.These areas have been identifiedas lthe mostdegraded rain-fed agro-ecosystems of the countryand hence included in the priorityareas for watersheddevelopment The Shivaliksand Karewasdiffer in soil, climateand elevation, Ibut bothface severe devastation and will continueto be denuded,if no stepsare taken to reverse the trend. Objectivesof the IWDP(Hills-Il) 8. The mainobjective of the IWDP(Hills-4l) is to restorethe producfivepotential of the Shiivaliksand the Karewas,spread over the five states.This would be attainedusing evolvingwatershed developmentand communityparticipation approaches. The focus is on improvingin-situ moistureconservation, water harvestingand land managementpracfices. An associated objectiveof the project is to assist with the institutfonaldevelopment and consolidatethe progressalready made in the earlierprojects. 9. Althoughthe mainobjective remains to bethe restorationof the productivepotential of the hillsin the five participatingstates, the priority plans of differentstates differ. Followingare the objectivesof the projectacross the states: * To restoreon a sustainablebasis the productivepotential of the Shivalikregion and improvingthe quality of lffe (throughintegrated multi-disciplinary area development approaches); * To conservesoil and water (by reducingsoil erosionand increasingthe availabilityof water)to slowand reverse the degradationof naturalenvironment; * To increaseand improvethe productionand incomefrom crops,horticulture, lodder, fuel woodand livestock through the processof soil andwater conservation; * To reduceflooding, land slides and other environmentalhazards in the project and neighboringareas;
iv RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutveSummary . To promote low-cost and/or vegetative technologies, to develop approaches for coordinatedinteractive planning and to strengthen the managementof non-arabie lands and other commonproperty resources; * To strengthen community participation for a holistic and sustainable agro-ecological development;and, * To improvethe socio-economicconditions of disadvantagedgroups especiallythe women. 10. Followingare wider and immediateobjectives of the ShivalikWatershed Development Project in various states. The overall objectives are ranked in order of importanceas assessed from the REA informationgiven by the respectivestates and are given in Table-2. These also give an understandingof the customizedproject priorities according to the particularneed of the states.
Table-2: Objectives of IWDP Project of Shivaliks across various States Objectives Jammu& :Himachal Haryana Punjab Uttar - ;- i- - .Kastr ---Pradesh WIDEROBJECTIVES To restore on a sustainable basis the productive I I potential of the region andimproving quality of life. To reducesoil erosion,improve availability of water. 2 2 To improveliving conditionsof rural peoplethrough 3 multi-disciplinary area development approach. To slow and reverse the degradation of natural I 1 1 environmentby soil andmoisture conservation. To conservesoil andwater. 2 3 To increaseand improvethe productionand income 3 from crops, horticulture, fuel wood and livestock, etc. To reduce flooding and devastation caused by 4 degradationof soil. To help increaseproduction and incomegrain crops, 3 2 horticulture,fodder, fibre, fuelwood, livestock and household based products. _ To reduceflooding, landslides and other environmental 3 hazardsin the projectand neighboring areas. To promotelow-cost technologies; to manage non- 2 4 arable lands and other common property resources. To promote holistic and sustainableagro-ecological 4 5 4 5 developmentinvolving people's participation. IMMEDIATEOBJECTIVES To strengthencommunity participation. 5 6 5 6 4 To improve the Socio-Economicconditions of 6 5 disadvantaged groups, especially the women. Developmentof locai level institutionsto enhancethe 6 6 sustainabilityof the model 1-6 denotesthe scale of rankingwith 1 being the topmostpriorty and so on
v RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-ll) Execubive Summary ProjectComponents 11.The two major components of proposed IWDP (Hills-l1)are institutional Strengthening and Watershed Developmentand Protection.The Institutional Strengtheningcomponent seeks to support stakeholdersin the planning, implementation,maintenance and sustainabilitymeasures, strengthen project implementingagencies, research, extension and training. The Watershed Development and Protection component would aim at promoting proven locally adapted vegetative technologies and mechanical structures through active beneficiary involvement to conserve water and reduce soil erosion. The project will generally adopt treatments similar to those used in the IWDP (Hills-I). Broadly categorized,the treatments to be undertakenin the projectcomponents are: * Activities for Arable Land including contour vegetative barriers, terrace repairs and vegetative reinforcement,vegetative field boundaries, silvipasture, rain-fed horticulture, farm forestry, on-farm fodder production,rain-fed horticultural demonstrations and rain-fed croppingsystem demonstrations; * Activities for Private non-arable, common and forest land including vegetative/shrub barriers in contour trenches, pasture development,silvipasture, afforestation, drainage lining, gully stabilizationwith wire crates with vegetative support, stream bank protection, water harvesting structures and village ponds, roadside erosion control and landslide treatment; * Other activities including livestock improvementand animal husbandry practices, rural infrastructure development (roads, markets, energy) would be activity included in the proposed project. 12.These objectiveswould be achieved by variety of methodsaccomplished by strong stakeholder participation including a number of mechanical and vegetative measures for watershed development and protection, improved livestock management, rural road rehabilitation and institutionalstrengthening.
REGIONAL ENVIRONNMENTALSETrING 13.The Shivaliks have a very characteristic environmentalsetting, which neither resembles the higher Himalayasnor the Indo-GangeticAlluvial plains below. Being a long narrow belt below the Himalayas and above the Alluvial plains, the natural environmental characteristics of the Shivaliks change abruptlywith altitude. The characteristicfeatures of the region are given in the following paragraphs.
Climate 14. The average annualrainfall is 1116mmranging from 716 to 1897mmwith Coefficientof VariaiJon (CV) of 25.6%. The rainfall varies from 2200mm per annum at Dehradun(in Uttar PFradesh)to 900mm per annum at Jammu and to 3500mmper annum at Dharamshalain HimachalPradesh. At Chandigarh(roughly the centre of the Shivalik range), the average maximum temperatureis 43°C during May/June and minimum temperature is less than 10C in January. Thie average annual evaporationis 2108mmwith an average of 5.7mm/day.
vi RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-l1) ExecutfiveSummary Physiography 15.The 300-3000mhigh Shivalik range forms the southernfront of the Himalayas.These are made of the sedimentsdeposited by the ancientHimalayan rivers in theirchannels and flood plains. The terrainin the Shivalikrange is brokenup andat placesprecipices 70m or higherstand out sharply.Geologically, the hills are of the middleShivalik formaton with deep bedsof red marl interspersedwith beds of soft andfriable sandstone and occasionalbeds of looselyaggregated conglomerate. Soil and Geology 16.The Shivaliksoils are deepbut the slopesnear the foothillscontain pebbles and boulders.The soil texturevanes from mediumto fine texturedsoils, i.e., from loamysand to sandyloam and silty clay loam.These sizeable patches of heavysoils are calcareousand alkaline in natureand hashigh pH, moresilt (35-38%)and clay content (45-50%), high calciumcarbonate, low organic carbon,low hydraulicconductivity and permeabilitywith hardand compactstrata. These soils havelow biologicalactivity due to low organiccarbon content and are unstableand highlyprone to erosion. 17.South-facing scarps commonly break the Shivalikranges. On the steep northemslopes, a numberof streamsand waterfallsare there. Thenthere are long flat stretchescalled 'duns' within the otherwiserugged Shivalik terracet. The 'duns'are graveldeposits in depressionsor fillings of now-vanishedlakes. Since hard rocksare generallyabsent the soil in the Shivalik rangesis a potentialhabitat for grass production.The clay mineralsare illite, chloriteand kaolinitewith quartzand feldspar traces, pink silt is dominantin AmbalaShivaliks Cin Haryana) and coarsesediment composed of pebblesand sand is commonin foothill (Kandi)area of Punjab.Table-3 below describes the changein the generalgeological and soil characterstics acrossthe five statesin the Shivalikranges. Table3: Geologicaland Soil Characteristics in the ShivalikRange
Geology Sandstone, Slates, Riverterraes, Hardclay, Hills highly Quartzite, conglomerates limestone, gravel beds, sand, folded and sandstone, and clays. shale and sandstone,clay uncosolidated dissected. gravellyrock volcanic stonesand conglomerate outcrop. rocks. conglomerates. s Soils Shallowsoils, Loamy. Coarseloamy to fine Sandy loam, Ught texture, Deeprich calcareous loamy,slightly poor moisture Nutient brown forest surfacesoils are alkaline,low salt retention. poor.Alluvial soils with sandy loam, content,well drained soils in lower moreclay at silts, loamand with excessive parts. foothills. _sit loam runoff. Seismicity 18.The wholearea is geo-dynamicallyvery active.The snappingand attendantslipping of rocks alongfaults andthrusts have given rise to earthquakesrepeatedly. The magnitudeof seismic
t The dunswere formed due to poundingof riversand streams or slackeningof currentvelocity as the gradientdecreased following the landform.
, ,s vii RegionalEnnvimnmental Assessment: IWDP(Hills-Il) Eecu0ve Summaly events has varied from moderateto high. In the last 100 years four of them had magnitudes higher than 8 on the Richter Scale. Epicentresgenerally follow lines parallel to the thrusts on faults present.
Water Resources 19.Shivaliks mainlyforms the catchmentareas of two major river systems,viz, the Indus river & the Ganga-Yamuna.In the Indus river-system,major tributaries(in J&K and Punjab) are the Sutlej, the Beas, the Ravi, the Jhelum and the Chenab. In the Ganga-Yamuna river-system, the tributariesfrom part of Haryanaand all parts of Uttar Pradeshdrain into the system. In between the two, some tributariesof Punjab & Haryanadrain into the Ghagghar River, which spireadsin the Rajasthandesert and get absorbed. 20. The drainage channelsin the Shivalik ranges originateas small rills on the sloping land in the upper reaches of the watersheds and develop into gullies. Series of such gullies or channels may combine further down to take the form of gorges or ravines. Such ravines merge into seasonal streams towards the lower reaches of a watershed, which ultimately merge ais meanderingtorrents (choes) on entering the plains. The main water resourcesin the area are springs, Nallahas,wells, tube-wellsand rivers. Despitean average rainfallof 1116 mm there are acute shortagesof drinkingand irrigationwater.
Land Utilization 21. The predominantland utilization in the overall project area is agriculture (37.9% of total land) followed by forests (38.3%) in the states. The land use, however, varies considerably in the projectarea. It is estimatedthat the availabilityof land suitablefor agriculturalproduction rangets between 20.6 to 64.3 percent of the area of the watersheds and in most cases is privately owned. Non-arablelands are predominantin all participatingstates and are severely degraded. Table-4 shows the predominantland utilizationin the projectarea.
Table-4: Predominant Land Utilization in the Project Area, 1998
State -1WDPArea - Axah! {%otTa1 land=) i --- ? rabe -- Tl land ~(haI otdon-Fomt oa FrigteadifdW Toa Prve
Jammu and 109860 1.6 30.0 31.63 53 28.3 34.8 68A Kashmir
Punjab 93938 16.6 31.0 49.6 223 20.2 7.4 50A
Haryana 70472 27.3 37.0 64.3 9.8 4.0 21.9 35.7
HimachalPradesh 119116 3.0 28.1 31.1 12.0 15.2 41.7 68.9
UttarPradesh 127307 4.2 16A 20.6 NA 11.8 67.6 79.4 Project Area 51j,693 11.1 26.8 37.9 10A 13.4 3t3 6Z1
22. An importantland utilization of the projectarea is the village commonlands, which occupy 13.4% share of the total land of the project area. Amongst all states, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab have relativelylarger share of village commonland. The average per capita land available in the participatingstates works out to be 0.34, 0.32, 0.4 and 1.44ha in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradeshand Uttar Pradesh,respectively.
Lme 0:ii viii RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecuveSummary Forestsand Bio-Diversity 23. Followingthe Bio-geographicclassification of Rodgers(1985), the IWDP(Hills-Il) watersheds comeunder biotic provinces 2A, 2B and 4A. 2A and2B beingthe NorthWestem and Westem Himalayaswhereas 4A constitutesthe semiand Punjab plains. The majorbiomes existing are in the terrestrialregime, (temperate and sub-tropical)with forestecosystems dominating followed by grasslandand aquatic ecosystems. The vegetationis droughtand coldresistant consisting of conifers,legumes, grasses, composites, etc. Broadlyfour types of forestsexist - Tropical Deciduous,Tropical Pine, Himalayan Moist Temperate and HimalayanDry Temperate. Table-5 givesa classificationof foresttypes in the ShivaliksRegion (see Figure 2 forthe forestcover in the region). Table-5:Classification of Forestsin the Shivaliks Region
Description Deciduousscrub forests Fir and blue Deciduousforests, Sub- Sal forests, Tropical Dry of Forests consistingmainly of pineforests in tropical MixedBroad Deciduous, Phial,Semal, Sissoo their spatial Dry Deaduous forest. leaved and Terminariwith zones vœth Scrub forests, forest, Chil Tropical undergrowthof Dodenia associate K"air, forest, Evergreen, and Adathola. spps. Cedrus sisoo,forestsin Bamboo Tropical forestsin one fotil,Btadforest, S Moist, In higherelevation Chi portionof. Mand areas, forest,Dry Deciduous Pineforests with catchment. Mnars,deciduous associatesspecies. ShivalikChir pine forest, ShivalikSal. Euphomiain very Forests, Eucalyptus derelictcondition. plantabons. Dry Deciduous Bamboo.
24.There is a considerablegap in knowledgeabout not only biotic wealthper se but also its distributionand compositionof communitiesand ecosystemsin the Shivalikranges. In general, bio-productivityper unit area per unittime is lowerin Himalayas.Individual species occupy wide rangesand population gets broken into smallisolated units. There is a higherrate of endemism as thereare manyspecies growing exclusively in the Himalayas.These make many areas in the Himalayashighly diversified and floristicallyamong the richestin the world.The Himalayasare an importantcenter of diversityin the countrybeing source of severalspecies of cereals,pulses, fruits,oil yieldingplants, species, and medicinal plants. The regionalso harbours many wild and domesticatedanimal species. 25. The in-situ conservationareas in watershedsare the protectedareas - national parks, sanctuariesand reserved forest areas as theyhave been demarcated for ecosystemand habitat protection.Within the Shivalikarea there are existing and proposed National Parks (including the Corbett NationalPark and the Rajaji NationalPark), and existing and proposedWildlife Sanctuaries(see Figure 3). Uvestock 26. Livestockplays a vitalrole in the Shivalikseconomy, as nextto agricultureanimal husbandry is the mostimportant economic activity. Livestock is the primarysource of livingas it contributes50 to 65%of the totalincome. Density of livestockin the villagesof Shivalikis morethan three times
ix FOREST COVER IN THE PROJECTAREA )
__ __ . , ' \t JAMMU & kASHMIR L-egend
w W A X _ g ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OPEri'PESTS
<99> js '--HAX ,A-,/
o f-. H7;^A >-. 51 ~ ? _ , F -~~~~~~-
ENVIRONiMENTAL >,./ \ >. ( ) \ --- 1 . <-' / 0 -- .-. 4 P~~~~~~~~~~~~~EGIONtiL
A/X <> .D E ,S -- H J ' . -ViDP ASSESSMENT 4HILLS 11)
1:3 77,00.C0 0tJ -a F - PROTECTED BIODIVERSITY IN THE AREA
_- SAZHIAGAM sJAMMU t KA8HMIR ed/ERA \- FORESTZ ! }, - --- w r'Legendc
CTY TO>E~TU Ri, T -TUF-/U
kL!' "'.i /e r,-l ' - *TIiLTA_ KHAF< tUNNLA
- CANIGUL iAO86H f *SURI8SStVANS',* RAMNAGAR tAKHA * TUN8pAH/\~ =--^1 ^
HIMACHALtRADES H- 3
TAKHN_RE£H,AP4 ,F ,. .r=, -F t . .-' _ _ \ H~~ ~ ~ ~~~AL.',
/ PUNJAf_ ___ < ' _ -_ .- FIR~~~~~~~~~~.H I AR f .V' \
SIR ALBA8A; / UTTAR PRADESH
eIN A40T??AO 9) 9UNRHERI ( RA -' ' (
50HANADI
HARYANA A
F ¾~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W i! .7? -r l\- ¾- - ,---
I * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~REC,ONALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEINT> t ^ , 4R; - ;IWDP \ i HILLS 11 7 >
S1. , ,f...... ,,,q,I ,oo. u 1L-3 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutveSummary the nationalaverage. Herein lies one of the prime reasonof degradationof the Shivaliks. Excessiveopen grazing is oneof the primereasons, which has contributedto the deterioration ofthe Shivalikecosystem. SocialEnvironment 27. The projectcovers a totalarea of 520,693hectares with a total populabonof about5.18 million. UttarPradesh covers the highestarea (nearly 29%) followed by Jammuand Kashmir(25.7''Jo) and HimachalPradesh (21.8%) (see Table 1). In terms of population,Punjab has the largest share(37.1%). The project is spreadover predominantly rural areas. 28. The indigenouspopulation in the regionis the ScheduleTribes (STs). The Schedul,edcastes (SCs)are otherdisadvantaged social groups. In total,the projectarea has about11.35% of SC and ST population.The ST populabonis negligible(3.1%). The Censusdata indicatesthat the nearlyone-fourth of ruralpopulabon fall in thesetwo categories.In the caseof urbanareas of the projectarea, the shareis observedto be to the tuneof around20%. By and largethere is no enumerationof like nomadsas they arehighly mobile. 29. The predominanteconomic base of the projectarea is primarysector activities. In the rural areas,agriculture is the mainstayof the economy,as over two-thirdof the populationare engagedin agricultureand allied activities.Tertiary (service) sector actvity assumesgreater significancenext to primarysector activityin the near-absenceof any manufactuiingunits, especiallythe smalland medium scale manufacturing units.
INSTITUTIONALAND POUCY ISSUES 30.Watershed development has been reemphasizedby the Gol to enhance production, employment,income, and to securethe naturalresources base of land,water and perennial vegetation.The watershedapproach has beendescribed: as "The mostcomprehensive and holisticapproach to tacklethe problemsof regionalimbalances in matterof wateravailabifity, sustainabilityof agricultureand water resources,problem of deplefingunderground water resources,drainage, soil conservation...This is also the only and ultimateanswer to reducing regionaldisparities, making assuredirrigation available, evolving more economicand seff- sustainingand environmentalfriendly use of organic inputs and non-conventionalenergy resourcesthrough utilisation of farm wasteand bio-mass production... . The currentI 999-2000 budgetalso places much importance on sustainablewatershed development efforts. 31. Delineationof agro-climaticregions (ACR) and agro-ecological regions (AER) have been efforts in this direction.The PlanningCommission had in 1989brought out a 15-zoneagro-cimatic map basedlargely on commonalityof factorslike physiography,rainfall, temperature, soil and water resources.The NationalBureau of Soil Surveyand LandUse Planningin 1990put forth a 20 regionagro-ecological map for the country.These attempts provide a basisfor broadland use planningand developing agriculture on sustainablebasis.
* Govemmentof India,Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture.Report on the Draft AgricultumePolicy Resolution. New Delhi, 1992.
)di RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutveSummary 32 The IWDP(Hills) area forms part of agro-dimaticZone I - WestemHimalayas Region under sub- zones2, 3 and 4. The recommendedstrategies for future developmentin these sub-zones includedevelopment of soil andwater conservation, landuse planning, fruit cropsdevelopment, highvalue crops, transport and communication, supplemented with marketing and storage, water management,agro-processing, livestock production, social forestry, seed productionand fisheries. 33. The IWDP(Hills) area form partof agro-ecoregion 14 (Warmsub-humid to humidwith inclusion of per-humideco-region with brownforest and podzolic soils). A smallportion also falls in agro- eco region9 (Warmsub-humid (dry) eco-region with alluviumderived soils). The recommended strategiesfor theseagro-eco region includes the adoptionof slopebased land use, enumeration of bio-climaticadaptability of crops,augmentation of infrastructure,and implementabon of better qualitylivestock, forestry, seed and fisheries production measures. InstitutionalSettingllssues 34.Watershed Management essentially being a multidisciplinaryactivity involves many agencies responsiblefor soil andwater conservation, forestry, animal husbandry, agriculture, horticulture and rural development,etc., at the Unionand the State levels. In the variouswatershed managementprojects completed so far, almostall havebeen implemented by line departments. The roleof the WatershedManagement Directorate has beenlimited to planningand providing fundsto differentdepartments to implementthe plannedactivities. In almostall the projects,the line departmentswere fraught with numberof problemssuch as lack of co-ordinationin implementationof sectoralactivities, stereotyped approach to tacklethe problemsin an isolated manner,lack of innovativetemperament, absence of flexibility,etc. As a result,the workswere scatteredall overand resources were spread too thinover a largearea. 35.To accomplishthe goals set underthe WorldBank aided IWDP (Hills-ll), effective coordination amongthe departmentsis increasinglybeing emphasized. For the purposeof effectiveco- ordinationin IWDP (Hills-l1)a state-levelsteering committee(with all the heads of the departmentsas membersand the secretaryof the co-ordinatingdepartment as the chairperson) wouldbe constituted.The SteeringCommittee would address the difficultiesarising for want of co-ordinationamong line departments and sort out otherImplementation issues. 36. Under IWDP, since the project is basicallycreating infrastructure for the benefit of the beneficiaries,it is felt thatwhere the line departmentshave already created some institutions or infrastructures,IWDP should not createadditional institutions, rather it shouldstrengthen the institutionalready existing in the projectarea. In this context co-ordinationamong the line departments,among various watersheddevelopment agencies within the state and other bilateralagencies and developmentof mechanismfor regularand effective interaction assume significance. 37.At presentseveral NGOs are engagedin the missionof environmentalconservation through interactionwith publicand govemmentdepartments, generating awareness and carryingout somemodel plantations in the villages.Some of the NGOshave been working with dedication at the grassroot levelin the villagesand they wouldbe involvedin someof the micro-watershed developmentschemes. These schemeswould act as demonstrationcenters for various technologicalinnovations and the NGOswould be encouragedto take up eco-restorationof the degradedShivaliks with the activeparticipation of the villagers. 38. People'sparticipation is the basictheme of the project Communityparticipation components transverseall the activitiesincluded in the projectVillage communities would be involvedin the
xiii RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-ll) ExecutveSumma',y projectright from the planningstage to the implementationand monitoringstage. The community participationwould be buttressedin variousmeans includingparticipabton of the seff-helpgroups, user groups, women's groups, para-professionaland women-motivators. In Uttar Pradesh additionalinitiatives such as the villagers committeesand village revolvingfunds for watershed managementare being proposed.
Policy Setting/Issues 39. Different watershed management policies as defined by the Department of Agriculltureand Cooperation(DAC) of Ministryof Agriculture,Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment(MOR&E) and Ministry of Environment& Forests (MoEF)are in need of integrafion.It is anticipate-dthat an integratedwatershed management and developmentpolicy would be formed during the 9th five- year Plan period. The requirementsof an integrated policy include formulation of common guidelines for all watershed management programmes being implanted by different Ministries/Departments,externally aided projects,etc. 40. The Gol has already taken importantsteps in this direction.The various initiativesincreasingly focus on the holistic approach. Once the watershed is selected for treatment the entire watershed irrespectiveof the land uses is being treated including the agriculture,forests aid wastelands.The privatelands of watershed are being developedby privatelandowner; on cost- sharing basis; communityland is being developed with full involvementof the communityand forestslands by the conceemedagencies. 41. The rainfed area constitutes66% (about 90 millionha) of 142 million ha of cropped aireain the country.The area developedso far is very small and, therefore,a perspectiveplan needs to be developedto cover the balancerain-fed area (arable land)within a reasonabletimeframe. 42. The plan for development of the watersheds should be prepared in consulation with local beneficiaries adopting a decentralised approach and thereby making it acceptable to the beneficiaries. For better appreciation of the existing problems of degraded watersheds and benefits of watershed development, the beneficiaries should be trained before the actual developmentalactivities are taken up. The urgent needs of the community,such as, drinking water, wells, ponds,bridges, connecting roads, temples, schools et. could be taken up as entry point activitiesand necessaryprovisions may be made in the schemes. 43. The subject of a common approach and guidelines for all the schemes of watershed beiing implementedby the Central Ministrieswas deliberated.Since the objectivesof the schemes are different, it was felt that it might not be feasible to have common guidelines. However, lthe pooling of resourcesof watersheddevelopment programmes at district level of project level may be consideredto avoid overlappingand extendingthe reach of various programmes.ILegislative framework also might be required with respect to the common property resources to avoid conflict between the state govemment agencies and the Panchayats (local self govemment bodies). 44. The conceptof developmentof Bio-lndustrialwatersheds was suggested during lXth Five Year Plan envisagingdevelopment of watershed coupledwith value addition activitiesfor processing the primary produce at village or watershed level itself. This would help producers to have
The work done by the villagecommunity on commonproperty resourcesis paid by the proiect and this amount goes to the village revolAngfund.
Av RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutiveSummary enhancedbenefits and reduce losses from perishablecommodities due to immediatemarketing problems.For over-all planning,implementation, monitoring of all watersheddevelopment programmes,a strongwatershed directorate at state level would be establishedwith multi disciplinarystaff with representativesof differentagencies involved in watersheddevelopment programmes.
KEYENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND SCREENING 45.The Shivaliksare denselypopulated and peoplefollow a semi pastoraloccupation, which is diversein its crops-tree-livestockinterrelation. The principalarable land utilizationconsists of rain-fedcultivation of maizeand wheat Cropfailures are very commondue to erraticrainfall distribution.As individualland holdingsare very small,owners are unableto live on the farm produceand thus rear sheep and goats for sale.Cattle are freely grazed in theforests in spiteof stringentlaws. Grass production is low andthe qualityof cattleis poor.This hasaccelerated the degradabonof land and most of the foothillshave becomeunfit for humanhabitation. The problemis so acutethat in highlygrazed areas, as muchas 4-6cmof topsoilcan disappear with a singleheavy shower. 46. Fourteenkey RegionalEnvironmental Issues have been identified in the REA processfrom the naturaland induced biophysical degradation and socio-economic point of view.From the cause and effect in examinationfor each issue vis-a-visfive constituentstates, the severityof a particularenvironmental constraint for the stateshas alsobeen focussed. These key issues are: Wateravailability; Soil erosion; Lack of fodder and fuel: Small landholdings; Undulatingtopography; Soil biota/declinein fertility; Deforestationand denudation; Loss of bio-diversity; poverty; Communityparticipation; Lantenalageratuminfestation; Poor infrastructure; Role of women;and Awarenessand skill development. 47. The project interventionsare heavily loaded to attain reasonablyboth environmental conservationas well as improvingthe productivityof land under differentprimary production system.There are 18 environmentalbenefits and 20 socio-economicbenefits expected to flow from the proposedIWDP (Hills-l1) project. The most important ones are givenbelow: * Increasein vegetativecover; reductionin soil erosion includingsoil & nutrientloss; moderationof floodpeaks; increased perenniality of torrents& stream;more water in lean periodand increased discharge; clean water for drinkingpurpose; increased groundwater recharge& groundwateravailability; * Improvementin soil moistureregime and hence better vegetative growth; enlarged areas underbiomass production system; convenience in reclamationof torrentinfested lands; increasedbiodiversity and preservationof soil biota; increasedorganic matter build-up includingsoil structureimprovement; increased orgriic matter build-upincluding soil structureimprovement; and wildlife protection; * Improvementin microclimateand moderation of temperature extremes and clean air; * Possibilitiesof using microirrigation systems for higherwater reuseefficiency; lesser damageto infrastructureby streams& torrents;better possibilitiesof developingwater resourcesfor irrigaton; . Social benefitsincluding improved quality of life; advancementof womenand children; employmentgeneration; increased household income; increased eco-tourism potential;
xv RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) Execute Sumimuy improvedlive stock/milkproduction; improvement of culturalaspects; lesser social tension andreducton in malnutrition. 48.The differentproject components/activities can also lead to short term, long-termnegative impactson differentenvironmental components, if the sustainabilityaspects of the projectaire not takeninto consideration.The negativeissues can be reversibleor of irreversiblenature. Someof these negative impacts are described below as examples: * As soil biotais altered,thus the microflora & fauna mightbe disturbeddue to project inducedactivities; * The inducedbio-diversity in the watershedsmay bringvariety of insectsand vector borne diseasesmay effect human and animal species; * Dueto increaseof forestation,industries may spring up. This wouldtrigger air, waterand soil pollution,unless there is a ban on any industrialactivity within and aroundthe watershedareas. Migration of labourersto the watershedareas is alsoinevitable; * Dueto increasein populabon,industrial activities and soil erosion,the waterquality of the waterresources would continue to be low. Contaminationof groundwater aquifers, e.g., wellsdue to agriculturalrun off andimproper sanitation may trigger negative impacts; * Changein demographicpattems, disruption of social and culturalvalues would be potentialnegative impacts on the longterm; * All engineeringmeasures are drastic interventions(such as terracing,diversion of waterways)and interferewith slopes,drainage, micro-flora and may have long-term impacts; * Watershedimproves the water availability,which inducespeople to use morewater at homeand agricultural related actvities. In the courseof time,therefore, there is a risk that availablewater sources, even after these are stretchedmight not meetthe demand. 49. In orderto carryout the analysisof altematives,the first step was to identifyimpacts on lkey environmentalcomponents in two broad categories:potential posifive impacts ancl potential negafiveimpacts. The physicaland temporal nature of the impactwas determinedusing three sub-sets,i.e., short-termn and long-term,reversible and irreversible and local and regional. 50. Basedon the identificationof impactattributes and prediction tools, the analysisof alternatives was resortedto by usinga set of matrixscore. Each of thesematrix score again has been given a ProjectImportance Unit (PIU) valuing, by iterativeDelphi method. The valueswere distributed to differentkey environmental components and sub-components depending upon their relevance and importanceto the projecLThe sub-componentwise net score showedthat the region withoutthe proiectwould have negative impact in sevencomponents, while with the projct all the envircnmentalsub componentsshow positive impact Environrrentalimpacts of the propect on eachcategory are presentedin Table6, both"with" and "without" the project.The cumulative assessmentarrived at indicatesthat there is a significantpositive impact on the environmental featuresonce the projectinterventions are appliedin the degradedwatershed areas. The impactsreflecting growth and developmentis the higheston land environmentfollowed by soil environmentand water environment (see Tabie-6). The high positivenature of the impacton the socio-economicenvironment is the clearindicaton of the objectivesof the proposedwatershed projectthat would improve the qualityof life.
xvi TABLE 6: ALTERNATIVESCENARMOS
Sl.No. Key Environmental Components Without Project With Project Increase
~' - Arable Lands -60 +330 +390 Non Arable Lands -80 +160 +240 Forest Lands -490 +350 +840 Land Productivity -350 +750 +1100 Slopes -420 +330 +750 Land Slides -650 +600 +1250 TOTAL -2050 -2 2D5 SOIL ENVIRONMENT _Soil Erosion -660 +720 +1380 Soil Fertility & Productivity -500 +750 +1250 Soil biota & degradation -200 +260 +460 Soil Moisture -260 +240 +500 TOTAL -1620 +1970 +3I9f BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT |Flora and Micro Flora | +40 1 +480 +440 Fauna and Micro Fauna -30 +150 +180 National Parks -30 +60 +90 Fragile Zones -650 +150 800 TOTAL -670 +840 +1510 WATER ENVIRONMENT |Surface Hydrology -150 +450 +600 Ground Water -500 +400 +900 Transport of Sediments -'240 +240 +480 Water Quality -120 +350 +470 Silt Deposition -350 +120 +470 TOTAL -1360 +1560 +2920 AIR ENVIRONMENT IIndustrial Activities -10 +90 +100 Forest Fires -180 +120 +300 Anthrapogemnic Activities -30 +50 +80 TOTAL -220 +260 +480 ENERGY ENVIRONMENT rFuel Wood 1 -120 +120 | +240 [Renewable Energy +80 1 +200 +360 TOTAL -40 +320 | +360 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT lndigeneous Population I -120 1 +400 1 +520 1 Gender Issues -60 | +180 I +240 ] Provisionof Services (Transport, Health) -120 | +360 +480 j Community Participation -100 [ +700 |+800 ]| TOTAL -400 +1640 +2040 || RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutiveSummary
MONITORINGAND EVALUATION 51. Monitoringis an intemal and inherentproject activity and consists of watchingthe progressvis-a- vis plannedactivities and collectionof some specific observationswhich could help understandif desired resultsare likely to be achieved.It also comprisessome diagnosticanalysis of on-going activities, which could help the project authority locate gaps and act to carry out mid-tern correction if any needed. Evaluation on the other hand, is the assessment of project's performancein its variouscomponents as well as the impact on the targetarea and population. 52. Under environmentalcategories the end results expected from the IWDP (Hills-l1)include restorationof balancedland use; conservationand improvementof soil and water environment; improvedbio-diversity; enhancement of productivityand productionof biomass;improvement of overalland compositeecology and environmentof the watershedsand sustainability. 53. Environmental Indicators to monitor the expected outcome of the IWDP (Hills-Il) were recommendedbased on the uniqueness,ease of measurement,the imperative and directive characteristics.The indicatorsare proposed to serve as a basis for making strategic budget decisions;as means of evaluatingthe performanceof individual programsand activities as well as to provide an evaluationof the environmentalperformance in protectingand managingthe environmentin the course of the project. For effectiveness,the set of environmentalindicators was kept at a minimum. For the multiple dimensions of the IWDP and the diverse resources, compositeindicators, which would integratecomplementary impacts, have been suggested.Tlhe principalindicators are as follows: * Land Utilizationchanges; * Soil Loss; E Soil ErosionIndex; * Land Saved/RestoredFrom Gully Erosion,Steam Bank Cutting, Torrents,ietc.; * Sedimentation; * Soil Moisture; * Organic MatterContent or OrganicCarbon Content, * Surface Run-off; * Durationof Base Flow after MonsoonWithdrawal; * Re-Emergenceof Dried-UpSprings/Nalas; * Ponds/Tanksor StorageWorks; * Ground WaterWells; * Bio-DiversityIndex in ForestAreas; * IncreasedPerennial Vegetation in Non-FurestAreas; * Water Balance; * WatershedEco-lndex * EnvironmentalStabillity Factor;and, * QualityOf Life Index 54. The recommendedmeasurement techniques for the selected environmentalindicators include land utilization changes from land utilisation records; run-off through gauging stations using
L Asmocims xvHii RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutiveSumma,y velocity-areaapproach; tensiometers and infiltrometersfor soil moisture;sediment deposition usingstafflpost gauges, length & cross-sectionsurveys behind checkdams, storage ponds, etc. Toolswere also suggested for measuringchanges in channelmorphology; plant population and composition;community interaction, etc. Use of remotesensing, satellite imageries and aerial photographsas well as the geographicalinformation system (GIS) has beenrecommended. For eachenvironmental indicator, frequency and a scheduleof monitoringhave been recommended. However,a moredetailed monitoring schedule would require to be developedat the individual statelevel.
MITIGATIONMEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 55. EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) was prepared to ensure that environmental considerationsare integrated into the projectsurvey and design, contract documents and project supervisionand monitoring.These are tools for mitigatingor offsettingthe potentialadverse environmentalimpacts resulting from watersheddevelopment programmes in the Shivalik region.The environmentalmanagement plans mainlyconsist of integratingthe environmental mitigationmeasures, principal environmental indicators & easily measurablefield indicators togetherwith implementation schedule, monitoring plans and the estimatedcost 56. It is very importantthat such environmental mitgation measures should be usedin conjunction with good managementpractices and good engineeringdesign, construction and operation practicesparticularly for ruralroads and water harvestng structures.
Forestry Afforestation 57.Afforestation will be undertakento increasethe productivityof govemment,village common, privateforest land and wastelands in reversingthe land degradationof Shivaliks.Tree planting will be done alongthe contourin eithercontinuous or discontinuoustrenches depending on natvevegetation, terrain and soil type. The selectionof treeswill dependon landtenure and the requirementsof localcommunities. Tree density (absolute) will be 500to 1000plantslha to allow sufficientarea for the productionof intermediateproducts (like grasses). 58.Cost sharing arrangements will be encouragedwith the beneficiarycontributon on privateand non-arableland areas.The localcommunites will be closelyinvolved in forestprotection. All afforestationmodels will be combinedwith understoreyvegetative contour or silvipasture treatmentsto increasethe productionof intermediateforest products and further to protectthe land surfacefrom erosion.The plantingof speciessuch as bhabbargrass & bamboo in afforestationareas will be promoted. * Silvipasture 59. Improvedpasture species in conjunctionwith commonly acceptable arrangements for protection and exploitationwill be followed.Increase in silvipasturepractices will be in areaswhere the demandfrom localvillage communities is for a mixtureof fodderand fuel wood. 60. The treatmentwill involveplanting lower tree densitieswith a correspondingincrease in the proportionof shruband grass species such as Bhabbar,Napier to meetthe fodderrequirements. Silvipasturetreatment model will be adoptedfor marginalarable lands, private non-arable lands and communitywastelands in the lower reaches.About 500 trees will be plantedper hectare,
XiX RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) Executive Summary eitherequally spaced or in contouralleys. For sustainablesilvipasture land-use, participatory communitymanagement mechanisms will be addressed. Vegetative Shrub Barriers in ContourTrenches 61. ContourVegetative Barriers will be encouragedthrough proper selecton of species.The selectionof specieswill be basedon localconditions, soil moisture,devoid of infestedtermit,es, etc. Vegetativebarriers will be developedacross the slope and alongthe field bouindariesto interceptsurface runoff and allow soil to accumulatebehind the barriers.The barrierswill be placedmore precisely along the contourthrough proper alignment without loss of lanclavailable for cultivation.The intermediateproducts will not be harvestedfrom thesesites. * ForestryProduction Component 62. Thiscomponent will be appliedto upper& mid-catchmentareas for replenishmenton restocking of tree vegetationin existingforest areas. Vegetative shrub barriers will be providedin the form of contourV-ditches planted as hedgeswith localshrubs & perennialgrasses. Early production of fuelwood will be obtainedfrom shrubspecies. Soil and WaterConservation * GullyStabilization 63. In the treatmentof the gullysystem, the downstream limit of the gullywill be takenas the starting point and then progressslowly upstreamincluding the main channelof the gully and its tributaries.Gully inflowand run off rateswill be reducedthrough vegetative measureis. Typical designsfor gully controlstructures will be preparedfor each work site. Checkdamsfrom dry stonewill be usedwhere gully slope is uniformwhereas silting basins will be usedfor steep slopes.Wire crateswill be usedin the vulnerablesections and where there is a suddenchange in slope.Wire crateswill be formedbefore filling with stones.Wire will not be left exposed-to boulderdamage. Stones used for fillingof cratesshould be 1.5 timesthe diameterof the mire mesh.A minimumcrest width of 1.0 metresand height of 0.5 metreswill be adoptedto ensure that the openingof the structuresdoes not becomeblocked with washmaterial. Cut off drains, just off the contouror a flat slope,will be consideredalong the sidesof the gully at vulnerable locationsto divertthe flow of surfacerunoff away from them. a StreamBank Protection 64. In orderto controlstream bank erosion, bank protection works will be of formssuch as Gabions or wire crates,stone masonaryretaining walls, stone rip-rapor pitching,or woodenpiles. Detailedplans will be preparedfor the areasto be treated.A systemof prioritizationis needed withvegetative measures being included with brushwood,dry stoneand crate wire checkdams. Catchmentareas will be delineatedunder each watershed and structuresshall be designedto ensurethat they achievesoil conservationobjectives. * VillagePond and Tank Construction 65. Villageponds and Tank constructionwill be undertakenfor waterconservation and for domestic drinkingwater supply. The site selectioncriteria will be fixed andfactors such as volumeto be stored,construction methods, water quality, etc., will be considered.It will be ensuredthat the water resourceis not pollutedin any way as resultof the constructionof storagetanks and drainagelines will be providedat the peripheryof the pond.
ILa Aocims xx RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutveSummary 66.The village ponds will be linedusually with trapezoidal sections and the pondswill be linedusing plasticsheets. Availability of local materialsand accessto site are importantconsideratons whendetermining the typeof tankto be built.Rectangular storage tanks will be providedin some casesdepending upon the availableflow. Altematively polythene and plasticlined tanks will be providedunder certain conditions. * Water Harvesting Structures 67.The structureswith inclinedsides (1:2) will be excavatedfrom the hill sideswhich provides sufficientwater for inigation,but alsomeet live stockand domestic requirements. The locationof the tankwill be sucha waythat thereis sufficientcatchment to fill the tank.Adequate provision will be madeto trap transporteddebris and bed load.Sediment traps will be locatedat the inlet that is easilyaccessible for cleaning.Stone scour protection will be providedat the baseof the overflowspillway, and a stonepitched channel will be providedto lead the excesswater away from the structure.Maintenance procedures after constructionwill be detailed to the beneficiaries.Silt removalmethods and vegetativecover for embankmentswill be carriedout withthe helpof beneficiaryfarmers. * RoadsideErosion Control 68.The run off water will be divertedwith engineeringmeasures, to arrest erosion.Vegetative measurescombine with possible cut-off drains will beadopted to preventrapid overland flow into roadside.Steps will be taken to minimizeextra overburdencausing instability by removing portionof materialstarting from the top and stabilizewith vegetativemeasures or through retainingwalls. Many design altematives and cross section profiles provided by forestryinstitute, vith modificationof squarecross sections will be adopted.
Agriculture a On-FarmFodder Production 69. In orderto meetthe shortageof fodder,the bulkplanting will be carriedout mainlyon civil and privatelands. The grass planting operation will be carriedout usingshallow trenches using slips, or alongthe terrace.A sourceof fodderclose to homesteadwill be developedwhich will obviate the necessityof women having to spendsome hours walking to andfrom the cutfingareas. 70. Fodderconservation will be achievedby not cuttinggrass until it has maturedand seeddrop has occurred.Over maturedgrasses will be harvestedin early winterfor storageas winter forage.The specieslike Cymbopogan,Heteropogan, Gysopogan varieties are recommendedas winter forage. Clearanceof Lantana and Eupatonumweeds will be undertakenwith simultaneousplanting. The persistent attention will be thereover an extensiveperiod to prevent them overgrowingthe fodderplants. The techniqueof bush plantingto smootherLantana will alsobe tried. 71. Improvethe foddercomponent in watershedareas in terrnsof productionthrough, maintenance, andallow flexibility in plantations.If villagersgo for treefodder, they will be advisedto restict the loppingof foddertrees to no morethan 213 of the crown.Lopping will be carriedout onlyonce annually.Villagers will betrained in the managementof forestfodder resources.
xxii RegionalEnvironmental Assessment. IWDP (Hills-Il) Execufve Summary * VegetativeField Boundaries 72. Vegetative barrierswill be developedalong the field boundariesto interceptsurface run-off and allow soil to accumulatebehind the barriers. The field boundarieswill be planted with vetiver grass. Vetver grass clumpswill be plantedat 10m spacing. V RainfedCrop Demonstration 73. Appropriateagronomic practices in rainfed arable land like tillage practicesto ensure maximum in-situ moisture conservation, the use of improved varieties, correct and timely fertilizer application and the appropriate use of chemical sprays for pest and disease control will be promoted. 74. Vegetables and mixed cropping system will be included. The farmers will apply the inigation methodssuch as basins or furrowsfor better yield and optimizingthe water use. The standards currentlyadopted by the minor Irrigation Dept will be followed and detailed designs and costs will be prepared for comparing the various options of above conveyance system. Such demonstrationwill be establishedonly where surface stabilizationusing vegetativebarriers are completed.
Rainfed Horticulture and Agro-Forestry 75. On marginal arable lands, Horticulture as a perennial crop will be encouraged. Improved practices by using crop cultivabonwill be continued between the fruit trees for 2 or 3 years to maximizethe benefits.The in-situ soil moistureconservation techniques like mulchingpractices or FYMwill be adopted. Insteadof input subsidies on fencing, farmers will be motivatedfor live hedge fencing. Frost protectionmeasures will be applied in winter months.Monocultures will be avoidedby mixng a few otherspecies with the main speciesin extensiveplantation. 76. Cost sharingarrangements will be worked out so that the projectprovide non-labourinputs end the beneficiaryprovide the unskilled labour for orchard establishment.Performance of different fruit species/varietiesunder prevailingagro-climatic conditions will be maintained.
Animal Husbandry 77. The specific tasks in livestockwill be to review the existing breedingtechniques, identify the best breeds suited for improvementand adopt progeny control methodsfor unwanted animals. Hligh milk yieldingcattle will be encouragedeither by providing cash/cattlefeed or by establiishingnew live stock enterprises. 78. Constructionof manure pits will be environmentallybenign. The project will select a number of farms in various districts of Shivalik region especially in a variety of ecological zones for aniimal husbandry. The modus operandi will be imparting training and employing para-professionals includingpromotion of the nutritionalstandards. 79. Routine monitoring of livestock performanceby Extension officers having animal husbandry backgroundwill be mandatory.Short training courses at village level in live stock husbandry, nutritionand health will be conductedperiodically.
Rural Infrastructure 80. No road will be constructedwithout consideringenvironmentally amicable altemative alignments. Any road will be constructedin the dry season. Topsoil and soil surfaces should be!protected, erosion-pronesurfaces will be stabilizedthrough turfing, planting a wide range of vegetationand
odi RegionalEnvironmental Assessment. IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutiveSummary creatingslope breaksduring construction. All quarriesand borrowpits will be rehabilitated. Specialattention to drainagewithin or outsidethe right-of-waywill be given..Oil,bitumen and any otherhazardous wastes will be properlydisposed. 81. Provisionof fish passesfor large road crossingstreams, minimization of loss of natural vegetationduring construction, special measures for sensitive(rare, endangered,protected) species,special measures to protectcultural heritage sites will be the pre-requisitesof any road constructionproject. Involuntaryresettlement will be absolutelyminimised. Regulation of transportof materialsand safety designs(signage, speed humps,fencing and pedestrian crossingin marketareas and village centers) will be the consideredto beof utmostimportance. 82.The implementationplan for mitigationmeasures involves the monitoringof the progressthrough the useof environmentalindicators. Each project component has beenlinked in the reportwith the principalenvironmental indicators & easilymeasurable field indicators. These are follows:
Project Component Indicators
* Forestry - Landuse - BiodiversityIndex (In-situ) - Soil moisture - Stock density (Trees/ha) - Speciescomposition (No. of speciesper unit area)
- Age class distribution(Diameter/height class)
* Soil & Water Conservation - - Soil loss - Soil erosion index
- Landsaved/restored from gully erosion,stream bank cutting,torrents etc. - Sedimenttest - Runoff
- Durationof baseflow aftermonsoon withdrawal - Re-emergenceof dried up springs/nallas - Roads/Tanksor storageworks - Groundwater observationwells * Agriculture - Soil Moisture - Organicmatter contentor organiccarbon content - Bulk density - Cropsyield improvement(tlha) - Grassyield (Vha) * Rainfedhorticulture & Agroforestry - Soil Moisture - Organicmatter content or organic carboncontent - Bulk density - BiodiversityIndex (Ex-situ) - Area planted(ha) - Yield (Fruit/ha)
xxii RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-ll) ExecubveSummary
- RegularEmployment (Person days) - Net Income(Rslannum)
* Animal Husbandry - Qualityof life index - Livestockpopulabon charges in the villages - Livestock(No. & Type per family) - Stall feeding (No. of animalsstall fed) - Milk yield improvement(its/day) - Fodder production(Source area & production)
* Rural InfrastructureDevelopment - Land Saved(ha) - Land Protected(ha) - InfrastructureSaved (roads)
Sustenance of the Project 83. Environmentalcapacity building should be an important aspect to considerfor this project. The project should restore to institution building at the local level for sustaining the project's interventions.Forward and backwardlinkages among the local level organizationsshall need to be developed for effective networking and sustenance. To achieve effective beneficiary participation,each project implementationunit should be assisted by a social team. The prime responsibilityof the social team shall be to integratethe participatoryand social aspectswith the technical aspects of the project and work together with the technical teams to develop and strengthenlocal institutions. 84. Resortingto cost sharing and revolvingdevelopment funds may improve sustainabilityof the project These would generate a sense of ownership over the resources and infrastructure created by the project The privatesector shouldbe involvedin the project,especially in fodder a 85. The village developmentcommittees (VDCs) should have full responsibilityof maintenanceand watch and ward after three years for all assets created on publiclcommon/panchayatlands. On private non-arablelands, the projectshould not support the cost of fencing, watch andlward for subsequent maintenance.Subsidies should be discouragedand made more rationalizedand targeted.
Environmental Training Programmes 86. Trainingat all levels should be made an integralpart of all programmes.Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods should be used to determine the training needs. Training should be arranged for the policy makers, administraturs/managers, technical advisors and research workers, potential extensionists and volunteers; and all agriculturalextension workers. 87. The training modules shall include catchment-based planning and managementmethods; the implications of socio-cultural factors on resource management; participatory approaches to resource management;and appropriatetechnology (induding low-cost and vegetative techniques)aspects of soil and water conservation.A detailed syllabusfor environmentaltrainling and the scheduleof such traininghas been given in the REA.
xxiv RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-11) ExecufveSummary 88.Research organizations, including universities, should strengthen applied, on-farm and adaptive researchin coordinationwith extensionworkers and farmers. Efforts should be madeto jointly developresearch agendas with extensionworkers and farmers,to ensure relevanceof the researchto the farmingcommunity; involve private institutions such as banksand commercial organizationsin the promotionof research.It wouldbe requiredfor the projectto ensurethe disseminationof researchfindings to the extensionagencies in a formatthat is easilyunderstood by them.
RECOMMENDATIONFOR FURTHER ACTIONS 89.The REA has recommendeda seriesof actionsor studiesto be undertakento developa comprehensiveframework for watersheddevelopment in the projectarea. The recommendations were made consideringthat there is a need to developfurther detailed structuresand proceduresfor optimizingthe environmentalbenefits from watersheddevelopment and managementprojects. 90.The recommendedactions and studiesmay broadlybe classifiedinto 4 groups.These are related to projectplanning studies, monitoringand evaluation,decisions regarding project components,and environmental sustainability. ProjectPlanning 91. Prioritizationof the watershed/subwatershed/micro watershed locations based on ranking techniquesand developmentof criteriafor qualification& selectionof watershedin eachdistrict. Resourceplanning shall be basedon naturalresource accounting, cost and benefit analysis, etc. 92.GIS applicationto geographicand attributedata shallbe consideredfor describingreal objects with respectto positionin a coordinatesystem for all the watersheddevelopment projects. This wouldenable in manipulatinga seriesof datasimultaneously and changing spatial functions. 93.All availabledata from secondarysources such as maps,aerial photographs, satellite imageries or digitaldata, statistics, reports, etc., shouldbe collectedfor all the studyareas. Based on the abovefield observations shall be madefor Environment& projectattribute. Monitoringand Evaluation 94.To understandthe processinside watershed area, sampling techniques shall be developedand determinethe numberof samplesto be consideredin analyzingcause and effects. 95. Effectiveindicators are to be developedfor micro-shedthrough laboratories in Agriculture Universities/Institutions,at the rootsof effectivewatershed management planning. Future study shouldaddress structural analysis, watershed policy level indicators, and economicindicators to evaluatethe efficiencyof the project 96. Environmentalimpact studies for micro-watershedsshall be integratedwith main watershed studies to measurethe micro & macro environmentbenefits. Monitoringtechniques for measuringthe assetscreated in watershedareas has to be developed. DecisionsRegarding Project Components 97. Evaluatethe existing,traditional know how eco-technologiesand rural technologiesfor various componentsof the study so as to adopt these technologiesfor site-specific conditions.Technology management coupled with data linkagefrom the demonstrated
L o Regional Environmental Assessment, IWDP (Hills-Il) Executve Summary watersheds should be incorporatedfor exact and non-exact matching of the different watersheds.
Environmental Sustainability 98. Legal and regulatoryrequirements shall be developedto protect beneficiaries,environmental enhancementand capacityaugmentation of the local self-govemmentbodies. 99. Uncertainty and fuzzy analysis shall be carred out for each analysis for successful implementation of watershed development. Comparative studies among the different watershed managementldevelopment projects (particularly,the projects in India and Nepal in the Shivaliks)should be undertaken. 100. Training package modulesfor watershed/sub-watersheds/micro-shedsshall be developedfor projectspecific conditionsand shouldnot be generic in nature.An exclusivetraining at state level shall be organisedwith villagers' participationin conductingtraining courses. Training exchange programmesto disseminate the lessons learnt from demonstrativewatershecis shouldbe incorporatedin future studies. 101. Resource depletion (direct & indirect) and resource enhancement in watersheds shall be studied in detail. Impactof the Projectand remedialmeasures for projectareas in the vicinity of the environmentallysensitive areas such as Nationalparks, etc., should be studied.
STRUCTUREOF THE REPORT 102. The REA report has been presentedin 11 chapters Chapter 1: Introduction gives the context and need for an REA and outlines the objectives, scope and methodologyfor the REA undertaken. Chapter 2: Project Description describesthe IWDP (Hills-l1)project area, project objectives, thrust areas and componenttactivitiesto be undertaken. Chapter 3: Regional Environmental Setting, the natural and social environmentalsetting of the region is described.This chapter also brings up the environmentalissues important at the regionallevel of the Shivaliksand the Karewas. Chapter 4: Institutional and Policy Issues includes descriptionof the national ancl regional watersheddevelopment perspectives, highlights the policy and institutionalissues across the five participating states, and outlines collaborationand co-ordination requirementswith regard to environmentalmanagement of the project Chapter 5: Baseline Environmental Status examinesthe current environmentalscenario in the projectarea includingland-water-man interrelationship. Chapter 6: Key Environmental Issues and Screenin& describesthe environmentalbenefits and risks in both the "with project"and "withoutproject" scenario. Chapter 7: Environmental Impacts and Analysis of Altematives narratesthe identification, assessment and prediction of environmental impacts of the project. It also analyses aind comparesthe "with project" and "withoutproject" altematives, as well as the altemative project components.
AmAcvocis x)(vi RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) ExecutiveSummary Chapter8: Lessonsfrom Previousand On-goingProjects, important lessons with regardto tools,structures, methods to enhanceor conservethe environmentalqualities in similarprojects arebrought out. Chapter9: Monitoringand EvaluationStrategy identifies applicable monitoring and evaluation indicators,scaling and measuringtechniques for the indicatorsand givesa monitoringschedule specifyingthe responsiblemonitoring agencies. Chapter 10: Consultation describesthe consultationand need for co-ordinationand collaborationamong the variousproject stakeholders. Chapter11: EnvironmentalManagement Plan recommendsthe variousmitigation measures for the anticipatedadverse environmental impacts, along with implementationand monitoring schedules.This chapter also includesrecommended plan to ensuresustainability of the project and post-projectmanagement. It outlinesa seriesof actionsand studies,which need to be undertakento enhancethe potentialenvironmental benefits from the project. A bibliographyhas been annexed to the report.
CONCLUSION 103. The REA has establishedthat proposedIWDP (Hills-ll) has a largepotential for improving the environmentalas well as thesocio-economic quality of the projectarea, provided various environmentalmitigation measures are implementedas recommendedin the environmental managementplan. 104. Afterthe exercise,it seemsthat such REAsare very usefultools in the projectsof similar natureand expanse.The REA helpsbringing out in an integratedmanner, the important environmentalissues in the project Environmentalissues are to be mainstreamed throughoutthe projectprocess and are plannedto be integratedboth at macroand micro levels,in all aspectsof the projectparticipatory action plans, implementation, monitoring and evaluabon. 105. There is a strong need to makesure the environmentalbenefits of similar projectsare assessed,monitored and evaluated,and mitigationmeasures for variousenvironmental concemsare mainstreamedinto the projectactivities through effective implementation of the environmentalmanagement plan.
xxvii 1. INTRODUCTION RegionalEnvironmental Assesswent IWDP (Hils-19 1.Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
The Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) study for the Shivaliks area has been undertakento providean input into the IntegratedWatershed Development Project (IWDP-Hillsil) in accordancewith the World Bankoperational guidelines. The primaryobjective of the REA is to identify key environmentalissues relatedto the project,both on environmentalconcems related to projectcomponents and on the assessmentof the environmentalbenefits of the project This REA study has also been aimed at to help the project proponentsto understandthe additional studies which needs to be done as part of the project, especiallyin, the developmentof the Shivaliks Watershed DevelopmentStrategy and in addition, to bring out the environmental guidelinesto shape environmentally-sustainableinvestment strategies in the project.
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Shivaliksranges are at the lower end of the mighty Himalayasand at the head of densely populatedproductive Indo-Gangetic plains. A thin belt with an averagewidth of 52 km. and a length of 650 km. has a total areaof 4.18 million ha out of a-total 51.43 millionha over which the Himalayasspread. The Shivaliksare in five catchmentsof Beas, Sutlej, Ghaggar and Yamuna and located in Uttar Pradesh,Himachal Pradesh,Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Haryana. Because of its physiographic location, weak geologic formation, heavy rainfall with high intensities,the region has beenalways a fragile one.Thus, if the Himalayashave been regulating the hydrologicregimes of soil profile,channel flows and groundwater storage in Indo-Gangetic Plains, the Shivaliks with their strategic location have been immediate causes for extensive damagesdue to recurringflood, sedimentationof rivers and reservoirs,swapping of productive lands and settlementswith debris due to shifting of torrent courses etc. The region over the centurieshave seen many hectic activitiesby enterprisingcommunities in betweenmany military conflicts and politicalchanges. In the post Independenceera too, the regionhas witnessedwide spread deforestation. The Shivaliks have, therefore, been identified as one of the highly degraded ecosystemsboth on account of natural settings as well as anthoropologicalimpact. The degradationpersists and threat continuesto be so due to cultivating of slopes, raising of large herds of livestock, expanding settements with emerging industries and at the cost of natural vegetationwith rich biodiversity,abundantly flowing network bf streams and rivers and productivesoils.
The region, thus, had been one which had receivedearliest attentionfor control of torrents and then catchment treatmentssince late fiftes. In the last decade, in order to solve the problems effectively over the entire belt, the Integrated Watershed Development(Hills) Project was
1-1 RegionalEnwronmental Assessment IWDP (Hillfsl) 1. lnt0ducton undertakenin the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana for a period of 7 years. While a part of Shivaliksfalling in Dehradundistrict of Uttar Pradesh state receivedtreatment under EEC funded DoonValley Project.
Notwithstandingthe 50 year long history of Watershed Management in India and various innovationstried undervarious nationally and externallysupported projects, the projects have not been adequatelylinked with scientificperceptions, of environmentalsecurity. This is reflectedin the nationalanalysis at different levels and the intemationalones as neglectedin Agenda-21in the contextof sustainablerural development
In order to achieve the integrationof the objectiveof environmentalsecurity with that of economy and equity and given the undefinedinvestments spread spatially and temporallyover the large project region in five states, a Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) for the Shivaliks area was suggested in accordancewith the World Bank Operationalguidelines. Approach and methodologyhave been formulatedto incorporateenvironmental opportunities and constraintsin developmentplanning at the regionallevel. This is specificallyoriented to improveIWDP Hills 11 projectand assist in improveddecisions on the same.
1.2 NEED FORREA
Regional environmentalassessment (REA) is a tool to help design investment strategies, programsand projectsthat are environmentallysustainable for a region as a whole. The needfor a REA for the IWDP Hills-li projectis as follows: . To allow for a comprehensiveassessment of environmentalissues and help establish an environmentallysound developmentpolicy for the entire projectregion. • To provide unified and comprehensiveguidelines to undefinedinvestments spread spatially and temporallyover a large projectregion. . To avoid and mitigate any adverse environmentalimpacts due to the implementationof various project components (e.g. rural road upgradation and water harvesting stnrcture construction). * To evaluate environmentalperformance of the project with adequate monitoringindicators and evaluationstrategies. * To integratethe projectcomponents with other investmentpolicies within the largerconitext of the environment
1.3 REA OBJECTIVES & SCOPE
The primaryobjective of the REAis to serve as a frameworkto identifykey environmentalissues relatedto the project componentsand on the assessmentof the environmentalbenefits of the
Lmhma3 1-2 RegionalErnronmenta Assesment I4P (HIWs4l) 1.Inf4iduicon project Such REA process which is first of its kind in any World Bank project in India will serve as a set of environmentalguidelines to shape environmentallysustainable investrnent strategiesin the project.The presentREA will also help in knowingthe additionalstudies that vill be conductedas part of the developmentof the ShivaliksWatershed Development Strategy.
The main objectivesof the RegionalEnvironment Assessment (REA) are summarizedas under * To provide a frameworkfor identificationof key environmentalissues related to the project and to quantifyits environmentalimpact. . To assess positive environmentalcontributions of watershed developmentand examine environmentalconcems associated with the variousproject components. * To suggest mitigationmeasures, outline monitoring and evaluationstrategies associated with the appropriateindicators to measure environmentalbenefits of the project and outline an EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) to be mainstreamedinto the project cycle including their preparation,implementation and completion. * To bnng out the recommendationsthat would keep constantiteration with the other members of the implementationunit and would also lead to the design of environmentalawareness programs, the baseline, monitoring and evaluation strategies as early in the project as possible. * To help in identifyingthe additionaldetailed studies that need to be conductedas part of the project. * To providea screeninglanalysistool for addressingthe environmentalissues that shall help influence-project appraisal and design,execution and supervisionof its components.
The scope of the REA shall be as follows: - Formulationof spatial details including the location of sub-watershedsand major project components, - Descriptionof the risks and scope associated with various activities under the major componentsof the project, * Creation of a framework defining cnteria to be used for selection of acivities in each componentand prioritizationof objectives, * Forrnulationof procedures,mechanisms and institutionalarrangement and accountabilityto addressenvironmental concems and ensuringsafe guards,or any activitythat would trigger a moredetailed Environmental Impact Assessment and monitoringchange of surrounding, * Analysis of the lessons from on-going and previous projects, baselinecondifions, hot spots, successesand failures and reasonsfor the outcome, * Mainstreamingof the REA work and environmentalconcems in general in the proposed IWDP.
1-3 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWVP (Hiffs-11) t lntmou#fton
1.4 REA METHODOLOGY
Given below is the methodologyto be followed for conductingthe REA of the proposed(IWDP Hills II) project.
1. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
This section of the REA takes into account those aspects of the National Policy, legal and institutionalframework, likely to influenceenvironmental management in the region,in additionto the regionalframework itself. This includes identificationof current political prioritiesand their assessmentas to how they might constrainor facilitate implementationof environmentalpolicy and activibesin the region. a) The NationalFramework . This includes assessment of national environmentalpolicies on Watershed, laws and regulations and their applicabilityin light of the particular conditions and problems of the region. * Non-environmentallaws and policies of significanceto the region's utilization of resources, productionprocesses, or pollutionshall be identified. b) The Regionalframework * Analysis of environmental implications of regionally based policies and regulations. - Assessment of distribution of responsibilitiesand institutional capacity for environmental management
2. Baseline Conditions
Assessment of the key environmental issues, including development constraints and opportunitiesposed by the naturalresource base of the region. * Physicalenvironment * Biologicalenvironment * Socio-economicand culturalenvironment
3. Descriptionof the projevt
Detailed descriptionof the project and its project components in the context of the project interventions.
4. Inventoryof similarPlans and Projects
Establishmentof the developmentcontext of the region with the assessmentof the following:
Aoc
1-4 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWMP(Hifs-l) 1. IntVducGo6
^ All significant developmentplans and projects, in the region, that serve or contradict the proposedproject objectives.
* Time sequenceof the above projectswith respectto the time periodof the proposedproject
5. Cumulative and Cross Impact Assessment
Estimationof the potentialcumulative impacts of the projecton the region'senvironment, natural resource base and socio-economicconditions, taking into account the baseline situation,the proposedproject components and expectedspontaneous developments. The steps involve: * Preliminaryimpact assessmentsof major project components,covering potentialdirect and indirect,positive and negativeimpacts.
* Assessmentof the cumulative& crosseffects of these individualactivities.
6. Analysisof altematives
Comparisonof the results of the impact assessmentagainst the 'no plan' option. In the absence of altemativeplans the project shall be comparedagainst other broad strategicoptions for the region.
7. Recommendationstowards an optimalregional investment plan
Layingdown recommendationsfor the improvementof the proposedproject by the intemalization of relevantenvironmental factors.
8. EnvironmentalManagement Strategy
Developingstrategies for strengtheningenvironmental management within the region. The three key factorsare: * Mifigationmeasures for the identifiedimpacts,
* Environmentalmonitoring (both long term and short term) guidelines.
* Institutionalstrengthenir.g plan for the region.
Figure 1.1 shows the regional environmentalassessment (REA) and the project cycleunder differentphases, viz. design,implementation and operationphases.
1-5 Conductingscoping Environmental, studies Assessregional impact-s ScreeningScoping, and possible ProjectComponent _ mitigaionmeasures presibiulity Feasibility Preparationof EA reports - n 1/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Feasibility\ Studies Incorporate improvements (Project desigij \ and enhancementof positiveimpacts
4 DESIGN PHASE EMPS'd Enhancement of EnvironmentalBenefits Review Ern-ronmental Findings
Evaluationof l Treatmentof anticipated/ IMPLEMENTATIONPHASE /larance by unanticipatedEnvironmental Environmental+ SocialBenefits RegionalEnvironmental Division Improvements Cha~ngein Qualityof Life t corporate Env oonceris irito
Environmental Condition JI,,/
Maistramigo Dproal EM,--t onditions of disbUrsem-fents Mainstreaming of EMP \ (FurtherStudies)
FIGURE-1.1: REGIONALENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND THE PROJECTCYCLE 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION M- RegonalEnweientaf AssessmentMOWP (HESI4) 2.Project Descnpdw
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapterdescribes the IWDP (Hills-l1)project area in the five participatorystates. The project objectives with emphasis on the thrust areas are also defined. The objectives priority vary differentlyamong the states. The different projectcomponents and activitieswhich will be taken in IWDP (Hills-li) projectto restorethe degradedwatershed are also outline and briefly describe in this chapter.
2.1 SHIVAUKAND KAREWAS: THE PROJECTAREA AND THE WATERSHEDS
The project area includes the sub-tropical Shivalik and temperate Karewas ranges of the Himalayanfoothills in Haryana,Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,Punjab and Uttar Pradesh states (shownin figure-2.1).Although the majorfocus of the projectis on the Shivalikzone, the project also includes sub-watershedslocated in the temperate Karewas in Kashmir. The Shivaliks, which accounts for more than 90% of the project area, extend from northwest to southeastacross all five states. The Karewas,in Kashmir,are separatedfrom the Shivaliksof Jammu by the Pir-Parjalmountain range. The Shivaliksconsist of a narrow belt of hills that run along the sub-tropicalsouthem foothills of the Himalayanranges. The Karewasare locatednorth of the Shivaliksand consistof old lakebeddeposits some of which have been upliftedto form hill -plateausand steep ravines.
The total area of the Shivaliksin the five parficipatingstates covers 4.178 million ha of which HimachalPradesh, Jammu & Kashmirand Uttar Pradeshrepresent more than 80%. The largest area of the Shivaliksis in Uttar Pradesh.The width of the Shivalikzone is narrowerat the eastem end of the project area and is less than 50 kms in the section between Yamuna river and Chandigarh.The width increasesto the west and reachesits maximumwidth of about 100 km. in the section of the Shivalikzone that runs from centralPunjab through into Himachal Pradesh. Differentdistricts covered under IWDP (Hills-l1)are shown in Figure-2.2
Figure 2.3 shows the location of different sub-watershedsunder IWDP (Hills-1l).The names of different sub-watershedsalongwith the no. of microshedsto be treated under IWDP (Hills-l1)in additionto catchment,total area are given in Annexure-2.1.
The projectsub-watersheds in Punjab (Figure-2.4)and Haryana(Figure-2.5) are located where the southem slopes of the outer Shivaliksmerge into the Indo-GangeticPlain. The Himalayan sub-mountainouszone called the KandiArea of the Shivaliksin the northem part of the state covers an areaof 4600 Km2 or 9% of the state with about6% of the population.The Shivaliks
L.A,.cOm
2-1 STATES COVERED UNDER IWDP (HILLS 1))
EAtMtMUJ & rHMIR CHINA Le ____ <- . 4 ~~~~~~~~~~Legend
PAKISTAN | MBEHFYANA
HIMACHALPRALESH ADESH PNA
/ e NEPAL HJv-9 X L JAMMU& KASHMIR
I-HUTA _A___ UTARPRADESU
BURMA
ARABIANSEA BYOF BENaAL
NOTE NINERNATIONAL BOUNDARIESMAY R3EINl DISPUTE
FIG.2.1 STATESCOVERFD UNDER . ARABIANSEA 9 ,>. -~~~iNDAOCEA ENABNOE,NIRNTtNAThBr1F IWDP (HILLS 1I)
REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
0 --8 BOUNDARIES Mt bE * t)SPUTE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~______i ASSESSMENT -IWDP(HILS 1
IJJI) *_ ' A-O.N_ / L_A DISTRICTS COVERED UNDER IWDP (HILLSII)
Legend 2 ' -X;21, *. l ,(}
Tti <<) pJAMMU KASHMI- T
3
\HfMAGHAL _TSH V'
0ARtANAM ' MP ( / 14 ' ' X )I-T- - --- ~~") *\~~~~~~~~\ ( 16 17 UTTARP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RADESH 71' r~~~~~~~~~~~i7UTA : \ : ;3, g z;iri 19 i 12
RtECIONAL ENVIRONMENrTALt /{ (< / ( \_l j 9 / r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ASSESSMENTIWtfP IHILLft11) LOCATION OF SUB-WATERSHEDS UNDER IWDP (HILLS 11),
...,~~~~~IJA . ...' -- x- ,2- I ( I
i 4;, ' ; JAMMU & KASHMIR t" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Legend I;
> HIMACHAL\XADE,, SH
~~II~ ~ H9MACHAL P'~ ~~ ~TTAR RADES
PUN/JAS / /" "77 / /~~"
, ~~~~~~~- ( J *- -' I TAPlAK
- t > ¾.,---_ 3;\' F2. _~~~~~( ) I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ASSMN IWP HLQ- I
ps / ,REO NALJN0ROMMeNTAL
6...... 3 / i.>0 Dnt £z.W -- : 5Q 9 | / ) _ % /' F { ...... '
=-- _ ( -, =, TA ..===RA_.,, .. _.:S _.. S'-11 WA\ IERISIIEDS IN I(CANI)I BELUTOF PUIN.IJA
*I
I a -,~~~~~~~~~
.GnlAZING
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 5-,
I~ AA.
rin .4
FIFGlONMA FNVIR(NMENTAl. ASqFSSMF?IT VA'F If-I AI SII \1AIPOF I(AINDI ARlEA ( I1ARI'ANAk)
LEGFND
NlAIMAIkAf frI~ W / S11f7)
IN~ ~T l DANl(;RI NVA I'l, LI'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P~I)I~
Ae'PF!U"I.T IWn I' ltt- I)1
11 SOflflpO~ ~ ~ 77 MAP INDICATING SUB - WATERSHEDS 1 OF l.W.D.P. (HILLS) KANDI SOLAN (H.P.)
CHAKKI CATCHMENT --- - Legenid
PATHA" OT DIEARAMSHALA
SWAN CA.. MT
CHANDIOAR H \,\ t 0 FIG. 2 6
REGIONAL ENVIRFORMENTAL ASSESSMET - IWDP IHILS 11)
H A R Y A N A -.- : .-...- uso^ror rv MIICROWATEIR S}IEDS IN IJTTARPRADESH (UNDER ONGOING AND PROPOSED PROJECTS) LEGEND
N Oainage
MORA ABAD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E HAMr X . x . ~API 14er' o v z ongongMuovvatecrC propcned hed_.s___Underprofects
0 0 50 100 150 Kionmelers REGIONALENv1fONMtENTAL _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ASSESSMtENT A-nadlf EAOC CArL-,-IWtlP (HILLSPoj~ 1) 0 50 100 150~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MICRWTRHD Ki onieters ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~REGJKNAEN-NVNA IN =. AKHNOOR SUB WATERSHED PHASE 11 ----3K JAMMU & KASHMIR
LEGEND
RI/ER
L71AGRICULTURAlLAND)
FOREST
Li O01ARABLE LAND
FIG. 2.8 IAND USE IN ,KI-INOOR SUB .IATERSHED
REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - IWUP IHILLS III
1:1,85.0C0 r - i RAMNAGAR SUB-WATERSHED PHASE 11 JAMMU & KASHMIR
WATERISHED POLINDARY
[71RIVER
LTT NALLA
-7 'ROAD
PATH
FOR ST LANAD ['lAGRICULTUJRAL
NONARARLE LAND
Fio. 2.9
LAJ,D-UJSE
RIEGIONALENVUtOHMENTAL
A iASSESSMIENT- IWbP IHILLS II)
1:.60.000
II ~~~~~------______- _ .------_ I I Regional EnwronrnentalAssessment IWDP (HIs4Il) Z Pioject Desapon
coverabout 35% of the geographicalarea of HimachalPradesh and about 33% of the cultivated area.The Shivaliksof UP coverng an area of about 13759km 2 is highlydegraded.
The projectsub-watersheds in HimachalPradesh, Uttar Pradesh,J&K are shown in figure-2.6, 2.7 and 2.8 (a&b) respectively.
The project area is characterizedby high densities of people and livestock,ranging from 100- 1500 per sq. km of cultivated land, resulting in volumes of fuel wood and fodder extractionfar exceedingthe annualbiomass production, therefore causing accelerated denudation. Because of populationpressure, cultivation has been extendedto marginalareas includingslopes unsuitable for crop production;this too has contributedto soil erosion.These areas have been identifiedas the most degradedrain-fed agro-ecosystemsof the country and hence included in the priority areas for watershed development.The Shivaliks and Karewas differ in soil, climate and elevation,but both face severedevastation and will continueto be denuded,if no steps are taken to reversethe trend.
2.2 PROJECTOBJECTIVES
The main development objectiveof the IWDP (Hills 11)in the Shivaliksis to restorethe productive potential of the Shivalik hills in the five participatingstates using evolving watershed and community participation approaches .The focus would be on improving in-situ moisture conservation,water harvestingand land managementpractices. This objectivewould contribute significantlyto arrestingsoil erosion, increasingwater availabilityand alleviating povertyin the contiguousareas of the Shivalikhills in the states.
An associated objective would be to assist with institutional development and consolidate progressalready made in unifying approachesto watersheddevelopment management among various programs, participatingstates,national and intemational agencies operating in the Shivalikhills.
Followingare wider and immediateobjectives of the ShivalikWatershed Development Project in various states. Though the sub objectives all lead to the primary objective of environmental conservationthey also help in understandingthe thrust areas and important environmertal & social issues predominatingin the particularstate/project The overall objectivesare ranked in order of importanceas assessedfrom the REA informationsgiven by the respectivestates and given in Table 2.1.
These also lead to the understandingof the fact that the project plans should be customized accordingto the need of the state.
2-11 Reg ErwimentAssessmet MVP (H5s4q Z P,ojedDesrifo
TABLE-2.1:OBJECTIVES OF IWDP PROJECTSOF SHIVALIKSACROSS VARIOUS STAT'ES
Objectives DJammu Himachal Haryana Pab Uttar &Kashmir Pradesh Pradesh
To restore on a sustainable basis the 1 productivepotential of the Shivalikregion and improvingliving
To reduce soil erosion,and increasethe 2 2 availabilityof water. Improve living conditions of rural people 3 through integrated mulfdisciplined area developmentapproach
To slowand reverse the degradationof natural 1 environmentthrough the use of appropnate soil and moistureconservation technology. To conservesoil and water 2 3 To increaseand improvethe productionand 3 incomefrom crOps,horticulture, fodder, fibre, fuel woodand livestock through the processof soiland water conservation. _ To reduceflooding and devastation caused by 4 degradationof soiL.
Help increaseproduction and incomegrain 3 2 crops, horticultre, fodder, fibre, fuewood, livestDckand householdbased products. Reduce flooding, land slides and oter 3 environmentalhazards in the project and neighboringareas. Promotionof bow-costandlor vegeftive 2 4 technologiesand develop approachs for coordinatedinteractive planning, strengthen the managernentof non-rable lands and other common propertyresources. Holistic and sustainable agro-gic 4 5 4 5 developmenytinvolvng peoles participation.
Strengtheningcommunity participation 5 6 5 6 4 Impovementin the socio-economnccondiftons 6 5 of disadvantagedgroups, especially the women. - Developmentof local level insitutions to 6 enhancethe sustainability of the model
2-12 RegionalEnjiirnmentalAssessment IUDP (HIs-I) 2. ProjectDesciip6io
2.3 PROJECTCOMPONENTS
The two major componentsof proposedIWDP (Hills-l1)are: * InstitutionalStrengthening * WatershedDevelopment and Protection
The Institutional Strengthening component seeks to support stakeholdersin the planning, implementation and sustainability measures, strengthen project implementing agencies, research,extension and training. It also will sensitize beneficiariesto the maintenanceof project assets and interventionsand increasethe awarenessof sustainabilitymeasures and proposed projectdevelopment objectives.
The Watershed Development and Protection componentwili aim at promotingproven locally adapted vegetative technologies and mechanical structures through active beneficiary involvementto conservewater and reducesoil erosion,consolidate the achievementsof the first project and use its interventionsto demonstrateand train beneficiariesin newly coveredareas using appropriatefarming systems(crops and livestock),improve rural infrastructureto facilitate the marketingof increasedagricultural production (rural roads and markets)and water harvesting structures for irrigation, introduce micro-credit for creating energy saving assets (bio-gas, efficient wood stoves) and diversificationto high value crops such as horticulture.Rural roads componentis a new activityto be introducedin the projectcomponents. Table 2.2 highlightsthe variousproject components of the IWDP(Hills-Il).
The project will generally adopt similar treatments similar to those used in the IWDP (Hills-I) .However beneficiaries will make the choice of species of grasses and trees. Broadly categorized,the treatmentsto be undertakenin the projectcomponents are:
* Arable Land - Contourvegetative barriers - Terrace repairsand vegetativereinforcement - Vegetativefield boundaries * Silvipasture - Rainfedhorticulture - Farm forestry - On-farmfodder production - Rain-fedhorticultural demonstrations - Rainfed croppingsystem demonstrations
2-13 RegionalEnwironmental Assessment IVDP (Hfs-l) 2. Project Descnpton
* Private non-arable, common and forest land - Vegetative/shrubbarriers in contourtrenches - Pasturedevelopment - Silvi-pasture - Afforestation
* Drainage lines - Gullystabilization with wire crates with vegetativesupport - Streambank protection - Water harvestingstructures and villageponds
* Roadsideerosion Control
* Landslide treatment
In addition to the treatment of the degraded lands, drainage lines, landslides and roadside erosion control, livestock improvementand animal husbandry practices, rural infrastructure development (roads, markets,energy) would be a new activityincluded in the proposedproject
2.4 THRUSTAREAS IN THEPROJECT ACROSS THE STATE
Different thrust areas as envisagedby the five participatorystates consideringthe priority of objectivesare:
* To give physical protectionto existing areas and enlarge base for all primary production systemsi.e., cultivation,livestock raising (pasture & grazingground management) and raising of perennialvegetation (forest and tree basedfarming/land management).
* To provide support to improve soil environmentqualitatively and to enhance soil fertility (organicand inorganic)that would directly permit intensificationof existingland uses and/or diversificationof land uses. This will also impart greater inherent resistanceto the forces threateningto cause erosionand land degradationvariously.
* To preventhydrologic deterioration of the watershedsby removingecological risks of runoff, soil loss, sediment & debris load in channel system, swappingof the land under production systemand loss of perennialwater resources.
2-14 RegionalEnvronmntal Assesment MOP (Hifs-II) 2. ProjectDescipion
To improve the availabilityand utilizationof the water resourcesthat fall within the boundary of the watershed through in-situ conservation,surface ponds for water harvesting and rechargeof groundwater.
The inherentobjectives of the various project activitiesenvisaged to deal with the thrust areas are brieflydescribed below:
. To adjust available area under different uses and optimize land managementsystem combinedwith appropriatesoil conservationmeasures.
* To conserveand improvethe soil environmentthrough: applicationof organicmanure, bio fertilizersetc. and slopetreatment with a combinationof plant and structuralmeasures.
* To increasethe ecologicalbalance through enlargement of area under perennialvegetation and improvethe existingforests and pasture lands.
* To improvethe hydrologicregimes of soil moisture, channels & spring and rechargingof groundwater by measuresthat help temporaland spatial transhiftmentof incomingmoisture (rainfall)within the watersheds.
• To promoteestablishment of appropriatepeople's organization or strengtheningexisting ones for moreeffective and sustainedcommunity action.
* To orient and improve the skill of all actors such as villagers, NGOs and deportment personnelthrough specially designed HRD programmes.
2-15 WATERSIIEI) DIEVE1,()011IcNT1 ANI) PRO CT(Y(iN' ''3l
A) Forestry * Afforestation & Production Conponent (P.C) A) Policy/Legislation * Silvipasture B) Institutional Co-ordination * Vegetative shrub barriers in contour trenches Linkages .* Pasture land development C) People's Participatorv Approach B) Soil and Water Conservation * Gully Stabilisation * Stream Bank Protedion D) Project Implementation Capacity a Village Pond and Tank Construction Building * Rehabilitation of Village Ponds E) Project Management * Water Harvesting/Check Dams F) Research & Training * Roadside erosion control * Grass planting for erosion control (Vegetative Measures) C) Agriculture * Vegetative Field Boundaries * On-Farn Fodder Production * Rainfed Crop Demonstration * Reuse of Water Harvested D) Rainfed Horticulture and Agroforestry * Rainfed horticulture demonstrations * Rainfed horticulure (marginal land)
. ______* Agroforestry E) Animal Husbandry * Livestock reduction * Natural & artificial breeding centres * Animal health care * Construction andrehabilitation of stalls TABLE-2.2- PROJECT COMPONENTS * Stall-feedingof animals . * Supplementary livestock * Chaff cutters for fodder feeding F) Rural Infrastructure Development * Rural roads * Marketing and post harvest infrastructure * Potable Water Supply I ______I -. * Energy
Lea .07=14zwe 3. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
_ Reg57nalEnwronmental Assessment "VDP (Hds-10 3 ReonalEnvuwrnmentalSethng
3. REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
This chapter briefly describethe different naturaland social environmentalcharacteristic across the regionof the Shivalikhills. Such spatialvariation provides useful informationin understanding the issuesexisting in the regionas a whole.
3.1 NATURALENVIRONMENT
3.1.1 CLIMArEANDPHYSIOGRAPHY
3.1.1.1 Climate
The Shivaliks have a very characteristicenvironmental setting which neither resembles with higher Himalayasnor with the Indo-Gangeticalluvial plains below. Beinga long narrow belt below the Himalayasand above the Alluvial plains, the climate of Shivalik abruptly changes with altitude. Along the horizontaldimensions, the rainfall varies from 2200 mm per annum around Dehradunto 900 mm per annum aroundJammu and to 3500 mm per annum near Dharamshala in HimachalPradesh. Since, Chandigarhis locatedalmost in the center of this belt, the climateof Chandigarhhas been explainedtaking average conditionsinto consideration.Figure 3.1 shows the isohyticmap of the region.
The averageannual rainfall of Chandigarhfor the period from 1958-90is 1116mm rangingfrom 716 to 1897 mm with Coefficient of Variation (CV) of 25.6%. The average rainfall during monsoonperiod (June-September)is 886 mm with a CV of 27.9%and duringwinter (October- March) 180 mm with a Coefficient of Variation of 57.3%. High CV indicates a great deal of temporal variation which calls for grassy vegetation that can withstand occasional droughts, regeneratevery quickly and lessen consequencesof excessive runoff from the subsequent storms. The summers are windy, hot and dry with temperatureshooting upto 430 C during May/June.The winters are cold with temperaturesometimes dropping down to less than 1 C in January. The average annual evaporationis 2108 mm with an average of 5.7 mm/day. The summaryof climatologicalparameters is givenin Annexure-3.1.
3.1.1.2 Physiography
The terrainin the Shivalikrange is brokenup and at places sheer precipices70 meters or higher stand out sharply.Geologically, the hills are of the middleShivalik formation with deep beds of
3-1 ANNUAL RAINFALL
J~amm&c),ltshMr ~ 7 ~~
Pun F j R,4Prdeca Pradesh LEGEND
SE4nq~/ )' > in eetmer)I..
Ak4BIAN DYoF DF21OL 5E4/ AVERGEtANNUAL RAINFALL 800-1000 2040-800
40-60 2.. E2. - 4E0-40 SUMMER RAINFALL WNE ANAL |NDIAN OCE WINTER RAINFALL \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I centimetre)8i'0Wii A - r,Jmm5'oshwITir JonmjaKshi
i4,hc Prt3desh rPradesh
,-Prad~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Pads '. ~ 4
AVERAGESUMMER RAINFALL ~WNE ANALFG . 240-800 Above 8 180-240 ,20-160 20-4040-80~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[..JREGIONAL ENMRONMENTAL 80-120 lg 1.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-~~~~~~,~~ASSESSMENT - IWOP (HILLS II) 20-40 0-20 cs ielow IfA- - 1My
V. IN~~~flDIAN OCEAN BVDANOC ] RegionalEnwironmental Assessmnt MJ'DP(Hgis-l) 3. RegionalEnvwonmental SeWng
red marl interspersedwith beds of soft and friable sandstoneand occasional beds of loosely aggregatedconglomerate. The rugged Shivalik ranges are commonlybroken by south-facing scraps, while on their steepened northemslopes dash down rushingstreams through unending cascadesand water falls as seen in the centralsector of the Kandiarea. Thenthese are long flat stretches within the otherwiserugged Shivalik terrace called the 'duns'. The 'duns' represent gravelly deposits in depressionsor fillings of now vanished lakes that were formed in the synclinalvalleys, owing to poundingof rivers and streamsor stakeningof current velocity as a result of decreasein gradientfollowing tilting of the ground. Figure-3.2shows the elevationmap of the region.Shivaliks lie between800 to 1500 metreselevations.
3.1.2 SoIL, GEoLoGYANDSEJSMISITY
3.1.2.1 Soil
The Shivaliksoils are deep but the slopes near the foothills contain pebbles and boulders.The soil texture variesfrom mediumto fine textured soils i.e. from loamy sand to sandy loam to silty clay loam. These sizeablepatches of heavy soils varying from silty clay to silty clay loam are calcareousand alkalinein nature and has high pH, more silt (35-38%) and clay content (45- 50%), high calcium carbonate, low organic carbon and low hydraulic conductivity and permeabilitywith hard and compact strata. These soils have low biologicalactivity due to low organiccarbon content and thus are unstableand highlyprone to erosion.
Figure-3.3& 3.4 showsthe regionalvariations of soil depth & soil typesin the projectarea.
3.1.2.2 Geology
The Shivalik ranges were formed about 2.5 to 2.0 million years ago by a tectonic movement which pushedthe Lesser Himalayanrocks over the then land basin along what is describedas the Main BoundaryThrust (MBT) and squeezed its thick revive sediments into the Shivalik ranges.
Approximately1.6 millionyears ago the young Himalayas(including its Shivalikfront) was seized with an exceptionallysevere very convulsive deformation which lifted up the mountain to tremendous heights, triggered extensive landslides and severe erosion, and fragmented the Shivalikalong its southemfront - the HimalayanFrontal Fault (HFF).
The 300-3000m high Shivalikrange forms the southemfront of the Himalayas.These are made of the sedimentsdeposited by the ancientHimalayan rivers in their channelsand flood plains in the last.
3-3 ELEVATION DET'AILS
LEGEND
77 - o~
64 7S : Im: I ,1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IH2 H~~~~~~9
R 2 0 swa-~~~ 163 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~17-a ___ _. SM 3 03 3 S
1 09a2-- 4 57 SOIL DEPTH IN THE PROJECT AREA
- 0, I~~~~~ ' -___ IJ JAMMU & 'A MIR_ A -, ) -- 0 : Legend
RA, /"OETELl CEEP X__0s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,DF
S7NR'/'LO' ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A 'E¶L
(g s _~~~~~~, '\HIMA014ALOrADm9H 1VIt E
PUNJA'- - " -- z -'--
(UTTAR PRA?EWH
nl4lY I r ) --/ I J _ \ - o ,,.- ' ) NOTE DATA AVAIllARtE FOR THE STATESCF PUN-iJ8 HARYA~~~~~~~~~~~4A I ~~~~~~~~~~~AND( HARY'ANA...... _. . - ., %~~r_4_ . i .1_( 8__ARYAAA,i SOIl DEPTH lN THEA
.,POR)ETAREA
ENMIONIUFNtAL , \ . _ ,1 ' -fft - t - ~~~~~~~~~REG(ONAE
} - 8A8E89MENT- IWDP (HILLR IID K; {"\9s - ( lv ., - -\,,7-
.- .. t 7 l DtT.TR3n~A~9 ____-YL =~~~~~~~~~~"~ = = . )3,77,00,05 SOIL TYPES IN THE PROJECT AREA I -- ------;~ K {1 -l L-egend I- w X -JAMMU & KASHMIR -- S~~~~~~~~~~~~~umso-I S C3 LD:J.'S O CHLIdik-=lS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IIIS l - - HIMACHALIRADESH- ~SO~ISOREPT,S UTTAR PRADESHH J; ) fI';G.: 3 4 F REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ASBESSMEIJT-IV,'P (HILLS Ill 'V I = w ,z,,w, @F1~~ ! ,.r -A uf Ar 1:3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I,2/OO 0.O0D _- | | . Reg'onal EnwfonmentWAssessmnt IWDP (HRs-4l) 3. Re_0onaIE,WronmentlaSe4ig Table-3.1gives soil and geologicalcharacterstics of the Shivaliksacross the five states. Since hard rocks are generallyabsent it is a potential habitat for grass production.The clay mineralsare illite, chloriteand kaolinitewith quartz and feldspartraces, pink silt is dominantin Ambala Shivaliksand coarse sediment composedof pebbles and sand is common in foothill (Kandi)area of Punjab. Figure-3.5shows the geologicalstructures of the projectarea acrossfive states. TABLE3.1: SOILAND GEOLOGICALFEATURES OF THE SHIVALIKS - _ ,K -P _ . .. Geology Sandstone, Slates,Limes Alluvial Hardclay, sand, Hills highly Quarzfte,san conglomerates stones,Shale fans,river Uncosolidated folded and dstone, andciays Volcanic terraces,grav- conglomerates dissected, gravelty rocks el Recent to rockoutcrop beds,sandsto- Subrecent nes,clay alluvialsin lower stones and parts conglomerates Soils Shallowsoils, Loamy Coarseloamy Sandyloam Light texture, Sandstone, . calcareous to fine Poor moisture Nutrientpoor conglornerat Surfacesoils are loamy,neutral retention es sandyfoams, to slightly Deep rich silts,loams and alkaline,low brownforest silt loam salt soils wfth content,well moreclay at drained with foothills excessive runoff 've 3.1.2.3 Seismisity The Himalayanprovince on the whole is geodynamicallyvery active as it is prone to crustal movementscausing earthquakes. The snappingand attendantslipping of rocks along faults and thrusts have given rise to earthquakesrepeatedly. The magnitudeof sesimic events has varied from moderateto high. In the last 100 years four of them had magnitudeshigher than 8 on the Ritcher Scale.Epicentresgenerally follow lines parallel to the thrusts on faults defining the boundaryof the four physiographic- geologicalterrain. In the Outer Himalayas,although the frequency of earthquakesis low, their magnitudeshave been quite high. The four great earthquakesabove 8 on RichterScale are: 1. NorthemMeghalaya - 1987 2. Kangra- 1905 LmAsSUU 3-7 GEOLOGICALSTRUCTURE OF PROJECTAREA l , - | , -/ ' < -- -\ \ ,_. . 1~A > i .- '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ JAMMU &KASHMIR Legend p t_ . t - ., - . S ~~~~~~ ~ ~~Legend;i 5555FOSFMA555 1g 'tHIMACIIAL P ADESH-SAL RS NIMACHALPRAES4~ ~ TTR RAES S PUIN3W497r> // KARSWAAn n -CAS NARY~ ~ tiA~~~~~~~~~~-N...KAES ~ -F rS.S 3 ..S _ , _ \ _ \ J \ '-~~~~-\.< ~~-- 9 - ~~~--_. - ;) , - -- , s ) CFf I OGIC^. CrFR(,0GllCTStRRTF F l .TTAR \ P ,,)ADES* , , fROJECT AA'FA l I 3.77.03.5 -{ _ '3/A A - fVA' °° II) RegionalEnwornmental Assessment IWDP (Hils-/J) 3. RegionalEnqmnmental Settng 3. North BiharS. Nepal - 1934 4. N.E. ArunachalPradesh - 1950 3.1.3 WATER RESOuRCES Shivaliksmainly forms the catchmentareas of two major river systems of the countrynamely Indus river & Ganga-Yamunariver. In the Indus river system, major rivers which pass through Shivaliksare Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Jhelum, Chenab. In case of Ganga-Yamunariver system, the tributares from part of Haryanaand all parts of U.P. drain into the system. In betweenthe two, some tributariesof Punjab& Haryanadrain into GhaggharRiver, which does not go to the sea but spreadsin the Rajasthandesert and get absorbed.Figure-3.6 shows the major river systems in the project area. Since, major gravity& earthen dams like Bhakra,Thein and Pong dam are locatedin Shivaliks,the rapid siltationof their reservoirfrom tributaries emanatingfrom Shivalik watershedare posingthe majorproblem. Though these major river systemsoriginate from higher Himalayas(Jamnotri & Gangotri) but huge amounts of sediment is dischargedinto the river systems by the tributaries developingfrom Shivaliks watershed. Due to heavy deforestation problemsin Shivaliks,considerable run-off which carriers heavy sedimentsare dischargedinto these river systems. The problems associatedwith flash floods, loss of life & damage to communicationsystem and adverse effects on aquatic life are the issues involved in the environmentalrehabilitation of Shivalikswatershed. The main water resourcesin the area are springs,Nallahas, wells, tubewellsand rivers. Despitean averagerainfall of 1116mm there are acute shortagesof drinkingwater, fodderand fuel wood which are caused by deforestation,decreased vegetative cover and severe soil erosion. Drainagechannels originateas small rills, due to concentrationof surface runoff flow along shallow depressionson a sloping land in the upperreaches of watershedand developinto gulliesalong narrow micro gulliesfurther downthe slope. Seriesof such gulliesor channelsmay combine further down to take the form of gorges, ravines and deep channelsof water along narrowincrease in catchmentarea, as well as the volume run-off water, such ravinesmerge into seasonal streams towards the lower reaches of a watershed, which ultimately merge as meanderingtorrents (choes)on enteringin to the plains. The project area of Punjab is drained by the Sutlej, Ghaggar, Beas, Ravi. The rivers Chakki,Swan,Sirsa,Gagghar and Markandaare sources of water in the state of Himachal Pradesh. Similarly the watershed in Haryanaare the catchments of rivers - Sirsa, Gagghar ,Dangri,Markanda, and Yamuna.The projectwatersheds of UP are drainedby the rivers Tons, Yamuna,Ramganga, Kalinadi and Gola. The riversJhelum, Chenab are sourcesof water in the state of Jammu& Kashmir. 3-9 MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMSIN THE PROJECTAREA *., .) J A M m u LEGEND |-wU AGAR .AMABAr. t ~ I R ver Baysin jN DUS*,Y -: _ _ > E3 Stououndaries (The Shivoliks form the of the .. catchments :1 \ \Indus and the G|nga- Yamuna river systems) MAC,.jkl~..?'RA P,,S H I StateBoundaries ___ A 1-RADE,S1 . A~A l~. ~ ~ ,.I ,~~~~' FIG.3. 6 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MAJORRNERSYSTEMS IN PROJECTAREA A,p A IF.S H REGIONALENMRONMENTAL (ASSESSMENT-hD HHS 1 I2t M I~ Reg ona EnwronrnentalAssessr7ent IWDP(His-fII) 3 RegamalEnWmnrnentai Setting The Drainagedensity in the Shivaliksis very high with 7 to 9 km of drainagechannels gullies per km.leadingto problemsof soil erosion,flooding and declinedproductivity. 3.1.4 LAND USE Land is the most important natural resource, an indispensablefactor of productionand also a non-renewableresource. It thus becomesnecessary to look at the patternof its use. The predominantland use of the over-allproject area is agriculture(37.9%) followed by forests (38.3%)in the states. In case of Uttar Pradeshand HimachalPradesh, percentage of forest area is much higher (67.6& 41.7%) (Table 3.2). TABLE3.2: WDP (HILLSIl): PREDOMINANTLAND USE, 1998(PERCENT) - - Arable(ofTota 7 Non Arable-( of Total State IrDPtrigated Rainfed -Total Pvt- Villgef Forest Total Area(Ha) - - Non 'Common - Arable "Land -.- - Jammuand Kashmir 109860 1.6 30.0 31.63 5.3 28.3 34.8 68.4 Punjab 93938 18.6 31.0 49.6 22.8 20.2 7.4 50.4 Haryana 70472 27.3 37.0 64.3 9.8 4.0 21.9 35.7 HimachalPradesh 119116 3.0 28.1 31.1 12.0 15.2 41.7 68.9 UttarPradesh 127307 4.2 16.4 20.6 NA 11.8 67.6 79.4 ProjectArea 520,693 11.1 26.8 37.9 10.4 13.4 38.3 62.1 The land use, however,varies considerablyin the projectarea. It is estimatedthat the availability of land suitablefor agriculturalproduction ranges between 20.6 to 64.3 percentof the area of the watersheds and in most cases is privately owned. Non-arablelands are predominantin all participatingstates and are severelydegraded. The examinationof land use data revealedthat a large share (nearly 70%) of agriculturelands are rainfed. Anotherimportant land use of the projectarea includesvillage common lands which occupy 13.4%share of the total land of the projectarea. Amongstall states,the state of Jammu & Kashmirand Punjab have relatively a large share of village common land than other states (28.3 & 20.2%). The averageper capita land availablein the participatingstates works out to be 0.34, 0.32, 0.4 and 1.44in Punjab,Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradeshrespectively. The major landuse classificationas per census indicates land utilizatior pattem viz. forests, barren and uncultivable,land put to non-agriculturaluse, cultivable waste, permanentpasture and grazingland, miscellaneoustree crops, currentand other fallows and net sown area. With the applicationof remotesensing and satelliteimagery, the landuseand land cover map can be prepared. Such maps preparedfrom the Surveyof Indiatoposheet by the projectauthorities of 3-11 AKHNOOR SUB WATERSHED PHASE 11 1 - JAMMU & KASHMIR LEEND RIP.ER A S tLALLA 'CRICJLLUKA! UEND FOREST NON ARSFtEELAND FICG3.7 LAND USE iN /r(K-NOOR REGIONAL ENViRtONMENTAL ASR-ESSMENT IVVIP IHILLS 11) RIR 1.6,5,00oW s4O.OW RAMNAGAR SUB-WATERSHED PHASE 11 JAMMU & KASHMIR RLEGENDE E~WATFRSH17D BOUNDARY( L2~ RIVER [Ii7] NALLA we' ROAD I~~~~~~ []PATH FOR,-ST LAFID LANDf LiiNONARABLE LAND FIG. 3.8 UID~-USE REGION!ALENVIRONMENTAL A ASSESS11ENtIWDP IHIL'B II) 1:,50000 _ _ _- reb .- Regional EnwvronmentalAssessment IWDP (H&fl4/) 3. Regional EnwronmentalSetfing J&K for Akhnoor and Ramnagarare given as an example in figure-3.7 & 3.8. Similarly,a very detailed land-usemap providing an exhaustive legend of major features is also enclosed for three IWDP districts of Haryana State (Figure-3.9). This provides a much more detailed classificationat variousscales viz. built up - town/cities,villages; agriculture- cropland,fallows; forest - evergreen,deciduous (dense, open), shrub forest, forest blank,forest plantation- dense medium,scrub, wasteland - all affected, mud flat, ravenousland, rock out crop, water bodiess- rivers/streamsreservoirs. It is thus possibleto get a fairly detailed land characteristicsstatus, to assessthe quality of land in terms of its areadistribution and quantification. Land availablefor developmentin a watersheddiffers from placeto place, and consequentlyits capability and suitabilitydiffers as well. If misuse of land has taken place, then watershed problemswould result one way or the other. Landuse planning is, therefore, critical for any watershedarea. Landuse in various categoriescan be basicallyclassified into: CutivatedLand: Cultivation- net sown area Cultivationwastes Currentfallow Plantationand horticulture Pastureland Forestland: Evergreen,deciduous forest - dense,open Scrub forest Forestblanks Non-productiveland: Barrenand uncultivable Townstvillages Rockoutcrops Rivers,reservoirs, streams Examinationof how these classificationsaddress elevation, slope, landform, geology,soil types and suitabilities,cultural and economiccritera would largelyindicate whether the landusepattem has a scientific basis and ultimately the sustainability of the developmental pattem in a watershedcould be examinedby identifyingthe resourcebase potentialfor: * Water resourcesconservation and management * Controlof soil erosion * Seismicand geologicalsafeguards * Horticultureand forest development * Forestand forest products * Cultivationof field crops * Pastureland development 3-14 11): DISTRICTS OF HARYANA STATE COVERED UNDER IWDP (HILLS AMIBALA,YAMUNANAGAR, PANCHKULA . 2 lt 11 (IFR1A f W II ~3 DISTMICThOF KAYANA TfNCLUDO~f rNE PRO.JECT V.~ ~ t oji ~IN REGIONAL EN'iRONMENTAL /~~~~~~ ASSESSYIENT- VIWDP(HILLS II) LEA ~AIOflT4iSAwV. L1U it SAI 1 .. 1 ;7 1)(I- ~~~ PRADESH - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If -- W) %'{iS; tE z/ RegionalEnwronmnental Assessmnt fWDP (HFs.41) 3. ReionaIEnvwrnmental Seftng State and district wise percentagedistribution of these categories of lands, especiallyin hill areas, gives a gross pictureof utilizationof resources,modification of terrainas well as regional imbalances in development.A comparison of net sown area and the level of productivity, indicatesthe status of managementof soil and water, level of applicationof technologiesrelated to soil and water conservationand infrastructuredevelopment A comparisonof distributionof forest cover and its density in relation to aquifer rechargeareas, geologicallysensitive areas indicatesthe level of protectionafforded to ecologicallysensitive areas. Quantumof grazing lands and productionof forage crops are closely related to the livestock population and hence would help to analyze the fodder availability. Sub-watershedwise distributionof landuseof the participatingstates of the Shivalikregion is givenin Annexure-3.2 3.1.5 BIODIVERSITY Biodiversityis the sum total of species richness (i.e. number of species of plants, animal and micro-organisms)living in a communityor an ecosystem.Genetic diversity is part of biodiversity and pertainsto the heritablediversity at the specieslevel. It is the basic buildingblock for organic evaluation,hence, it also affects the evolutionand success of a communityor an ecosystem. Genetic diversityis also a critical input to agriculture,horticulture, forestry, animal husbandary, fisheries and bio-industry. The Shivaliks at present, in most of the areas, is facing rapid population explosion.The high magnitudeof capitalconsumption has resultedin consequentloss of biodiversity.Thus there is a need to assess the present status of biodiversityat different organizationallevels so as to developboth short and long-termconservation strategies. Endeavourmust be made to initiate an interdisciplinaryapproach wherein biologists, social scientists, policy planners, bureaucratsand politicianswork together to realise the goal of maintaining,managing and procuringand perhaps enhancingbiodiversity. Future studies in the area shouldinclude: * Monitoringand inventorisationof the species,genetic and ecosystemdiversity occurring in this zone * Researchtowards evolvingmethods of protectionand conservationof biodiversity'n forest and agro-ecosystems * Studiesin managementof conservationareas throughcommunity participation * Identification and involvement of concemed departments in govemment, educational institubonsetc. to assurescientfic approachand co-ordinatedimplementation. La bAOCim 3-16 TABLE-3.3: A CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST TYPES IN THE SHIVALIKS REGION Punjab HP. Haryana UP Location Shivaliks Karewas Shivaliks Shivaliks Shivaliks Shivaliks Forest Deciduousscrub forests Fir and blue pine forests Northern(Dry Mixed) Sub -tropicalforest Sal forests Tropical Dry Description consistingmainly of in their spatial zoneswith Deciduousforests, MixedBroad leaved Deciduous, Phlal, Semal, Sissoo associatespps. Cedrus Dry DeciduousScrub forests, forest, Tropical and Termlnali with forests in one portion of Khair, sisoo,forestsIn Chil forest, Evergreen, undergrowthof Dodenla sub-catchment foothills, Bet and Mand areas, Bambooforest, Tropical Moist, and Adathola. Shivalik Chir pine Forests, Scrub forest, Deciduous In higherelevation Chir Dry DeciduousBamboo Dry deciduousforest, Shivalik Sal Pineforests with associates species. Eucalyptus Euphorniain very plantations derelict condition. 3-17 Regional Enimrnmental Assessment 11DP (His-l) 3. Regional EnwonmentalSetung There are three locationalfactors (longitude, latitude and altitude)which influencethe multiplicity of habitats by providing varied microclimatesand ecological niches not only for plants and animalsbut also for humanbeings. Proposed and existingwildlife sanctuariesand nationalparks including protected and reserve forests created essentially for maintaining biodiversity of ecosystemsare shown in figure-3.10. 3.1.5.1 Forests Followingthe Bio-geographicclassification of Rodgers (1985), the IWDP (Hills-l1)watersheds come under biotic provinces no. 2A, 2B and 4A. 2A and 2B being the North Westem and Westem Himalayaswhereas 4A constitutesthe semi arid Punjabplains. The major biomesexisting here are in the terrestrialregime, (Temperateand Sub tropical)with forest ecosystemsdominating followed by grasslandand aquatic ecosystems.The vegetation here is drought resistantand cold loving consistingof conifers, legumes, grasses, composites etc. Broadlyfour types of forests exist - Tropical deciduous,Tropical pine, Himalayanmoist temperateand Himalayandry temperate.Table 3.3 gives a classificationof forest types in the ShivaliksRegion and shown in figure 3.11. Importanceof forest cover cannot be underestimatedbecause of our long-range ecological security.The principalgoals of forestry shouldbe; - Affording long-range ecological security for the conservation of climate, water, soil and biodiversity - Meetingthe needs of goods and services,including firewood, charcoaland fodderfor rural / tribal communitiesand the urbanpoor. - Meetingthe wood requirementsof the people and industryfor timber, pulp, fibre and silvi- chemicals - Ameliorationof degradedareas and wastelandsso as to enhancethe productivecapacity of such derelict lands and to improvethe activitiesin general. Thus there are four mutually supportiveforestry systems: * Conservationforestry, * Agro-forestry, * Industrialforestry, and * EnvironmentalUrevegetationforestry. 3-18 K.::f ,;;f JW;,) I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,,~'\ , I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~( 2~~-w' * m > n z > u ~~~~~~~~~D 'n .____,r 7 j m F, > @: m '3 < T r g X FOREST COVER IN THE PROJECT AREA I - -LegenidI,;~ JAMMU.X - ~;& kASHMiA~ p nJ , ' ( N,.J S \-HIMACHAL PPAOE§iI UTTAR PRADOH IH IIARYkINA ~~~~-~~~~~<-*~ ~ - ~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ *-.,~ ~-v-- ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~i,3.11 OFokES1C',VER IN HLi PF?OJECI AR(A REGIONAL EN4VIRONMENTAL ~~~~X - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ASSESSMEHT-- IWDP UIiILLS II) I I '.LC~LThP- ,$EJI _ , ? |EA 'I. , , . *AeI L \. ?,OO5Ot) / r A- j \ ? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I Regonal Enwronmental Assesment IWVP (H&s-l) 3. Reg'onalEnvronrmental SeUfDg 3.1.5.2 Agro-Ecosystems Apart from natural ecosystems,agro-ecosystems are equally important. These are essentially man made ecosystemswhich are geared to meet basic human needs of food, fodder, fuel, fertilizer,fibre, timber, medicinaland commoditycrops, and also giving economicreturns. Agro- ecosystemshave to be refined and made sustainableby scientific and technical inputs taking into accountthe indigenousknowledge. Biomassbased developmentis most relevantto mountains.The basic elementsare agriculture (including horticulture),forestry and animal husbandry. These together with three interfacing situations agri-silviculture, agri-pastoral and agri-silvi-pastoral are most important for development in the mountains. Their successful implementation depends on sustainiable watershed developmentand proper landuse planning. Among the various inputs are proper choice of crop varieties suited for various climatic regimes of the mountains.Sustainabilily in mountainagro-ecosystems is most criticalto the well being of highlandersbecause their poverty and wretchedness can be traced to unsustainable agricultural systems and faulty landuse planning. 3.1.5.3 Endemism Endemism are of two types: those that are relics or last remnants of old species whose distributionhas shrunk,and those that are of recent origin which did not have time to extendtheir range. The endemism of the second category are found in the Himalayas and there is a considerablediversity here due to many macro - and micro - habitats. Two sets of factors influencingdiversity are: - Transibon from near trpical /sub-tropical conditions in southem aspects to cold dry conditionsin the north. - Transition along vertical gradientsfrom tropical /sub-tropicalconditions at lower altitudes,to temperateconditions at higheraltitudes. There is a considerablegap in knowledgeabout not only biotic wealth per se but also its distributionand compositionof communitiesand ecosystems.In general uio-productivityper unit area per unit time is lower in Himalayas.Individual species occupy wide ranges and population gets broken into small isolated units.Thus there is a higher rate of endemismas there are many species growing exclusivelyin the Himalayas.These make many areas in the Himalayashighly diversifiedand floristicallyamong the richest in the world. L_ANmus 3-21 RegionalEnVironmental Assessment IWDP (HfIIs-I 3. RegfonalEnvironmental Settng 3.1.5.4 Cenfresof Diversity Many crop plants and domesticatedanimals can be traced to their wild ancestors and other relatives.The crop plant genetic resourcesof the world can be more or less assignedto specific centersof diversityon the basis of varietal diversity,homologous variation, endemism, dominant allele frequenciesand diseaseresistance. The regionsbiodiversity is not very well explainedand documentedbut the Himalayasare an importantcenter of diversityin the countrybeing sourceof several speciesof cereals,pulses, fruits, oil yieldingplants, species,and medicinalplants. The regionalso harboursmany wild and domesticatedanimal species. 3.1.5.5 Conservation of Biota Faulty policies on land, agriculture,forestry, grazing, animal husbandry,fishing, wild life and tourism have resultedin habitat loss leading to loss of biodiversity.Equally important has been the lack of trained manpower,public awarenessand lack of financial support. Conservationof biodiversityparticularly in situ is not in the mainstreamof biosciences. Bio-diversityis supportedby two majorfactors- the ecologicalprocess and organicevolution. For ensuringthat bio-diversityis in good health,the processessupporting it need to be strengthened. Conservationof biota essentially involves long-range management,and encompasseswhole spectrum activities from insitu and conservation dealing with population, communities and ecosystemson the one hand, and on the other it deals with ex-situmeasures invoMng botanical gardens, arboreta zoos and zoological gardens and biological banks for storing pollen, seed sperm, egg, embryo tissue, organs and genes (Figure 3.12). lnsitu conservationallows the ecological processesand organic evolutionto carry on unhindered.Whereas exsitu does not have the benefitof continuedorganic evolution. The in-situ conservation areas in watersheds are the protected areas - national parks, sanctuariesand reservedforest areas as they have been demarcatedfor ecosystemand habitat protection.Wthin the Shivalikarea there are: - Existingand proposedNational Parks, and - Existingand proposedWildlife Sanctuaries. Corbett National Park and Rajaji National Park are the two tiger reservesexisting here. The project components of forestry, soil and water conservation, land drainage, agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry are critical organizationallevels for insitu conservation of biodiversity.At a broad level, any additionto the variety of species in any of these components would enhancethe bio-diversityof the area. Care has to be taken in the choice of species &1acsim 3-22 GeneticReserve SingleUse- Crop/Non Crop Wld Lands Forest trees -Wild Relativesof livestoklfisheries In Situ Conservation Continuationof Organic - Biosphere Ev lution Reserves - National Parks Multi use - Sanctuaries Wild p - Protected Lands Landscape - Ethnobiological Reserves - Sacred groves - Converted lands for geneficdiversity * Afforestation KXSii I Non-Wild * Silvi pasture in Situ 10 Lands lo o~~~~~~Vegetative/shrub barriers - Manmade wildness areas * Grasslands * Bain ds Figure 3.12: Conservation of Biodiversity RegionalEnvwmnrnental Assessrnent IVwDP (His-41) 3. RegonalEnwmnmenta' Setthg dependingupon endemism,soil and water conservationrequirements and needs of the people. There is a need for identifyingareas prone to major vegetationalchanges as a result of edge effects and their role in bio-diversityshould be examined.Formation of barriersand coridors for speciesmovement and the role of weeds and busheshas to be viewedand implementedin the contextof bio-diversityconservation. A key role is played by the tribal life of the areas. The tribal populationhas the know-howof tapping many medicinaland food crops, herbs, etc. Many a time conservationof biodiversity meansconservation of this culturaldiversity. There is a need for scientific input from research, peoples' involvement for integration of traditional know-how and awareness at all levels. Participatoryefforts with streamliningof departments towards bio-diversity conservation are much-desired inputs into watershed programmes. 3.1.6 LIVESTOCK Livestockplays a vital role in the Shivalikseconomy as next to agriculture.Animal husbandryis the most importanteconomic activity. But, livestockin India is not systematicallymanaged and there is much latent productive potential suppressed due to poor livestock management practices.In the Shivaliksregion also, poor livestockmanagement practices have resultednot only in poor livestockproduction indicators (e.g. milk yields)but have resultedin further depleting the over-exploitednatural resources (e.g. erosion due to overgrazing). Agriculturein the Shivaliksis mainly rainfedand rainfall is mostly erratic and uncertain,people in these areas depend upon livestockfor their sustenance.Uvestock is integratedinto the farmning systemto supplementlow incomefrom unstableagriculture. Livestockis the primarysource of livingas it contributes50-65% of the total income. Densityof livestockin the villages of Shivaliksis more than three times the national average. Hereinlies one of the prime reasonsof degradationof the Shivaliks. Excessiveopen grazingis one of the prime reasonwhich has contributedto the deteriorationof the Shivalikecosystem. Tl,e live stock componentis vital to the socio-economicdevelopment for one vital reason that landless people, small and marginal farmers supplementedtheir low income through the component. It is estimated that about 5000 livestock hoarders would benefit from activities undertakenby the projectin the five states. Broadlyspeaking, livestock component will incorporatethe following activites: 3-24 RegionalEnwironmental Assessment IVWDP(Hills-Il) 3. RegionalEnvironmental Sething * Reductionin stock numbers * Breedimprovement programmes/Natural Breeding Centres * Stall-feedingof all ruminantstock * Manurestorage and utilization * Closingof Commongrazing areas and provisionof an altemativefodder supplies * Identificationof potentialmarkets for livestockproducts * Provisionof improvedpre and post nataffacilities for livestock * Piloting'gobar-gas' plants 3.2 SOCIALENVIRONMENT The proposed watershed development project (IWDP-HilIs 11) aims to slow and reverse degradationof the naturalenvironment in Shivalikwatersheds through the use of appropriatesoil and moisture conservationtechnology including a combination of vegetativeand mechanical technologies. Besides,the projectenvisages socio-economic benefits to local communitieswith simultaneousprotection of the environment It is arguedon the groundthat in the processof conservingsoil and in-situ moisture,the pnrject would improvethe productionand incomefrom food grain crops, horticulture,fodder, fuel wood and livestock,and reduceflooding and other devastationcaused by degradation. In otherwords, the project attemptsto achievesustainable increase in productionto keep pace with population growth. Therefore,the project'sobjectives lay equal emphasison social dimensionsas well. The socio- economicenvironmental aspects of the projectarea included in this report discuss the existing situation related to demography,literacy, occupational structure, indigenous population, and genderdistribution. 3.2.1 DEMOGRAPHICPROFILE As explained earlier in this report, the project area includes the sub-tropical Shivalik and temperate Karewas ranges of the Himalayan foothills in the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. The project area falls under 19 districts and 23 tehsils of five above mentionedstates (Table 3.4). The project covers a total area of 430,557 hectareswith a total populationof about 5.13 million. The table also indicates that the state of Uttar Pradeshcovers the highest area (nearly 29%) followed by Jammu and Kashmir(25.7%) and HimachalPradesh (21.8%). In terms of population,Punjab has the largest share (37.1%). The projectis spread over predominantlythe rural areas. LAo_ 3-25 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (HdIs-il) 3. RegionalEnvironmental SeWng TABLE-3.4:IWDP (HILLSIl): AREA AND POPULATION,1991 State IWDPArea (Ha) Total Population - No of - No of Talukas -- ______- -of Talukas - Districts Jammuand Kashmir 109860(21.2)* 573,289(11.0) 4 3 Punjab 93938(18.0) 1,926,481(37.1) 5 5 Haryana 70472(13.5) 915,445(17.6) 3 2 HimachalPradesh 119116(22.9) 728,371(14.0) 5 8 Uttar Pradesh 127307(24.4) 1,043,129(20.3) 3 5 Project Area 520,693(100.0%) 5,186,715(100.0) 20 23 *Figuresin parenthesisare the percentageof total. (Source:Compiled from Censusof India, 1991.) The other demographiccharacteristics such as male-femaledistribution, literacy rate etc., is presentedin 5.2 of Chapter 5. Figure-3.13shows the different tehsils included in the project area. Figure3.14 showsthe regionalprofile of populationdensity across the projectarea in five states. 3.2.2 EcoNoMicPROFILE The predominanteconomic base of the project area appears to depend upon primary sector activities. Analysis indicates that in rural areas, agriculture is the mainstayof the economy indicatingover two-thirdof the populationengaged in agrculture and allied activities. The data on rural occupationalstructure of the projectarea indicates (Table 3.5) that tertiarysector activity is next onlyto primarysector activity. TABLE-3.5: IWDP(HILLS 11): PREDOMINANT ECONOMIC BASE IN RURALAREAS (%/6OF WORKERSENGAGED IN VARIOUSACTMTIES), 1991 State Tot.l: %of %ao %Of '%*f ;-- - : f Talubka- f:--.... c Sector-.: .. Secr -.. z Sco. ::_ . ____ :orkers -Workers' Jammu andKashmir 573,289 28.72 74.40 3.60 21.70 Puniab 1,926,481 27.4 60.3 12.6 27.0 Haryana 915,445 27.8 68.2 12.6 19.1 HimachalPradesh 728,371 29.3 67.8 12.6 20.4 UttarF-radesh 1,043,129 30.5 73.2 6.4 20.3 ProjectArea 5,186,715 28A 65.8 11.4 23.0 (Source:Compiled from Censusof India, 1991) 3-26 TEHSILS INCLUDED IN THE PROJECT AREA n',~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T ' JAMMU &*KASHMIR - ---.. ~~~~~~~~~Legend ,J/ \_, , / _ A TEhSIL IS All AMI)AISTRAT'/E UNIT, WHICH COMIES BELOW A DISTRICT >F UlRI KHA S ' - / SHIMACHALRADESM-/ 4 7 PUNJi l~~~~~~* ,.fJw"Zw i v k > ,,--. ( - > vJAOAOHj % -\ &.t5 / UTTAR PRAPESH ' i - JAA _ -> j /tEF1 5 NCl IIDE^) F Ai HARYA)tA ( ~~~~~~~~Tfl-WILSINCUTDED IN IHE I # 2, }'t/''-A ~I V l e 4'- I~~~~- [-s I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'RO~~~~~~9JECEAREA \ \ ~} ( J-- > -X YREGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ! ,, , t. <) t\ S 8 9 . - - ; . \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A9SSESSMEN.T- !WP !u' °11-1 | .' ,---- -7tI - -. .' j' \,--- 1:3,77,00,0'/ 'n- :. T :377,00,00)iI POPULATION DENSITY IN PROJECT AREA (TEHSIL-WISE) co2 __AMMU Legend 500-SOO 400- 500 27]00-300 FIG, 3.14 ASSESSMENT - IWDP (HILLS 1II RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hls4J) 3. Regb EnaiironmentaSettng The examinationof the economicbase data of urban areas revealsthat similar to rural areas, primary sector activities hold a considerableshare (over one-third). The statistics also reveal that the urbanareas of the Uttar Pradeshhave the same share of primarysector workers as rural areas indicatingthat the agro-tertiaryfunctional towns (Table 3.6). TABLE-3.6 : IWDP(HILLS Il): PREDOMINANTECONOMIC BASE IN URBANAREAS (% OF WORKERSENGAGED IN VARIOUS ACTIVITIES}, 1991 State Total %ofWork %of %d3;-ofU- %of Population of force Primary S-condary Tertiay Talukas Sector e - 0 - : - - -.0 . 0 a, - ':.!Wo:Workers _ :Workers Jammuand Kashmir 573,289 26.6 25.0 3.8 71.2 Punjab 1,926,481 28.1 11.5 21.4 67.1 Haryana 915,445 27.5 8.7 33.2 58.1 Himachal Pradesh 728,371 28.3 15.6 24.0 60.4 UttarPradesh 1,043,129 35.4 72.1 9.0 18.9 ProjectArea 5,186,715 30.3 34.7 19.0 46.3 (Source:Compiled from Censusof India, 1991) 3.2.3 THEINDIGENousPoPULAION The indigenouspopulation referred to here applies mainly to ST populationand to some extent SC populationfound in the region. In total, the project area has about 11.35% of SC and ST population. The ST populationis negligible(3.1%). This is also becausethat the Census ctata by and large fails to enumerate other indigenouspopulation like nomads as they are highly mobile. (The details of the tribal populationis explainedin section 5.2 of Chapter 5). 'The examinationof census data indicatesthat the nearly one-fourthof rural populationfall in these two categories. In the case of urbanareas of the project area, the share of these categoriesis observedto be to the tune of around20 %. (Table 3.7). TABLE 3.7 IWDP (HILLS 11):INDIGENOUS POPULATION (' OF SC AND ST POPULATION),1991 Urban e , RunaAUai - Tta state - -%-otSc .- fC T -.-.,5 =, G % -. Jammuand Kashmir 2.91 0.0 7.33 0.0 2.56 Punjab 23.46 0.0 31.9 0.0 13.84 Haryana 12.51 0.0 31.61 0.0 11.03 HimachalPradesh 20.03 0.42 26.3 0.92 11.91 UttarPradesh 15.97 6.85 13.46 4.19 10.11 ProjectArea 17.67 2.28 24.64 0.84 11.35 (Source:Compiled from Censusof India, 1991) Figure- 3.15 showsthe percenttribal populationin the projectarea 3-29 TRIBAL POPULATION IN PROJECT AREA (TEHSIL-WISE) ) A ,---'j - ,}. A., (1,,- I --i\ JAMU & 'egend -kA*HMIR i °v. TRIBAL POPULATION K.r- ~--- q/ > r f /' - - I (3 (TEHSIL WISE) Nx ,. "', ,fx 0 / , NONE -l[NSOr----- '77771 1-5 \,HIMACHAL ARADE/K UP.--N-c-NsA; -im' 10-15 <- S - ~-- 8;, ( 1;l - - 1 -v >-15-20 - . 1 -l-20-25 M HARYAN,A 1I ~ T PRa - r8JI z- \-w1 1 3.159;;FIG s (K F X y 0 ;1 W,~~~~~~~~~J( |n Olo v IAI -I ! t ) 7 /- ; J ,, j | U!A arEGIONALonCVIROIMFN1AL ------. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ASSESSMEN4T-IWDP tIIILLS IN _ . _.--… _,-- _ _ , ______,_ ,, RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWvDP (H4ills-l) 3. RegionalEnvronmental Seffing 3.3 ENVIRONMENTALHOT SPOTS To bring out the spatial distributionof the extent of soil erosion and land degradationproblems existingin the five participatorystates, remotesensing techniques have been employed.Sample districts have been covered in each state for the purpose of analysis on these two major environmentalissues. The methodology for these is based on Standard False Colour Composites(FCC's) generated from bands 2,3 and 4 of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS - 1B on 1:2,50,000scale, acquiredon 13t May, 1998 and Surveyof India (SOI)topographical sheets on 1:2,50,000scale for mapping.Base map on 1:2,50,000scale of the study area along the intemationalborder is preparedfrom the SOI topographicalsheet. Soil erosionand degradationfeatures are mapped from the satellite imageryusing the visual interpretationtechniques. The interpretedfeatures are transferredto the base map. Soil erosion is associatedwith loss of useful top soil, reductionin soil depth, loss of nutrients and decline in fertility. Continuouscultivation of sloping land, exposingthe bald land to natural agentslike water and wind have displacedthe soil from one place to anothercausing movement of soil which is called'soil erosion'.Soil erosionis a serious problem,which is aggravateddue to injudiciousland-use and defectiveland managementpractices. The degrees of soil erosion are generallyclassified into e1, e2, e3, e4. The extent of erosion is useful for the prioritizationof micro-watershedsand scheduleof activities.Such type of studies are usefulto understandwhat kinds of action shouldbe undertakento reducesoil erosion. Slight Erosion (el) The slight erosion implies that the soil profile has not been damaged by erosion hazard. Such areas are nearlyflat havingnone to slight erosionin the form of sheet wash, resultingin the loss of-about10-15%. Moderate Erosion (e2) In moderateerosion a soil profile looses about 50-75%of the surface horizon.The soils are ideep to moderatelydeep with 5-10% slope. Severe Erosion (e3) When a soil profile has lost the entire surfacehorizon it said to be severelyeroded. The soils are moderatelydeep to shallowwith a slope gradientof 10-15%. 3-31 RegionalEnvironmentalAssessmentlWDP(Hills-Il) 3. RegionalEnvironmental Seting Very Severe Erosion (e4) In this type of erosionentire surfacehorizon and about 75%of the subsurfacehorizon is lost due to erosion.This phenomenais noticedon steep hill slopes. The soils are shallow i.e., less than 25 cm and havingslopes of morethan 15%. Land degradation is often related to decline in soil quality, caused through its misuse by humans.It refers to a decline in the soil's productivitythrough adverse changes in nutrient status and soil organic matter, structural attributes, and concentrationsof electrolytes and toxic chemicals.Degradation is a point of evolution,which leads to a reductionof resource potential. The problemsand process of land degradationare closely related to the geographicalsetting, includingclimatic and land utilizationpattems. Three categoriesto express degree of land degradation are recognizedto which the soils are degradedin terms of agriculturalsuitability and declinedproductivity. Slight (I) The terrain has somewhat reduced agricultural suitability, but it suitable for local farming systems.Restoration to full productivityis feasible.Original biotic functionsare largelyintact. Moderate (m) The terrain has greatlyreduced in agriculturalproductivity, but is still suitable for local farming systems. It needs major improvementsto restore productivity,original biotic functions partially destroyed. Strong (s) The terrain is non-reclaimable(at farm level) and requires major engineeringworks for terrain restoration,original biotic functionslargely destroyed. The summarized interpretationfor different district in different states are described below alongwiththe maps for land degradationand soil erosion: L"@sa- 3-32 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: lWDP (Hills-ll) 3. RegionalEnvironmental Sel'ng HaryanaState A. YamunagarDistrict Yamunagardistrict of HaryanaState is situatedbetween 30° to 30° North latitudes and 77° to 77° 30' Eastlongitude. Survey has been conductedfor an area of 1620 sq. km. The observationsare as follows. i) The average rainfallof the area is 1100mm. 77% of the annualrainfall is receivedduring South-Westmonsoon season. ii) Based on the soil erosion map preparedby satellite data, 61.01% of the area comes under slight erosion,26.58% of the area comes under moderate erosion,0.77% of the area comes under severe erosion and 7.74% of the area comes under very severe erosion.(Fig. 3.16). iii) Basedon the different soil and land charactersof the area, land degradationhas been surveyed.61.01% of the areacomes underslight degradation,26.58% of the area comes under moderatedegradation and 8.51% of the area comes under strong degradation (Figure 3.17). B. AmbalaDistrict Ambala district of HaryanaState is situatedbetween 30 05' to 30052' North latitudesand 760 53' to 77 23' East longitude. Survey has been conducted for an area of 2212 sq. km. The observationsare as follows. i) The averagerainfall of the areais 1100 mm. 77% of the annual rainfallis receivedduring South-Westmonsoon season. ii) Based on the soil erosion map prepared by satellite data, 43.87% of the area cornes under slight erosion,32.51% of the area comes under moderateerosion, 11.70%of the area comes under severe erosion and 7.46% of the area comes under very severe erosion(Figure 3.18). iii) Basedon the different soil and land charactersof the area, land degradationhas been surveyed.43.87% of the area comesunder slight degradation,32.51% of the area cornes under moderatedegradation and 19.16% of the area comes under strong degaradaition (Figure3.19). 3-33 - p ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~- SOIL EROSION MAP OF YAMUNA NAGAR DISTRICT HARYANA FIG 316 n7 oo50 SCALE: 1_J5U 000 soL._- .HIMACHAL PRADESH 30 __ Irs u 2S0 5LGO G _J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 ~so > e S -- ~.- -fi e / / ')RUG 7 SADHAURA e3 e - ) })< e2) ,.il - - | r3 54.441L;s: AMCALA DISrRICT \I -. V TOPOGRAPHy 2 SAI4E BOUNODARY E 1 F el 3 o,sm,ci BooM, _.-T___ \e I z4 RPOASS 3 RA4L-V04LINEO P |IVOR/ STRE}J.7SE ijJ D.IL S.l/NIoS- LIrS ;04 34 \ .BFCC01.3 -4h 31043S98 HIMACHAL PRADESH Ho~yio KURUKSHETRA DISTRICT / / e ;_ _ _ _. _ 00 -* ______j 4~- LMM1~4Fm,0 0%X4l 0SD _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~44 I.~43 h4S464144 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/-34 LAND DEGRADATION MAP OF YAMUNA NAGAR DISTRICT- HARYANA I F(,31 HIMACHAL PRADESH ;1 ~ 3ol- SOOE jO! D N SADHAURA MA L' . Iincn. 1 AMBALA DISTRICT O T()O CH A I'flI I 301. or~~~~~~~~~~~ISS-~~FC bUolS 11i hi,,IS~I. HIMACfIAL PRADESH- I(UPUI LE. ,)SSX VIES UTOur!A!.VA I00 - - I 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EVLILLOII 77100- 7 7 1 30' VMJE81L!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'A- , 30w - 3oj 00' 00'1 II!bLN~~~~~~~~- KnF!0~~~J8CEI$ 88 O4OAATIO!d~~~J SOIL EROSION MAP OF AMBALA DISTRICT - HARYANA 77 123. ., ., ,,'..2i iX//y==\"'--"~~~~~~~~~~~~SCL. _ 2_500 HIIAACHALPRAOESH .3 .2 j W \AJPU9 R DA S5,_ _=___- PUNJABl \\) K' _ ¾::;. 19 /7i 7ObOA 1/SE /t~ ~~ ~ ;*9~~~~~~NAE A\ ^YAI/LNANAGARDISTRICT 00 KURUKSHETRAOISTRICT 2 IC\1ZY#- 1 LAND DEGRADATION MAP OF AMBALA DISTRICT - HARYANA 7crL if~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-: t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i it-' .>~< FIG. 3 19 | 9~>;J l A/HIMACHAL PRADESH C ) 3>4. ?^AJPUR (N PUNJAr S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.i, -P'/7f ------. i NANA AR DI%TRIT_ 5 P i t O AAMU 1 I~~~~ -- , r ~ _~~~~~~~~~~~~/ II , |KURUKSHERADIRCT A Regional EnvironmentalAssessment IWDP (Hds-ll) 3. RegionalEnl4romental Selling Punjab State C) Gurdaspur District Gurdaspurdistrict of PunjabState is situatedbetween 31030' to 32035' North latitudeand 74°50' to 760 03' East longitude. Survey has been conducted for an area of 3562 sq. km. The observationsare as follows i) The averagerainfall of the areais 1009mm. 77% of the annualrainfall is receivedduring South-Westmonsoon season. ii) Based on the soil erosion map preparedby satellite data, 64.11% of the area comes under slight erosion, 9.85%of the area comes under moderateerosion and 15.26% of the areacomes under severeerosion (Figure 3.20) iii) Based on the different soil and land charactersof the area, land degradationhas been studied.59.33% of the area comes underslight degradation,14.63% of the area comes under moderatedegradation and 15.26%of the area comes under strong degradation (Figure 3.21). D) Patiala District Patialadistrict of PunjabState is situatedbetween 29040' to 30050' North latitudesand 76005' to 77' East longitude.Survey has beenconducted for an area of 4584 sq. km. The observationsare as follows. i) The averagerainfall of the areais 1050mm. 77% of the annualrainfall is receivedduring South-Westmonsoon season. ii) Based on the soil erosion map preparedby satellite data, 64.71% of the area comes under slight erosion, 31.95% of the area comes under moderateerosion, 1.5% of the area comesunder severe erosion (Figure 3.22). iii) Based on the different soil and land charactersof the area, land degradationhas been studied.64.71% of the area comes under slight degradation,31.95% of the area comes under moderate degradationand 1.5% of the area comes under strong degradation (Figure 3.23). As an attempt to bring out more environmentalhotspot features on the regionalscale, grazing hotspotsin different sub-watershedsin Shivalikareas of Punjabstate are shownin figure-3.24. 3-38 SOIL EROSION MAP OF GURDASPUR DISTRICT - PUNJAN . _ _ . ___ '. _ _ l N |~~~~~~~~~- W-IUt DIStRICITF ) / I CACSOOAWilirler-CAE ~ 5 OQ- lI'',j'. EF f32 PAKISTAN ) Xi _ _ i U /UXAS...... R5HPARPPR ISIRICI IRITSAN1RDRICT 7 / S C /~~~~~~ L 66,66.6666~~~- 66. + $ - < _ £7. LAND DEGRADATION MAP OF G(JRDASPUR DISTRICT PUNJABN cAIHUA DISTRICT FIG. 3.21 KANGIRAOiStRICT PAKISTAN--)c. 1 .- .=,1 j0X 1 0 < A TOPOGRAPU et w ,)p |~~~~~~'V \_ >/z1 r HOSHIARURO'STRICT c_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,AV ,. , 11~~~~~~~~~~~ ;x2 SOIL EROSION MAP OF PATIALA DISTRICT PUNJAB___ FIG.3 22 :-2 2 ' t_._i ~~~~~~~~~~SCALE:1g,0 l OT SUCCO SIR 19 SIAICT ,'-'- / ( f R '^R.Y 5A9Cu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I1 (gTRICal CZZ1ZV--J I '::-':M''::. \ / IS'C.'S, 111 '...... lil_T l AW LAND DEGRADATION MAP OF PAlALA DISTRICT- PUNJAB IN RVP*NAG.R OSISICtT ...... * FIG. 3 23 LANONIJA .. - . KAITl;tmict ,: ;.. X .,, A,, e j ", {, " " g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.,'~ SIlil \H .WAI F.RSIIEDS IN KICANDIBELT OF PUIN.JABI +: ~~~.1 111MAIC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ HAL PRADES __1 LZGnAZ ING _i 4- // / .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FCa.+,24rv, X -9rfu-st> , 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- "-9 ~~~~~ItG)GOo-. ASSESSEtIT IWD?P fH 15SIII RegionalEnwionmental Assessment JWDP (HiJsI4) 3. RegionalEniwronmentb Setfng Himachal Pradesh State Sirrnaurdistrict of HimachalPradesh state is situatedbetween 30° 27' to 31003' North latitudes and 77° 03' to 77055' East longitude. Surveyhas been conductedfor an area of 2825 sq. km. The observationsare as follows E) Sirmaur District i) The averagerainfall of the area is 1284mm. 77% of the annual rainfallis receivedduring South-Westmonsoon season. ii) Based on the soil erosion map preparedby satellite data, 10.87%of the area comes under moderateerosion, 9.77% of the area comes under severeerosion and 74.81% of the areacomes undervery severeerosion (Figure 3.25). iii) Basedon the different soil and land charactersof the area, land degradationhas been done 10.87%of the area comes under moderatedegradation and 84.58% of the area comesunder strong degradation (Figure 3.26). Jammu & Kashmir State Jammudistrict of Jammu& Kashmirstate is situatedbetween 32025' to 33007' North latitudes and 74030' to 75025' East longitude. Surveyhas been conductedfor an area of 3097 sq. km. The observationsare as follows: F. Jammu District i) The averagerainfall of the area is 1250mm. 77% of the annualrainfall is receivedduring South-Westmonsoon season. ii) Based on the soil erosion map preparedby satellite data, 16.55% of the area comes under slight erosion,7.69% of the area comes under moderateerosion. 19.45%of the area comes under severe erosion and 49.75% of the area comes under very severe erosion(Figure 3.27). iii) Based on the different soil and land charactersof the area, land degradationhas been studied 16.55%of the area comes under slight degradation7.69% of the area comes under moderatedegradation and 69.10% of the area comes under strong degradation (Figure 3.28). Wi, 3-44 SOIL EROSION MAP OF SIRMAUR DISTRICT - HIMACHAL .'PRADE'-SH 14-oil ,1_,o3t3- 1l(i E1G32 _i2fihff _f -. ____~ , K: SOLAN DISTRICT 01511 ILl j sOS | lU, 7- 03'SIMIA I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ----HAGA JO RH \- AX JIASHIt DISTFI:Ilfa I. i * ;fit:C - X X t _x ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UTIAR I- ': lk.IIf_ f [A1 j \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ;'< AC[W ZA lW / ~ ~~~~~~~~~~AMRALADISTRICT ' s CC.L-, I [ :I10 ' .. |S I FS~~~~~~~~~~- .LL.SV.GLUS 1,010 7I4'15 -SAIiI L7f t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- *1 LAND DEGRADATION MAP OF SIRMAUR DISTRICT - HIMACHAL PRADESH N 171 03' 77" -'%S 0 I -' 03VI . F r~~~~~~-~Y r i SCALE: _1;25$j9OO .1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tAtrA0 2500 5000 10 15 20 KM SOLANDISTRICT ., SIMLA DISTRICT LiG.D J 8____ -5tlW~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1APO1OrE.RLDTIOtI DFSCReII'106 __, \ ( \ } Itl ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~KAStil DISTPICT ~~UTTAR3 DISTRICT 130UNDAW [u | - ( | _ \ \< ~V j DOak S..," IS t'SS- S;.ed-d -k~~~~~~~~- 6 / AMIIALA iTR C ,loIc SooTO ,- -IR- S tam-1 Xbrd 7-rI o rI a trt C 6 2 = 27I 1 DISTRICT JAMMU & KASHMIR IN 74. ~~~~~SOILEROSION MAP OF JAMMU 75'125'. 74' 30' FIG. 3.27 I _20000 .~ _SCALE s__._ 5,00 0 5 9 RAJAURIDISTRICT c ,!5.,, I_ Ct; h 7 A > .r . ___ KHNUR - ~~~~~~~~~~~DAMUDISTRICTV__ 1. BOUN0AOY V 3 92] i - .,TE.NATIOSAL Y EO13N s. 3 L77A7T r2 0077. /ARMU* * * . iR ( ( , * 1° 5°""' '- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F9CCDn7.d 1377, M.}7797 l Y _ / 5 \ e4 '- S.AIlR X 'UA 0 DISTR(1 8 ICTSIRt - ___ _ __12st ____ _' 0 ______I ______.______.-- ~~______MAP OF JAMMU DISTRICT _JAMMU & KASHMIR _ I LAND DEGRADATION __ A~~~~~~N 75' 25' 7 41 30 -7. .. G. 3.28 sSC'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ALE__:2 Lcip ) _ \ 0 2500CAv 5000 \0 5 2 RAJAURI DISTRICT 0 2000 0 (-IIt,l I *0 - )'I I I) In,Kll tAKHNUR ,E./SRAi / r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C IN, I 9 I , &3 ______0 ~~ ~ ~ ~ I 4 , K A l l l Ut DI SI R ICI : , F .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ ~_ . _i . 7W25' i5Q",, 5sV _ 7 A' S20' = (-- !d -I_.t_ - - _ _ _ _ _J_ _ .U_ _ _ST_. _ _ _ . - . - IC T_ . 4. INSTITUTIONALAND POLICY ISSUES RegionalEnuronmental Assessment IWDP HIlsil) 4. Insthitonaland Policy Issues 4. INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ISSUES In the light of the institutionaland policy issueson the watersheddevelopment in India, it is felt importantto quote here the excerptsfrom the Indian Finance Minister'sbudget speech on 27' Feb. 1999-partof which refer to watersheddevelopment activities. The followinginitiatives have been proposed: 'It is important to unify the multiplicity of watershed development programmes within the frameworkof a single national initiative-aNational Movement of WatershedDevelopment that fosters implementationability at the local level and creates communityinfrastructure for micro watershedprojects through active involvementof GramPanchayats, Local Self Help Groupsand NGOs. For this, a WatershedDevelopment Fund will be establishedwith NABARDto cover100 pnonty disticts within 3 years. The Central Govemment will prowde necessary matching assistanceto NABARD.This will createincome generating opportunities for the landlessand the poor especially those belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tnbes and Other BackwardClasses. " 4.1 NATIONALAND REGIONALWATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE Watersheddevelopment has been reemphasizedby the highest policy makingof the countryto enhance production,employment, income and to secure the natural resourcesbase of land, water and perennialvegetation. In the light of objectiveanalysis of varied thrustsand activitiesof different watershedbest programmes,the ParliamentaryStanding Committeeon Agriculture in its report on Draft AgriculturePolicy Resolution, 1992 stipulatedthat the watershedapproach is: 'The most comprehensive and holistic approach to tackle the problems of regional imbalances in matter of water availability, sustainability of agriculture and water resources, problem of depleting underground water resources, drainage, soil conservation and developing integrated models of all on-farm activities for the help of seff-regulating beneficiary groups consisting of landless agricultural labour aind small and marginal farmers. This is also the only and ultimate answer to reducing regional disparities, making assured irrigation available, evolving more economic and setf-sustaining and environmental friendly use of organic inputs and non-conventional energy resources through utilisation of farm waste and bio-mass production. The policy resolution must reflect a resolve to bring the whole nation under watershed management within a fixed time-frame and necessary allocations must be made in the various plans and projects. All 4-1 RegionalEnmironmenta) Assessment IVWP (His4l) 4. Instutonaland Poky Iss.zes the Statesof India must be involvedto undertakenthis NationalPlan in a consolidatedand committedfashion." Delineationof agro-climaticregions (ACR) and agro-ecologicalregions (AER),have been efforts in this direction.The PlanningCommission had in 1989 broughtout a 15-zoneagro-climatic niap based largely on commonalityof factors like physiography,rainfall, temperature,soil and water resources.With advancementsmade in technicalknow how, it was realizedthat informationson soils and crop growingperod may be pertinent in developingagro-ecological zones/regions. The NationalBureau of Soil Surveyand Land Use Planningof the ICAR in 1990 put forth a 20 region agro-ecologicalmap for the country.These attemptsprovide a basis for broad landuse planning and developingagriculture on sustainablebasis. The projectedapproach strategy etc. baseclon ACR as well as AER are providedin the following paragraphs. 4.1.1 AGRO-cuMATICZoNING The IWDP (Hills)area forms part of AgroclimaticZone I - Westem HimalayasRegion under sub zones 2,3 and 4. The main featuresof the zone are: WESTERNHIMALAYAS REGION ISL -- -Sub-Zne -^RaI-nalsut~fte (-i(mm)}< Climte-t;~1 '_ - wSalv 1. 2-Hilltemperate 2000 Humid BrownHill Rice,Maize, Rape seed 2. 3-Valleytemperate 400 Sub-humid Hill Soils, Mountain Wheat , Marze,Rice. I______meadow,skeletal, tarai Suqarcane I 3. 4-Subtropical 1030 Semi arid to Alluvial (Recent) Brown Wheat,Barley, Potato 1 | humid Hills 9 This zone is characterizedby less favorableland and water resources,low land productivity,land availability,per capita cultivable land (PCCL) is also low. The ratio of livestock per hectare of gross croppedarea (GCA)is the highestand the povertyratio especiallyin rural areas in high. Strategies for future developmentas outlined below suggest developmentof soil and water conservation, landuse planning, fruit crops development, high value crops, transport and communication,supplemented with marketingand storage,water management,agro-processing, livestockproduction, social forestry,seed productionand fisheries. * Soil and Water Conservation: Integrateddevelopment of soil and water resourcesthrough land treatment, plantation of trees and crops according to soil and site conditions. The developmentof water resourcesand efficient use of stored water through drip and sprinkle systemwould be necessaryto maximizecrop production. * Landuse: Land suitable for agriculture/horticulture/pasture/forestry/shouldbe demarcated. Agro-silvi-horti-pastoralplanning as proposedby the report: 4-2 RegionalEn vrronmental Assessmnent VWDP (Hills-l) 4. Insftubonaland Pdoy Issues - agriculturerestricted upto 30% slopes - land having30% - 50%slopes shouldbe used for horticulturelfodderdevelopment - all landsabove 50%slope to be broughtunder tree cover - un-irrigatedfields above 30%slopes be convertedinto orchardsand foddertrees. - Blank areas between 30% - 50% slope be managed for fodder and maintained as pastures. * Fruit crops: This zone offers good opportunity for fruit crops development.Economic benefits could be improvedthrough better quality planting material,high density plantation techniquesand developmentof fruit processingindustry, including altemate products like beverages(wine/brandy from apple) * High value crops: The temperate zones here are favourable for growing temperate vegetables,flowers and crops like ginger and saffron. These are high value crops and irrigatedareas shouldbe broughtunder such crops. * Transport and communicadion: In order to overcomethe major constraintsof transportof perishablecommodities like fruits, flowers, vegetables,efficient transport and communication systemsshould be developed. * Marketing : Storage facilities have to be extended and improved. This may include improvementof agro-processmethods which could help in increasingyield and marketingof produce. L ive stock improvement: Marginallands on slopes from 30-50% could be developedfor grasslandswhich would providesupport to cross breeding programmes.The multiplication and supply of superior quality animals vwithadequate health coveragewould make dairy farming quite remunerative.Better productionof forage would improve the quality of the livestock. * Crop planning: Crop diversification,introduction of high value crops, replacing low value crops, adequate credit facilities for providing fertilizers, strengthening delivery system of inputs at doorsteps & extensibneducation would boostthe productivityof crops. * Social Community forestry: Planningof demand driven fuel wood and fodder plantation communityto meet local and commercialneeds would reduce pressureon naturalforest. * Seed production and supply: Qualityseed of vegetables,and high value crops should be givenhigh priority. 4-3 RegionalEnwronmental Assessrent IWDP (Ws4q) 4. Ins±hionaland Po0cy Issues In order to implementthese strategies,multi-sectoral linkages and the organizationalteam works have to be improved.Technical inputs and decentralizedplanning holds the key to executionof these concepts. 4.f.2 AGRo-EcOLOGICALZONING The IWDP (Hills) areaform part of Agro-eco-region14 (WVarmsub humid to humid with inclusion of per humid eco-region with brown forest and podzolic soils) code - A15CIBIA4I5.A smrall portion also falls in Agro-ecoregion9 (Warm sub-humid (dry) eco-regionwith alluvium derived soils code - N8C3).(Also shown in figure-4.1) Many parameters coincide with the agro-climaticzoning, even so are the strategies. This zonation, however, puts major constraints that hinder crop production due to bio-climatic conditions. Length of growing period, climate conditions, deforestationand excessive siopes favour soil erosion,soil degradationand imperfectdrainage conditions limit choice of crops and reduce productivity.Drought is experiencedin lower hills due to excessiverun off and coarser soil texture. The project areas in northem Punjab and Haryanahave deeper soils with optimum soil - air - water relationships.Judicious use of water is suggestedhere for optimalresults. Since the parameters involved in delineationof agro-ecologicalzones viz. - landforms, soil scape, bioclimatic and growing seasons can be disaggregatedaerially, further detailing for formulabonof location specific sustainableagrcultural strategies can be easily planned by the individualuse of spatial information.Incorporation of these parametersin crop planningin terms of speciesand land use allocationwould be beneficialin any watershedproject. Delineationof areas into agro-climaticand agro-ecologicalzones with their suggestions on developmentaddresses the environmentalpotentials and constraintsof the area as well as the need for economicupgradation. The major projectcomponents of IWDP-11do take into account the major thrust areas as broughtout by both of these zonations.However, it would have tcobe ensured that they are implementedin the manner suggested. Each project componentwould have to be assessed in terms of criteria suggested under agro-cJimaticand agro-ecological zoning broadlyexamining the following: - The adoption of slope based land use, i.e. agriculture upto 30%, horticulture and fodder production30-50% and forestry above50% slope. - Enumerationof type of crops adoptedto the bioclimateand length of growing period and its economicpotential. 4-4 AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN THE PROJECT AREA ! u ~~~~~~~~JAMMU & ICAqHMIRLegn JAMMU & RA~~~~~HMIR ~Legend _ M ''-'1X-- X, - Q , --- , ' ' S X, ; rawt / '3-N - . : _ W,PADE,SH- f , o 0 ,' i ~~~~HIMVACHAL C(^_<-\%-!-r--' ~orxY¢Xitr./lrlo;LI.'X ; A -. '-q',-,-,UTTAR W J PRADESH );; X-R .. PRAA--- - .…~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FIG.4.1 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~REGIONJAl.ENVIRONMENTAL A$SESSINIENT-IWDP (HILLS Ill RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hils-) 4. Insttutonal andPoicy Issues - Level of upgradationof transport, communication,marketing, storage and agro-processing facilities. - Level of implementationof better quality livestock,forestry, seed and fisheries production measures. - It follows from the foregoing that in order to streamline the policies and strategies as suggestedby the agro-climaticand agro-ecologicalzonation, the peopleand the govemrnent agencies have to be sensitized to these issues and be made to work in a co-ordinated manner. Govemmentfunctionaries at all levelsfrom village panchayatto district headquartersespecially in rural developmentwings, soil and water conservation,forestry, animal husbandry,agriculture have to function as facilitators, whereas people have to be grouped in co-operativesor communitiesfor ensuring proper implementationof these programmes. People's participation, gender involvementand developmentcould be helpful in execution,monitoring and managernent of programmes.Formulation of watershed funds by small co-operativesthrough sale of high value crops could be used for maintainingthese areas. Applicationof GIS and Remote Sensing in developmentof landuse plans as per agro-climatic and agro-ecologicalsuitability is perhaps most needed in this sector, for it is only after the suitable areas are delineatedthat the implementationmanagement and monitoringmechanisms would be operative. 4.2 INSTITUTIONALAND POLICYISSUES ACROSS THE STATES 42.1 POUCYANDINSTMTUT70NAL MECHANISMS The variouspolicies and institutionalissues on watershedapproach to rainfed farming strategies for IntegratedWatershed Development are brieflydescribed below: Policy Issues: * The rainfed area constitutes66% (about90 millionha.) of 142 millionha. of cropped aireain the country.The area developedso far is very meagre and, therefore, a perspectiveplan needs to be developedto cover the balance rainfed area (arable land) within a reasonable periodof 10-15years. * The unit of planningshould be the watersheds(an independenthydrologic unit) rangingfrom 500 ha. to 2,000 ha. The programmeshould be developedfor the treatmentof entire area in the watershedirrespective of its landuse. 400A-. 4-6 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (HIs- l) 4.InsliuUonat and Poicy Issues * The developmentof watershedsshould be plannedaiming for in-situmoisture conservation, water-harvesting,ground water recharge, development of bio-mass and for enhancing agriculturalproduction. The entirewatershed area may be developedwith full involvementof beneficiariesto achievethese objectives. * The plan for developmentof the watershed, should be preparedin consultationwith local beneficiariesadopting a bottom to top approach and thereby making it acceptableto the beneficiaries.For better appreciationof the existingproblems of degradedwatersheds and benefits of watershed development,the beneficiariesshould be trained before the actual developmentalactivities are taken up. * The urgent needs of the community, such as, drinking water, wells, ponds, bridges, connecting roads, temples, schools etc. could be taken up as entry point activities and necessaryprovisions may be made in the schemes. * The subject of a commonapproach and guidelinesfor all the schemesof watershed being implementedby the Central Ministrieswas deliberated.Since the objectivesof the schemes are different, it was felt that it may not be feasible to have detailed common guidelines. However,the poolingof resourcesof watersheddevelopment programmes at district level of project level may be consideredto avoid overlappingand extendingthe reach of various programmes. This is in keepingwith the currentgovemments initiative to integratewatershed developmentprogrammes under a commonframework. * Legislativeframework needs to be put in place to cater or communicatewith user groupsthe right over enjoyment of Common Property Resourcesto avoid conflict with elected and constitutionalbody such as Panchayat. * The idea of flexibility in the guidelineswas endorsed to meet local needs and people's demand. However,there should not be any compromiseon the implementationof identified Core itemsof the prorgamme,so that primaryobjectives of this integratedproject are not lost sight of. * The concept of developmentof Bio-lndustrialwatersheds was suggested during lXth Fie Year Plan envisagingdevelopment of watershed coupled with value addition activitiesfor processingthe primaryproduce at villageor watershedlevel itself. This would help producers to have enhancedbenefits and reducelosses from perishablecommodities due to immediate marketingproblems. * For over-allplanning, implementation, monitoring of all watersheddevelopment programmes, a strong watersheddirectorate at state level may be establishedwith multi disciplinarystaff with representativesof differentInstitutions involved in watersheddevelopment programmes. 4-7 RegionalEnvnronmental Assessmnent IWDP (Hils-lI) 4. InstUtonal and Polcy Issues InstitutionalIssues: For effectivecommunity participation training should be organizedto the communityfor appreciationof watersheddevelopment programmes and to improvethe capacityof beneficianes Self HelpGroups, Water User's Groups etc. should be formedkeeping in view thewatershed developmentactivities and its sustainability. * Youths,women and progressive farmers should be encouragedto join the Institutionsor Self HelpGroups for greaterparticipation and take up the responsibilityto ensurethe sustainable developmentof watershed. * The organisation/institutionsdeveloped at villagelevel should have harmonious relationship with Panchayats.These Institutionsmay work as supportingwing of the Panchayat dischargingtheir responsibilities. * The Institutionalarrangements initially may not be very effectivebut at a laterstage would pickup afterrealisation of beneficiariesfrom the watersheds. * LocalSocial Organizations should also be involvedfor formingInstitutions and Groupsfor communityparticipation as theyhave lasting effect on the community. * Womenin the watershedsshould be organizedand Institutionalmechanism should be developedto assist them in self sustenance.Such Groupsshould be fully trainedand exposedto the benefitsof the watersheddevelopment programmes. 4.2.2DIFFERENT WATERSHED MANAGEMENT POLICIEs Differentwatershed management policies as definedby the Departmentof Agricultureand Cooperation(DAC) of Ministryof Agriculture,Ministry of RuralAreas and Employment (MOR&E) andMinistry of Environment& Forests(MoEF) are summarized below: * Duringthe lXthfive yearplan the provisionfor researchsupport need to be streamlinedand enhancedso thatfunds earmarked for researchcomponents could be utilizedefficiently. - The capacitybuilding programmes and training of the staff andbeneficiaries could be taken up priorto planningand implementation * The 10%provision for staff componentto meet the salaryexpenditure etc. needsto be revisedin the lightof escalatingwage rates. This needto be reviewedin the IXthfive year plan. 4-8 RegionalEn vironmental Assessment IVWDP (Hils-Il) 4. Ins#h&onaland Poecy Issues * Fundsto be providedfor maintenanceof assets created under NWDPRAscheme. The local communityand user agencies may be organized under various Groups and Institutional mechanismneed to be formed at watershedlevel. * The programmesmay be clearedin advanceand accordinglyCentral funds may be released well beforetime as most of the activitiesare seasonbased. * There should be flexibilityin selectionof treatmentpackages suitable to the local needs.The project ImplementingAgencies should give priority to the choice of beneficiariesin order to make the programmemore popular and acceptable. * Need for revision of unit cost of treatment during lXth five year plan due to escalationin wages. * Strengtheningof scientificapproach for Integratedland treatmentkeeping in view the local technology. * Strengthening of peoples participation in Watershed Development Programmes for sustainableuse of naturalresources. * Poolingresources of WatershedDevelopment and land based activities. * Formulation of common guidelines for all watershed management programmes being implantedby differentMinistries/Departments, extemally aided project,etc. * The WatershedDevelopment Programmes should have a holisticapproach * The classificationof watershedshould amongothers be based on hydrologicalparameters. * Once the watershed is selected for treatmentthe entire watershed irrespectiveof the land uses shouldbe treatedincluding the agriculture,forests and waste lands. * The privatelands of watershedshould be developedby private land ownerson cost sharing basis, communityland should be developed with full involvementof the community and forests landsby the concemedagencies. * Harmonizationof variousprogrammes of WatershedManagement * Improvedmechanisms for monitoringand evaluation * Joint ForestManagement(JFM) would be integralpart of all plantationprojects. * In-situ soil and water conservationmeasures like contour furrows, staggered trenches, mulching,continuous trenches, vegetative barriers etc. would be givenpreference * Along with plantationemphasis would be given for raising herbs, shrubs,grasses, legumes, fodderand pasturedevelopment. 4.3 COLLABORATIONAND CO-ORDINATION 4.3.1 LINEDEPARTMENTS Co-ordinationhas been defined as harmonizationof various activities and involves smooth interplayof different functions. For Watersheddevelopment projects to be successfullyplanned and implemented;a unified approachby various agenciesis essential.Watershed Management 4-9 Regional Enwionmental Assessment IVDP (HIs-ll) 4. Ins5tiuonal and Poicy Issues essentiallybeing a multidisciplinaryapproach it involves many departmentslike Soil & Water Conservation,Forestry, Animal Husbandry,Agriculture, Horticulture and Rural Developmentetc. All functionparallel to each other and are called line departments. In the various Watershed Management Projects completed so far, almost all have been implementedby line departmentsand almostalways the role of the WatershedManagement has been limited to planningand providingfunds to different departmentsto implementthe planned activities. These line departments implement the sectoral project activities under the administrativeand financial control of their respectivedepartments. In order to accomplishthe goals set under the World Bank aided IWDP (Hills), coordination is all the more important becausenumber of departmentsare involvedin the implementationof the programme. For the purpose of effective co-ordinationin IWDP (Hills) it was one of the pre-conditionsto constitutea State level steering committeein which all the Heads of the departmentswould be membersand this committeewould be headedby a secretaryof the co-ordinatingDepartment. The State Level SteeringCommittee would meet at least twice a year to addressthe difficulties arising for want of co-ordinationamong line departmentsand sort out other Implementation issues. Yet, as it was observedin almost all the projects,the line departmentapproach has been fraught with numberof problemssuch as lack of cc-ordinationin implementationof sectoral activities, stereo typed approach to tackle the problems in an isolated manner, lack of innovative temperament,absence of flexibilityetc. As a result, the works have been scatteredall over and resourcesspread too thin over a large area. Under IWDP, since the project is basically creating infrastructure for the benefit of the beneficiaries,it is felt that where the line departmentshave alreadycreated some institutionsor infrastructures,IWDP should not create additional institutions,rather it should strengthenthe institution already existing in the project area. In this context following issues assume significance: * Co-ordinationamong the line departments * Co-ordinationamong various watershed developmentactivities within the state and other bilateralagencies * Developmentof mechanismfor regularand effective interaction 4.3.2 NGO's There are at presentseveral NGO engaged in the missionof environmentalconservation through interactionwith public and Govt. departments,generating awarenessand carrying out some model plantationsin villages. 4-10 RegionalEnvironmental Assessrnent IWDP (Hills-l) 4. Insftitonal andPdAicy Issues Some of the noteworthyNGOs who are alreadyworking in the area are: 1. AWARE 2. ParyavaranSanstha 3. GreenVenture 4. Tawi IslandsWelfare Society 5. ICELA 6. Lions Club 7. RotaryClub 8. Societysanitation-de-economic 9. EnvironmentAwareness Forum (EAF) 10. W.W.F. 11. Eco-TransformationCenter N.S.S and other studentorganizations are also engagedin environmentprotection compaign in the area. It has been observedin the past that some of the NGO'sare workingwith dedicationat the grass root level in the villages and they should be involved in some of the micro watershed development schemes. These models would act as demonstration centers for various technologicalinnovations and may come up with new ideas for the eco-restorationof the degradedShivaliks with the active participationof the villagers. 4.3,3 DECENBRALIZAONOF PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING VVillage Communities People's participationbeing the basic theme of the project, communityparticipation component transversesthrough all the activities. Village communities need to be encouraged to sustain project activities and encourage convergentplanning and strengtheningthe participatoryskills and institutionalcapacity of the governmentagency responsiblefor implementation. Since the basic approachto mobilizepeople's participationis a bottom up planningit become importantto tune village communitiesthoroughly with the work ethic of the project before it gets launched. In other words, villagecommunities need to be involvedin the project right from the planningstage to the implementationand monitoringstage. Village (Common)lRevolvingFund It has been seen that one of the main reasons for the failure of rural developmentor India's WatershedPrograms is fundamentalconflict in the structure of economic relations in village society.The local level bureaucracyoften does not have credibilityamong the rural poor as it is identifiedwith the village powerstructure. 4-11 RegionalEnvironmental Assessrnent IWDP (HdIs-Il) 4. Insftitfonal and PolicyIssues The assets created and initiatives taken by the earlier projects did help the community but graduallyfell into disuse and disrepairas the sense of ownershipwas missing: To remove this lacunae a Village RevolvingFund was created. The work done by the village community on commonproperty resources is paid by the projectand this amount goes to the village revolving fund. At the time of initialplanning itself, the villagersare motivatedto organizethemselves into groups (e.g. GAREMAICOREMAin U.P.) and moneywould be pooledto be utilizedin the maintenance of assets and managingcommon property resources when the projectwithdraws. Subsequentlyit was also realizedthat some moneycould be given from this fund as individual loan to villagersfor incomegeneration activities. This concept has not only enhancedcommunity participation in the project activitiesbut also to some extent ensuredsustainability. The creation of RevolvingFunds needs to be strengthenedin the IWDP (II) to strengthen the involvementof peopleor the participatingapproach. 4.3.4 TARGETGROUPS PART7CIPATION It has been realized that without the active involvementof the people, the project cannot be sustainable.The communityshould feel that they are equal partnersin creatingassets & have a sense of ownershipin the project. To involvethe communitycompletely, it is also essentialto identifythe socio-economicand cultural context of the communityon which dependsthe active participation of various classes and groups of the community. The idea of target group participationthus assumessignificance and is anothereffective tool to involveall the classes of peopleof the community.Following could be the target groupsin the watershedprojects. Self Help Group (SHG): Experiencehas shown that many social barriers deter women from participatingopenly in the project related village meetings dominated by men. They are more comfortable in smaller homogeneous,all women groups.Most of the SHG formed in the project are all women groups having 15-20 membcrs.They contributea monthly fixed amount (as decided by the group) into their account They give out small loans to the members for householdneeds like purchaseof cattle, seeds, childrenfee etc. or for some incomegenerating activity like mushroomproduction, knitting,pickle making,etc. These small loans have provedto be a boon for poor rural womenwho had practicallyno access to credit facility. The SHG meetingsare very regular and well attended as they also providea rare opportunityfor village women to share and discuss their joys and sorrows in a relaxed LeaAS# 4-12 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hills-ll) 4. instftubonaland Poicy Issues environment.These meetings led to a closer bonding cutting across family and village social groups. User Groups These groups are formed for a specific activity in which the group membershave a common interest,e.g. sharingof irrigationwater from a commonwater channel.The beneficiariesof such scheme form their own fund in which some contributionand levy i.e. water levy (as decided by the group) is charged and deposited in village social fund. The group uses this money with mutualconsent in repairand maintenanceof such commonassets. Para-Professionals Another concept which has been tried in the project to achieve the goal of sustainabilityis to developa cadre of trained para-professionals.Some villagerswith keen interestin activitieslike agriculture,livestock management etc. are selected and providedwith short term professional training.They providetechnical advise to the villagersat a cost. WomenMotivators To freely interact with the local women, who are vitai for the project, female motivator are recruited on contract. They are educatedlocal women who could communicatefreely with the village women. They have played an important role in mainstreamingthe gender issue in the project and motivatingvillage women to changethemselves. Female extension workers (FEW) have also been recruited on contract in each village to act as a vital link between project programmesand rural women. ,3 4-13 5. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS RegionalEnvironmental Assessrnent IWDP (HfIS-JI) 5. Baseine EnvrronmenrtaStatus 5. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS This chapterpresents baseline status of naturalenvironment of the projectarea as characterized by land, water, biological, air and social environment conditions. Detailed baseline will be conductedas part of the projectand areas monitoredto assessthe changesdetectable over the periodof time. 5.1 NATURALENVIRONMENT 5.1.1 LANDENVIRONMENT 5.1.1.1 Slope Length and Zonation The ecologicalstability of hill areas is a crucial factor for not only the hill area but also the plains below. The important role of physiography;especially slopes in controllingdevelopment cannot be overemphasized.According to the observations of the Planning Commission's Expert Committeefor delineationof hill areas, 1984- areas havingslopes above 60% and going down to 30% havinglatitudinal variation of at least 300 metresand extendingover a geographicalarea of 100 sq. kms. qualify to be termed as hill features. Extendingover to more than half of an administrativearea i.e. block tehsil or district makes the area a hilly block, tehsil or district This criteria encompassedthe hardshipsfaced due to terrain characteristicsand the vulnerabilityof the areafrom erosionetc. Also, in hill ecosystems,there is a markedvariation in flora and fauna with changesin a latitudinalranges. The aspect or orientationof the slope also holds a key to developmentalpressures - in northem hemispherethe southem slopes in hill areas are the favoured aspects. The entire area of IWDP in Shivaliks has a broad southem and south - westernaspect, howeverlocal variationswould dictatethe pattem of development The existing land utilizationshould be studied to assess the developmentwith respectto percentageslopes, aspect of slopeto lead to the identificationof criticalslopes and areas renderedas degradedand vulnerabledue to mismanagementof slope parametersand land utilization. Many studies have been undertaken to analyze and suggest land utilization pattems with referenceto slope categories.A study undertakenin the Nepal Shivaliksto identify criteria for establishingthe priority watershedsput for the following use classificationsas related to grass cultivation: 5-1 RegionalEnwronmentalAssessment IWVDP (HEis-11) 5. Baseine EnwvinmentaiStatus Slope Percentage Forest <15 Gentle 15°/%-o30% Moderate 305/6-60% Intensive >60% Permanent Critera put forth by the agroclimatic zonationstudy is as follows: <30% Agnculture 30%-50% horticulture,fodder development >50% tree cover >30% (unirigated areas) orchardsand fodder trees 30%-50%(blank areas) pasturelands The IWDP Projectin UP has categorizedlands into rangesof <33%, 33%-50%,50% - 100%and >100% slopes and have studied the distribution of cultivation and forest areas in these categories. The impact assessment study of IWDP (Hills-I) in Punjab region has put forth the following recommendationsas per land capabilityclasses: Very gentle slope cultivationagroforestry, forestry Moderatesteep slopes & Steep slopes bunding, terracing for cultivation, afforestation, silvipasture It can be inferred that the sensitive slopes fall above the categoryof 50% and the next cut off couldbe 30% or 33%followed by 15%.Slopes greater than 30% are prevalentin many situaltions and these indicate areas prone to erosion if not properlyvegetated. Table-5.1 shows the slope categoriesand their correspondingslope categoriesin U.P. Shivaliks. TABLE-5.1: SLOPECATEGORIES AND THEIR CORRESPONDINGSLOPE PERCENTAGES Map Symbol Slope Category Lowerand UpperUmit of Slope Percentage 1 GentlySloping 0-5% 2. Mod&ratelySloping 5-10% 3. StrongtySloping L 10-15% 4. SteepSloping >15% 5.1.1.1.a Altftude&Aspects Slope aspect and altitude are the importantterrain parameterswhich influence micro-climate, temperature regime, runoff and play a significant role in soil development,vegetation and agriculturecrop productivity. 5-2 SLOPE MAP OF YAMUNA NAGAR DISTRICT - HARYANA N FIG. 5.1 f 7 SCALE : 1:250.000 77 0* HIMACHALPRADESH Mt's 0 2500 5000 1C 15 20 1 - - N- /4 I'I~~~ SLOPE \, 3 ~~~~~~~~~APIX E . i 2 4 C,,>_,z _,~~2 3 SYMBOLS CATEQ0,,Y Sko) 2II G-tlyE SVPmgS0 0 - - SADHAURA 2 ) ( I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SI,-,qIySong 10 - 0 .pIy - Sl. /_ AMBALADISTRICT /... TOPOG-RAPH-y 1 , INTERNATIONAL B0UNDAR S f '2_ STATE_ BOUNDARY .dIOlhM. | ~ ~ ~ ~ (2 ~ 2 '- 3. DISTRICT BOU11DARY t).-- - 4.ROADS 5 RAIL(An LINE C . 6. RIVER / STREAMS 7 SETTLEME_NTS D.to Snono-. lBS-1B LISS-1 Sl-odord FCC Doled 10th Moy 199B HIMACHALPRADESH KURUKSHETRADISTRICT . LEA ASS0OITTS B(OJt ARIA 01 LTG NEW ItElII 77' 00, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7730___ 0] 0 004RSQTC OMTO 50I E~0OG0PT1 301 124--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0O0~I Dol~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AA ~ . l. 2t B. N 6 ~no5 ISOISRO.5005 IAm HY WRIAM560.6 5R4ZA 0 060 1.0.310 .vsI*I _,oA0 SLOPE MAP OF AMBALA DISTRICT, - HARYANA - 2 S FIG. 5.2 J\g ) ~~~~~~~~~SCALE:1 250 000 11"- 0 25005000 10 5 20 4 . RFRADESHACALP |7'~g - _ > 0 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 ,~~ ~~~,. ~~~~AS UR *tT t\2>5EES/StW I IX0 2 YA2,^MUNANAGAR X < DIT,/ RICT 5 1 2 /' I *' KURUKSHEIRADlStRICt ) ON,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Is15c/t0O 0202, - -E-_ 7H X._,t1 ' -S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~I r, ______E ______SLOPE MAP OF GURDASPUR DISTRICT - PUNJAB N RAMA O-St oo>x,, FIG. 5.3 KAHMADISTRISCTE V~5 00 PAKISTN ..... t.. AM2rTtAR DISTRICT //w .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TC4* '_W _ SLOPE MAP OF PATIALA DISTRICT - PUNJAB . . ' *u.a^ ,,,,,e, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FIG.5.4i WOS~Ael(g_ ra, l,,,cr -rz 1! .,<,>-'7) '' J g \ \t_. I4 ezn lSCtUw>st~I~ rle . ./It's\/S1., ''t Wil-'M'' 2 '1 *H ._- _X_ _ _ _ _ - j i _ r__ _ _ _ SLOPE MAP OF SIRMAUR DISTRICT- HIMACHAL PRADESH - ~-- ~~---~-~~- ~ ~- I FIG. 1J~5.5 250~~~OO(-) N 0 ______.------~-- ~~ o|SCAL'S,O 051 "'3 ____ '0)0 4 I S''s 0 25005'l3( 15 f I IOLAN DISTRICT A'J 'S Lrccof___0 DISTRICI Sy..leas * | - . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SIMLA . 4\ RAJGAR.5 ' - 2. STATE 90U TTRKASHI DISTRICT 3. 44CT804Jr 4 ROM)S . . . [ * S. RA4444'4 LINE [-4+* . . /\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~) G.4. '4) / rr4L.JA Z . \ \ \< No.,Sooo IRS-IS US- I Sf-ldoos FCC 0o.1d I 044h Iy9958 - 27.-'55| 4 ______AMBALA DISTRICT I LEO044N048 SOu4l SA -VTLTD, _ _ .. . _ _. , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 1 A41V.S0EUItVCCCES1* 4 ? WV. 144 -__ 0A5 . E.~ 44.IEC.kC5 LIU, INS 14 %IM. Fd5 No0. I.0k. . 40 ~~ I*4EO1*64SW 4 ______/714 n 581~ ~ ~ - N SLOPE MAP OF JAMMU DISTRICT - JAMMU & KASHMIR + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rIG.56 T r - SCALE 1:250 DO0 t'I I -' RAJAURI DISTRICT ,Z0 <. E 20 SSUr |2050 10 5 11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(0ra= UDHAMPURDISTRICT 7. S Mr DEQW&EgD # X /:? J .r~"45 2L fccE5 Lm "d u -5 39 S5q' e I -- ;)d-e 1 - *5 Cs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 11 s.-- ie-Le s ISS-; St.,df,d 9 ! ==>7 \ ' ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~4 lSTtl S*..f _ _ A5C1INu65 5 , ,''KiATHUA I r i L. RegionealEnmronmentalAssessment IWDP (H7ls-lI) 5. BasefineEnvironmnental Status Slopemap of an area providesinformation regarding the distributionof variousslope elements. Slopeis very importantformn the land utilizationpoint of view and based on the degreeand nature of slope, a suitableland use for the area could be decided.It is also helpful in prioritizingareas for development measures. The slope map provides information for planning of engineenng/hydel/irrigationprojects and planningfor settlements,rail-road alignmentand land capabilityassessment etc. Figure-5.1to 5.6 shows the slope maps of differentsample districts covered through the remote sensing techniques. These slope maps have been prepared by using 1:2,50,000 scale topographicalmaps of surveyof India showingcontours of 100 m. interval.The vertical drop has been measuredfrom the contour intervaland the horizontaldistance betweenthe contourshas been measuredby multiplyingthe map distancewith the scale factor. Close spacedcontours on the map have higherpercentage of slopeas comparedto sparsecontours in the same space. The table-5.2 shows category-wiseareas and their respectivepercentages in selected districts of the ShivaliksRegion. TABLE-5.2: SLOPE CATEGORY-WISEAREA IN SELECTEDDISTRICTS OF 5 STATES State District Slow Category-ws Area(in sq. k GentleSlopes Moderate StrongSlopes SteepSlopes Slopes Jammu & Jammu 512.5 238.13 602.5 1540.62 Kashmir (16.55r (7.69) (19.45 (49.75) Patala 2966.5 1464.4 68.7 Punjab (64.71) (31.95) (1.5) Guardaspur 2283.66 350.7 543.5 - = -=______(64.11) (9.85) (15.26) YamunaNagar 988.4 430.6 12.4 125.4 Haryana (61.01) (26.58) (0.77) (17.74) Ambala 970.4 719.1 258.9 165.0 (43.87) (32.51) (11.70 (7.462 Himachal Sirmaur 307.2 275.8 2113.4 Pradesh (10.87) (9.77) (74.81) ffgures In paranthesis show percentages of total geographical area 5.1.1.2 Erocion and Soil Deterioration Excessivebiotic interferencehas denuded the Shivalik hills of tree and grass cover and as a result, the problemsof soil erosion and land slides have become serious. The severity of soil L erosion problem was, however, observedto vary greatly dependingupon the extent of biotic pressureand also accordingto soil properties.Soils erodeaccording to their inherentnature and propertiesand the soil loss may vary morethan 30 times becauseof basic soil difference. 5-9 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (HNs-ll) 5. BasebineEnvironmental Stahts Soil erosionis associatedwith loss of usefultop soil, reductionin soil depth, loss of nutrientsand decline in fertility. Continuouscultivation of sloping land, exposing the bald land to natural a gents like water and wind have displacedthe soil from one place to anothercausing movement of soil which is called 'Soil erosion'. Soil erosionis a serious problem,which is aggravateddue to injudiciousland use and defectiveland managementpractices. Water erosionis the major problemcausing loss of top soil and terrain deformation.The degree of soil degradationvanes from slight to severedepending upon soil characteristics. Over population,harsh climatic conditions,deforestation, over exploitationand improperuse of soil resourcesetc. not only induce soil - food - populationimbalance but also render the wrhole ecosystemextremely vulnerable to soil erosionand erosioninduced land degradation. Degrees of Soil Erosion Slight Erosion (el) The slight erosion implies that the soil profile has not been damaged by erosion hazard. Such areas are nearly flat havingnone to slight erosionin the form of sheet wash, resultingin the!loss of about 10-15%of top soil. The soils are very deep i.e. more than 100 cm. and havingslopes of 0-5%. ModerateErosion (e) In moderateerosion a soil profile lossesabout 50-75%of the surface horizon.The soils are deep to moderatelydeep with 5-10% slope. Severe Erosion(e3) When a soil profile has lost the entire surfacehorizon it said to be severelyeroded. The soils are moderatelydeep to shallowwith a slope gradientof 10-15%. Very Severe Erosion (et) In this type of erosion, entire surface horizonand about 75% of the subsurface horizon is lost due to erosion.This phenomenais noticed on steep hill slopes. The soils are shallow i.e. less than 25 cm. And havingslopes of morethan 15%. 5.1.1.3 Land degradation Land degradationis often relatedto decline in soil quality,caused through its misuse by humans. It refers to a decline in the soil productivitythrough adverse changes in nutrient status, soil organic matter, structural attributes, and concentrationsof electrolytes and toxic chemnicals. 5-10_ 5-10 RegionalEn'ironmenta)AssessmentIWDP (HIs-I) 5. Baseine EnwonmentatStatus Degradation is a point of evolution which leads to a reduction of resource potential. The problems and process of land degradationare closely related to the geographicalsetting, includingclimatic and land utilizationpaKtems. Land degradationin the Shivaliks is caused by intensive cultivation of marginal lands by subsistence, low-input and resource limited farming systems and livestock management practices.Thus land degradationis as much a socio-economicproblem as it is a biophysical problem. Two categories of degradation processes are recognized. First deals with degradationby displacementof soil material,principally by water and wind. The second deals with the intemal soil deteriorationresulting from accumulation of chemical substances, such as salts, and depletion of nutrients (chemical deterioration)or through physical processes, like prolonged water logging,crusting etc. (physicaldeterioration). Degrees of Land Degradation Three categoriesto express degree of soil degradationare recognizedto which the soils are degradedin terms of agriculturalsuitability and declinedproductivity. slight (s) The terrain has somewhat reduced agricultural suitability but is suitable for local farming systems,restoration to full productivityfeasible, original biotic functionslargely intact Moderate (m) The terrain has greatly reduced agriculturalproductivity, but is still suitable for local farmning systems. It need major improvementto restoreproductivity, original biotic functionspartially destroyed. Strong(s) The terrain is non-reclaimable(at farm level) and requires major engineeringworks for terrain restoration,original biotic functionslargely destroyed. 5.1.1.4 Soil feitiliy and productivity Agriculturalproductivity depends largely on physico-chemicalproperties and soil fertility status of surface layers of soil as these serves many functions such as rooting zone for plants, plant nutrient supplies and release of soil moisture. Crop yields decline by 20-65% on removal of topsoil by erosion. Reducedsoil fertility is mainly responsiblefor decreasein soil productivityand is consideredas one of the most seriousdegradation problem of the Shivaliks. _.1 5-11 Regional Envronmental Assessrnent IWDP (Hills-Il) 5. Baseine Envirnmental Satus S.1.1.5 Cultivation and tillage practices The seasonalrains in the Shivaliksthough erratic and low but are of high intensity.More than 70% of the rainfall occurswhen there is either no or inadequatevegetative cover. The discussionwith various state officials indicatedthat most of the arable land is croppedwith varying degree. It is reported that the average land holdings of the project area is 2.5 to 3.5 hectares. The majorityof cultivatorsown less than 3 hectares,which is barely adequateto meet subsistenceneeds for cereals and pulses at the present level of technology. The main kharif crop duringthe rainy summer seasonis maize, with lesser areas of pearl millet, pigeonpea and mung bean, The main rabi crops during the dry winter months are wheat and chickpea.Small areas of oilseed are also cultivated. It is reportedthat in the temperatezone of the Karewas, oats as a hay crop are grown in the rabi season. It appearsthat most arable lands are cultivated with food and forage crops in kharif and about 50 to 60 percentduring rabi season. Rain water harvestingin Shivalikswas basicallyattempted for protective irrigation. In case the monsoonfail, maizemay requireone protectiveirrigation near maturity.For wheat two irrigations to establishcrop stand are just sufficientto harvesta reasonablecrop. Tillage, a processof physicalmanipulation of the soil to alleviateedaphic stresses,is an integral part of crop productionsystem. Carefullychosen tillage practicesfacilitate seeding emergence, enhance root growth and hence water and nutrient uptake by the crop. Appropriate tilliage practicesincrease the productionbase of the crops by takingadvantage of high level of nutrients and soil moisture. Tillage practicescombined with residuemanagement techniques such as crop residuemulching and farmyardmanure application should be adoptedto improveinfiltration of rain water and soil moistureavailability. 5.1.1.6 Forests And Pasture Lands The nationalforest policylays downthat India as a whole should aim at maintainingone-third of its land under forests. It has been recommendedthat 60 per cent of the hill areas and 20 per cent of the plains should be developedand managedas forests. Forests in hill areas, perform two important functions, namely, productionand protection.As a productive natural resource, forests supplya varietyof commerciallyimportant goods such as timber, firewood and industrial raw materials. The protection offered by forests consists of the preservation of physical propertiesof the land, protectionfrom droughts,floods and soil erosion. Forests can be broadlyclassified into: coniferous,non-coniferous types. Examplesof coniferous trees in the area are Chir (Pine).The main non-coniferoustrees are Eucalyptus,Shisham, Kikar Khari, Dhak, Simbaletc. 5-12 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hi&4sD) 5.Baseline Envirnmental Status Elevation and soil type which particular tree species come up naturally provides strong relationship between soil, forest/vegetationon and climate. This relationships has been establishedfor certainspecies of timber. Pine trees are grown in sandy loam soils deficient in humusand nutrients.As it is droughtresistant, it can be grownin steep slopesalso. Forests have been classified in a number of ways based on their legal status, functions, explicabilityand composition.According to legal status forests can be divided into: Reserve Forests,Community Forests and PrivateForests. The ReservedForests are entirelyin the hands of the Govt, and are generally confined to the hilly areas and to poor soils. These are characterizedby a thick growthof vegetationand are located away from the main transportation entries. Communityforests are sparsely grown and are mainly used for firewood and grazing. These are managedby the villagepanchayats. Products such as medicine, herbs, gums, honey,fruits & nuts, resins are obtainedfrom the forest. Herbsare extensivelyused in remotevillages and bring peopleto forest areasto collect, processand sell them. Potential: The prospects of forestry in the area depends on the future demand of forest products.Due to increasingdemand for resin in a numberof chemicalindustries, the demandof products from the pines species would increase. It follows that in future afforestation programmes,emphasis should be givenon the large scale plantationof such trees. In the Shivalik region the local residents are allowed free and unrestrictedgrazing in certain forestedareas. Also, they are allowedto lop one tree for fuel wood and house repair.Sometimes these activitiesare not properlysupervised. This mercilesscutting of trees by both authorised and non-authorizedpersons leads to soil erosion. The forest developmentpolicy outlines the following: Thes degraded and unproductiveforests to be cleaned and quick growing species with commercialand industrialvalue be replanted. * Barrenland lying between agriculturalareas and reserveforests which are neither suitable for agriculturesor nor horticulturedue to difficult slopes and unfavourablesoil conditions must be brought under afforestation.Initially, such land will not be able to support a good crop or full density of stocking.The initial purpose of such planting v-ill, therefore, be soil reclamationand soil conservationuntil the quality of land improvesfor commercialforestry. * Unregulatedlopping, unlimited grazing, unauthorizeduse of forest resources should be checkedimmediately. * Roadconnections to connectinaccessible forest areas to arterial routes. L..aots 5-13 RegionalE rironmental Assessment I/WDP (HJIs-ll) 5. Baseine EnvmronmentalSlafts Communityforests be developedclose to villagesto providethem with firewood and grazing land. Land which is unsuitablefor agriculture and horticultureand is in proximityto the villagesshould be used for suchforests. The expectedyields will be after 10 years as even the forest and growingtimbers will be eligible for cutting only after ten years by improving accessibility,effective forest managementand modem loggingpractices, the annualproduction can at least be doubled. 5.1.1.7 Soil biota Soil biota has an important role to play in reducingrun off, but it role is linked strongly to the quantity of organicmatter in the croppingsystem. Crop managementwith soil biota in mind may provideother mechanisms of reducingrun off. 5.1.2 WATERENVIRONMENT 5.1.2.1 Hydrology The projectarea is in the cradle of all the major rivers of north west India which are fed by the snow and rainfall precipitation.The major rivers which flow in the zone are the Indus river along with its tributariesJhelum, Sutlej, Chenab,Ravi & Beas and the Gangaalong with its tributaries Jamuna, Ramganga& Sarda. In the Westem Himalayas,K2 (8611 metres) located in the adjoining Karakoramrange is the highestpeak in India. In additionto this there are many other snow clad peakswithin 8000 rntrs. The areas located in the extreme north and the north east of the zone have elevationranging between7500 to 6000 metres.The elevationdecreases towards south and in the centralportion varies between6000 to 4500 metres. In the areas adjoiningthe river banks the elevationvaries between4500 to 600 metres. In the plain areas of Uttar Pradesh,Punjab and HimachalPradesh the elevationvaries between300 to 600 metres. The Shivalik region generallyvarying between 800 and 1500 mtrs. in elevationis fed both by snow and rain. A good percentageof the runoff in the zone is derived from the snow and glaciers,which constitutea potential reservoir. Winter precipitation,which occurs in the form of snow, goes on accumulatingtill summer.As the summer advancesthe accumulationsmeH: and releasewater into the stream. Glaciers are located at an altitude of about 5500 metres. The permanentsnow line is at an elevationof about 4500 metres duringwinter season. The seasonalsnow line dips to a height of about 1800metres. The depth of snow precipitationdecreases from west to east and from north to south. 5-14 HYDROGEOLOGICAL ZONES IN THE PROJECT AREA JAMMU _Legend\ fiZ \ N ) ke0anu h ndlleRnanby di.. nonue.s ed :25-40 tre,-/,C A0 OtOhPH-tay Y'ad 10 25 te/e __coropdn stale. qu-,Oc,te. Js \ sX sandstone, eOt,lut, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~slate,wdt-naqaC. clltC oz z _ V~~~~~~~~HIMACHALADE HJ /dgn;s hylt n/ i319C ReqIons aitl, ilritoed _-neti- vith Iee intar- 9-oolO , noilty A& -t-ato i- 2 Recantand onldrit uv nton rL._qnc .e.col-,j.Ocnoeccai. tand. Siltcloy, ltait PUN N.F|-stvnl l(in- ____SPninq lint s- ) \ --'N FIG.I5 .7c7 HYDROGEOLOGICALMAP OF PROJECTAREA REGIONAL ENV1RONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - IWDP (HILLS 11) ( N-, tin ajeaorensetooTh ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AMA ROnCa- 1:3,77,00,00 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IKIDP (H&7/s-11) 5. BasehneEnwnmnmental Stabss The catchmentarea of the Shivalik'sare tom by rills and gullieswith a high drainagedensity of about 7 to 9 km/sqkm. Figure-5.7shows the hydrologicalmap of the projectarea. HYDROLOGYDETAILS (STATEWISE) Himachal Pradesh In this project area, five river catchments have been selected for Integrated Watershed Developmentin Himachal Pradesh.These are Chakki, Swan, Sirsa, Ghaggar and Markanda. Area coveredby these rivers is 927352Ha. Drainagechannels usually originate as small rills due to concentrationof surfacerun-off flow along shallowdepressions on a sloping land in the upper reachesof watershedand develop into gullies and narrow micro-gulliesfurther down the slope. Seriesof such gulliesor channelscombine further down to take the form of orgies,ravines, and deep channelsof water along narrow valley in the upper hilly catchmentand with the continuing increase in catchmentarea, as well as the volume of run-off water, such ravines merge into seasonal streams towards the lower reaches of watershed, which ultimately merge as meanderingtorrents on entering into the plains. The main water resourcesin Himachal Pradesh are Kuhals, Canals, Wells and Tube wells. Irrigationis also carriedout by lifting water from streams,shallow dug wells and deep tube wells in valley area and by impoundingwater in water storage structure constructedin micro-water sheds. Out of 89917 Ha of total in five catchments, 87.1% are rainfed and only 12.9% are irrigatedas shown below in Table-5.3. TABLE-5.3:DETAIL OF RAINFED AND IRRIGATED AREAS IN FIVECATCHMENTS OF HIMACHALPRADESH Name of Total A igated_a with varus_Rainfed sources of rgation Area the cultivated catchment area (ha) _ Kuhall WelUTube LR Total Irrigated Area %age of Khad WeUs irrigation area as % cubvated of cultivated area ______~~~~~~~~~~~area Chaldd 15000 --- 2029 --- 2029 13.5 12971 86.50 Swan 4930 60 2585 1198 3843 7.8 45447 92.20 Sirsa 15500 4584 ------4584 29.6 10916 70.40 Ghaggar 5700 434 --- -- 434 7.6 5266 92.40 Markanda 4417 433 20 32 665 15.1 3752 84.90 Total 89917 5511 4814 1230 11555 12.9 78382 87.10 Ih the Shivalik zone of Himachal Pradesh,the run-off is more and velocity is so high cause frequentfloods that it cuts the fertile lands along banks, contributebouldery material and Flash floods are also associatedwith soil loss, sedimentationand release of bouldersinto river lands. The averageannual damage in financialterms has been estimatedat Rs.15 crores. 5-16 RegionalEnvironmental Assessmnent IWDP (Hills-lI) 5. BaseineEnvironmental Status Averageannual rainfall is 1116 mm.A brief descriptionof 5 majorrivers is as under Chakki: The entire tract of this catchmentis hilly with the altitudevarying from 257 metresto 2858 metres. Ghaggar: It is hilly tract, with deep precipitousslopes. Elevationgoes upto 1500 metres with narrow valleys & small plateaus. The climate is mainly sub-tropicalin outer Shivalik.Average monthlytemperature in 230C. Markanda: Elevationvaries from 335 metresto 1061metres. Climatevaries from sub tropicalto temperate.Summers are very hot and winters are quite cold. Swan: It is flat valleywith Shivalikhillocks on two sides with elevationup to 1000 metres,mostly cut up with boulderystreams locally called choes.The climate is mainlysub tropical. Sirsa : The tract is hilly with plateaus,altitude up to 800 metres cut up by nallahs and streams. The climateis subtropical. Haryana The Shivalik region of Haryana is drained by Sirsa, Ghaggar, Dangri, Markandaand Yamuna streams/rivers.Total area coveredunder the projectis 191669ha. Uttar Pradesh The projectarea forms the southembelt along the Uttar Pradeshhills from west to east over an areaof 13759kMn 2, consistingof 13 sub-watershedsof GangaRiver System.In the projectareas 440860 ha area (90.7%) falls below 1000 metres altitude, where as 43784 ha. (9.0.0%) falls between1000 to 2000 metres. Only 1536 ha. (0.3%)has altitudemore than 2000 m. No area is higherthan 3000 metres. On the basis of slope classification,342490 -ha (70.4%)has slope less than 33%, 98972 ha (20.4%)area has a slope between33 to 50 percent,and the balance44718 ha (9.2%)has slope more than 50%). Details of streams,their orderwisenumber and length as reported by State Govt. are given in Table-5.4. 5-17 RegionalEnvrronmental Assessment IWDP (Hills-i) 5. Baseine Environmentlf Staius TABLE-5.4: NO. AND LENGTHOF STREAMSIN DIFFERENTSUB-WATERSHED S. No.- SWS No. f -1. -- ,._- , -WS ' 2Xa0Xt t'Ktt Onrd--.,,.,,A,,,:,- 1. Baur 2 No. 692 170 38 9 2 911 Length 462.5 204.5 96.0 48.0 59.5 862.5 2. Bhalra 3 No. 248 59 12 2 1 322 Length 159.0 71.5 41.0O 10 0 9S.5 291 3 . Chorgaliya I No. 82 19 5 1 - 107 Length 63.0 23.0 7.0 1.0 94 4. Daba j 4 No. 634 127 33 5 1 am I____ I__l Length 513.0 157.0 83.5 41.0 9.0 0_03.5 S. Gola Sukhi 3 No. 423 92 23 6 3 1 548 Length 305.0 105.0 92.0 14.0 11.0 025 52725_ 6. Lebar 8 No. 8 4 1 - 13 Lengt 24.0 15.0 9.0 48 7. Miaim 1 No. 420 87 18 4 1 530 Length 120.0 58,0 31.0 15.0 14.0 238 B. Peli Nadi 4 No. 1051 214 48 13 4 1 1331 Length 379.0 149.5 85.5 68.0 11.75 13.0 706.75 9. Sona Plain a No. 1718 341 74 13 - 2146 Length 815.0 269.5 168.5 54.0 1307 10. Sukh Rao 7 No. 1431 284 69 15 4 1803 Length 759.5 224.0 158.5 55.5 43.0 1240.5 11. Tanda 1 No. 64 22 6 - 92 ______Length 111.0 109.5 51.0 271.5 12. Uni 5 No. 185 34 7 1 - 229 Length 44.5 32.0 1.75 106 27.75 I 13. Total 44 No. 69S6 1485 334 69 16 2 8832 Length 3745.5 1420.5 850.8 308.3 157.8 133 649s6. The project area has more than 8832 streams stretchingover 6496 kms. The projectarea has drainagedensity of 14.03m/ha. The areahas mild summerand severewinter with lot of frost. 5.1.2.2 Water Resources Most of the Shivalikwater sheds have very little canal irrigationfacilities. At some of the places vith small irrigation pools and lift irrigaton the State Govemmentsare trying to irrigate some areas, yet the extent of area coveredis negligible.At low lying places digging of wells is being done by the villagersbecause water table is not so deep but these wells onlycater to the drinking water needs. Some tube wells have also been dug at these lowerareas which again servesthe drinkingwater needs of the people.In the upperpart, water table is very deep and the formationsare boulidery makingdigging of tube-wellsvery difficult rathernot feasible. The region receives about 1100 mm of rain, but 80% of it comes in two to three monsoon monthsand a majorityof it goes as run-offtaking with it the fertile top soil becauseof little green cover. Numberof seasonalstreams with headwarderosion drain the run-off water from Shivalik foothills and sloping piedmontplains to the adjoiningplains causing all type of miseries. During rainy seasonthese torrentserode the lands,flood the adjoiningareas convertingthem into waste land resultingin desert like conditionsall the year around. L AM 5-18 Regional En7vronmentalAssessment IWVDP(HiNls-l) 5. BasefneE&7iron,mental Status Despiteof good annualrainfall, water scarcityfor crops is causedbecause: * About 80%of rains is concentratedin 2 to 3 months * Run-offrate is high (30-45%) * Rain timing is very uncertain * Longdry spells(droughts) occur even in the monsoonperiod. * Lowwater rentivityof coarsetextured soils. 5.1.2.3 Surface runoff The climate of the area is subtropicalwith severesummer and moderatelycold winters. The altitudevaries from 360 metres to 1080 metres. Sufficientrainfall is availableduring the months from July to Sept. Duringsummer monthsparticularly in the months of May and June, rainfall is very little. The areasreceive an annualrainfall varying from 700 mm to 2647 mm. 5.1.2.4 Ground Water Generally85% of the assessedground water reservesis for irrigationand the rest for domestic and industrial purposes. Ground water availabilityand utilisation (blockwise) in the state of Haryanaare givenin Table-5.5as an example. TABLE-5.5:BLOCK-WISE GROUND WATER AVAILABILrTY AND UTIUSATION S. 'NetBlock ubtilisablerecharge Ne or W No. ,= E UyIcm) . _ 1. Barwala 27.62 21.15+ 2. Momi _ __ 3. Pinjore 47.19 3.08+ 4. RaipurRani 50.29 40.29+ 5. Naraingarh 70.56 84.14- 6. Bilaspur 86.53 53.83+ 7. Chhachrauli 254.22 111.66+ 8. Sadhaura 31.73 21.35+ TOTAL 568.14 335.48+ Fluctuationsin groundwater levels in a period 1974to 1997as reported by the State Govt are given in Table-5.6. TABLE-5.6: FLUCTUATIONSIN GROUNDWATER LEVELS ;.No. Black[- S - J! .-. - ;hD g ^ t1-~_n -o - -U 1 Buarmla 5.27 9.50 1t.69 10.78 -5.51 -1.28 0.91 2 Momi _- _ _ _ _ 3 Pinjore 16.92 18.42 19.79 18.W -1.08 0.42 1.79 4 Raipur Rani 7.73 5.35 7.35 5.53 -220 -0.18 1.82 S Naraingarh 7.15 6.79 8.50 6.50 0.65 029 2.00 6 Bilaspur 6.68 3.85 5.60 4.07 2.61 4-022 1.53 7 ,Chhachhrauli 8.71 8.34 86 7.34 1.37 1.00 X 1 2 6.19 3.50 6.09 423 1.96 .0.73 1.86 There is excessiverun-off and lower infiltrationin soil on account of over land slope and poor vegetativecover. The averageannual evaporationis 2108 mm with an average of 5.7mm/day. 5-19 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hills-l) 5. Baseine EnvironnmentaiStatus During rains and overlandflow the loss rate may be assumed 0.5 cm/hour for computationof flood hydrograph. 5.1.2.5 Floods On an average the rainfall witnessed in Shivalik belt is 1200 mm annually, raining during the period June-Sept.The water retentioncapacity being very poor as most of the rain water gets washed downvery quicklyand the lowerarea do witness floods. The rivers/naliapassing through this area are snowfedand also causeflooding some time. Water loggingis not a seriousproblem in the Shivalikbeing mostlymountains. The availableflow/flooding data are very meagrein the subwatersheds.However CWC has done studies on development of rainfall - runoff relation with the help of unit hydrographs.Unit hydrographis a responsefunction in the form of flow from input of rainfall.As the observeclflow data are very limited, CWC has studied unit hydrographsof sub-catchments and derived standard average unit hydrograph for the entire area. Synthetic unit hydrographs ol any watershedvarying in area from 25 to 1000 sq. kms. can be derivedand further designedfloods can be computed.For this purposeSnyder's approach of dimensionlessapproach is followed. IMD has collected daily rainfall data of 202 stations and hourly rainfall data of 20 stations (rangingup to 70 years)and developedisopluvial maps of 25, 50 and 100 years return period. These relations are based on runoff data of only 6 gauged catchments,localized in area of the studyzone which constitutesonly a very small part of the projectarea and, therefore,the clesign flood computed by using the above relations be utilised after verifying the results by altermate methods(Table-5.7). Table-5.7:Hourly runoff unit Hydrographs(Hr. R.U.G.)of the five sub-catchmentsare given below: ChakkiKhad 75-46-00 32-17-00 657.86 SuswaNadi 78-07-00 30-07-00 296.84 NeogalKhad 76-38-30 32-03-20 151.98 Banu Khad 76-28-15 32-04-55 103.60 Jhelum(Tri) 76-35-05 31-08-00 43.82 5-20 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment /VWP (HIfEs-I) 5. Baselne EnvironmentalStatus 1. Hr R.U.G.ordinates of selected catchments 9. 0.o 0.0o 0.0 0.0 0.0 10. 3.41 5.0 2.8 5.0 0.4 11. 6.75 22.0 10.0 35.5 28 12 26.98 590 46.0 95.0 11.9 13. 6765 133.0 123.6 53.0 34.9 14. 206.42 225.0 76.0 38.0 23.0 15. 5.7.96 148.0 49.5 27.0 15.8 16. 360.64 94.0 34.0 17.0 10.9 17. 239.40 52.0 25.6 10.0 7.4 18. t54.59 40.0 19.0 5.0 5.3 19. 100.30 22.0 14.0 Z8s 3.7 20. 59.83 10.0 9.8 0.0 2.4 21 35.64 4.56 6.3 1.5 22. 23.60 0.0 3.7 0.9 23. 15.82 1.8 0.4 24. 9.87 0.0 0.3 25. 6.00 0.0 26 2.53 __ 27. 0.00 _ 2. Computed Flood Peaks (Cumecs) Si. Name of the Stream 25 years 50 years 100 years No. ChakkiKhad 3814.87 4004.58 6415.88 Surwa Nadi 2339.20 3163.93 3187.44 Neogel Khad 1306.52 1558.63 1842.79 Banu Khad 1171.41 1252.85 1599.27 Jhalum(Tri.) 259.11 406.23 391.82 That is no long durationinundation in the Shivalikarea of Haryanastate. However,in Kandiarea flash floods are very common.The projectcomponents may have benefitsin terms of alteration of flood impactsfor local flooding. However,the impactof the measuresproposed on the severe floodingin the Indusand Gangesplains downstream will be minimal. 5.1.26 WaterQuality No data are availableon water qualityin the Shivalikarea of Indusand its tributaries.However in Ganga river system, a few water quality monKoringsites are availableoutside the projectarea. Water qualityof the projectarea may be affectedby: * Communitybathing * Cremationand past cremationactivities * Pointand non point domesticeffluents * Agriculturalrun-off * UvestockManagement * Agro-based& otherindustries & municipaleffluent in the region. 5-21 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IVvDP (Hills4il) 5.Baseine Environmental Status In the late winter and summer, when the flow becomes minimum, there is a possibility of deteriorationof water quality.It is suggestedthat a well plannedwater qualitymonitoring network should be plannedand implemented. The project area is composedof highly erodible,low water rentensivesoils which crust easily and are susceptibleto severesoil erosion.Most of the area is denudedand undervarious stages of degradation.The top vegetativecover is very less and due to scarcity of available water cultivation of agricultural crops and regeneration of vegetation are hampered. The average annualrainfall of the five states coveringthe Shivalikregions are given in Table-5.8. TABLE-5.8:AVERAGE RAINFALL IN THE FIVESTATES - :---. .- Average Rainfall (mm): - --. Monsoon Ra1n1l Harvana 988 82% HimachalPradesh 1600 75% Jammu& Kashnir 1300 65% Punjab 900 90% Uttar Pradesh 1577 75% As most of the rain occursduring two to three monthsof the monsoonperiod and water retention capacityof the soil is very low, most of the water is drained out as surface run-off. Rest of the year, the moisture is very low. Ground water table rises during rainy season but drops considerably immediatelyafter rain. Water harvestingmechanism/structures are availablein the area, but as yet quantitativedietailed surveyshave not been carriedout to assessthe accurateposition. 5.1.3 BIOLOGICALENVIRONMENT 5.1.3.1 Culivated Land-Horticulture The future property of hill areas lies not in its agricultural productivity but in vast natural resourcesin the form of forests and fruit trees. Hill slopes which cannot be utilized for food crops, providean ideal base with the right amountof drainagefor fruit trees. Actually,planting of fruit trees on the slopes preventssoil erosionon which is one of the most serious problemsof the area. The soil and climate of the area are also ideal for large scale fruit growing. Over and above the favourable natural factors, the per acre retums from wel-maintained orchards are betterthan field crops. Also, a fruit growerunlike his counterpartin agriculture,remains engaged throughoutthe year. For a developingregion, horticulturepromises the developmentof iseveral ancillaryindustries such as preservation,dehydration, refrigeration and transport The yield can be increasedby improvedpractices and irrigation.However, for most fruit types, the rainfallis enough. 5-22 RegionalEnwronmental Assessment IWVP (HIIl 5. BaselineEnv'ronm7entai Status The selectionof sites for horticulturedepends on a numberof factors like climate, altitude, soil, accessibilityand neamessto marketcenters. Depending on the climatic zone i.e. temperate,sub - tropicalfruits and tropicalfruits can be grown here. Temperate- apple, pear,walnut, alumni and cherry-highelevation. Peach,plum, apical, strawberry- low elevation Sub - tropical- lime, lemon,litchi and guavafruits. Tropicalfruits - mango,banana Along with surface soil, the natureof the sub-soil has to be carefully consideredfor raising fruit trees. As the roots of the trees generallyreach down to 2 metres,the conditionof soil at the depth of 2 metres should be examined.Pores, abated and deep soils should be preferredfor fruit culture. Soils of uniform texturewith 2-3 metresdeep water table should be consideredideal for growing trees. Once climate and latitudinalscreening is done, the next priorty should be given to those sites that are alreadyconnected by motorableroads. Areas ideal for horticulturebut without road links should be selected only if roads can be constructed as part of the development plan for horticulture.Also, the sites chosen for horticultureshould not be too far from market centers. These market centersshould be evenlydistributed. Site for horticulturemust be selectedin areas which are not alreadyreserved for agriculture.As far as possible,land should be chosen in betweenexisting and proposedagricultural land and the forest areas. Lands which have more than 30 percent slope and which are not suitable for agriculture and are also not under forests should be the most ideal sites for horticulture. If developedon a commercialscale, care should also be taken to providelarge stretchesof lands which are not fragmentedby settlements. Credit,marketing, storage and plant protectionis very importantfor horticultureDepartments like agriculture, horticulturedo not bring immediateretums. The orchard trees start bearing fruits after a minimum period of 5 years. In addition to the initial expenditureon plantation, a good amounthas to be spent duringthis period on fertilizers and plant protection. 5.1.3.2 Flora & Fauna Nearly 15%of the forest speciesfound in the Shiwaliksare not found anywhereelse in the world. These includeoaks, pines, rhododendronsand numerouslacunacens species. The forests of the Bhabhar- Shiwalik terrace are dominated by Saal (Shorea robusta), Khair (Acacia catechu), Sheesham (Dalbergia sisoo), Haldu (Adina cordifolia) and Sain (Terminalia tomentosa) along with infinitevarieties of shrubsand grasses.The productivityof this vegetationis very high. 5-23 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (HMis411) 5. BaseineEnvironmental Status The Shiwaliks forests abound in a wide variety of animals including elephants, tigers and panthersand bears in the higherareas. The bird life is fabulouslyrich - there are 230 species in the KumaunHimalayas alone. The southem slopes of all Himalayanranges are extremely steep with precipitous scarps. Exceptingfan-like and cone - shaped accumulationof talus (comprisingfragments of all sizes and shapes derivedfrom and lying on the base of cliff and steep slopes, which were generated by frost action, rockfall and landslides),the southem slopes are without soil cover and genierally without much vegetation. Due to heavy rains and exposureto sun rays, the southem slopes are vulnerable to heavy erosionand degradationof ecosystems. Only the debris fans and cones have a vegetationcover which is very sparse.On the other hand the gendernorthem slopes, enjoyingabundant rains and shade,are markedby a thick mantle of soil and are well-protectedby dense forests of trees, shrubs and grasses.These multi storeyed forests comprisingtrees, shrubsand grassesprovide shelter and sanctuariesto a wide varietyof wild life, and simultaneouslystimulate recharge of groundwaterthat manifest in springs and associatedseepage. It is these multitudesof springs and seepagesthat feed the rivers cofthe lower Himalayasand supply nearly42% (30 to 70%) of the waters of the rivers coming frorn the snowypeaks of the Upper Himalayas. Since the snowline is progressivelymoving higher and the glaciers are receding in mountain ecosystemas a result of globalwarming from atmosphericpollution and/or depletion of the zone layer, it is quite evidentthat even herethese ecosystemsare in a delicate or fragile conditionand therefore,very vulnerableto even small disturbances,natural or man made. Consequentlyeven minor activitiesfor developmentprecipitate changes which rapidly assume alarmingproportions and are manifestedin landslides,heavy soil erosion, dying up of springs and deforestation of slopes. The main problemsfaced by these ecosystemsare: - Degenerationand loss of vegetationcover - Erosionand landslides - Reduceddischarges of springsar.d streams 5.1.4 LIVESTOCKRESOURCES 5.1.4.1 Livestock In the study area, more than 90 percent of the cultivatorscome under the categoryof small and marginal farmers. Even after increase in agriculturalproduction there would be only marginal LA.2.m 5-24 RegionalEnjronmental Assessment IWDP (H.Jsl11) 5.Baseine Ennrnmental Status surplus. The major benefit will only go to those who hold larger pieces of land with inigaton facilities. For majorityof farmers, there will be very little surplus which can be convertedinto cash for buying necessitiesof life other than food. Horticulture,even if it is paying,takes a minimum of five years beforefruit trees becomecommercially productive. There is needto explorethe scope of animalhusbandry as an occupationwhich will providealtemative sources of employmentand incomein the region. It has often been seen that after reclaimingpotential areas for agriculture,alloting lands for horticulture and afforestation,very little land is left for expanding the existing grazing areas. There is scope for combining communityforests with grazing lands. Animal husbandryis a profitablesubsidiary occupation for a majorityof the farmers and possiblya primaryoccupation for some of the farmers. The majorproblems which reflect on milk productionare * Feeding- quantityand quality of feed. * Qualityof animals- geneticpotential for milk production. For cattle developmentthe main interventionswould be: reducingthe shortage of fodder and improvingthe geneticquality of cattle. 5.1.4.2 Uvestockresources and environment Everyfarming family of the Shivaliksmaintains catte, buffalo, goats or sheep for draft power, milk and manure for subsistenceas well as for generating cash and sharing capital. Most landless families and nomads maintain livestockwhich they graze on public or commonlands and supplementthis with purchasedor barteredfeed. GrazingPractice In most areas demand for livestock feed exceeds the supply. Open grazing in the already degradedforest lands is yet anothermajor reasonof degradationof the environment The Upper Watershedcatchments are generallyclassified as forest and are under the ownershipor partial control of the Forest Department.The villagersuse this land among other demandsfor grazing thus deprivingthe forest land of valuable green cover. Almost every village has a commonland for grazing.Because these lands are publicgoods, with no organizedmanagement arrangement, they are highlydegraded by the largepopulation of livestock. L. Asa(w 5-25 RegionalEnvironmentalAssessment IVDP (His-lI) 5. Baseine Enffrnment. Status Demandfor fodder Since animal husbandryis an important activity of the Shivaliks,continuous supply of fodder remainsthe major concem and farmers tend to put more area under barseem (Egyptianclover trillium alaxandninum)when water resourcesare there at the cost of other crops despite the fact that it requiresmore frequent irrigations.This fodder requirementof the livestockhas indirectly resulted into the problem of non-availabilityof irrigation water to wheat and rabi crops. The Table-5.9illustrates the livestockcharacterization and fodder requirementfor the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Table 5.9: Live Stock Characterisationof Area - Type, Number, Locations, Migration Pattems, Fodder Requirements oS Dtsrict 2 -u. Ty - -Nimter(1acm - MIrIa Foddereqlnwt _g a .o . , , ,1- .-. P2 J-..,.,--.=- .: 1. Jammu CatUe 4.372 5% 383CC 10470 Buffalo 2.570 5% 153C0 6150 Sheep 0.887 35% 1860 510 Goat 2.442 35% 51C0 1440 2. Udhampur Catte 2.894 5% 21660 Buffalo 1.287 5% 115B0 30I0 Sheep 3.694 35% 7740 219S Goat 2.366 35% 495 1410 5.2 SOCIALENVIRONMENT The developmentprojects if properlyimplemented would have several positive impacts in the long run on the socio-economicenvironment of the populationliving in the projectinfluence area. The IWDP (Hills II) is not an exception. Therefore, an assessmentof the status of the socio- economicenvironment of the project area becomes an essential part of any REA exercise. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this section to assess the social environmentof the project area. The discussion is divided into five sub sections: demographiccharacteristics; occupationalstructure; gender status; and characteristicsof indigenouspopulation. 5.2.1 DEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICS The project area, as traverses through 18 districts and 23 tehsils of five states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh;influences indirectly a total population of over 5.18 million (as per 1991 Census). The rural-urban composition of the populationin the project area is presentedin Table 5.10. It is evident that the project aireais predominantlyrural with over three-fourthof the populationliving in rural areas. The table also suggeststhat the Jammu and Kashmirhas the maximumshare of rural populationcompaired to other states. The tehsil wise rural-urbanpopulation compositionin the project area is given in Annexure 5.1. 5-26 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment M/DP (Ht-81- 5. Baseine EnMronmentalSaus TABLE 5.10: IWDP(HILLS Il): RURAL-URBANPOPULATION DISTRIBUTION,1991 -statalisnc o oa 1oa6c Rura ~fra Jammu & Kashmir 573289 100.0 95.05 4.95 Kupwara 195983 34.2 98.43 1.57 Puiwara 230504 40.2 91.94 8.06 Jammu 146802 25.6 94.56 5.44 Punjab 1926481 100.0 71.59 25.41 Gurdaspur 507944 26.4 85.67 14.33 Hoshiarpur 1170397 60.7 82.02 17.98 Rup Nagar 251140 12.9 78.78 21.22 Haryana 915445 100.0 61.81 38.19 Ambala 915445 100.0 61.81 38.19 Himachal Pradesh 728371 100.0 77.07 2Z.93 Una 378269 51.9 91.46 8.54 Solan 55358 7.6 94.85 5.15 Sirmaur 294744 40.5 91.78 8.22 Uttar Pradesh 1043129 100.0 62.85 37.15 Nainital 655156 62.8 47.19 52.81 Paur Garhwal 387973 37.2 89.31 10.69 TotalProject Area Population 5186715 77.35 22.65 Source:Compiledfrom Census of India, 1991. A vital componentof the social environmentwhich largely determines the range of options availablefor land-usechanges and the abilityof the peopleto appreciateand implementthem is the literacy or education level of the people. The existing status of literacy levels in all participatingstates by districts is presentedin table 5.11 and the details by tehsil is given in Annexure 5.2 and 5.3. It is evidentthat the urbanareas by and large have relativelylarger share (nearly 60%) of literatethan rural areas (nearly49%). Amongstthe states,Jammu and Kashmir (Karewas)has the lowestliterate and the HimachalPradesh presents the highestrural and urban literacy. TABLES.11: IWDP (HILLS II): EXISTINGSTATUS OF LITERACY LEVELS (PERCENTAGE),1991 Jammu& Kashmir 573289 19.30 39.74 Kupwara 195983 14.05 30.57 Pulwara 230504 16.66 30.02 Jammu 146802 30.51 58.10 Punjab 1926481 54.22 66.57 Gurdaspur 507944 54.22 64.29 Hoshiarpur 1170397 58.81 66.57 RupNagar 251140 50.61 67.80 Haryana 9154 52.22 57.46 Ambaba 915445 5222 57.46 HimachalPradesh 728371 54.40 67.72 Una 378269 59.44 67.60 Solan 55358 56.79 67.75 Sirrnaur 294744 43.66 69.48 Uttar Pradesh 1043129 52.97 50.66 Nainital 655156 50.05 48.60 PauriGarhwal 387973 55.57 70.77 TotalPoect Area Population 5186715 48.89 59.93 Source:Compiledfrom Census of India, 1991. .2 A 5-27 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hsll-l) 5. Baselne Env4irnmentalStatus 5.2.2 OCCUPATIONALSTRUCTURE The occupationalstructure presents the major economicbase of the populationliving in an area. An attempt has been made in this section to assess the status of the economicbase of the populationliving in both rural and urban areas of the proposed project area. The table 5.12 indicates the percent share of workers in different categoriesby state (see Annexure 5.4 and 5.5 for tehsil wise details). TABLE 5.12: IWDP (HILLS Il): EXISTINGSTATUS OF WORKERSENGAGED IN DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES(PERCENTAGE),1991 =_Rurm ll Areas =-_____ StatelDMslnct , ,. .; ,. oT, -f a Y .-Pimaij SeCondary, .ery ' Second - Workers. -Workers Wros.Wres okr Jammu and Kashmir 74.4 3.6 21.7 24.6 3.79 71.25 Punjab 60.3 12.6 27.0 11.48 21.43 67.10 Haryana 68.2 12.6 19.1 8.73 33.18 58.09 HimachalPradesh 67.8 12.6 20-4 1560 24.04 60.35 UttarPradesh 73.2 6.4 20.3 72.10 8.96 18.94 PROJECTAREA 65.8 11.4 23.0 34.65 18.97 46.37 Source: Compiledfrom Census of India, 1991. As is evidentfrom the table, primarysector includingcultivators and agriculturelabourers ocrcupy predominantshare in the case of rural areas of all participatingstates. Interestingly,the urban areas also presenta significantshare of primarysector workers. 5.2.3 GENDERSTATUS Although women have never been involveddirectly as target group in watershed management programmesin general and soil and water conservationprogrammes in particular, yet these programmeschange the state of natural resources. Moreover,as they contributelargely to the developmentof any family, the quality of life of any household is determinedby the staltusof women. The gender differential creates problemsfor the effectivenessof the watershed management, and needs to be addressedin order to enhancethe likelihoodof achieving project objectives. Failureto do so results in failure to optimisethe chancesof success. Tiherefore,an attempt has been madeto assess the status of women in the projectarea. Table 5.13 gives the status of women literacyand workforce. 5-28 RegionalEn wr'nmentalAssessment IWDP (Hlsm11) 5. Baseine EnvwronmentlStabs TABLE 5.13: IWDP(HILLS Il): EXISTINGSTATUS OF WOMENUTERACY AND WORKFORCE(PERCENTAGE),1991 . ,. -,'-.=, . S - - ...- A --- ~--~-.---n A. FUUEISS AfeaIs UU Fa3e Urbai.tAn Jammuand Kashmir 45.95 21.32 472 47 60 34.33 4.35 Punjab 48.09 41.44 404 4717 43.40 7.83 Haryana 46.91 72.64 2.78 46.81 4Z54 6.11 HimachalPradesh 48.87 40.63 12.71 52.23 43.78 13.09 Uttar Pradesh 49.76 38.33 Z.46 46.66 36.17 24.32 PROJECTAREA 43.83 3S.61 9.75 46.96 41.06 14.00 (MaleStatus) (56.17) (68.87)s (025) (53.04) (58.94) (86.0) Source: Compiledfrom Census of India, 1991. The table suggeststhat in comparison,although the number of females are almost equal to the males, they are less literate than males in all states. Moreover, their contribution in the workforce also happens to be far less than the males. Since they are engaged mostly in householdactivities, firewood collection, grazing, etc, their involvementin wage eaming appears to be negligible. Amongst wage eaming activities, women are generally engaged in farm activities. 5.24 INDIGENOUSPOPULATION As discussedearlier, the local population(indigenous population) primarily get affectedwith any developmentprojects. Therefore, it is essential to understandthe status of the indigenous populationof the project area. The indigenouspopulation covered in this section include SCs, STs, and some Vimukt Jatis includingnomades. The examinationof Censusdata indicatesthat a large share (11.35%) of these categorylive in the project area. Amongst all, the state of Punjab has the largest share (13.84%) followed by Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (SeeAnnexure 5.6 and 5.7 for tehsil wise details). The STs contributeto very less in number in the project area. They are widely found in two of the participatingstates, Himachal Pradeshand Uttar Pradesh. The predominanttypes of SCs and STs and their major profession in different statesare discussedin the followingsections. 5.2.4.1 Himachal Pradesh (a) Scheduled Castes (SCs) Kolis, Kanets and Dumsasare the main caste consistingof SC population. By profession,they are agriculturists and sometimeswork as cobblers and sweepers. Besides, Chamars and Chanals are found in the hilly areas in small number and are regarded to be the original inhabitantsof the projectarea. 5-29 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IVDP (HBs-ll) 5. BasefneEnvironmental Status (b) Scheduled Tribes (STs) The only mentionableSTs inhabitingthe projectarea are the Gujars. Gujarsare overwhelmningly a nomadic pastoral tribe and are seldom involved in cultivation of agriculturalcrops. Their principalwealth comprisesof buffaloes. They live in the outskirts of the forests, and maintain their existence exclusivelyby the sale of milk, ghee and other produce of their herds. They generally do not build permanent residences. Instead, they construct Kutchcha kotha. Whenever,they migrate,they leave the kotha intact, for they usuallyreturn to it the next sleason and the following season. Their staple food is maizebread with lassi, milk and its by proclucts. Gujarsalso consumerice, mostly on festive occasions. Generally,Gujars are mobilethrough major part of the year. They dependfor their livestockfeed by roaming over the pastures hence, stall feeding is nominally practised. The tremendous energywhich is wastefullyused due to the nomadic nature, can be convertedinto productionof milk, if restoredto stall feeding. Most of the places to which the Gujars movewith their herds of buffaloesare denudedbecause, over large tracts, the animals devourmany times the quantityof fodder that sheep, goats and cattle would need. Moreover,this has a damagingeffect on the conservationof soil leadingto erosion. Due to the wandering life style, they are inaccessibleto medical and educationalfacilities. Sometimes,the marketingof their sole produce,namely, milk and its processedforms, becomes highly disadvantageousand inconvenient. Under certain centrally sponsored schemes the Govemmentof HimachalPradesh had undertakento rehabilitatethe Gujar tribes in coloniesbuilt speciallyfor them. Besides, Gujars, other tribes live in the project area include Gaddi, Jad, Hamba, Khamba, Bhot or Bodh, Kanaura and Lahanla. Like Gujars, these tribes are also nomades. 5.2.4.2 Haryana (a) Scheduled Castes The predominantSCs groups found in the project area include Adi Dharmi, Bazigar, Balmiki, Chura, Bhangi, Chamar, Jatia Chamar,Ragar, Ramdasi, Ravidasi,Dumnai, Mahasha, Doom, Kabir-panthi,Julaha, Khatik, Kori, Koli, Mazbhi, Megh, Pasi, Sansi (Vimukt Jati), Bhedkut, Mahesh, Sapela, Sikligar, and Sirkiband. The above mentoned caste groups are found throughoutthe project area and there is no specific area of concentrationof a particularcaste. The various professions adopted by these groups include agricultural labour, sweeping and scavenging,leather tanning, shoe making,basket and rope making,pigs and sheep rearing,hair cutting,washing and dyeingand so forth. L5 Amocibs 5-30 RegionalEnwronmental Assessment IWVP (Hls4l) 5. BaseineEnvironmental Status 5.2.4.3 Utter Pradesh (a) Scheduled Castes The SCs found in the project area include Chamars, who are generally employed in agriculture as cultivators or labourers. Besides, some work as cobblers, masons, carpenters and balcksmiths. They have begun calling themselves Raidas, Bhangis and so forth. In hills and the Bhabars and Doms constitute 15% of the population. They are supposed to be the descendants of the aborigines. By and large, the Shipakar community is still landless, uneducated and backward, socially as well as economically. In addition, there exists many allied tribes of Tharus and the Bhuksas who are almost the aboriginal inhabitants of certain parts of the Tarai region. They have been living in the Tarai forests of the project area from times immemorial. The villages of Kichha, Khatina, Rampura, Sitarganj, Kilpuri, Nank Matta, Chandni and Banbasa in particular are their priciplal habitation. The Bhuksas inhabit parts of the westem half of the Nainital tarai. Doms are found in the Garhwal district of the project area as well. They are supposed to be the descendants of the aborigines of this area. They form some occupational sub castes such as Agri (blacksmithery), Hohar Tamta (coppersmithery), Barhai (carpentry), Orh (masonary), Raj (masonary), Auji (tailoring and drumming), Badi (dancing) etc. 5.24.4 Punjab The predominant SCs and Vimukt Jati groups found in the project area of this state and their main profession are given below: Caste Groups Main Profession Ad Dhami Agriculturallabour, shoe making,weaving and service Balmiki,Chura or Bhangi Agriculturallabour, shoe making,weaving, scavenging, and shinningof deadanimals and service Bazigar Sheep and goat trade and labour Chamar,Randasi Agriculturallabour, shoe making,weaving, taming, flaying of dead animalsand service Mazhabi Agriculture,labour and service Bengala Jugglery-notresiding permanently Sansi _ Agricultureand labour Doom Aaricluturallabour Kabirparthior Jalaha Weavingand agriculture Megh Weavingand agriculture Bhanjras Bamboobusiness Barar (VimuktJatis) Labour Sansi(Vimukt Jats) Labour Kuch Bandh (VimuktJatis) Basketmaking Source:Compiled from variousrecords of state govemments. 5-31 RegionalEn vironmental Assessment I11DP(Hlls-1Il 5. BasebneEnvironmental Status 5.2,5 RURALINFRASTRUCTURE The proposedproject would also have an impacton accessibilityto rural infrastructurefacilities in generaland road infrastructurefacilities in particular. In order to assessthe quality of life of the population after the implementationof the project, a comparision of the existing facilities becomesessential. Annexures 5.8 and 5.9 presentthe rural infrastructurefacilities which exist in all participatingstates of the project area. The infrastructureaccessibility covered in the analysis include: education; health; drinking water supply; markets; power supply; and rural roads. 5.25.1 Education The analysis indicates that the share of villages covered by the educationalfacilities ranges between 25 to 100 percent. Amongst all, the villages located in Himachal Pradesh have relativelyless accessibilityto educationalfacilities followed by Uttar Pradesh. 5.2.5.2 Health It is reportedthat the accessibilityto health facilities is relativelypoor in all tehsils of the state. For instance,Jammu and Kashmirstate has only around 15 percent of the villages withf this facility. Similarly,only 20 to 54 percentof the villageshave health facilityin Punjab. 5.25.3 Drinking Water Supply and Power Supply The projectarea is comfortablycovered under these two infrastructurefacilities. In most of the participatingstates, over 92% of the villagesare coveredby them. 5.2.5.4 Markets The project area has very poor market infrastructure. The census data analysis indicates that there exist no markets in any of the villages which fall under the project area in two slates: Jammuand Kashmir,and HimachalPradesh. The picture in other states is also not satisfaictory with only 2 to 3 % of the villages in case of Punjab and nearly 7 to 9% in the case of Uttar Pradeshhave markets 5.25.5 Rural Roads There is both the problemof accessof villagesto nearby market centresand also one of access withinand among the villagesthemselves. A substantialshare of villages in all the states are yet to be connected by a pucca road. For instance,over 50% of the roads in Jammu and Kashmir are not connected by pucca nrads. 5-32 RegionalEnvmronmental Assessment IWMP (HLs-4l) 5. Basene EnvironmentalStatus While the picture in Punjab and Haryana is somewhat satisfactory, the state of Himachal Pradeshpresents a similar poor connectivity.The data also revealsthat a considerablenumber. of villages in Uttar Pradeshare still connectedby foot path only. Improvedaccess could have a negative impact on deforestation in the region although it is essential to bring economic developmentin the Shivaliksregion. S.2.6 COMMUNfTYPART7C[PA77ON It is needlessto mentionthat communityparticipation is the key to success of any development project. The proposedproject of IWDP (Hills II) is not an exception. The experiencein several projectsparticularly IWDP (Hills I) in some states indicatesthat the people'sparticipation has led to the success of the programme. For instance,in the case of IWDP, HimachalPradesh, it was reported that about 104 Village DevelopmentCommiKtees (VDCs) have been formed and most of them are reported to be activelyinvolved in the project. It is reportedthat these VDCs have made significantcontribution in preparingIntegrated Resource Management Plans as part of this project. Similarly,some of the lessonsleamt from the other watershedprojects implementedin Haryana include: a) The equitabledistribution of water among all the families irrespectiveof land holding is not the end of the problem. Some farmersdo not allow others to take water throughtheir fields. This becomesa cause of tension. The families tend to fragment to get more shareof water. b) The communitybased biogas proposalswere not acceptedby the peopleexcept in U.P. Efforts to start a dairy co-operativesalso failed. These programmescould not be pushed propertydue to lack of supportfrom the concemeddepartments. c) In spite of heavy pressure,the subsidisedseed and fertiliser supplieswere restrictedto first two years for demonstrationplots only. Subsequently,no input was given free and the farmersreconciled with the reality. d) A farmer refused to stcp grazingcattle in the forest on the plea that he has not been given any facility of water. His fields were located at a higher elevation. When all persuationsfailed, socialboycott succeeded. Therefore, participatoryapproaches such as participatoryrural appraisal (PRA) to watershed developmentwould help in achievingthe success of the project objectives without any delay. PRA is an excellenttool for building rapport with the villagers and could be used to introduce 5-33 RegionalEn mronmentalAssessment IWDP (Hills-ll) 5. BaselineEnvironmental Status technicallysound interventions. Similarly,institution building at the local level is also of crucial importancefor sustainingthe people'sinterventions. The PRA method would need to be adopted in the project as well and is expected to be conducted before any major project activity is initiated. Different methodssuch as conducting workshops,exposure visits, street theatre, role plays, puppet shows, film shows,songs, slogans and posterscan help to create awarenessamong villagers in the projectarea. 5.3 LAND-WATER-PEOPLEINTERACTIONS Shivaliksare consideredas one of the seven most degrated ecosystemsof the country.These are characterisedby high risk rainfed farming by small farmers on improverishedand eroded lands, frequent crop failures, low crop yields, scarcity of fuel and fodder, dependenceof the people on adjoiningforests, excessive grazing and illicit cutting, deforestation,flash floods, frequent droughts, torrent menace, poor infrastructure, lack of gainful employment,poverty, illiteracy, inadequateextension network, migration and overall backwardness.The benefits of green and white revolutionscould not be harvestedby Shivalik farmers due to the lack of irrigationfacilities. The overall productivityof the forest and farm lands have declined due to severe soil erosion. SNakedhills and Naked People"amply describethe scenario.When farm landsfailed to feed the tillers, they attackedthe adjoiningforests to meet the daily requirementsand deforestedmost of the Govemment and forest lands. As the economy dwindled, large scale migration of male membersto plains for employmentand migrationof cattle to swampy pasture land have taken place. The decisionmaking elite is mostly away from households.Women are hard pressedto arrangefuel wood, forage,drinking water and carry out farming operationsand livestockrearing. As the resourcesget depleted:fuel, fodder and water supplies diminishwhich further increase the drudgeryof rural women. Girl child drop out from schools to help their desperate mothers. Shivalikspresent a typical case of povertylinked environmentaldegradation and most watershed developmentprojects are targeted to reverse this viscious cycle with Govemmentsupport and communityparticipation. Recent trend of expandingurban settlementswith larger inductionof vehiculartraffic coupled with industriesto take advantageof raw materialsfrom higher lands,water and hycdropoweirfrom near by has enhancedthe risk of air pollution,deterioration of water quality and new types of land degradation.All these are poisedto further deterioratequality of life. Shivaliksthus also face the threat from the developmentalprogrammes which are well intended to promote economic activitiesbut degradethe naturalresources base of land, water, forest and thus socio-economic sustainabilityof the region. 5-34 6. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND SCREENING In 6. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND SCREENING This chapter describes the key environmentalissues related to the project, both on the environmentalbenefits of the projectand on the environmentalconcems existing in the project area across five participatorystates and how these key issues are being addressed in the proposed IWDP (Hills-l1)project. An attempt has been made to enlist both the potential environmentaland socio-economicbenefits after the implementationof the proposed project components/activities.Though, the watersheddevelopment techniques are aimed at restoring the ecologicallydegraded regions of the Shivalikhills, there are associatedrisk issues involved with the post-projectscenaro. The outlineof these environmentalrisk factorsare also the part of this chapter. An interactivematrix for developingthe environmentalscreening of impacts of different projectcomponents/activities on keyenvironmental components has also been included here. 6.1 KEY ENVIRONMENTALISSUES AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The Key Environmentalregional issues connectedwith the ecologicaldegradation of watershed areas of Shivalikregioh in five participatorystates and their considerationin the IWDP (Hills-4l) project are presented in Table-6.1. This simplified representationindicates that the project addressesthe main relevantissues from the environmentalpoint of view. Land degradationthrough soil erosion and impoverishmentare the major natural resource problems existing in the Shivalik region. Poor social and economic conditions have further aggravatedthe situation.The continuous process of soil erosion resulting due to heavy and erratic rainfall in Shivaliks,undulating topography, lack of vegetativecover, shallow soil depths and the ever increasingbiotic pressurehave enhancedthe processof land and soil degradation. The highly degradedforests occupy the slopes and hilltops.The cultivatedlands have failed to feed the farmersdue to the lack of irrigationfacilities and erraticdistribution of rainfall, as well as unconsolidatedsmall land holdingand severesoil erosionof the undulatingtopography. Frequent crop failures have compelledthe farmers to shift to animal husbandry.Several small farmers have becomeprofessional graziers. They keep goats, sheeps and cows in large numbers and these animalsare allowedto graze freely in the nearbyhills. The increaseddemand for fuel and fodder has led to illicit felling of trees and overgrazingand as a consequencedenudation of forest cover on the vulnerablehill slopes. These key issues are not uniformlyrelevant to all the five states due to the different priorities. These specificand additionalaspects are givenin Table"6.2. B-1 TABLE 6.1. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 1. WaAvailability Inspite of adequate annual rainfall varying from 1000 to 1500 mm, The proJect as a whole comprises of developing a combination of there Is scarcityof water for land inigation& drinkingpurpose. The groundcover and top canopy.This Is to be supportedby in-situ& ex- main causes are shallow soil depth, low retentlon capacity of soil situ soil conservationtechniques for the lands under crop, plantation, profile,steep slopes and high Intensityrains. This is evidencedby forest andtreatment of drainagelines. The main activityproposed for dryingup of springs,flash floods,perenniality of channels/nallasetc. differenthaivesting structures Is basedon indigenoustechnologies of Besides, denudationof perennial vegetation due to cuRivation, collectlon,storage and reuseespecially during non-rainy months. overgrazingand demand for fuel wood/fodderhave caused substantial soil loss& denudation. 2. Soil Erosion Environmentaldegradation which Includes land, soil, water has The Environmentaldegradation will be addressedby severalproject resultedIn an increaseIn the naturalrate of soil erosion,especially In activity delineatedIn EMPs. The componentwould also take into the upper areas of subwatershed,with sedimentationand siltation, accountvarious vegetative and mechanical measures In arable& non- floods& streambank erosion In lowerhills areaand plains. arable forest lands, animal husbandary,livestock feeding (stall feeding),horticulture and rainfedagriculture and various strategies for forestmanagement. 3. Lack of Fodder & Fuel/Overgrazing The size of livestockherds which graze on the land and which are The projectis supportingthe developmentof a LivestockManagement providedfodder by lopping trees and brushesoften exceedsthe Strategy. The strategy will determine the best approachesfor productioncapacity of the presentsystem and resultsIn degradation improving fodder production and animal health care, livestock of forests.Grazing is consideredone of the most seriouscause of improvement and integrating these into existing watershed forestdegradation. managementpractices. Also,due to high risk involvedin rainfedagriculture, cultivated forage crops like Sorgham,Bajra are IntegratedIn the croppingsystems. Crop residuesare also too meagreto supportthe huge livestock. Lantanaand ageratuminfestation have resultedIn poor or negligible herbageyields from localforest resources. 6.2 6-2 -~~~R I 4. UndulatingTopography The hilly terrain with wide variatlons In elevation, slope lengths - The proposed activity addresses in soil & water conservation degree and topography, and fragile geological forrmation causes measuresthrough slope management,stream management,treatment landslides & torrents over large areas and thus does not give measures for gullies & torrents with checkdams of various types, sustalnablesolutions for containingsoil erosionand land degradatlon. gablons, planting grass, shrubs alongwith animal husbandryfor Identifiedmicrowatersheds in the region. S. Soil BiotalDeclineIn Fertility A major constraintto higher biomassproductivity of lands underall The agriculturecomponent would addressthe increasingproduction primary productionsystems Including forests Is due to very low soil levels using high organic manure in the soil and proper land fertility.This has direct relevanceto extremelylow microbialactivities. managementsystem through soil & waterconservation packages. The low levelof organicmatter directly relates to low microbialactivity. This also limits the use of higher doses of fertilizers and other Speciesof varied rooting depth & patternand legumesshould be agriculturalInputs. Lower organic matter Is also the causeof a lower followedIn agricultureas a practicefor soil conservation.The practice resistanceto soil eroslon. of stallfeeding would ensuremore availability of manurewhich would be usedpartly for cooking& partlyfor soil fertilityimprovement. 6. Small Land Holding Percapita availabilityof land fast declining resulting In bringing The main activityproposed to sponsora communityor collectivedrive marginallands too under plough.Wth Increasedcattle/live stock to evolvean integrated and Inter-dependentland-management system. populationgreen cover Is being consumedbesides extraction as To adopt farming systemswhich will combineperennial trees and fuelwood. shrubsin the form of variousagroforestry models and use high value inputs to enhanceproductivity and productionlevels of crop land, Also, Agriculure Is, thus, a subsidiaryoccupation in all the sub- grazingand community lands. watersheds.This Is also the main bottleneckfor the improvementin agriculturalproductivity. 7. Deforestationand Denudation Loss of protectiveand supportingforest cover throughdeforestation The main activity proposedis afforestationin forest and non-forest and over grazing, for bringing land under other uses such as areas. In the former areas, restoringplant composition,density and horticulture,settlement, cultvation. Compulsion for meetingday to day stratificationwith the besttechnology and principlesavailable both with householdneeds for fuelwoodand fodder has broughtout severe the forestry developmentas well as eco-developmentbased on ecologicalproblems and affectingboth water availabilityand land principleof blo-diversity,will be used. fertility.The processhas alsoled to seriousviolation of the stipulation The rural roadscomponent in the proiectmay be a causeof concern Le AssocIats 6-3 ONM of India's National Forest Policy (1988) in terTnsof percentagearea of for the increase of deforestation in the project area but this activity will the total area under green cover. be flagged off for future observation as the proJectprogressed. As opportunity to enhance areas under forests, as legally defined, is very limited or nil, perennial vegetation with reasonable composition will be raised on non-forestareas by adoptingagro-forestry based farmingsystems, silvi pastures,horti-pastures, agri-horticulture, home gardens.In this programme,through community and collectivedrive the land use alienationand desirableadjustment amongst land uses will be achievedthrough a revisedland use/landmanagement plans. 8. Loss of Biodiversity Another dimension of denudationand degradationof land or The activitiesoutlines as a part of soil andwater conservation package watershedis the loss of bio-diversitywhich is so essentialfor fertility wouldInduce greater biodiversity as oftencalled ex-situ or inducedbio- managementand preservinghydrological status and bringingin more diversity. favourableresponses. 9. Soclo-EconomicFactor/Poverty The issuesare at the root of a sustenanceliving throughmeagre The component will delineate strategies for enlarging primary employment,Income opportunity and increasedhigh dependencyof productionsystems of agriculture,livestock, forestry to generate householdson depletingnatural resources. surpluscash flow for sustenanceliving. In addition,the componentwill addressrural employmentopportunities through eco-technologies & settingup of environmentalbenign commune - agrobusiness. 10. Lack of CommunityParticipation The Projectenvisages several watershed development and protection The projectwill Incorporatecommunity participation through Village measures inter alia promotion of locally adopted vegetative Level Committees(as in the case of previous IWDP-1Project) technologiesand mechanicalstructure through active beneficiaries supplementedby user groups or self help groups and village involvementto conservewater, reduce soil erosionand alleviate developmentfund for many promotionaland essentialactivities e.g. fuel/foddershortages. soil andwater conservation, water harvesting etc. The previousexperiences in watersheddevelopment projects In India The project componentmust address two major aspects in this concludethe communityparticipation Is the key to the successof direction:one, capacitybuilding of local level staff in all participating achievingthe projectobjectives. However,discussion with the state statesIn planningand developmentof IWDP components;and two, officials revealedthat by and large, In all states, the local level encourage stakeholdersto participate in managing the project 6=L machineryIsnearly Inactive and not geared toface the challenge of compornents ina long run to achieve thesustainability ofthe resources managingthewatershed programmes adequately. generated. Therefore,there Is a needto create awareness among local people This call for Identification ofappropriate NGOs for each of the about the project objectivesand benefits. Moreover,there Is a need to participating states and using PRA technique to achieve active Identify approprlate local level development and decision making community level partcipation and involvement in project groups and encourage them' to parUcipateIn the proposed project implementationand management. Implementation. 11. Lantana& AgeratumInfestation The region have been heavely Infested with Lantana. Although The eradicationof Lantana& Ageratumfor conversionof wasteland Lantanahas beenfound to be very goodsoil conservationspecies at Intograssland will be addressedby adoptingmechanical control (strip degradedsites, its spreadIn forestland grasslandand meadowshas cuttingand uprooting)and chemicalcontrol (cuttingand glyphosate posed seriousproblems. The commonland, the pastures,the field spray) techniquesand are inbuilt in the project activities. The boundarieswhich usedto give goodgrass ylelds have been heavily experiencesshow that fast growing plant species like bamboo, Infestedby It resultingIn very pooror negligibleherbage yields. The subabool,sirs, etc. when plantedin stripsor in busheswould provide productivityof pastureland have thus shumkand the caHtlepressure shadeto the Lantana& suppressits growthin due courseof time. not onlyspreads deep in the forestarea but cropIn agriculturallands also remainunder grazing pressure. The threatof wildlifeto adjoining farm landhas alsoIncreased. Also,Ageratum have spread throughout the reglonand have become perennialweed. It is foundeverywhere viz. forests,pastures, common land,wasteland, field bundsand evenIn the fields Itself.Its infestation have resultedin pooror negligibleherbage yields. 12. PoorInfrastructure The Infrastructurefacilities like roads, market, banks, schoolsand The main activityproposed to addressthis issueis rural Infrastructure othertransport services are very poor,thus resultingin slow process development.Rural roads and drinking water supply, energy of development. conservation,will bethe main activitytaken up in the project. 13. Role of Women Since the women are the major Importantsectlon of the village The project componentwill addresseffective people's participation populatlon,their partiQipatlonIn the projectIs of utmostImportance. Involvingthe women and other self-helpgroups, and youths In the Empowermentof womenis an areawhich could bring a sea-changein _ 6-5 their aHfitudefrom a passive resignation to an eactiveparticipation in villages in implementation and management of the IWDP proJect activHiieswhich would enhance the qualRyof life in their village. The components. role of women in watershed development programmes especially in householdactivities should be identifiedand focussed. Awareness and Skill Development In the Implementation of various watershed based programmes, The activities proposed are orientation and training camps and awareness to environmental implication Is rather nominal and workshops and participatory rural appraisal. Involvement of NGOs in generally related to deforestation, soil erosion, flood, sedimentation. this area is also envisaged.These however, need to be expanded and But the land-use adopted by households, society as well as more specific activitiesare also called for. government departments are interventions which are not in accordancewith the natural scheme of an eco-system. Inspite of best of intentionsand state-of-the-arttechnology, these have often failed to maintain the dynamic balance amongst the natural resources as a natural eco-systemdoes. The current level of awarenessabout the land degradation is heavily oriented to Increase production from lands including forests. Interventions are more focussed to this direction. The concern for healthy eco-system and risk free environment for sustained managementof these lands have not received the desired attention eitherfrom the communitiesor the projectImplementing authorities. Similarly skill to modify and adopt new technology to give an environmentaldimension to all interventionsIs generally lacking at all levels. LOSA_socMea U-U TABLE 6.2: STATEWISE COMPARISON OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 1. Water Availability In Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, high altitude, steep precipitous slope, relatively higher pressure of human & livestock population, more rainfall with higher intensities are the most criticaladditives. 3 In Punjab, 15 choes are estimated to carry away rain water from 1.49 to 83.77 million m /yr. Consequentlyhill areas suffer from shortage of water while 59% of the total area down below suffers from excessivewetness. While In Haryana, 16 percent of the total area is hilly of lower elevations and denuded thus prone to high lossesthrough evaporationas well. 2. Soil Erosion In Punjab, one fifthof the Shivalik region area is subjected to severe erosion, 70% to moderate to slight erosion and only 10% area under slight to moderate erosion. Torrents and stream bank erosion are extensive. Choes/torrents and gully erosion are extensive and severe that destabilise agriculture, settlementsetc. In U.P. & H.P., hilly streams, bouldery river beds, open cast mining coupled with fast over land flows, cause heavy loads of debris and silt that destabilisechannel flows. High intensity rains, land slides are additives. In J & K, more than 40 percent of Shivalik area is under severe erosion while 35% under moderate erosion. Landslide and debrisflow are too commondue to typical soil attributes. 3. Lack of Fodder & FuellOvergrazing In J & K and U.P., high populationpressure and deforestation are the chief causes, besides inadequate area under pastureor commonlands. In Haryana, lack of pastureand denuded hills are the main reasons. In Punjab, pasture/grazinglands are present only in 3 out of eight blocks which also range from 1.1 to 5.1% of the land area and forest ranges from 3.8 to 45%. The land use imbalance has been identified as one of the main causesof watersheddegradation. 4. UndulatingTopography In U.P., H.P. & J & K, this factor is more dominating in these states in the form of elevationsand steep slopes. In Punjab & Haryana Shivaliks, lower slopes with hillocks having undulation is more due to severely eroding gullies and gushing torrents as a result of poorer geological formations. 6-7 5.SoilBlota/Decline InFertility InHaryana, U.P.&J & K, thisproblem is more acute in thesestates. Due to continuouserosion which hasalso removednutrients and due to shallowproductive soil depth, microbialpopulation & activHtyare low. The low organic matter content symbolDsesthe [after while availablelow NPK status represents lower fettility. 6. Small Land Holding In U.P.,Haryana, H.P. & J & K, t Is more pronouncedIn Uttar PradeshShivalik, followed by Haryana then J&K and H.P. 7. Deforestationand Dunudation In J&K, the forest areas In the region are lower than the desired extent as envisaged in the India's NationalForest Policy, 1998.It Is 30.3 percent(with per capita availabilitybetween 0.14 ha to 0.43 ha). The densityof forestsranges between 0.3 & 0.5. In H.P the forest ateasis 32 percent.The densityof forestranges between 0.1 and 0.7. In Punjab,this Is 25.9 percent(In eight blocksranging from 3.8 to 45 percent) In U.P., Garhwal and Nainital districts of U.P. as a whole individually has forest about 82.7% and 59.6%respectivelyof total geographical area. Unlike other three states, these two districts fulfil stipulationof 33% of NFP-88 and of 66% for high hills and mountains. But for the Shivalik areas of these two districts too, owing to high population,proximity to urban centersand significant number of forest based Industries,density and compositionsare changingfast. Comparingthe belt of Shivalik in other stateswith those of U.P.,the conditionof U.P. Shivalikis also poor. In Haryana,the densityof forest rangesbetween 0.25 to 0.75. 8. Lossof Biodiversity In Punjab,the availableland-use details showedextensive loss or diversionof naturalforests and also Intensiveagriculture and thus depletionof blo-diversity. In Haryana,U.P. & J&K, Is due to denudation,overgrazing and extensionof cultivation.Forest based IndustriesIn U.P. and Haryanaand also leadingto loss of biodiversity. In H.P. extensivetransfomration to horticultureand cultivationbesides overgrazing & deforestationare the causesof loss of blo-diversity 9. Socio-EconomicFactor/Poverty In U.P., Haryana and J&K, this Issue Is most acutely felt. Lack of opportunitiesof regular and self employmentand non-availabilityof enoughnumber of persondays work are the reasons. In Punjaband H.P.,also, this factor Is significant. 10. Lack of communityparticipation Exceptfor some formationof a few HRMSand VFC In Haryana,GAREMA with Women'sSHG In U.P., and HPEDs in H.P. the grass root levelformations are weak in the region. 6-8 1.Lantena&Ageraturn Infestration Itis wide spread InHaryana, U.P.and Punjab andto a lesser extent inH.P. and J&K 1.Poor Infrastructure In Haryana, U.P., H.P. and J&K, drinklng water supply & source is the first priority gap In all the states. This Is due to concentratedrainfall In 3 months only and drying up of perennial sources. Roads are the next common SiaP.Lack of dispensariesand care units for livestock, schools etc. are conspicuous In these states. Even where there is one such unit, personnel & facilities are generally missing. Markets & marketingand credit support are other key gaps. 13. Roles of Women Except In U.P. women's Self Help Group, Mahila Mandals and Mahila Nursaries in Haryana, Punjab and U.P.,this is lacking over extensiveareas. 14. Awareness and skill development The state REA Information have brought out reasonably the problems of land degradation, water avallabilKty,drainage & floods, erosion & sedimentation,deforestation and over grazing. These have yet to be linked with overall decline in the environmentabove, on and below land surface and also In the quality of land, water and air and finally the quality of life. These gaps call for Immediateattention. L Oeas 6-9 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hills-I1) 6. KeyEnvironmental Issues and Scsrening 6.2 WITH PROJECTSCENARIO The project is strongly biased in favour of environmentalconservation and afforestationin non- arable lands and improvingthe productivityof arable crop land. These activitieswould have severalpotential environmental & socio-economicbenefits and are brieflyoutlined below: 6.2.1 POTENTIALENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS > Increasein vegetativecover > Reductionin soil erosionincluding soil & nutrientloss > Moderationof flood peaks > Increasedperenniality of torrents& stream > Morewater in lean periodand increaseddischarge > Cleanwater for drinkingpurpose > Increasedgroundwater recharge & groundwateravailability > Improvementin soil moistureregime and hence bettervegetative growth > Enlargedareas under biomassproduction system > Conveniencein reclamationof torrent infestedlands > Increasedbio diversityand preservationof soil biota > Lesserdamage to infrastructureby streams& torrents > Improvementin microclimateand moderationof temperatureextremes > Wildlife protection > Betterpossibilities of developingwater resourcesfor irrigation > Possibilitiesof using micro irrigationsystems for higherwater reuse efficiency > Increasedorganic matter build-up including soil structureimprovement > Clean Air 8-10 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (HisIl) 6. Key Enwronmentalissues and Screning 6.2.2 POrTETAL SOCIO-ECONOMICBENEF}rS IImproved Quality of life > Advancementof womenand children > MoreEmployment > Increasedhousehold income > Better HumanHealth, Less infant mortality > More biomassbased enterprises > Improvedaesthetics > IncreasedEco-tourism potential > Use of non-conventionalEnergy > Better Educationfacilities > Improvedlive stock/milkproduction > More Bio-mass > Increasein fertility rate > Good socialintersecfion > Improvecultural aspects > Increasedmarket value of land > Formationof user groups at village level > Envisioningof rural society > Less socialtension > Reductionin malnutrition 6.2.3 PO0EN77ALEN-IRONMENTAL RISKS By and large, a project would have innumerableenvironmental benefits but few potential risks are also involvedwhich may have to be properlyaddressed in the projectdesign. The statements of such risks are presentedin Table 6.3. 6-11 RegionalEnvimnmental Assessment IWDP (HAis4l) 6. Key EnvironmentalIssues and Scree0w7 6.3 ENVIRONMENTALSCREENING OF IMPACTS Table 6.4 shows the major impacts (positive or negative) of different project components/activitieson key environmentalcomponent. This is the initial screening procedure (two-waymatrix) to immediatelyidentify the major impacts that are likely due to various project components on different key environmental components. This is the step towards the identificationand evaluationof the significanceof the potentialimpacts in the subsequentstages of the REA process. Impactsare indicative & may vary from project area & perceptionsof the project staff & the stakeholders.The level of significanceof impacts is also altered by the potentialenvironmental risks associatedwith different projectcomponents as has beenexplained earlier in the chapter. For example, * Although Forestrycomponent is designedwith an objectiveto improvethe forest landland should have the potential positive impact on the land environment,but the induced exotic species can alter the diversityof flora and fauna. Moreover,induced biodiversitymay bring variety of insectsand vector bome diseasesthat may affect human and animal species.This shows that the overall positive impact of forestry component on 'forest lands' as a subcomponentunder Land Environmentis a significantimpact (o) only rather than the major potentialimpact (.) i.e. consideringboth the positiveand negativeimpacts. * The rural roads componentwill have a major (potential) negative impact (.) on landslides, landslopes.Only by adopting proper mitigation measuresand good engineeringpractices, these negativeimpacts can be minimized.The suggestedmeasures and practicesare given in Chapter-I1. * The animalhusbandry component should have a major potentialpositive impact on the socio- economicconditions of the project area. But, due to some negative implication associated with the projectcomponent, the significanceof impacts has shifted from major impacts (e) to significantimpacts (o) in the socio-economicenvironment. Such attributable factors include - Requirementof better & costly fodder for the improvedbreed cattle, increase in milk yield tend to bring increase in the number of cattle which further aggravatesthe pressure on fodder resources. * The rainfedhorticulture practices will have a marginalpositive impact (A) on the soil moisture due to the adoptionof in-situsoil moistureconservation techniques like mulchingpracfices or FYM.The projectcomponent will have the majorpotential positive impact (e) on the reduction of soil erosionby securingthe land. Similarly,statements can be carefully drawn from the Table 6.4 by consideringthe benefits and risks together. L£Amhociin 6-12 TABLE 6.3: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS 1. Forestry * Afforestation 1. Increasedrisk of forestfires, habiat andgrazing resources loss * Productloncomponent (P.C.) 2. Adverseeffects Induced by exoticspecies, If Introduced. * Slilvipasture . Vegetativeshrub barriers In contour 3. ChangeIn diversityof Fauna& Flora trenches 4. Increasein VECTORbome diseases * PastureLand Development 2. Soil & WaterConservatlon . GullyStabilization I. Changein soil structure * StreamBank Protection 2. Alterng Soil blota * VillagePond and Tank Construction 2. Alterin oi biota * Rehabilitationof VillagePonds 3. Alterationof surfacerunoff patterns * WaterHarvesting and Reuse of 4. Changein landscapeand topography RainWater 5. SiltationIn water harvestingbodies * RoadsideErosion Control e. ChangeIn waterquality 7. Checkdamfailures 8. Villageponds/farm ponds attract mosquito breeding 9. Waterborne & waterrelated diseases 10. Nonpolnt source of pollutlonfrom surface run-off 11. Impactsdue to demandon constructionmaterials 12. Algal growthand eutrophicationdue to increasedlevels of Nutrient 13. ChangeIn micro-climatologicalconditions (e.g. Humidity,Temperature) 14. Stagnation of water in surface streams resulting in change in taste & IncreaseIn odour problems 15. ChangeIn GW conditionsN/ater logging 3. Agriculture * Vegetative Field Boundaries 1. Pesticide & Insecticidepollution LeeAsasacffes 6-13 * On-Farm Fodder Production 2. Agriculture run off (Non-point sourceof pollution) . Rainfed Crop Demonstration 3. DecreaseIn forest cover 4. Soil Fertiliy depletion due to extensivefarrning 5. Extensiveexploitation of GW resources 6. DrainageCongestion 4. Rainfed Horticulture & Agroforestry . Rainfed horticulturedemonstrations * Fruit crops may competewith food producing crops * Rainfed horticulture (marginalland) * Mono horticulturemay cause disease & pest problems * Agroforestry * Increasein use of pesticides . Competitionfor water, nutrient and sunlight may increase 5. Animal Husbandry * Livestock reduction * Lack of nutritiousforage may decline the productivityof improvedcattle. * Natural & Artificial BreedingCentres * Maintenance& disposal of scrub bulls may pose a problem . Animal Health Care . Construction& Rehabilitationof Stalls . Pre and post natal care * Stall feeding of animals * Post projectMaintenance of Animal Health Programme * Supplementarylivestock feeding . ChangeIn gene habits and behavior . Chalf cuttersfor fodder . Bacterial and parasiticdiseases * Increasein ticks, lice * Need for preservationof vaccines In cryogenic conditions 6. Rural Infrastructure Development . Rural roads * Additional Land requirement/Encroachmentin agricultural & forest lands M Removal of vegetation in road construction . Marketing & Post harvesting infrastructure . Increasein roadside soil erosion * Potable Water Supply a Increasein Human Movementand ethnic conflicts. * Migrationand transmissionof diseases * Energy . Constructionactvities risks * Impedimentto natural drainage system A A 7. Risks associatedwith NaturalCalamities . Floods & cloud bursts . Landslidesinduced by seismicactivities . Failure of structuresthrough possible earthquakesas the area stradlesthrough zone 4 & 5 (High Seismic area) . Forest Fires LeoAssoiules 6-15 TABLE-6.4: INTERACTIVE MATRIX (ENVIRONMENTAL SCREEFIING OF IMPACTS) PROJECT COMPONENTS c CD~~~~~~~~~~~ C~~~~~~~~ C |KEY ENVIONMENTAL COMPONENTS orable Lands U E 3,0'~~~~~~~ ArebleLands a _____ Non-Arable Lands ao 0o * _ * Forest Lands O * o o o ° Land Productivity a 0 0 0 Land SloDes/Torrents 0 0 0 o0 0 Land Slides __0 0 Soil Erosion 00 6 Soil Fertility & Productivity o o o 0 Soil Biota & Degradation * * 0 0 Soil Moisture 0 ora an cro Flora ___ Faunaand MicroFauna o 0O * * Na,tionalParks *______O * 0 0 Fatil Zones 0 00 *00 SuiraceHydrology * 4 * 0 * 4 Ground Water o o o * Water Quality * o0 o0 Silt Deposition * o0 0 MTransortofSedimennts - Industrial Activities * O Forest Fires * * * . lAnthropogenicActivities ---- FewodS______FueKvood** Re~newableEnery,-% Indigeneous Population 0 0 0 * 0 * GenderIssues 0 0 a Provisionof Services(Transport, Health) 0 * * 0 0 0 . CommunityParticipation _ ° o_ 0 0 j Z+IZZ UMarglnal Impacts - S*gnificantlImpacts * MatertPotenSaIl Impacts 7. RVRONMENTAL IMPACTS & ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIES RegionalEnvironmental Assessment MWOP(HIs4) 7. EnvwronmentalImpacts & Analysisof Albmahves 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES This chapter describesthe level of significanceof the identifiedpotential positive and negative impacts of the projectcomponents on key environmentalcomponents. Different prediction tools have also been identified for better managementof watershed development Based on the identificationof impact attributes and prediction tools, the analysis of altematives has been resortedto by using a set of matrix score i.e. iterativeDelphi method. 7.1 IDENTIFICATION,ASSESSMENT & PREDICTIONOF IMPACTS The watershed developmentproject would bring forth certain impacts (positive or negative) altering the environment.Some of these impacts would be of direct consequencewhile others would be of secondaryor of ripple nature.Similarly, the impactscan also be classifiedas positive or negative,short term or long-term,reversible or irreversibleand local or regional.Prediction of the impactsto this effect are presentedin Table-7T.1. For example, - Due to overall projectinterventions in the form of especiallythe soil & water conservation, agriculture,forestry components, the soil moisturewill improveon a regionalscale. However, because of improperin-Ositu moisture conservation techniques, and rainfed farming system the impact can be of irreversible& negativenature type. * If the soil biota is altered, thereby altering the micro flora and fauna due to the project inducedactivities, there will be a potentiallong-term and irreversiblenegative impact on the soil environment. * Due to increaseof forestation,many industriescan spring up and the uncontrollableindustrial growth will be flanked around the watershed.This will bigger air pollution,water and soil pollution and will have a potential long-term negative impact on the local & regional environment This can only be avoidedby a statutorymeasure like banningon any industial activity within 25 kms. of the watershed areas are promoting only eco-friendlyagro based industriesif, at all, is found necessary. * The moredetailed descriptions is clear from the followingsections of the chapter. 7-1 TABLE 7.1: IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMIPACTS POSSIBLEPOTENTIALIMPACTS (Positive & Negative) KEYENVIRONMENTAL ST LT RE IR L R COMPONENTS ArableLands + + + Non-arableLands + + ForestLands + + Landproductivity + + LandSic esiTorrents + LandSlides + SoilErosioion + SoilFertilit & productivit _. + _ + Soilbiota & Degradation - . - SoilMoisture + + + + loraand Micro Flora + + + Faunaand Micro Fauna + + + N_ioa ag. _ .___ :_ _ __ .. ______Fraile zones- SurfaceHydrolo +_ _gy + + GroundWater -+ .+ Transont of Sediments + + Nater Qualitv ______.______SiltDeposition ++ + ~~~~~~~~~~~~+ ______-______t_ endesria Acivisues +~~~~ Population_ _ __ orest Fires __ + PraovisnioftServices Transpart,Health + + + *.CommunftyParticipation - + + + ST: 8hort-Term IR: Irreversible +: PotentialPositive Impacts LT: Long-Term L: Local -: PotentialNegative Impacts RE: Relersibie R: Regbr.al RegionalEnvironmental Assessment MWDP(Hils-i) 7. EnvironmentalImpacts & Analysis of Altemaaves 7.1.1 POTENTIALPOSMTIVEAND NEGATIVEEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The watersheddevelopment programme is generallydesigned to providemore potentialpositive impacts and improvingthe general environmentof the project areas. However,in absence of proper planningand implementationmeasures, the project can trigger many short & long-term negativeimpacts on the differentenvironmental components. 7.1.1.1 Potential Positive Impacts Demographicdescription of the projectarea clearlyindicates that it lies on low economicgrowth area due to adversenatural environmentalconditions. Since the implementationof the proposed watersheddevelopment project would increasegrowth in agriculture,animal husbandry, forest, it is felt that such a situation would consequentlylead to a great deal of developmentin the watershedand raise the economicstatus of the people. Some of the potentialpositive aspects are givenbelow as examples: * The project activitieswill improve the general environmentof the Shivalik region which is undevelopeddue to unplannedactivities. * The project aim at a package of land management systems which is designed to be compatible& sustainable.This will improve water environment& enhancethe vegetative cover in extent and quality.Therefore, it will help obtain stable ecology& betterenvironmental quality. * The project would involve improvementin communicationby roads, education, health and other infrastructuralfacilities. * The Watershedtreatment shall providesuitable distributionof fire wood and other renewable resources. * Through proper application of organic manures and biophysicalmeasures, control of soil erosion, land slips, gully plugging, the arable and non arable lands will be made more productive. * The communityparticipation shall bring tangible and intangible benefits in the Watershed area. 7.1.1.2 Potential Negative Impacts The different project componentslactivitiescan also lead to short term, long-term negative impacts on different environmentalcomponents, if the sustainabilityaspects of the project are not taken into considerationor if the projectactvities are not implementedproperly. The negative issues can be reversibleor of irreversiblenature. Some of these negativenature of impacts are describedbelow as examples: 7- 7-3 RegionalEnwronmental Assessment IWVP (H7s-ll) 7. EnwronmentalImpacts & Analysisof AlternatVes * Due to possible inequitabledistribution of firewood, and over grazing of land by nomadic tribes & inadequate implementationof ForestryAct, the project implementationmay find negativeimpacts in the region as a whole. * Soil biota is altered, thus altering the micro flora & fauna due to project induced activities, besidescertain times the phenomenabecomes irreversible. * Due to unpredictedgrowth of wild life and disease pattem due to local conditions,the eco- balance & interactionbetween man and animal widens, creating irreversibleconditioins to keep the resilienceof the nationalparks. * The induced bio-diversityin the watershedsmay bring variety of insects and vector bome diseases may effect human and animal species. Zoonosis diseases may prevalent in the region. * Dueto increaseof forestation,many industriescan spring up and the uncontrollableindustrial growth will be flanked around the watershed.This will trigger air pollution,water and soil pollution,unless there is a ban on any industrialactivity within 25 km. of the watershedareas. Migrationof laborersto the watershedareas are also inevitable. . The forest fires whetherman made or due to natural cause, may destroythe forests and bio- diversity,affecting the whole natural cycle. * Due to the nature of seismicity & terrain of Shivalik region, land slides, land slips are inevitable. Prediction of natural disasterswill help in planning emergencypreparedness & disastermanagement plans. * Dueto increasein population,industrial activities, soil erosion,the water qualityof the water resourcescontinue to be low, contaminationof ground water aquifers (e.g. wells) due to agriculturalrun off and impropersanitation may triggernegative impacts. * Change in demographicpattems, disruptionof social and cultural values will be a potential negativeimpacts on the long term. . All engineering measures are drastic interventions (such as terracing, diversion of waterways)and interfereswith slopes,drainage, micro-flora and can have long-termimpacts. * Watershedimproves the water availabilitywhich induces peopleto use more water at home and agriculturalrelated activities. In the course of time, therefore, there is a risk so that availablewater sources,even after these are stretchedcannot meet the demand. 7.1.2 EROSIONPREDICT7ON/SOIL EROSION MODEL The environmentalhazards due to soil erosionis commonin all states & affects larger areas andl population. Therefore, hazard assessment before project and after project is necessity, Mathematical models are one such tool that integrate existing knowledge into a logical frameworkof rules and relationshipsand can be used to: 7-4 Regional EawronmentalAssessment IVWDP(HdJsl11) 7. Enwronmental impacts& Anayss of Altematves * improveour understandingof environmentalsystems, that is, as a tool for hypothesistesting, and . provide a predictivetool for management.Many environmentalmodels require spatially distributedinputs because solutionsto acceleratedsoil erosion, non-point source pollution and otherpervasive environmental problems involve changes in land use and managementat the hill slope and catchmentscales. An attempt has been made here to highlightsome of these techniqueswhich have givenenough benefit in differentwatershed projects acrossthe world. The salient features of various mathematicalmodels for assessment of water erosion and sediment transport are described below. These models can be applied as a pilot study in selected locationsin each state. * The Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environmental Response Simulation (ANSWERS) model has been developed to simulate surface runoff and erosion in predominantlyagricultural catchments. The model divides catchmentsinto square elements (grid cells) and uses the connectivityof the cells (derivedfrom slope aspect values)and the continuity equation to route flow to the catchment outlet. Three erosion processes are considered:detachment of soil particles by raindropimpact, detachmentof soil particlesby overlandflow, and transport of soil particles by overland flow. The quantity of erosion or depositionoccurring within each cell is estimatedbased on the erodibilityof the soil and land cover type of the cell, the rate of flow passingthrough the cell, and the quantityof sediment in the flow passingthrough the cell. A series of topographic(elevation, slope, aspect),soil (porosity, moisturecontent, field capacity,infiltration capacity, USLE K factor), land cover (percentcover, interception,USLE CP factor, surface roughness,retention), channel (width, roughness),and rainfall inputsare requiredfor each element * The Agricultural Non Point Source (AGNPS) model is an event-based model that simulates runoff, sediment, and nutrient transport from agriculturalwatersheds ranging in size from a few hectares to approximately20,000 ha. The model incorporatesseparate hydrology,erosion, sediment transport, and chemicaltransport moduleswhich route water, sediments,and other contaminantsthrough cells from the catchment boundaryto the outlet in a stepwise fashion. The choice of cell size affects the time and labor requiredto run the model as well as model accuracy,and 16 ha (400 m. by 400 m) grd cells are recommended for watershedsexceeding 800 ha. Runoff volumes are estimated with the run-off curve number method and upland erosion is estimated with a modified version of the USLE. Several erosion (stream banks, streambeds,gullies, etc.) and nutrient sources (animal feedlots)are treatedas point sourcesand addedto contributionsfrom diffuse sources.Model outputscan be obtainedfor each cell and/orat the watershedoutlet. * The Chemical Movement through Layered Soils (CMLS) model has been developedto interactivelysimulate chemical movementthrough soil with easily obtained soil, chemical, 7-5 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment M/DP (His,/) 7 EnwrmnnentalImpacts & Anaiys ofAltenaffves and weather inputs. CMLS divided the soil into as many as 20 layers and calculates the fraction of the applied chemical remaining in the entire soil profile and the position of the solute front at different times based on the piston displacement of water. The soil properties affecting chemical movement (bulk density, permanent wilting point, field capacity, water contents, and organic carbon content) may vary between layers but are assumed to be uniform within each layer. This chemical properties (the partition coefficient normalized to soil-organic carbon and degradation half-life) and several climatic and cultural factors known to affect chemical movement (plant root depth, daily precipitation, irrigation, and evapotranspiration amounts) are also required by the model. * The Leaching Estimation and Chemistry model (LEACHM) is one-dimensional finite difference model designed to simulate the movement of water and solutes through layered and non-layered soil profiles. This is deterministic, mechanistic, research-oriented model with correspondingly greater input requirements than many simpler models. The model uses: (1) a variable time step based on allowable water content changes in the soil profile; (2) Darcy's law and the continuity equation to describe transient water flow; and (3) calculated water contents and fluxes to solve the convection - dispersion equation and describe the movement of solutes which can adsorb, volatilize, and degrade. The model also allows depth-and time-dependent root growth, water use (transpiration), and evaporation. -TOPMODEL predicts the relative amount and spatial distribution of subsurface, infiltration excess, and saturation excess overland flow based on surface topography and soil properties. The model assumes a spatially uniform recharge rate and quasi-steady subsurface response to derive a function relating local soil moisture storage or water table depth to the topographic index of a catchment: The. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is a simple multiplicative model that was deBrived from over 10,000 plot years of data. The factor values were recently updated following the analysis of thousands of new measurements and a revised version of the model has been substituted in place of the original model. The USLE and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) can be written as: A = R. K L. S. C. P. Where, A is the computed soil loss, R is the rainfall runoff erosivity factor, K is the soil erodibility factor, L is the slope length factor, S is the slope steepness factor, C is the cover-management factor, and P is the supporting practice factor. Modem Geographic Infornation Systems (GIS) and satellite imageries offer new opportunities for the collection, storage, analysis, and display of spatially distrbuted biophysical and 7-6 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (His4Il) 7 EnvironmentalImpacts & Analyas of Altemaries socioeconomicdata. Several soil erosion and non-point source pollution models have been modified and combined with GIS software to take advantageof these new capabilitiesand provideregional soil erosionand non-pointwater quality assessmentsduring the past decade. The GIS is used to compileand organizethe input data and/ordisplay the model outputsin these applications,and the integrationis achievedby passing data between the GIS and model of choice or by embeddingthe model in the GIS or a decisionsupport system organized around the GIS.As describedin section 3.3 of chapter-3,the remotesensing applicationscan be appliedas a tool for the baselineenvironmental study and monitoring.The degreesof soil erosionfrom el to e4 can be easilymapped on he base map of the projectarea from the satelliteimageries. 7.1.3 ECOLOGICALRISKMODELS It is a processthat evaluatesecological effects caused by human activities,or the likelihoodthat adverse effects might occur. Risk assessment method provides a step-by-stepprocess for identifying valued natural resources and evaluating the risks to those resources, using informationfrom the public, resourcemanagers, and the scientificcommunity. The processhas three stages. During the first phase,all relevantinfonmation is gatheredand summarizedin a problemfornulation document.During the secondphase, the risk hypothesesare analyzed,and during the third phase,the risks to the system are characterized,including uncertainty estimates. 7.2 ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVES Analysisof altemativesdefine the issues and a clear basis for choice amongaltematives for the decisionmakers and public in REA analysis.In order to achieve systematicdecision - making among altematives,it is desirableto use the analysis which involve the comparisonof a set of alternativesrelative to a series of decisionfactors. The approachwhich is generallyfollowed to carry out the comparative analysis is based on assigning the scale value dependingon the characteristicsof the impacts (marginal,significant, major). An environmentalimpact matrix on the principleof iterativeDelphi method has been evolved by assigningnumerical values to each impact source of the environmentwith positive sign of the effect, if, beneficial and negative sign, if, the effect is adverse and quantifyingthe extent of impactas follows: Marginal Impact: I Significant Impact: 2-3 Major Potential Impact: 4-5 The various identified key environmentalcomponents have been assignedproject importance units (PIU) out of a total of 1000 pointsdepending up on the evaluationof the environmentalset- up in the area and the objectivesof the proposed watersheddevelopment project. The values 7-7 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment. IWDP (Hills-Il) 7. EnvironmentalImpacts & Analyss of Altematves assigned to the key environmentalcomponents is based on the value judgement of the consultant. Such methods are inherently subjective but fairly give good outputs. Such aggregationof numerical impacts through suitable transformation functions results in the combinationof inherentlydifferent items into a single numberand leads to the informationabout the vanousimpacts from the numerousproject actions. Once the level of significanceis decided betweenthe project componentand the key environmentalcomponent interactively, the PlJs of the parametersin each componentis summedto give the environmentalimpact of the projecton the various environmentalcomponents. Such methodsare inherentlysubjective but fairly give good outputs.Two different scenarioof the altemativesare given below: 7.2.1 Wmiour PROJECT SCENARIO Table 7.2 showsthe potentialenvironmental impact matrix without projectscenario which means that in absenceof projectinterventions, the impacts on different environmenntalcomponents will be of negative nature with long or short term nature. The most significant impacts on environmentwill be in order of land environment,soil environment,water environment.These negativeimpact will directlyor indirectlycause the continuingdegradation of the Shivaliksregion and hencethe community. For example, In absenceof proper soil & water conservationmeasures, there will be a continuingsignificant and major potentialnegative impact on the soil environment,thereby enhancingthe degracation of land environmentand productivityof arablelands. Vithout the implementationof the project interventionsin the form of certain componentssuch as rainfedhorticulture, there can be a marginalpositive impact on some of the key environmental components.Since rainfed horticulturegives competitionto the annualcrops, the practicecan be appliedon the arable land tool, which is wrong in the long-term. 7.2.2 WITH PROJECT SCENARIO Table 7.3 shows the potential environmentalimpact matrix with project scenariowhich rneans that the proposedactivities have to be designedin such a way so as to improvethe environment of the region on the sustainable basis. In general, different mechanical and vegetative techniques will have significant and major potential positive impacts on key environrnental components,project components such as rural roads haveto be carefullyapplied and monitored to avoidthe inherentnature of adverseimpact on land and soil environment. 7-8 RegionalEnvronmental Assessment IWDP (Hills-ll) 7. EnvironmentalImpacts & Analysisof Altemaives 7.2.3 COMPARISONOFALTERNATIVE SCENARIO Environmentalimpacts of the project on each categoryare presented in Table 7.4, both 'with" and "without" the project. The cumulative assessmentarrived at indicates that there is a significant positive impact on the environmentalfeatures once the project interventionsare appliedin the degradedwatershed areas. The impacts reflectinggrowth and developmentis the higheston land environmentfollowed by soil environmentand third on water environment.The high positivenature of the impact on the socio-economicenvironment is a clear indicationthat the objectivesof the proposed watershed project and proper implementationof the proposed activitieswill improvethe quality of life in the region. 7-9 TABLE 7.2: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX (WITHOUT P(WJr5CT 5CENA'ITU) ______._____ .. ______j PROJECT COMPO NENTS SCORE KEY ENVIRONMENTAL PIU Forestry Soil & Water Land use/ Agriculture Rainfed Animal Rural COMPONENTS Conservation Drainage Horticulture and Husbandry Inftastimriitire Agro-Forestry Dpevulprrl't rable Lands 30 +2 -2 -3 +- +1 + 1 2 -60 Non-arable Lands 20 -1 -2 -3 +1 +1 +1 -1 -80 Forest Lands 70 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -490 Land productivity 50 + 1 -3 -2 -2 -1 +1 -1 -350 Land Slps/Torrents 30 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -1 -2 -420 Land Slides 50 -2 -3 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -650 .; ------_- Soil Erosion 60 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -660 Soil Fertility & productivity 50 +2 -3 -2 -3 -2 -2 -500 Soil biota & Degradation 20 +1 -1 -3 -3 -2 -2 -'200 Soil Moisture 20 -3 -2 -4 -2 -1 -1 -260 11111 - - -30ILAI01-~ - ~ -~ - - Flora and Micro Flora 40 +2 -2 -2 +1 +1 + 1 +40 Fauna and Micro Fauna _ 30 +2 -3 -3 +1 +1 +1 -30 National parks 30 +1 -2 -3 +1 +. +1 -30 Fra ie zones 7 _ __ _ 50 -2 -3 -2 -2 -2 -2 -650 Surface HydroloY 50 +1 -2 -2 +1 +1 -1 -1 -150 GroundWater 50 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -500 rransportof Sediments 30 -2 -2 -2 - -1 -240 WaterQuality 20 1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -120 Silt Deposition 50 -2 -2 -2 -1 -350 IndustrialActIvities 10 -1 -2 +2 -10 ForestFires 30 -3 -1 -2 -180 Anthrapogenic Activities 10 -1 -1 -1 -30 =uelwood30 -3 -1 -120 Renewablenr20 2 +1 +1 +80 Indieneous Popuiation 40 -3 -2 +1 +1 + 1 -1 -120 GenderIssues 30 -2 -1 -1 +2 -60 Provisionof Services (Transprt,Health) 30 -1 + _ +1 - -1 -3 £ -120 CommunitParticiotUon 50 -2 -2 +1 +2 + 1 -2 -100 Upto 1 Marginal Impacts 2-3 Significant Impacts 4-5 Major Potential Impacts TABLE 7.3: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX (WITH PROJECT SCENARIO/ ______PROJECT COMPONENTS KEY ENVIRONNMENTAL COMPONENTS PIU Forestry Soil & Water Landuse Drainage Agriculture Horticulture Animal Husbandry Rutral Score Conservation (Rainted) and Agro- Infrastrnctinre Forestry Development rableLands 30 +3 +2 +2 +3 +1 +1 -1 +330 Non-arabie Lands 20 +2 +1 +1 +2 +1 +2 -1 +160 Forest Lands *70 +2 +1 +1 -1 +2 +1 -1 +350 Land produCivit- 50 +2 +2 +2 +4 +3 +2 +750 Land Slooes/Torrents 30 +1 +3 +2 +1 +1 +1 +2 +'330 Land Slides 50 +2 +2 +3 +2 +1 +1 +1 + 600 Soil_Erosion 60 +3 +3 +2 +3 +1 +1 -1 +720 SoilFertillty & productivis 50 +3 +2 +2 +3 +2 +3 +750 o3°iilbi°otisatu& d 9radation 20 +2 +3 +1 +3 +2 +2 _. +260 Soil Moisture *'~~~~~2 +3 +2 +,3 +2 +1 +1 +240 Flora atnd Micrc Fzlora _40 +3 +2 +2 +3 +3 -1 480 Faunaand Micro Fauna 30 +3 ++1 +1 +1- - - _ _-1 150 Natiornal rks 30 +2 - +2 +1 _ _ 1 -1 60 Fraile zones 5 +3 +2 +2 -1 -1 -1 -2 150 urfaceH drol 50 +3 +2 +2 +2 +1 .1 450 GroundWater 50 +2 +2 +2 +1 +1 400 TransportoftSedinments ~_30 +3 +2 +2 +1 240 SiltDeposition 50 +S +2 +1 +1--- 350 | WaterQuaIly _ 20 +2 +1 +2 +1 120 _n_uta Activities 10 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 -1 90 I ForestFires 30 +3 +1 120 Anttrap gemnic Activities 10 +2 . +2 1 50 Fuelwood 30 +3 ++t -1 120 Renewable Ener 20 +4 +1 +1 +2 +2 200 mdi neous Pop lation 40 +3 +1 +3 +1 +2 400 IGender Issues 30 +2 _ +1 +1 +2 180 Provision of Services(Trans,rt, Health 30 +2 +1 - +3 +2 +1 +3 360 ommuni Particiption 50 +2 +1 +1 +3 +2 +3 +2 70 Upto I Marginal Impacts 2-3 Significant Impacts 4-5 Major Potential Impacts T ABLE 7.4: ALTE AT ,T SCf LSl.No. |Key Environmental Components I Without Project I With Project | Increas If) LAND ENVIRONMENT J Arable Lands -60 +330 +390 Non Arable Lands -80 +160 +240l Forest Lands -490 +350 +840 -L___ LandProductivity -350 +750 +1100 -S___ Slopes -420 +330 +750 Land Slides -650 +600 +1250 T OTAL -n05co -2520 +48;0 SOIL ENVIRONMENT Soil Erosion -660 +720 +1380 Soil Fertility & Productivity -500 +750 +12i50 Soil biota & degradation -200 +260 +460 Soil Moisture -260 +240 +500 TOTIAL -1620 +1970 +35C90 BIOLOGICALENVIRONMENT Flora and Micro Flora +40 +480 +440 Fauna and Micro Fauna -30 +150 +180 NationalParks -30 +60 +90 FragileZones -650 +150 800 l TOTAL -670 +840 +15110 4) WATERENVIRONMENT SurfaceHydrology -150 +450 +600l GroundWater -500 +400 +900 Transportof Sediments -'240 +240 +480 Water Quality -120 +350 +470u Silt Deposition -350 +120 +470 TOTAL -1360 +1560 +2920 -5) AIR ENVIRONMENT IIndustrial Activities -10 +90 +100 | Forest Fires -180 | +120 +300 AnthrapogemnicActivities -30 +50 +80 TOTAL -220 | +260 +480 >Pj ENERGY ENVIRONMENT IFuelWood j -120 I +120 J +24.0 iRenewableEnergy +80 j +200 J +360 ETOTAL I -40 +320 1 +360 SOCIO-ECONOMICENVIRONMENT IndigeneousPopulation -120 | +400 +520 Gender Issues -60 1 +180 +240 Provisionof Services (Transport,Health) -120 1 +360 +480 CommunityParticipation i -100 +700 +800 TOTAL -400 1 +1640 +2040 8. LESSONS FROM PREous AND ON xOING PROJECTS Regional Enwr'onmentalAssessment MVP (Hals-I) 8. Lessonsfrom Previousand on-gong Pryects 8. LESSONS FROM PREVIOUS AND ON GOING PROJECTS About two-thirdsof the country'scropland currentlydepends exclusively upon rain for needed moisture.Even with full developmentof irrigationcapability,50 percent of cultivatedacreage will remain underrainfed farming. Farmersin non irrigatedareas, facing dauntingnatural conditions generallyfollow traditional,low risk cultivationpractices that yield low retums. In Shivalikregion also, rainfall is erratic and poody distributed, soils are often severely eroded, infertile and deficient in organic matter. Despite the prevalence of rainfed farming ,national agricultural investmentin India has traditionallyconcentrated on the developmentof irrigablelands. Until the early 1980's relativelylittle economically promisingnew technologywas availableto farrners in rainfed areas .To fill this gap, the pilot project for watersheddevelopment in rainfed areas was launched in 1984. Since then several watershed projects are in vogue. Table-8.1 shows the different watershedproject schemes in five participatorystates of the Shivalik region. India's watershedprojects have contributedsignificantly to the evolutionof rainfed technologies and approachesto implementation.They have done much to encourage the country's research and extensionestablishments to focus on rainfedland and its potential. The variousorganizations involved in watersheddevelopment projects across the countryare: * The Ministryof Agriculturewith 1475national watersheds * The Ministryof RuralDevelopment and the Ministryof Environment& Forests * The Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch involved in 47 operationalresearch projects (ORP's) * IndividualState Govemments(e.g. Kamatakastate govemmentmanaging 19 sites) * The World Bankmanaged sites * Non-GovemmentOrganization have also managedseveral sites for watershedprotection. In assessingthe effectivenessand impacts of these watershed developmentprojects, from the perspectiveof povertyreduction and the poor, one must not lose sight of the fact that though the approachesadopted by these projects are different, they have essentiallybeen designed to promote eco-restorationand improvethe natural resource base of the ecologicallyfragile and disadvantagedregions of the country,such as the hill and dry or semi-aridregions. 8-1 TABLE-8.1: WATERSHED PROJECTS ACROSS VARIOUS STATES OF THE SHIVALIK REGION PRESENTPROGRAMMES No. of Schemes 5 8 13 5 2 33 CENTRAL NWDPRA NWDPRA SakhthaoProject NWDPRA FPR(Ghaggar) IntegratedWasteland KalakoteProject FPR DevelopmentProject JangalProject (Ghaggar) RVP ChenaniProject RVP(Thein FPR (Ghaggar) BillanlProject Dam) SocialForestry Project TrikuteHills Project RVP(Thein Dam) Eco Development Scheme EXTERNAL IWDP- I IWDP- I IWDP- I IWDP- I DVP (Doon EuropeanEconomic IndoGerman OECF,Japan Valley Project ChangerEco - Project) developmentPorject EECProject IndoGerman DhauladharFarm ForestryProject DFID-JFMProject STATE ShivalikDevelopment Social Forestry BoardProject Scheme Basantar DevelopmentScheme DVP - Doon Valley Project NWDPRA- NationalWatershed Development Programme In RainfedAreas FPR - FloodProne River RVP - River Valley Project JFM - Joint Forest Management 8-2 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IVDP (HiDls-l) 8.Lessons from Previous and on-gcing Projects In addition,it is also importantto mentionhere the excerptsfrom the budgetspeech of the Indian FinanceMinister on 28* Feb. 1999 that the initiativeshould be made to unify the multiplicityof watershed developmentprogrammes within the framework of a single national initiative - a National Movementof Watershed Developmentthat fosters implementationability at the local level and creates community infrastructure for micro watershed projects through active involvementof Gram Panchayats,Local Self HelpGroups and NGOs. In this contextthere is a strong need to assess and evaluatethe various ongoingand completed watershed projects in the five participatingstates besides in other states & countries, so that lessons leamt can serve as valuable inputs for the next phase of the Integrated Watershed Development Project (IWDP-Hilisli). Moreover, different watershed projects should be systematicallylooked at for the developmentof ShivaliksWatershed Development Strategy also. The strengths,weaknesses, constraints and lessonsleamt from variouswatershed projects in a and outsideIndia are collatedlater in Table-8.3. The useful lessonsleamt from previousand on-goingwatershed projects supported by the World Bank,the bi-lateraldonors and Govemmentof India (GOI) through the Ministersof Environment and Forests, Rural Areas and Employment,Agriculture and Water Resources are described below: 8.1 UTTARPRADESH The state of Uttar Pradeshhas taken up watersheddevelopment projects on an ambitiousscale since early eighties. The HimalayanWatershed Management Projects for Nayar Watershedin Pauriand Chimolidistricts, for PanerWatershed in Almora districts,South BhagirathWatersheds in Tehri district and Bhimtal watershed in Nainital watershed with WB and EU financial assistance covered 107 micro-watershedsspread over an area of 3817 sq. km. This was followed by Doon Valley Project funded by EU in Dehradun,Nainital and Tehri districts spread over an area of 2508 sq. km. The lessons leamt from Doon Valley Project and the Eco- Restorationproject are as follows: * The process oriented participatoryapproach adopted by the projects has resulted in its success. * The approachof implementationby line departnentswas fraughtwith co-ordinationproblems and works were too scattered and thin spread over large areas with low community participation producing litte impact. The approach was therefore, changed to unified command area approach by simple implementationagency (Directorate of Watershed Management) 8-3 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hills-lI) 8. Lessons from Previousand on-goingPrqecds * The projectimplementation with active involvementof local farmers, people representatives, NGO's,Mahila Mandal, Yuwak Mangul Dals, ensured the accommodationof local needs and perceptions and hence enhanced the scope of sustainability. However, the approach remainedtop-down and orientedtowards achieving the pre-setphysical and financialtargets. * The integration of activities at the field level could not be achieved because the multi- disciplinaryteam was providedat the Project Director level and not at the field level. This lacunae will be removed in IWDP (Hills-Il) where single Window System is going to be adoptedat the watershedlevel. 8.2 PUNJAB The lessons leamt through the implementationof IWDP (Hills-I) (1990-91 to 1998-99) are summarisedas follows: • Peoplepotentially affected by the projectmust be activelyinvolved at projectdesign stage * Local knowledgeneeds to be better utilized in the design and implementationof the piroject activities.This is particularlytrue in the case of vegetativebarriers and forestry models which emphasizefodder, bamboo and Bhabbargrass production. - Thirdly the research and extension functions needs to be strengthened to meet the requirementsof good nurserystock, productiontechnologies, moisture conservation,water resourcedevelopment and institutiondevelopment * Fourthly,there is a strong need for capacitybuilding of staff. They must be trained both in technicalskills and institutionaldevelopment. * Lastly both the technical and social strategyfor the projectmust be chosen from the outset. The strengtheningof institutionalarrangements should receive the highestpriority. 8.3 HARYANA The lessonsleamt under the implementationof different watersheddevelopment schemes in the state are summarisedas follows: * The cost sharing by beneficiaries in soil conservation, horticulture, water resource developmenthas improvedthe sustainability * Regular meetings, interaction, sharing of experiences,conflict resolutions,organisation of camps, studytours is essentialfor effective communityparticipation. * It is necessaryto have effective co-ordinationbetween the lime departmentsboth at the state, district and field level for unificationof norms, similarity in approach and adoption of single window approach. * Vetivergrass could not show much promiseas conceivedearlier. 8-4 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (HEls-I) 8. Lessonsfrom Previous and on-goiig Prmcts * GIS system could not be made operationaldue to several co-ordinationand management problems * Vegetativetechnologies in arable lands particularlycontour vegetativebarners did not find favourwith the fanrners. * Crop demonstrationactivities proved a great success in improvingthe productivityof grain and fodder crops. * Grazingcontinues to be problem.Wild life damageis a seriousproblem. Uncontrolled mining in the area needsto be checkedby strongenforcement of law. 8.4 HIMACHALPRADESH The useful lessonsleamt are summarisedas follows: * Participationof the local communifiescan be increased by water harvestingand horticulture. * Since the project takes both arable and non- arable lands together, hence damage by torrentsis reducedwhich creates positive impact of the project. * The project has helped in evolving a well knit team of trained staff with rich and varied experiencewhich is an asset to the state. * There has been considerableprogress in progenyimprovement hence increasein milk yield. This has particularlyhelped the landlessfor whom animal husbandrybecomes one of the main sourceof income. 8.5 JAMMU& KASHMIR * The progress under contour vegetativebarriers and terrace repair remained low as vetiver plantingwas not well acceptedby the farmers. * The response to horticulturedevelopment was rather very high and achievementswere severaltimes morethan targets. * Crop demonstrationsand genetic improvementof local cattle breeds had positiveimpact on the economyof poorfarmers. * Foragesupplies from non-arablelands and silvi pasturemodels significantlyimproved where cut and carry systemwas introducedfor equitabledistribution of benefits. 8.6 NWDPRA The National Watershed DevelopmentProgramme for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)is a major thrust programme,which was launched by the Departmentof Agriculture and Co-operationin LMA 8-5 Regional EnvironmentalAssessment IWDP (fills-11) 8. Lessons fromPrevious and on-gng Projects October 1990.Theproject was implementedin 25 states and two union territories in the country duringthe VIII th. five-yearplan. Importantlessons from the NWDPRAprojects are: * Introductionof flexibilityand revisionof componentwise allocationof resources. * Development of sustainable watershed models with different Project Implemienting agencies(PIA's) * Broadbasing of WatershedDevelopment Team(WDT) for bettercommunity mobilisation • Innovabvemechanisms for utilisationof researchfunds earmarkedfor watershedtechnology * Thruston transferof technology * Beneficiaryinvolvement is crucialto the successof the project * Expandedrole of NGO's and Panchayats * Managementof commonproperty resources * Improvermentof monitoringand evaluationthrough concurrent evaluabon * Impactassessment through development of realistc performanceindicators * Capacitybuilding through training 8.7 OTHERSTATES The experiencesfrom the various schemes in other states of the region are summarisedas follows: * The demanddriven strategyfor the design and executionmust be strengthenedeven further to ensurethat beneficiariesset the developmentagenda. - Increase in agricultural productionthrough land based activities are important but limited scopefor improvingthe economiesof rainfedrural areas. * To increase more broadlybased social and economicdevelopment ,future projects need to include investmentsin complementaryinfrastructure such as rural roads and drinking water supply and dependingupon the potential, might encourage agro-processingand marketing development * Commonconceptual guidelines for watersheddevelopment are needed * Beneficiaryparticipation is crucialto the projectsuccess. 8.8 IWDP-PLAINS& IWDP-HILLS(I) The IntegratedWatershed Development (Plains) Project (IWDP-Plains)was implementedin the states of Gujarat,Orissa and Rajasthan.The main lessonslearned from the projectinclude: * Encourageland use that respondsto peopleneeds and to land capability LmA6 8-6 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IMVP (HIlSl) 8.Lessons fmmi Prewous and on-gw Pr*cts * Developsustainable land managementpractices through the promotionof cost effectiveand replicable conservationtechnologies, with particular emphasis on vegetative barriers to conservesoil and moisture. * Adopt institutionalarrangements to facilitate inter agency coordinationfor projectplanning and implementation * Involve full participationof watershed land users in the developmentand managementof commonproperties * Develop use of measurable indicators in monitoring and evaluation for improved managementand to assessthe benefits. * Use of identifiedlocal flora along with or without vetiverin establishingvegetative barriers. The Integrated Watershed Development (HILLS4I)Project is implementedin the states of Haryana,Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmirand Punjab.The principal lessonsleamed from the project includethe need to: * Developan integratedapproach to the ShivalikWatersheds * Coordinateapproaches to the use of availablefunds from all sources * Involve stakeholdersin planning,implementation and maintenanceof assets created during implementation * Increase stakeholder awareness of environmentaland socio-economicconsiderations in articulatingcommunities needs * Focus on measuresto arrest soil erosion and promote in-situ moisture conservationfrom ridge to valley * Assess marketingopportunities, especially horticultural products * Improve infrastructure within watersheds, particularly rural road links to markets, water harvestingand drinkingwater * Developmonitorable project implementation and developmentobjective indicators * Involve local NGOs in the project as facilitators and trainers in the planning and implementationof projects. Various strengthsand constraintsof IWDP (Hills-I) under differert project componentsare also *summarized in Table - 8.2. 8-7 TABLE-8.2: STRENGTHS AND CONSTRAINTS OF IWDP (HILLS-I) Technical Component * Need Based Micro Planning * Less Operational Flexibility * Integration of Multi-Disciplinary * Reduced Emphasis on ITK and Local Species Component *Weak extension efforts for Transfer of appropriate Technology * Single Window for Providing *Linkages with the line Departments Goods/Services * SequentialTreatment * Emphasison Vegetativeconservation . Technology * Cluster Approach CommunityParticipation (CP) . Cost and BenefitsSharing . DepartmentalExecution . Local Institutions . InadequateTime for Community * VDC . Organization * JFMC * Limited Role of NGONVomen . UG . Lack of Definite Strategyon CommunityParticipation Research * Provisionfor on farm research * Funds not earmarked * InadequateResearch on Non-ArableLand * Lack of Co-ordination between Research Scientists and Professionals * InadequateRainfed Farming Technology Monioring and Evaluation * Clearly laid out system of M&E * QuantifiablePerformance Indicators * No Role to Beneficiaries . Under utilizedGIS facility Sustainability * Provisionfor Cost and Beneft Sharing * Fluid Cost Sharing * InjudiciousUse of Subsidy * Lack of Innovative approachand ProfessionalInputs a ~~ RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hils-11) 8. Lessonsfrm Previousand on-gongProjects 8.9 OUTSIDEINDIA There is a need to gather lessons from different projects outside India. Even comparingthe experiencesof watershedproject in the Shivalikhills of Nepaland India can providesome useful lessons. 8.9.1 CHINA Applicationof GIS was essentialand successfulin planning,monitoring and evaluatingWater shed managementin LoessPlateau project. 8.9.2 NEPAL(JHIKUKHoLAWATERSHED) * Long term mechanism for data collection and analysis of soil erosion/sedimentation processesis needed * Soil fertility is a majorissue that needs to be addressedfrom a farming systemspoint of view to sustain production * Organicmatter maintenance is criticalfor optimumretums from mineralfertilizer application * It is necessaryto replicateresearch across the Hindu Kush-Himalayasfollowing a common methodology,for policy formulationand guidance on natural resources managementand rehabilitationof degradedland. * Co-ordinationis neededin any researchprogram at the local and govemmentallevel for the unimpededimplementation and continuityof research * There must be a commonmethodology and strict adherenceto scientificprinciples in order to produceresults which havewide replicability In order to arrive at an integrated strategy or framework for Watersheddevelopment of the Shivalik Region there is strong need to look at the project activities across different states througha single windowwhich will help to identifycommon strategies for development.Often the same lesson can be leamt from strengths/weaknessesof different activitiesof different project components in different states. For example, success of horticultural component could be reduced due to lack of facilities to disposelselloff the surplus productswhich could mean the weakness of rural road infrastructureinstead of any deficiency in the horticulturedevelopment strategy.Thus lessonscan be leamt which contributeto the formation of a comprehensiveand interdisciplinarywatershed management project not only cutting across project componentsbut also acrossthe states. The following Table-8.3 gives a comparative statement of performance of various project components across the five participatingstates and also in other national and intemational projectsto identify integratedstrategies or lessonsfor the future. 8-9 TABLE-8.3: STRENGTHSMWEAKNESSES-CONSTRAINTS AND LESSONS LEARNT FROM VARIOUS WATERSHED PROJECTS IN AND OUTSIDE INDIA. 1. Planning and Implementation * Partdpatoryapproach requires a greatdeal of flexibilityin approach and methodology. * Projectstressed targets for physicaland financialprogress but the rigidcommitments of the staffto achievethe projectobjectives remained a weaklink * An integratedapproach is betterthanthe individualapproach in watershedtreatments * Co-ordinateapproaches to the useof availablefunds from all sources * Microplanning through PRA experencehas provedbetter in understandingof the problemsof the peopleand theirprivatization. * Involvelocal NGO's in the projectas facilitatorsand trainers at the planningand implementationstage. * ProJectsshould be flexibleand shouldallow changes during implementation. * Extensionactivhies to be increasedat regionaland local levels and withhelp of audio-visual aids. * Singlewindow system to be adoptedat the watershedlevel. 2. Forestry * Foragesupplies from non-arablelands and silvipasturemodels significantly improved where cut andcany system was introducedfor equitabledistribution of benefits. * Intervillagespaces tend to get ignoredin over-enthusiasmof the PRA,which can be counterproductive * Surfaceand sub-surfacewater resources if developed alongwithin-situ moisture conservation then ecological degradationcan be tackledmore effectively 3. People's Participation * People'sinvolvement and partidpationthrough VDC's key to success * Levelof paricdpationmore in horticulure,rain water iigation(small dams), * Costsharing by benefiiariesin soil conservation,horticufture, water resource development improved sustainability .* Involvementof bcal representatives(NGO, etd) ensuredaccommmodation of local needsand perception * Employmentgeneration opportunities increased by 13-100%. Increasein per capita increasedby 16-64.9% as resultof developmentactivities. * VDC to be constitutedin the firststage itsel of the projectand gradually shift initiarive to VDC's -projectto actas catalyst * Shortterm gainsto the beneficiariesare critical for elicitingpeople's participation and henceshould be catered for in projectdesign. * VDCs to be strengthenedand systemof awardsfor most effectiveVDC's to be constituted. * Trainingto VDC'sand interaction among them CommunityParticipation can be strengthened by regularmeetings, sharng of expenses,conflict resolutions, etc 8-10 * Nonulandbased ativnles to beadvocated all andudedinthe p,ojecsto helpmarginalised groups who do not own land *Potenbal beneficlariessuch as wornen and the disadvantagedgroups should be irnvolvedat all stagesof the project *Enhancirngwornen's partdpaUon can furtherboost village eoonomy. _ * ~~~~~~~~~Beneficiaryparicidpationand cost shadring should be irtegral partsof the projecd 4. Agriculture * Cortourcufdvation unsuccessfuldue to small landholding size, un-econornic value of vetiver,inadequate demonstration * Cropdemonstraton very successful hIimproving grain and fodder productivity. * Agricultureintensified fmm average of 2.1cmp rotationsto 2.7 crop rotations annually * Expansionof agriculurehas been at cost of grazing and shrubland * At oneterth of investmerd made for deveoping inigated agriculture, retums on rainfed agriculture could be quite highprovided permanent and sem-Fpermanent structures are built up for water harvesting and soil conservation in the rainfedareas. * Waysand means to beprobed to make contour cultivation successful as kthas enormous potential to heal degradedland at lowcost * Commonlands require an integrated effort of conservation,pasture improvement ,afforestation and livestock management,as well as doseinteracion with the vilage population to establishlocal needs of fuelwood,fiber and fodder. 6. Rural Roads Infrastructure * Ruralroads need to be strengthened to Improve markeUng facilities especially for hoticulural goods. * Toencourage more broadly based social and economic development sound investments should be made in complementaryinfrastructure such as ruralroads ,drinking water supply ,agro processing and marketing develpment 6. Soil and Water Conservation * BeneficariescoDntibuted Inthe formof labour * Soismost prone to erosionduring pre monsoon * Between55-0B/% ofannual soil loss oocurs between two stomis. 7. Horticulture * InHaryana programme can pick up well if moreemphasis is laidon development of ownnurseries * Moreexposure of staffabout rainfed is neededto develop upper areas of the watershed (in Haryana) * Costsharing of components generates a feelingof ownership and is a rightstep towards sustainability. * Assessmarkethig opportunities ,espedally horticulural products S. AnimalHusbandry * Considerableimprovements Inmilk yield. 8-11 9. Energy Conservation * Set-upof blo-gasplarts led to signifcartreducfion In fuel wood requirements and In drudgeryby women and children.,thus savirng as muchas 4 hoursper day. * Energyconservation measures resuft in tangibleand equally impDrtant irntarngible benefits such as Improved health;time saved fromn drudgery which can be putto betterpurpDses as childcare,developmert of oottage Industryetc. 10. Industry * Releaseof industrial should not be allowed effluents In the streams. * Strongenforcement of law needs to beensured for the overallsuccess of the project. 11. InstitutionalBuilding * Implementationagency should be single. Dry land Development Board constituted by the Kamataka Govemment couldact as a modelfor mountingwater shed -development programmes in other parts of the country. * Capacitybuilding of staffand local peop1e is importantfor effectivedevelopment of thepartidpatory planning and implementationprocess. * Institutionalstrengthening to be given top priority.Staff to betrained In technical skills and institutional development * VDC'sto bestrengthened through common set of by laws. * Approachtoinstitutional building to beprocess-driven and not concentrating on achievement oftargets f sustainabilityisto be achieved. 12. Technical Extension * Criteria,procedure and guidelinesfor replication of successful watershed technologies should be developed. * Freldlevel demonstration ofresearch works to bedeveloped * Successstories are best motivating agents forthe adjoining villages and have multiplier effect on adoption rate. * Careto betaken that hrtervillage spaces are not ignored. 13. Monitoring and Evaluation * Perfbomato be develped to monitorthe physical and finandal aspects and developmental activties. * Measurableparameters to beidentified for important developmental activities and their regular and effective monitoring. * Regularreporting * Useof indicatorsIn projectredesign, etc. 14. TechnicalExpertise * GISusedforassessment ofland usestructure * Strategicplan developed based on GISsystem for soiland water conservation * GISsystem can provide scentific basis for evolving an integrated watershed development plan * Focusto beon systemization and intellectualization ofthe system. 15. Watershed Research * Watershedresearch to be betterfocussed by laying emphasis on low-cost technologies, local needsand prevalentpractices. * Identifaionof researchprIorities and their testing under actual farmer conditions may address the problemof non-adoptionrealstically. 8-12 . * ~~~~~~ExpedtsetobelideniJidinfieidof socioogy, ConfictresofubonIn VDCs,Institu00nal Developmert 16. Sustainability *Toinvoive the benefidariesright fromthe stage of planning in ofwaythat the programis ownedby the beneficiaries *Charngein seWdonof activibes fron supplydriven to demanddnven * Implementationof adiviies through User Group wth supportflrm the project * Increasedcost sharing, asthere Is noeffedive partidpation without cost sharing * Theproect should be program and process oriented and not target oriented. 17. GeographicInformation System (GIS) * Morecoorcinaion aoss states * Slandardikationof softmare and procedures * Thereshould be a coregroup in the PIU * Needbetter data records and use of recentadvances In GISMlIS in projectto enhanceprject benefits * Bettertralnirgfacites forthestaff of PIU 18. EnvironmentalIssues * Notsystematicaly considered In a regionalsetting * Notconsidered upfint Inproject design and appraisal * Pooror notAe,stentmonitorng & evaluation(M&E) indicators * Poorinfomlation management relating to environmentaland natural resource management issues 8-13 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION(M&E) STRATEGY RegionalEnvironmental Assessment MVDP (Hil4l) 9.Monitonng and Evaluabo (MS-9 Sfbtegy 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) STRATEGY The IntegratedWatershed Development project is a plannedundertaking which comprisesa set of inter-relatedand coordinatedactivities within a given periodof time and budget.The purpose is to converta set of resources(inputs) into a numberof results(outputs). The project objectives are expectedeffects which are derivedfrom the project outputs.While the impact is the outcome or influenceof projecteffects. The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) strategy is a necessity tb assess if the project implementationis goingto a logicaldirection and is deliveringexpected results leadingto desired effects and thus to ultimate changes or transformation.There is a sequentiallinkage between monitoringand evaluationboth on time and space as well. These linkagesare importantto opt for differentproject components and for each of the watershedas a whole. Monitoring is an intemaland inherentproject activityand consists of watching the progressvis- a-vis plannedactivities and collectionof some specific observationswhich could help understand if desired results are likely to be achieved.It also comprisessome diagnostic analysis of on- going activitieswhich could help the project authoritylocate gaps and act to carry out mid-term correction if any needed. Evaluation on the other hand, is the assessment of project's performancein its variouscomponents as well as the impact on the target area and population. Monitoringserves the purpose of surveillanceand a source of data and informationon the scenariowhich get changed/transformedthrough project interventions.While evaluationprovides insight to reasons for success or failures and justification of the decisions on the project investment.It has to have data seriesand base which are built-upthrough monitoring and on the identifiedindicators. The process is more involved and demand materials, persons, skill, fund and, time. Thus strategyhas to be practical and cost effective. The monitoringand evaluation strategy,therefore, thus must establishthe followings: * AppropriateIndicators vis-a-vis project activities * Approachand meansfor objectiveutilisation of data gathered * Inter linkagesbetween and amongstthe indicators * Applicability of data on the indicator to arrive at an over all performance rating of the componentsindividually and for all componentstogether for a watershed. Monitoringand evaluation(M&E) are complementaryprocesses and are invaluabletools for the success of a project 9-1 Regional Environmental Assessment IIWDP(Hils-Il) 9. Monltormgand Evalua00n (M&E)S17ategy 9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL OUTPUTS EXPECTED FROM INTEGRATED WATERSHED DEVELOPMENTPROJECT From examinationof inputs and outputs analysis,the outputs could be categorisedinto goods and services. Watersheddevelopment activities are concemed with enhancing ability to offer goods as well as services.These are again of the types of environmental,social and economic. Under environmental categories the end results expected for a watershed development/managementproject, as have been revealedfrom the examinaffonof issues vis-a- vis the projectcomponents/activities for the five relevantStates, are the followings: * SecuredLand - extent and usefulness * Restoringbalanced land use plan/package * Conservedand upgradedsoil environment * Conservedand increasedwater availability * Improvedbiodiversity - Inducedand Ex-situ(out side forest) biodiversityin additionto In-situ biodiversity(in forest land) * Enhancedproductivity and production(biomass) * Improved overall and composite Ecological and environmentalof the watersheds and sustainability. 9.2 ENVIRONMENTALINDICATORS EnvironmentalIndicators can illustrate the existing condition of a watershed and serve as benchmarksto gaugethe progressof watershedactivities. The environmentalindicators should have the followingproperties: * Unique : An indicatorshould be unique * Quantifiable An indicatorshould be quantifiablein both direct and indirectmeans * Directive : An indicatorshould be a directive by its own characteristics * Interpretative : An indicatorshould be interpretativeof the conditionof watershec:and its resources * Pointsource : An indicatorshould identify a point sourcethat determines identificationof the indicator The goal of principal environmental indicators as a package of tools in the watershed managementprogrammes, is to evaluateits success in fulfilling the environmentalmission, to assess the programaticallocation of resourcesand as a public information instrument.Broadly speaking,these can serve as a: 9-2 RegionalEnvironmental Assessrnent IWVDP (HEls-i) 9. Montongand Evaluabon (MWE) SUategy * Basis for measuringenvironmental achievement and progress * Measurementfoundation for structuringenvironmental goals * Basisfor makingstrategic budget decisions * Meansof evaluatingthe performanceof individualprograms & activities * Mission level tool to provide a broad evaluation of the environmentalperformance in protectingand managingthe environment * System to monitor the health of individual ecosystemswithin the context of statewide environmentalconditions For an effective monitoring& evaluationstrategy, the set of principal environmentalindicators must be the minimum set, which after proper monitoringwill provide the data describingthe major trends in, and impacts on the environment However,the environmentcomprise many elements and the minimum too could possibly not so few as one would like to wish. A comprehensiveset of indicators provides the basis for long term planning of environmental monitoringand relatedactivities. This imply that settng goals and objectivesrequire using both principaland comprehensiveset of indicators.In addition, a considerationneed be given to the current state of the art in project area, organizationinvolved in planning,implementation and M&E activities.Again for the very reasons of multiple dimensions of the WDP and diverse resources,there is a definiteneed for compositeindicators which would integratecomplementary impacts of as many principalindicators as possible.The integrationhas to be betweenthose on biotic and abiotic resourcesas two sets separatelyand those after convolutionof these two sets. This is becausemost principalindicators individually full fill necessaryconditions but do not fulfill sufficientconditions in the sameway. Table 9.1 shows the principal monitorable& compositeenvironmental indicators to monitor the project implementationvis-a-vis set objectives.These key performanceindicators would provide the informationon differentproject benefits such as improvedvegetative cover of treated areas; reduced soil erosion;increased availability of surface and groundwater, improvedbiodiversity; increasedcrop yields,milk productionand horticulturalproducts; sustainability etc. Annexure-9.1 gives the description of comprehensiveset of indicators for different key environmentalcomponents. 9.2 MEASURINGTHE INDICATORS There are fairly good range of tools, equipment,instrument, survey techniquesto help gather observationsover selectedtime intervals.From these observations,values of indicatorscould be computed.Some of the commonlyused ones are as under. * Landuse shifts from land utilisationrecords a 9-3 RegionalEn vronmental Assessment IWDP(Hils41) 9. Monitonngand Evaluabon(M&E) Strategy *: Run-off throughgauging stations using velocity-areaapproach, hydraulicsection with water level recorderand staff or post gauges *: Soil moisturemeasuring instruments (e.g. tensiometers,infiltrometers etc.) *: Sediment deposition using staff/post gauges, length & cross-section surveys behind checkdams,storage pondsetc. *: Soil loss, nutrient loss, turbidity and some pollution/contaminationusing manual run-off samplingat sedimentobservation stations/posts (SOS/SOP), automatic volumetriccollection tanks, stagedsamples etc. *: Ground water changesusing automaticwater level recorder,piezometer tubes or using float & tape to record rise and fall of water table. * Organicmatter, bulk density,soil reactionusing sampled soil & laboratoryanalysis. *: Channelmorphology using filed survey& permanentpost gauges *: Plant population,composition using vegetation surveys *: Community interaction (technical, social, ecological and economic) using prepared questionnaires& usingsampled respondents. *: Remotesensing, satellite imageries and aerial photostaken at selectedtimes. *: GeographicalInformation System (GIS) Table 9.1 gives the brief outlineof the suggestedmethodology and monitoringtool against each principalenvironmental indicators comprising of someof the techniquesmentioned above. However,to mention here that in the field of watershed management,the monitoringbecomes slightly difficultin view of diversityof activitiesthat have different yardsticks& spread of activities over large and divergentareas. For effective monitoring,GIS-facility is one such importanttool. The experiencesof the application of GIS for watershed surveys and planning in different watersheddevelopment projects clearlydefine its merit The implementation of Geographic Information System (GIS) was successfully applied in watershed managementin LOESS Plateau,China. The projectfound GIS system as a function for not only as an informationretrieval system, but also a spatial analysis system.The analysisof the report show that the GIS system was appliedfor assessmentof land resourcesusing block wise database.For each land block, over thirty parameterswere selected to describethe natural attributes.Since, the main cause of water and soil loss in Loess Plateauwas irrationalland use, the natural attributesaspects included geography,climate, soil, conditions of land-use , and measurementof water and soil conservation.Finally, a strategic plan was developedbased on the advisoryservice of the system and a guardian system for water and soil conservationswas established. 9-4 RegionalEnvwronmental Assessment IWDP (Hlls-Il) 9. Monituingand Evaluation (M&E) Strategy Figure9.1 showsthe interrelationshipsbetween different resourcemaps and final output in GIS processing. Annexure-9.2gives the case study of utilizationof GIS techniquesin WatershedPlanning in Nepal. 9.3 MONITORINGSCHEDULE For effective monitoring, the identification of representative sampling sites alongwith the frequency of data collection is of utmost importance. To understand the process inside watershedarea, principalindicators must be sampledaccording to how frequentlychanges may occur. Samplecollection may be monthly,seasonally or yearly.The changesof analyzedresults would play an importantrole in analyzingcauses and effects inside watershedarea. It would be useful to have a coarseend monitoringfor the entire project impactedarea and more intense & detailedmonitoring in selectedmicro & sub-watershedsin each state. Table 9.1 gives the monitoringfrequency for each type of principal environmentalindicators alongwiththe implementingagency. 9-5 TABLE 9.1: PRINCIPAL M&E ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT Environmental IndIc$t0t Descriptlonof indlcatort),.MethidoolgylloosltorIlng Tool Frequency 'PSuggestedImplementing LANDUSE Documents how new changes are Standardlanduse-wise distribution of the Annually * Project Directorate State takingplace in areadistribution under area should be maintainedto reveal the WatershedDevelopment Project different uses such as agriculture, increased area under crop (rainfed & . StateAgricultural University horticulture,tree plantation, pasture irrigated); horticulture and agro-forestry, . StateRemote Agency andforest. tree crops, pasture plus silvi-pasture, * ForestSurvey of India forest to illustrate increased adoption of This indicatoralso confers with land usesrecommended in WSD Plan productivity,land suitability for WSD Similarly decreasedarea under cultivable wasteland,fallow (long) to be recorded. This would reveal increasedarea under primary productionsystems and also the extent underperennial cover. Land system approachat village level is usedin landclassification The satellite imagery could be used to determinethe changesover longerinterval Oncein two years to determine the inter-changes and increaseduse of available land for bio- massproduction SOIL LOSS Measuresthe erosion taking place Soil loss data collected from gauging Continuouslyfor all * Project Directorate State and evaluatethe impactof watershed station (SOP/SOS).To be analyzedfor rainy & run-off WatershedDevelopment Project treatments and reversal of the critical run-off spells, seasons as per producing days; . StateAgricultural University processof soil erosion established practices. Using assigned computation & delivery ratio on-site erosion can be analysisannually estimatedannually and comparedyear to yearbasis. SOIL EROSIONINDEX Measures the erosion taking place By USLE/MSLEor any other prediction Oncein two years . Project Directorate State and evaluatethe impact of watershed tool that could be offered by the State WatershedDevelopment Project treatments and reversal of the University or Research fnstitute in the processof soil erosion Region * StateAgricultural Unlversity LANDSAVEDIRESTORED Givesa measureof the extentof area Maintainingscaled treatment map of the Oncein two years . StateAgriculture University FROMGULLY EROSION, directlyprotected along these sources stretches, hinter land subject to STEAMBANK CUTTING, causingirreversible loss degradation due to these sources. * NationalRemote Sensing TORRENTSETC. Treatment journal in the language of Agency plantationjoumals could be maintained. LeaAssocates 9-6 i~~~~V E . ~~~~~~~~~AlternativelyGIS could be used SEDIMENT TEST This would fndicate the nature & type Sediment can be calculated by using soil Annually Project Directorate State Watershed of soil particles and the extent of tuirbidity meter. Estimation can be made by Development Project sediments in the water reservoirs, collecting sample of water from the water village ponds and tanks. This also bodies.The particlesare allowedto settle Indicates the physical Quality of down and the depth of soil or sand Water particles in the test tube indicates the amount of sedimentsin a water body. Comparisonscould be madewith previous years data on comparablerainfall days. This gives rough estimationbut could be effectivelydone by the community SOIL MOISTURE Measuresthe capacity to hold rain From soil samples taken from * CentralSoil and Water water and abilityto providewater for designedAidentifiedsites-lab analysis and I year ConservationResearch plantgrowth conversionwith bulk density - into depth Insttute offers multiple choices for analysis and Id * StateAgricultural Universities interpretation,levels required maximum 3 year water holding capacity, field capacity, permanentwilting percentage. Fromthese can be derivedthe changesin 5 year detention and retention storages ORGANICMATTER CONTENT Measuresand Indicatesmuftiple Soilsamples collected from designed/ 1I year * CentralSoil andWater OR ORGANICCARBON capacitiesof soil both physical, designatedsites and labanalysis 3rd year ConservationResearch CONTENT hydrologicalas well as microbial. 5 h year Institute ___!* StateAgricultural Universities RUN-OFF Measures the extent in percent of Observationstaken at the gaugingstation Daily a CentralSoil and Water incidentrainfall that movesout of the and rainfall records are needed besides ConservationResearch watershed. data on land utilization. Reduction In Institute runoff Indicates greater retention and * StateAgricultural Universities subsequent larger utilizable volume of water or increased potential for water availability. DURATIONOF BASE FLOW Gaugedstream - measures/signifies From the run off records,the duration of 15t year * Project Directorate State AFTERMONSOON the ability of soil profile to act as a channel flows and other related 3rd year Watershed Development WITHDRAWAL storage as well as passagefor rain characteristicscomputed 5th year Project water & thus prolongsthe availabilKy * VDC of water * Beneficiaries RE-EMERGENCEOF DRIED-UP The numberof sourcesagain yielding Participatoryjoint surveyand appraisalin 1lt year . Project Directorate State SPRINGS/NALAS flowwill signifythe restorationof eco- numberand weeksl months of flow 3rd year Watershed Development system observed Project 9-7 availability ofwatrovelongeperid In-huseaalyi5thyear * VDC * Beneficiaries POND81WANKSOR STORAGE The number and depth of water PerticipatoryJoint surveyand appraisalin April-June * Project Directorate State WORKS standing during the year shows the numberandtweeks/amonthsofflow Sept.-Dec. Watershed Development hydrologic improvementfor greater observed.Besides use the datafor other Everyyear Project availabilityof waterover longerperiod in-houseanalysis e VDC * Beneficiaries GROUNDWATER The number itselfmeasures the Keepingrecord of the wells existing and Everyyear * ProjectDirectorate State OBSERVATIONWELLS improved recharge while level & takingobservation on depth of waterlevels seasonally WatershedDevelopment volume provide increased availability April-June Project . ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~Sept.-Dec.a State Ground Water Board * VDC _ _ _ *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Beneficiaries BIo-DIVERSITY INDEX (IN SITU Measures the diversfty of an area by The following equation is used to compute Annually * State Agricultural University I.e. IN FOREST AREA) not only recording the species diversity * State Forestry Department richnesslent alsothe evennessof I distribution 0 = I pi. Log2pi ni Pi = n n Wherepi = relative Proportionor probabilityof occurrenceof the ith speciesin acommunity Ni = number of individuals of the ith species n = total no. of Individuals (Thedetailed description of the methodis givenin Annexure-9.3) INCREASEDPERENNIAL Measures the extent of areas In Keepingrecords from sampled areas of Annual Planting * StateAgricultural University VEGETATION-NON-FOREST aggregationput underperennial plant representativesof total area cover which Records. * StateForestry Department AREAS(Ex-situ Blodiversity) cover (forest & non-forest spps.) suchplanting undertaken as a projectinter Observationthrough * ProjectDirectorate State Numberof species (Trees and non- ventionin the forms of: field surveysduring WatershedDevelopment trees) measures progress towards - Plantspecies number Trees - shrubs- 1 3!d 5 th year Project Increasingplant diversity Harbaceous(Grass, medical plants) - Plant densities in non-arable lands, pasture torrent & gully beds etc. 9-8 WATERBALNCE Reflectsthe finalall roundFrom thedata gathered fromgauging i1year a StateUniversities orResearch regenerationof ecosystem andstations andsome supplemented byLand 3 year Institutes sustainability of the primary use andsocio economicdata, the indicator 5th year * Project Directorate State production system. is only an in house exercise Watershed Development WATERSHEDECO4NDEX A single and simple indicator that Landuse recordsalong with the recordsof 1' year * Project Directorate State (WEI) measures ecological upgradationof planting of non-annuals on non-arable 3I year Watershed Development the watershedas a whole based on marginalarable land, torrents,gullies. etc. 5th year Project odum's energy balance (in common to be used. No satellite Imagery or GIS * State Universitiesor Research parlance 02 produced to CO2 applicationenvisaged as these are yet to Institute released). Also reveals the move be researchedand madeapplicable. forward towards Increasing area under perennial green cover as stipulated under India's National Forest Policy 1988. The WEI representsarea under forest Thefollowing equation is used rather perennial vegetation(Existing WEI=TGA/A forest area plus the equivalent(new) Where green area raised on non-forest TGA = Total GreenArea, ha areas)as a ratio of total area. = TotalForest Area Existing(EFA) + The applicationis that 02 produced EquivalentGreen Areas raised on by primaryproducers the plantsmust Non-ForestArea (EGA) ha. be equalto morethan C02 generated A = WatershedArea, ha by other life firms. The quality of vegetation due to age or biotic interferencecan also be accounted ______.______for by representative biometric survey. ENVIRONMENTALSTABILLITY The Indicator incorporates other The WSD projects sectoral performance 1" Year * ProjectDirectorate State FACTOR(ESI) specific impact parameters to the can be effectively assessed from the rd Year WatershedDevelopment Project plant based WEI - a measures of above mentionedindicators. Each of these 5th Year balancebetween plants and other life performance can be graded in three * StateUniversities or Research form communities.ESI incorporates stages i.e. Very Good, Good and Poor. Institutes impact on abiotic resources of the From the approachof matrix scoringthe ecosystemsuch as land, Soil, water stages/gradescould also be quantified. and air as well. Totals of the grade scores can then be used to assessto rate performanceof a watershed as a whole, For ESI five elementscould be takenas under ESI = WEI + (Erosion+ LandDegradation) + (Soil productivity)+ (Water Environment Surface& Ground)+ Pollutionabatement (land, water+ air) All five sets have different sets and multiple units & expression and can not be 9-9 Envlronm d D pt Suggested1mpeMemntIng- broughtunder same level withoutmatrix scoring. QUALITYOF LIFEINDEX (QLI) Measuresand evaluatethe changes MeasuringQOL is a complexprocess as it Annually * Project Directorate State In the socio-economic changes comprisesa synergic effect of several WatershedDevelopment Project generatedby the ProposedProject. socio-economic indicators explained This Index primarily assesses the earlier. positive and negative impacts The QOL can be measuredvith the help generatedby the proposedproject on of the sample Householdsurvey at population. selected villages to measure the key It documentsthe Impacts at two indicators. levels: Houshold Level: Changes in Preferably,it is suggestedthat carrying out employment,changes In HHs income, such surveys and analysis should be per capitafood consumption,assets assignedto an IdentifiedNGO to update generated,access to infrastructure, the changesand supply to the Project physical changes in housing DirectorateState Watershed Project. environment,improved human health andliteracy levels. Village .evel: Changesin Value of Agricultural lands, Improved road accessibility,Accessibility to markets, education and health facilities, IncreasedInvolvement of female In non-farm activities and development. . te A"ochtes 9-10 10. CONSULTATION RegonaiErn'irnmental AssessmentIDP (HAlls) 10.Consultiaton 10. CONSULTATION The consultationprocess should be both for the projectand for the REA. The consultationshould involve public consultation (with affected/beneficiarygroups, MDA, State representatives, academics, NGO's, others) to solicit opinions on positive and negative environmentalissues associatedwith the project.There shouldbe a strongthrust for consultationin every phase of the project. 10.1 COLLABORATIONAND COORDINATION 10.1.1 PROJECTrAuTORmES Coordinationshould be worked out at every level of administration.At the center level, MOA (Ministryof Agriculture)should facilitate and coordinateoverall project activities. Gol shouldavoid any temptation,of a quick replicationwithout time for capacitybuilding for people'sparticipation. Goi and donors should collaborate in enhancing the awareness generation and media managementcapacities of senior officials and supportingorganizations. Gol should bring out detailedguidelines or manualsfor technical,operational and trainingof trainers so as to ensure a smoothdownward vertical flow of instructions.At state level, the govemmentsshould develop facultyskills and ensuresynergy and optimumutilization. The STis (StateTraining Institutes) shouldcollaborate with DRDAsor DistrictInsbtution to run variousprogrammes for Project ImplementationAgency membersand line departmentswithin the districts. At the district level DRDAs/ZPsshould act as clearinghouse for information,support and coordinationfor training centers,resource persons, materials and methods within the district The membershipto District Committeesshould also includerepresentatives of VDCs,Panchayats and Womenfrom sub- watershedswithin the District. 10.1.2 THE LJNEDEPARTMEN7S Uaisonshould be encouragedbetween line departmentsand the ProjectStaff as well as other institutionsthat are to be involvedin implementingand subsequentlysustaining the various componentsof the project. Close links should be establishedwith the concemedline departments(e.g. agriculture, horticulture,livestock, forestry). A clearunderstanding with eachmust be establishedduring a preparatorystage. Duplication of effortsin the projectarea must be avoided.Their information andtechnical experience, accumulated over many years, must be fully utilized.There must be a L mw 10-1 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment IWDP (Hlls-Il) 10. Coamsiftadon very clear understandingamong the line departmentsabout the scope of variousactivities in the projectarea. 10.1.3 NGOs NGOs have beenplaying a very crucial role but their effective coverageof the rural areas is very limited. They should be involvedfor forming institutionsand groups for communityparticipation as they have lasting effect on the community.The NGOs should work in support of Panchayati Raj Institutionsin capacitybuilding. Selection of the NGOsshould be conductedthrough specific procedures.Training provision should be thereforea networkof NGOsand buildingup a network of training teams for sustained capacity building of more and more NGOs. NGOs could be persuadedto bring about a voluntaryof conductfor themselvesand work ethics.The mentioned measureswould ensurean enhancedoutput from the Non-GovemmentOrganization. 10.1.4 BENEFICIARIES The collaborationand coordinationof beneficiariesamong each other as well as with all other agenciesinvolved is very much necessaryin order to strengthenthe sustainabilityfactor of the project.The beneficiariesshould be madeto interactwith the involvedagencies and take interest in the project.Training must be organizedat the watershedlevel for the beneficiaries.Suitable incentives should be built-in in the programmes to compensate the loss of time to the beneficiariesfor the training period. Selectionof the priority areas, the beneficiariesmust be consultedwhile decidingthe requirementsof the individualareas. For the required results;their full co-operationmust be sought. 10.1.5 OTHERSTAKEHOLDERS There is a need for all other stakeholdersto be trained and oriented in respectof the watershed development programmes. This would add to the integrity factor in the management and implementationof the project. The orientation programmes should be totally an interactive procedure where the line department and the other agencies get to know the indigienous technologieswhich could be adopted. In the process the NGOs and line departmentscan transfer their technical expertise to the farmers, etc, may be with few adoptions frorm the indigenousrural technicalknowledge. 10.2 ENVIRONMENTALAWARENESS The watershedcommunities though majorityderiving their livelihoodfrom the natural resources available, have been gradually diminishingtheir awarenessof the environment.This may be attributedto the availabilityof communicationmediums to the urbanareas. For the convergence of the fading awarenesswith their socio-culturallife, there must be serious consultation and 10-2 RegionalEn v)mnmental Assessment IWD P (HiJis-IJ) 10.Consuitabon symposiumetc. conductedby the variousagencies involved in the project in a specific area. The awareness programmes can be conducted by VDCs or the NGOs. The environmental implications of the day-to-day life of the community and the various programmes of the watershed developmentproject must be conveyedto the beneficiaries.There may be various interactivesessions for discussingthe positiveas well as the negativeeffects of each and every programme.The old practicesmust be specificallydiscussed so that the villagecommunity gets to know the benefits/harmsthey cause to the environment,which sustainstheir life. On few festive occasionthere may conducted'Shram Daan' to constructsome structure as a momento and the day may be celebratedevery yearwith specificname and remembranceof the cause. 10.3 COMMUNITYPARTICIPATION 'CommunityParticipation', though a 'buzz-word' now-a-days,should be taken into consideration with its appropriatemeaning. There should be developeda level of understandingamong the authorities,NGOs, VDs as well as the VWCs about the working concept of participationat the communitylevel. In the process the capacitiesof the villagers,most of whom are poor, including women, at an individuallevel is to be built, their confidenceand participatorylevels needs to be enhanced so that they become active participantsrather than passive recipients. The IWDP (Hills-l1)should not reach the beneficiaries as infrastructural or environmentalupgradation packagewhere there are lots of job opportunities.Instead, they should be activelyinvolved into the project as Van SanrakshanSamiti (VSS)s had been fruitfully engaged for the Joint Forest ManagementProgrammes. Reasonfor communityparticipation being proved fruitful in the past is that it is none otherthan the community itself who understands the various links to the different elements of the watershedsas well as their level of adaptabilityand interdependenceto the nature. Participation of the community in the project would lead to a proper anticipation of the effectivenessof the various policiesand strategiesto be implemented. Moreover, if a land less farmer, a rural artisan or any marginal worker of the watershed communityis made to feel that the programmeis meant for their socio-economicbenefits and upgradationof their qualityof life, the IWDP(Hills-l1) is boundto lead towardsits sustainability. Communityinvolvement should start at the planning stage. This would demand to carry out ParticipatoryRural Appraisal (PRA) as a planningtool to assess the perceptionsand the felt needsof the villagecommunity. The targets of differentactivities originate from the villagers own observationsduring the PRA exercises. Adequate flexibility should be kept in the plans to incorporatenew suggestionsfrom the communityor the revisions needed in view of greater awarenessgenerated amongst them during the subsequentcycles of PRA. The project should adopt a bottom-upapproach for planning. 10-3 RegionalEnvironmental Assesssment IWDP (Hiffs-il) 10.Cons0tabon Self Help Groups (SHGs), Gaon ResourcesManagement Associations (GAREMAs) as in U.P. should be formed in the villages and strengthenedin case they are already active. These local level organizationsbecome the moving force to involve local population and get their active participationin the managementof their naturalresources. Village DevelopmentCommittee (VDC)s such as Hill Resources ManagementSocieties and Gramin Vikas Sansthan,etc. should be registered under the Firms and Societies Act 1860 in order to mobilize the community.Meetings should be held by the committeesto sort out the variousproblems faced by the beneficiaries. The role of rural women should not be overlookedin the decision making process, therefore,it must be imperativeto involvethem in the village committees. The CommunityParticipation component will, therefore, provide the focus for unified sectoral actions in villagewatersheds. Motivators should be recruitedthrough selected NGOs and trained by the projectParticipative Training Client (P.T.U.).A high proportionof these motivatorsshould be women who shouldfunction as impartialagents in mobilizingvillagers and acquaintthem with projectobjectives. The effective community participation training should be organized to the community for appreciation of watershed development programmes and to improve the capacity of beneficiaries.The organisation/institutionsdeveloped at village level should have harmonious relationshipwith Pannchayats.These institutionsmay work as supportingwing of the Panchayat in dischargingtheir responsibilities.Thus the 'communityparticipation ' componentshould be the key to ensuringsuccess of convergentplanning and joint project implementationwith the village communities 10-4 11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Regional EnvirDnmental Assessment IWDP (Hils-JJI) - - 11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTPLAN Environmental Management Plans (EMP) are prepared to ensure that environmental considerations are integrated into the project survey and design, contract documents and project supervision and monitoring. These are tool for mitigating or offsetting the potential adverse environmentalimpacts resulting from watershed development programmes in the Shivaliks region. The preparationof such implementationprocedures are the outcome of a regional environmental assessment (REA). The environmental management plans mainly consist of integrating potential impacts (positive or negative), environmental mitigation measures,principal environmentalindicators & easily measurablefield indicatorstogether with implementationschedule, monitoring plans and the estimatedcost. Such action plans are an important componentof the REA process. Moreover, it is very important to highlight here that such environmentalmitigation measures should be used in conjunctionwith good managementpractices and good engineeringdesign, constructionand operationpractices particularly for rural roadsand water harvesfingstructures. For example, , Rural road alignment selection should be such that it avoids landslide-prone and geologically unstable areas, forests, prime agricultural land, sensitive ecosystems,and importantcultural and religious sites. * Rural road alignmentselection should avoid large scale cutting and filling based on mass balancing * Proper application, design and construction of cut slopes using appropriate stabilizing structures(breast walls, toe walls, and retainingwalls) * Use of bio-engineerngon all exposed cut and fill slopes and on completed spoil tips to minimizesubsequent erosion. * Use of structurallysound earth filling practicesutilizing proper benching and compacting, etc. 11.1 MITIGATIONMEASURES Table-I 1.1 describesthe mitigationmeasures which should be taken to reduce the potential negative impactsalong with an implementationmethodology for different projectcomponents. - ~~~~~~~~~11-1 TABLE-11.1: ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES PROJECT COMPONENT: FORESTRY * Afforestation & Production Component(P.C.) * Vegetativeshrub barriers in contour trenches |$ACTIVITIES:i 0 .* Slvipasture * Pasture land development Positive: POTENTIAL IMPACTS: . IncreaseIn vegetativecover * Reduction In soll erosion including soll & nutrient loss * WildlifeProtection - * Reducedrun-off * Increasemoisture Infiltratlon Negative: * Increasedrisk of forestfires, habitatand grazing resources loss * Adverseeffects Inducted by exoticspecies, if Introduced * Change In diversIty of flora &fauna * IncreaseIn vectorborne diseases EnvironmentalMitigation Measures AFFORESTATIONAND PRODUCTIONCOMPONENT > Afforestationwill be undertakento Increase the productivityof government,village common, (P.C) privateforest land and wastelandsin reversingthe land degradationof Shivaliks.Tree planting will be donealong the contourin eithercontinuous or discontinuoustrenches depending on native vegetation,terrain and soiltype. The selectionof treeswill dependon landtenure andthe requirementsof local communities. ^ Tree density(absolute) vwll be 500to 1000plants per ha to allow sufficientarea for the production of intermediateproducts (like grasses) Thefollowing tree speciesof nativeorigin will be planted * Sal (Shorearobusta) Acaciacatche *Anogeissus latifolia * Garugapinnata MangiferaIndica * PyrusPashia *Sapium insigne * Terminalia chebula 1 ~~4.. * ~Terrminaliatomnentosa * Chirpineon the top of the hills ______I.Rhus parvitlora 11-2 > Cost sharingarrangements will be encouragedwith the beneficiarycontribution on privateand non-arableland areas. > The localcommunities will be closelyinvolved in forest protectionIncluding five protectionas well. > All afforestationmodels will be combinedwith understoreyvegetative contour or silvi pasture treatmentsto increasethe productionof intermediateforest productsand furtherto protectthe land surfacefrom erosion. . The plantingof species such as bhabbar grass & bamboo in afforestationareas will be promoted. _ Identifcatlonof areasconsisting unique species and ensuringprotection * Interruptionof extensivemonoculture with stripsof natural forest > Productioncomponent will be appliedto upper & mid-catchmentareas for replenishmenton restockingof tree vegetationin existingforest areas X Vegetativeshrub barrierswill be providedin the form of contourV-ditches planted as hedges with localshrubs & perennialgrasses. > Early productionof fuelwood will be obtainedfrom shrub species. X Improved pasture species in conjunctlon with commonly acceptable arrangementsfor SILVIPASTURE protectionand exploitationwill be followed. : Increase in silvi-pasturepractices will be In areas where the demand from local village communitiesIs for a mixtureof fodder andfuel wood, r.- The treatmentwill Involveplanting lower tree densitieswith a correspondingincrease in the proportion of shrub and grass species such as Bhabbar, Napier to meet the fodder requirements, SlipastureS= treatmentmodel will be adopted for marginal arable lands, private non-arable lands& communitywastelands in the lowerreaches. r>About 500trees will beplanted per hectare,either equally spaced or in contouralleys. 7 For sustainablesilvipasture land-use, participatory community management mechanisms will be addressed. of species viz. VEGETATIVESHRUB BARRIERS IN CONTOURTRENCHES = Contour VegetativeBarriers will be encouragedthrough proper selection Bambusa Bamboy, Babbhar grass, Napler grass, panicum maxima chloris gayana. The selection of species will be based on local conditions, soil moisture, devoid of infested termites,etc. 11-3 .;i '!2 .-. = Vegetative barrierswill be developedacross the slope and along the field boundariesto interceptsurface runoffand allowsoil to accumulatebehind the barriers.The barrierswill be placed more precisely along the contour through proper alignmentwithout loss of land availablefor cultivation. 0 The intermediateproducts wi not be harvestedfrom these sites without damagingthe barriers. Pdrncpal'IEnvirnmentalindi6ators & . requen SSgge4tedImplementing Agency EstimatedCost Remarks . I yEuiiMesurbl FielInd.,Oaters,k '______* Landuse Annually * ProjectDirectorate State Watershed Rs. 15,000per Remotesensing technique DevelopmentProject landusemap is preferred * BiodiversityIndex (In situ) Annually * StateAgricultural University Marginal* MappingTechniques _ye_ar. * State Forestry Department * Soilmoisture 15tyear, 3- year, * CentralSoil &Water Conservation Rs. 500 per GIS techniquesare also 5 year ResearchInstitute sample. used. * State Agricultural Universities * Stockdensity (Trees/ha) Oncein two years * StateForestry Department Marginal* Preferablein the monthof October * Speciescomposition (No. of speciesper Oncein two years * StateForestry Department Marginal* Preferablein the monthof unit area) October * Ageclass distribution(Diameter/height Oncein two years * StateForestry Department Marginal* Preferablein the monthof class) October * As theseare in theroutine activity of the StateForestry Departments * Minimum two samplesare suggested for everymicro-watershed * It is suggestedto prepareone land-use map for everysub-watershed. LeaAsoe'- PROJECT COMPONENT: SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES: | . GullyStabilisation * Rehabilitationof villageponds * StreamBank Protection * Waterharvesting .______* Village Pond & TankConstruction * Roadsideerosion control POTENTIALIMPACTS: Positive: * Increasedperenniality of torrents& stream * IncreasedGW recharge a groundwater availability * BetterIrrigation facilities * ReductionIn sollerosion including soil & nutrlentloss .* Mitigationof floods& land reclamation Negative: * ChangeIn soIl structure * SiltationIn waterharvesting bodies * Checkdamfallures * ChangeIn GW,conditions/Waterlogging Alteratlonof surfacerun-off patterns GULLYSTABILISATION EnvironmentalMitigation Measures > In the treatmentof the gully system,the downstreamlnit of the gully will be taken as the starting point and then progress slowly upstream Includingthe main channel of the gully and its tributaries. _ Reducegully Inflowand runoff ratesthrough vegetative measures. X Typical designsfor gullycontrol structures will be preparedfor each work site. (; t:~-% . ;=-: * Varioustypes of goodpractices in checkdam designswill be used A> Checkdamsfrom dry stonewill be usedwhere gullyslope is uniformwhereas silting basins will be usedfor steepslopes *. =.' 1Wire crateswill be usedin the vulnerablesections and wherethere is a suddenchange in slope = Wire crates will be formed beforefilling with stones.Wire will not be left exposedto boulder damage, SW_ 1 1=> Stonesused for fillingof crateswill be 1.5 times the diameterof the wire mesh. . A minimumcrest widthof 1.0 metresand heightof 0.5 metreswill be adoptedto ensurethat the openingof the structuresdoes not becomeblocked with wash material, => Cutoff drains,just off the contouror a flat slope,will be consideredalong the sidesof the gullyat vulnerablelocations to divertthe flow of surfacerunoff away from them. 11-5 STREAMBANK PROTECTION n In orderto controlstream bank erosion, bank protection works will be carriedout in a numberof formsas givenbelow: i Gabions or wire crates * Stone masonary retaining walls * Stonerip-rap or pitching * Woodenpiles = Gabionswhich are rectangularbaskets divided by diaphragmsinto cells offer the most cost effectivesolution for all cases,although where the banksare steepand high, masonryretaining walls providesgreater stability. = Groynesare spurs of permanentnature into a streamwhich will be constructedto breakupthe current and stop erosion by causing silting betweenthe spurs and protectionof the banks. Groyneswill be perpendicularto the bank; however,this has to be carefullyexamined for the preferablealignment. Groynes will be providedat bends or in meanderingsections for proper ''' .'*- training of the flow and control of landslips will be implemented to prevent accelerated soil erosion. n A systemof prioritizationis neededwith vegetative measures being included with brushwood,dry stoneand crate wire checkdams. i Catchmentareas will be delineatedunder each watershed and structureswill be designedto ensurethat they achieve soil conservationobjectives. -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~LeaAuOJt for waterconservation and for domestic VILLAGEPOND AND TANK CONSTRUCTION > Villageponds and Tankconstruction will be undertaken drinkingwater supply 11 The siteselection criteria will be fixedand numberof factorshave be consideredsuch as Volume to be stored,construction methods, water quality etc. the * It will be ensuredthat the waterresource is not pollutedin any way as the resultof 3 ~ constructionof a storagetank and naturaldrainage lines will be providedat the peripheryof the pond. using E Thevillage ponds will belined usuallywith trapezoidal sections and the pondswill be lined plasticsheets. . Availabilityof local materialsand accessto site are importantconsiderations when determining the typeof tankto be built. .t. Rectangularstorage tanks will be providedin somecases dependupon the availableflow. => Alternativelypolythene and plasticlined tanks will be providedunder certain conditions. will be developedin all the StatesWatershed WATERHARVESTING STRUCTURES > Waterharvesting and minor irrigationinterventions Developmentprogrammes. ._ Thereare many alternativesthat are currentlyavailable and most of the constructiontechniques arewell establishedfor water harvesting. X The structureswith inclined sides (1:2) will be excavatedfrom the hill sides which provides sufficlentwater for irrigation,but also meetlive stockand domestic requirements. S The locatlonof the tankwill be such a waythat there Is sufficientcatchment to fill the tank. I Adequateprovislon will be madeto trap transporteddebris and bed load. Sedimenttraps will be locatedat the Inletthat are easilyaccessible for cleaning. l=t Stone scourprotection will be providedat the base of the overflowspillway and a stone pitched channelwill be providedto leadthe excessWater away from the structure. i Upstreamarea soil conservation& slope stabilizatlonmeasures to mitigate siltation of check damsby the Involvementof community. = Maintenanceprocedures after constructionwill be detailed to the beneficiaries.Silt removal methodsand vegetativecover for embankmentswill be carried out with the help of beneficiary farmers. to arresterosion. ROADSIDEEROSION CONTROL t The runoff waterwill be divertedwith engineeringmeasures, = Vegetativemeasures combinewith possible cut-off drains will be adopted to prevent rapid overlandflow Intoroadside. => Steps will be taken to minimize extra overburdencausing instabilityby removing portion of materialstarting from the top and stabilizewlth vegetativemeasures or throughretaining walls. = Many design alternatives and cross section profiles provided by forestry institute, with modificatlonof squarecross sectionswill be adopted. 11-7 *Soil Loss Annually * ProjectDirectorate State Watershed Cost is of The samplingfrequency DevelopmentProJect gaugingstation shouldbe continuouslyfor * StateAgricultural University installati or s all rainy & runoff producing 5,000for annual ______maintenance) * Soilerosion index Once in twoyears * ProjectDirectorate State Watershed Marginal to Predictiontools can be . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DevelopmentPrqect significant (based useful on the measuring * Landsaved/restored from gully erosion, Once in two years * StateAgricultural University Cost of scaled- streambank cutting,torrents etc. * NationalRemote Sensing Agency maps(Rs. 1,500 * SedimentTest Annually * ProjectDirectorate State Watershed Significant(Rs. Soilturbidity meter is DevelopmentProject 1000/-per required sample * Run-off Daily * CentralSoil and WaterConservation Margmnal* ResearchInstitute ______* State Agricultural Universities *. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4Durationof baseflow after monsoon 1u year,3 O year, * ProJectDirectorate State Watershed Marginal* Run-offrecords withdrawal 5myear DevelopmentProJect * VDC ______* BenefIidaries * Re-emergenceof driedup springs/nalas 1 year,3~ year, * ProjectDirectorate State Watershed Marginai* ParticipatoryJoint survey is 5 year DevelopmentProject preferred .* VDC * BeneficiarIes * Ponds/Tanksor storageworks Annually * ProjectDirectorate State Watershed Marginal* Computationshould be DevelopmentProject madeonce in a year of * VDC data collectedin April, * Beneficiaries June,Sept. and Oct. * GroundWater Observation Wells Annually * ProjectDirectorate State Watershed Marginal* DevelopmentProJect * StateGround Water Board * VDC * Beneficiaries_ *As tbese are the routine parameters monitored by the concerned government departments 11-8 PROJECT COMPONENT: AGRICULTURE [. . . Vegetative...... Field * Boundaries - ACTIVITIES:. . On-farmFodder Production RainfedCrop Demonstration Reuseof WaterHarvested Positive: POTENTIALIMPACTS: Iincrease Fodder Production 9 - Reduced surfacerun-off and soli loss * Improvedpractices of cropcuitivation . Enhancingsoil molsturecontent.. Negative:: * Pesticide& Insecticidepolliution- Agriculturerun-off (Non-point source of pollution) Pressureon use of water ON-FARMFODDER PRODUCTION EnvironmentalMitigation Measures => In orderto meetthe shortageof fodder,the bulk plantingwill be carriedout mainlyon civil and privatelands. EMr _ > The grass planting operation will be carried out using shallow trenches using slips, or along the terrace. of l A sourceof fodder close to homesteadwill be developedwhich will obviatethe necessity womenhaving to spendsome hours walking to andfrom the cuttingareas. l> Up to five cuts will befollowed for Napier/Bhabbar /Guinea grass lands for greenfeeding to Stall- fed animals.Grass will be cut low when harvestedno more than 15cm. abovethe root stock. l> Fodderconservation will beachieved by not cuttinggrass until it has maturedand seed drop has occurred.Over matured grasses will be harvestedin early winterfor storageas winterforage. The l! l' ispeciesl g .Yx likeCymbopogan, Heteropogan, Gysopogan varieties are recommendedas winterforage i Clearanceof Lantanaand Eupatonumweeds will be undertakenwith simultaneousplanting. The persistentattention will bethere over an extensiveperiod to preventthem overgrowingthe fodder plants.The technique of bushplanting to smootherLantana will also betried. IImprove the fodder componentin watershedareas in terms of productionthrough, maintenance, and allowflexibility in plantations. > If villagersgo for tree fodder,they will be advisedto restrictthe loppingof foddertrees to no more than 2/3 of the crown.Lopping will becarried out only once annually. > Villagers will be trained in the managementof forest fodder resources.The principle fodder speciesthat are recommendedto Shivalikregion are: Lea AMsuhoes 1.1.1 Grasses * Napiergrass * Guineagrass * Bhabbargrass * Rhodesgrass * Cenchrusgrass * BambusaBamboo * Setariagrass * Stylesgrass * Phalarisgrass 1.1.2 Tree fodder * Aceciacapuche * Toonaciliata * DarbergiaSissoo * Morusalba * Bauhlnia t The fodder wastage will be minimized by distributing chaff cutters and constructing feeding stalls. VEGETATIVE FIELD BOUNDARIES t Vegetative barriers will be developed along the field boundaries to intercept surface run-off and allow soil to accumulate behind the barriers. > The field boundaries will be planted with vetiver grasses _ Vetiver grass clumps will be planted at 10 mtrs. Spacing - Establishing policy incentives so that farmers retain some area planted for traditional varieties for maintenance of genetic diversity. LeaMAsoclafe ~11-If-I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z~C to ensure maximum RAINFED CROP DEMONSTRATION r Appropriate agronomic practices in rainfed arable land like tillage practices in-situmoisture conservation, the use of improvedvarities, correct and timely fertilizerapplication andthe appropriateuse of chemicalsprays for pestand diseasecontrol will be promoted. .t4¢':<* = > Vegetablesand mixedcropping system will be included. .~ . . > The1 farmers will apply the followingirrigation methods for betteryield and optimizingthe water use. A1 .s~~~ * ~Smallbasins ;q, .2. Raised beds' - ~*..' ~.I -:'~*72 Levelfurrows ~~~:~~~~-~~~~' :~~~~Sloping furrows f> Farmers rormally have small water sources which they tap. The water passes directly to the field. To take water from the storage basin, the following methods will be adopted. ,* ' *~~~~~ROC pipes & GI pipes * Linedgul * Kutchagul * Plastichose t The standards currentlyadopted by the minor IrrigationDept. will be followed and detailed designs and costs will be preparedfor comparingthe variousoptions of above conveyance system. > Such demonstrationwill be establishedonly where surface stabilizationusing vegetativebarriers are completed. Remarks Principai EnvironmentillIndicators & Frequency. . Suggested Implementing Agency Estimated Cost :EaslyVMeasuraible Field Inidlcators, -7 ... ;-. -. Soil Moisture 1t year, y'year, * CentralSoil and WaterConservation Rs. 500 per 5 year ResearchInstitute sample * StateAgricultural Universities facilityis * Organicmatter content or organic 16'year, 3'5 year, * CentralSoil andWater Conservation Cost of lab. Instrumentation carboncontent 5h year ResearchInstitute Analysis(Rs. required * State Agricultural Universities 1000 per sample) * Bulk density Annually * CentralSoil & WaterConservation Cost of lab. ResearchInstitute Analysis(Rs. 500 per sample) * Cropsyield improvement(tVha) Annually * StateWatershed Development Project Marginal* * Grassyield (tVha) Annually * StateWatershed Development Project Marginal* *As these are the routine parameters monitored by the state government departlnents 11-11 PROJECT COMPONENT: RAINFED HORTICULTURE & AGRO-FORESTRY * Rainfedhorticulture demonstrations ACTIVITIES: . Rainfedhorticulture (marginal land) * Agroforestry Positive: POTENTIAL IMPACTS: . Enhanceproduction base, biomass production & perennialcover * Economicbenefits to the beneficiaries * Reducesoil erosion by securingthe land Negative: * The locationof orchardsIn relationto Nationalparks & fragilezones can resultin fragmentation,it continuityof habitatis not maintained. : ______* Competitive to agricultural land RAINFEDHORTICULTURE (MARGINAL LAND) & Environmental Mitigation Measures AGROFORESTRY => On marginal arable lands, Horticulture practices as a perennial crop will be emphasized. > Improved practices by using crop cultivation will be continued between the fruit trees for 2 or 3 years to maximize the benefits. . The in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques like mulching practices or FYM will be adopted. d Insteadof input subsidieson fencing,farmers will be motivatedfor live hedgefencing. _ Frostprotection measures will be appliedin wintermonths _> Monocultureswill be avoidedby mixinga fewother specieswith the main speciesin extensive plantation. > Costsharing arrangements will be workedout so that the projectprovide non-labour inputs and the beneficiaryprovide the unskilledlabour for orchardestablishment. Performanceof differentfruit species/varietiesunder prevailing agro-climatic conditions will be maintained. PrincdpalEnvironmentallindicators; & Frequency.D . SuggestedImplementing Agency EstimatedCost Remarks EasllyMeasu rabble.F ield Indlcators. .:. ______::_.______* Soil Moisture Alternate Year Central Soil and Water Conservation Significant (Rs- GIS techniques are also Research & Training Institute 500 per sample) used * Organic Matter Content or organic Alternate Year Central Soil and Water Conservation Cost of analysis carbon content Research & Training Institute (Rs. 1000 per samPle) * Bulk density Altemate Year Central Soil and Water Conservation Cost of analysis - .~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e EO~O Research& TrainingInsbtute (Rs. 500 per .______sample) * BiodiversityIndex (Ex-situ) AlternativeYear StateForestry Department Marginal* Keepinggood records * AreaPlanted (ha) Oncea year StateWatershed Development Project Marginal* Directorate * Yield(FrulVtha) Oncea year StateWatershed Development Project Marginal* Directorate * RegularEmployment (Person days) Oncea year StateWatershed Development Project Marginal* Directorate * NetIncome (Rs./annum) Oncea year StateWatershed Development Project Marginal' Directorate *Asthese are theroutine parameters monitored by the stategovernment departments. 11-13 PROJECT COMPONENT: ANIMAL HUSBANDARY * LivestockReduction * Stallfeeding of animals ACTIVITIES: . Natural& Artificialbreeding centers * Supplementarylivestock feeding :______-______:______:__ * AnimalHealth Care * Chaff cuttersfor fodder * Construction& Rehabilitationof Stalls Positive: POTENTIAL IMPACTS: . ReductionIn grazingon forest * Adequateavailability of grassesfrom the resources * Increasedstall feeding * Improvedlive stocWmlk production Negative: * ChangeIn genehabits& behaviour * IncreaseIn milkyield tend to bringIncrease In the numberof cattlewhich further aggravates the pressureon fodder resources * Bacterial& parasiticdiseases Imrovedp* breedcattle requires better & costlyfodder LIVESTOCKIMPROVEMENT & STALLFEEDING Environmental Mitigation Measures = The specifictasks in livestockwill beto reviewthe existingbreeding techniques, identify the best breedssuited for improvementand adopt progenycontrol methods for unwantedanimals. =, High milk yield cattlewill be encouragedeither in the form of cash/cattlefeed or by establishing new live stockenterprises that are consistentwith the objectivesof the project. => Constructionof manurepits will be environmentallybenign =i The projectwill select a numberof farms in various districtsof Shivalikregion especiallyin a variety of ecologicalzones for animalhusbandry. The modusoperandi will be impartingtraining and employingpara-professionals to attendthe farms at milkingsso as to recordthe milk yield for upgradedanimals including the nutritionalstandards. => Routine monitoringof livestock performanceby Extension officers having animal husbandry backgroundwill be mandatory. 8= Short training courses at village level in live stock husbandry, nutritionand health will be conductedperiodically. LeaAssociates 11-14 * Qualityof life index Annually * StateWatershed Development Project Directorate Marginal* Compositeindicator * Livestockpopulation changes In the villages Oncea year * StateWatershed Development Project Directorate Marginal* * Livestock(No. & Type perfamily) Once a year * StateWatershed Development Project Directorate Marginal* * Stall Feeding(No. of animalsstallfed) Once a year * StateWatershed Development Project Directorate Marginal* * Milk YieldImprovement (ts./day) Once a year * StateWatershed Development Project Directorate Marginal* * FodderProduction (Source area & Prod.) Oncea year * StateWatershed Development Project Directorate Marginal* *As thesecan bein-built in theroutine monitoring of the projectof the stategovt. department 1 1-15 PROJECT COMPONENT: RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT . ua Roads ACTIVITIES: * Marketing& Pastharvesting Infrastructure * PotableWater Supply .______. Enorgy ______ * Improvementto accessibility to potentialproduction areas POTENTIALIMPACTS (Rural Roads) * Bettercommunleation facillties * Betterdrinking water tacilltles * Useof non-conventional energy ______* More employment Potential NegativeEnvironmental Impacts ENVIRONMENTALMITIGATION MEASURES 'RURALROADS * Erosionof landdownhill from the roadbed, or in b6rrowareas = Constructionin the dry season * Landslides,slips or slumps * Protectionof soil surfacesduring construction * Bankfailure of the borrowpit X Physlcalstabilization of erodibilesurfaces through turfing, plantinga wide range of vegetation,and creating slope breaks > Rehabilitationof borrowpits 11-16 PotentalNegative Environmental Impacts ENVIRONMENTALMITIGATION MEASURES the road reserve * Creationof stagnantpools of water X Special attentionto drainage,and not only limitedto physical stabilization) * Increasedsediments Into ponds, khals, streams and rivers due to erosion => Preventionof erosion (re-vegetation,dry season construction, from roadtops and sides w Considerationof altemative alignments wastes * Decline In water quality (high sit load) > Proper disposalof oil, bitumen and other hazardous * Increasedrun-off and flooding > Rehabilitationof borrow areas * Introductionof hazardouswastes * Hampersfree drainage,causes ponding * Ground/watercontamination (oil, grease), especially during construction phase, forests, protected areas) * Disturbanceof natural habitatsand flora > Considerationof altemative alignment (well away from * Disturbanceto protectedareas X Provisionof fish passes such as riverine * Increasedaccess to forests, protected areas, etc. and increased risk of > Consideration of altematives, for large road crossing streams logging,poaching. transportation . Impedingfish migration,loss of fisheries production • Blockageof navigation * Disruptionor destructionof flora and fauna w Minimizeloss of natural vegetation during construction * Threatsto rare or endangeredwildlife species = Alternative alignments species * Increasedroad kills (wildlife & livestock) > Special measuresfor sensHive(rare, endangered, protected) * Degradationor disturbanceof historical or culturally important sites (e.g. = Alternativealignments graveyards,monuments, etc.) w Special measuresto protect cultural heritage sites * Disturbanceto structures however, * Involuntaryresettement => This project involves only rural road rehabiliation, not constructionof new roads; a MoU but efforts * Social changes(esp. due to new roads) part land may have to be acquired which will only be voluntary through * Loss of buildings, property, economic livelihood due to construction of should be madeto minimize resettlement. new roads .> No Involuntaryresettlement * Healthhazard due to transport of hazardoussubstances w Regulationof transport of materials crossing in market areas * Traffic & pedestrianaccidents Safety designs (signate, speed humps, fencing and pedestrian * Loss of livestock & poultry(road kills) and village centers) * Land saved (ha) Altemate years * Public Works Department Cost of field survey (Marginal)* * Land protected (ha) Alternate years * Public Works Department Marginal* * Infrastructure saved (roads) Alternate years * Public Works Department Marginal* *As these can be in-built in the routine monitoring programs of the state PWD. 11-17 RegionalEnw7onmental Assessrnent IWDP (Hft4l) 11.Enironmental ManagementPlan 11.2 SUSTAINABILITYOF THE PROJECTAND POST PROJECTMANAGEMENT Sustainabilityis a widely - used term in the context of developmentproject. As the developmentas well as immediateobjectives are variously focussed, the term needs to be given some boundary conditionsand as a concept its relevanceto a particularproject, here IWDP, should be described more clearly,if not precisely.Now a projectis designedto deliver some identifiedoutputs in terms of goods and services.Thus criticalquestions to be answeredbefore spelling out relevanceand setting down boundaryconditions are - for whom the developmentis to be sustainableand at what level of developmentthe watershedhas to be sustainable.This is more a necessityin a developingcountry like India, where there are some well entrenchedtraditions still adhered to as well as many new technicalinnovations are gettinginto the systemat a fast pace. In the contextof watershedmanagement/development, sustainability could be attributedto attaininga state of equilibriumbetween the users (householdsand community)and the providers(the primary productionsystems/ the natural and inducedecosystem). This is again on the limited space that the watershed represents.The combinationand intense prioritiesof these outputs are variable as these are limited by the consensusamongst the target households.Because different householdshave different perceptions,aspirations and compulsionsabout sustenanceneeds as well as measure for betterment of standard of living. These are again changeable for the same household with the change of actor householdmember and for the same Watershedin view of shift of national and regional/perceptionand strategy.The sustainabilityis thus alsotime and space variant. From environmentalangle, the watershed communitiesrepresents on-site factors while there aire powerful off-site elements like market forces, social transformation which could trigger off destabilizing forces to disturb the balance that might be achieved amongst the processes of production, consumption, bio-degradationand regeneration of various attributes like fertility, hydrologic regimes, assimilative and supporting capacity that govem the environmentalcarrying capacity(CC) or PopulationSupporting Capacity (PSC). Notwithstandingthese anomalies, with slightly improved objectives and enlarged activities the boundary conditionsof a WSD projectfor environmentalsustainability could be worked out. From EMP and key environmentalM&E indicators discussed earlier, a WSD project could be taken as sustainablewhen it has achieveda stage of re-developmentthat could ensure that followings over the years to come and even after the projectterminates or withdraws. * Interventions(Mitigation Plans) continue to protect and securethe natural resourcesbase of land, water, forests/green cover with all enlargement and improvement achieved durinig project implementationagainst soil erosion,land degradation,deforestation and hydrologic-imbalances. * The capabilityof land and forest and green areas created during project implementationcould continueto abate pollutionas envisaged. 11-18 Regiona EnironmentalAssessrment IWDP (Hills-l) 11. EntiwmrmentaiManagemrent Plan * Designatedbiomass from all primary production systems such as fodder, fuel wood, NTFPs, horticultural& agriculturalcrops yieldscontinue to be flowingto the households. * Employmentopportunities or livelihood avenues, regular and self employmentones specially, generatedthrough restoration of the land, re-planningof land uses, intensificationas well as diversification,continue to be availableto the house holds. * Grass root level organizationsand institutionalmechanisms developed for managingthe created assets,for sharingbenefits from these and caringthem throughcommunity action, continueto be functional. * The mobilizationof local resourcesin the form of village/watersheddevelopment fund, Revolving fund continueto be operationalthrough recurring contributions from membersand there eamings, spending on ongoingand new initiatives,loan advancesetc. and without any incentivelsubsidy from outsidesources. 11.2.1 EWIRONMENTALCAPACI BUILDING In order to facilitateand ensure that the projectoutputs listed above define the continuinguftlity of the projectinterventions or sustainabilityof the project,there must be activitieswhich will create and I or enhance the capacity of the individuals / households, communities as well as the project implementingauthority/department, to managethe area developedand abatesimilar threats in future, if any. This would include utilizationof goods & services,preservation of funds and assets created, recreate renewable ones, upgrade skills and awareness, prevent new threats, assess impact periodicallyand finally take new initiativesto upgrade and enhancewatershed capability to meet enlargedaspirations. 11.2.1.1 Individual and InstiutionalDevelopment To be sustainable,the Watershed DevelopmentProject will have to be formulated through the principles of PRA and micro-planning.This would help obtain the felt needs and aspirations of different sectionsof the communityincluding women and land less. This bottomup approachwill give an insight to Govemment Officers, specially middle and senior level officer, about inter-linkages needed, future pressure that may generateon the natural resourceand this would revert to the re- assertionof degradationforces. In order to adopt PRA approachthe implementingagency/ project authorityin the five states, needs to orient its work culture and orient it to the culture of partnership pattem. There is, therefore, a necessity to provide appropriateorganization both at village and watershed level in order to organize beneficiarycommunity for such an active role while in the implementingagency a necessaryrecognition should be undertakento meet the present and future challenges. Village or Watershed Level Organization: It will therefore,be a pre-requisiteto form a village level committee.The concept of Hill ResourcesManagement Society (HRMS) or Gaon (Village)Resources 11-19 Regional EnvirDnmentalAssessrment IWDP (His4li) It EnvironmentalManaigement Plan ManagementAssocation (GAREMA)as in U.P. could be preferred.These institubonscould include environmentin the name itself and HRMScan becomeHREMS while 'E' in GAREMAmay represent environment.As WSD is an approachto integrateresources development and utilizationprocesses, it should encompassenvironmental perception in its agenda. Since there are separate user groups for different resources,HREMSIGAREMA could promote self Help Groups (SHG) or User Groups for specific resources. e.g. Mahila Mandals, Youth Groups, ForestProtection and ManagementGroups, Water User Groups,Compost Making Group, so on and so forth. WRADMC:-AsWatershed will have a number of villages within a WatershedLevel Comrnitteei.e. Watershed Resources Developmentand ManagementCommittee (WRDMC) should be there to interact and promote inter village co-operation/ collaborationin one hand and that between tne Project ImplementationAuthority and the user communities/beneficiarieson the other hand. To achieveeffective beneficiarypartnership at all stage and to induce them to become main actors, each ProjectImplementation Unit (PIU)should be assistedby a social team which will help integrate socio-economicaspects with those of technology.Environmental awareness with a thrust on water, perennialvegetation and health shouldbe the focussedactivities of this team. WRDMC:should identify and get village-levelParticipatory Development Motivators (PDMS) elected. PDMSshould be woman as womenare directly concemedwith hill resourceson day to day basis. Lateral and Vertical Linkaaes: WRDMC in association with Social Team should develop lateral linkagesamongst different villages and betweenWRDMC and HREMS/GAREMA.PIU should halve proper linkages with WRDMC and should help establish linkages between WRDMC and other developmentdepartments whose contributioncould help WSDP becomesustainable. PanchayatRaj System has been set in operationand there are Panchayatsat village level or for a group of villages as well. There must be appropriatelinkages between all local watershed level committeeswith the Panchayats.In fact these institutionsshould get empowermentby appropriate devolutionof authorityfrom the Panchayatsas the PanchayatiRaj Act provides. Conflict ResolutionMechanisms: In a complex project like WSD there are possibilitiesof conflicts of many kind.s.Some of these could be between different sections of a village, between two villages, between development departments etc. The conflicts to be resolved through appropriate representationin WDMC, HREMSetc. For a few specific socialconflicts, separatemechanism could be evolved. ImplementatingAgency: The traditionalwork procedureis based on watch and ward and these liack confidencein the beneficiariesand vice-versa.The work culture is also not conduciveto working togetherwith village communitiesas partners.The departmentis not equippedwith skills to carry out 11-20 RegionalEnsronmental Assessrnent IVDP (H1-lls) 11.Env>nmrental Management Plan group mobilizationpersuasions for drawing the villagers into informal and frank discussion. The officers and personnelneed trainingwhile procedurescall for changeswhich will build mutualtrust. There shouldbe an extensionapproach rather than of giving directionsonly. Its capacityhas to be created or enhancedfor establishingan informationsystem with adequatenetworking firstly to obtain & retrieve data and informationon environmentalindicators from the model watershedsproposed under R&Dprogramme in subsequentsection of the chapter. 11.2.1.2 Financial-CommonFund & Self Reliance * Village DevelopmentFund (VDF) The activities of a WSD project involve substantial investment at the stages of formulation implementation,maintenance and operationand finally for post project re-investment,upgradation, diversificationetc. A WSD Projectwill have a time frame and a budgetwhich will be limited. If the stake of the beneficiariesis to be substantial,then HREMSIGAREMAin U.P. should play a role in mobilizingfund and be equippedfor sharingthe financialburden of the projectto an extent possible. The demandfor contributionfrom individualswill be for activitieswhich will concem each separately as well as a group collectively.Besides the time frame for the requirementof contributionfor a cause may not be convenientto the individuals.Thus a Village DevelopmentFund (VDF) in the form of a RevolvingFund or Trust Fund or a cooperativesociety. Fund should be raised.The fund could be opened with the incentive money given by the Project Authority for protection, awareness and promotionalactivities. But its legal base should be on the membershipfees and the contributionfrom the membersraised variously.This should be achievedwith a sense of equity so that all members have a stake as well as right in the developmentand managementof the fund. There are already usefulexperiences which offer manyoptions for raising,using and sustainingsuch a commonfund. The utilization of the fund will be entirely a prerogativeof the -VDC-Villagelevel committee e.g. HREMS/GAREMAand on any area relevantto maintain,recreate and care the resources,promote new livelihood activities, awarenesscampaigns etc. One of the priority areas should, however, be replantingor re-afforestingthe communityand public lands and re-developmentand managementof water resourcesboth for drinkingand re-useof harvestedwater or runoffwater. Similar fund could be developedby SHG or user groups as well as for specific purposes but with appropriateunderstanding with HREMS/GAREMAin U.P. concemedso that no conflictarises. * FinancialEmpowerment The commonfund may be very small to start with in most cases. Neverthelessit gives confidence and self respectto the constituentmembers. It also a sort of empowermentthat could help obtain advancesfrom allied projectimplementing agencies, banks and other institutions.Because with such a fund VDC/HREMS/GAREMAcould show their share and indicate their potentialto raise merefunds to effect re-paymentsas per schedulesagreed upon. 11-21 RegionalEn.imnmental Assessment IYUDP(HdIs-11) 11.Enronmnental Management Plan * Cost Sharing The cost on interventionsand activitiesshould be sharedwith beneficiariesindividually in the form of SHG/User Groups or as VDC as a whole depending upon where and for what purpose the expenditureis being incurred.The beneficiariescould share the cost throughtheir labour for works or their own lands and VDC from its ready fund or communitylabour as wage substitutionsfor activities for the communityas a whole. * Involvement of Private Corporate bodies and NGO sector. In mobilizingfund, VDCIWRDMCcould involveindividuals who can providefund for a commoncause such as digginga well/pond,raising a communitywood lot, raising or renovatinga sacred grave or a sanctified green area etc. in memory of some one. Similarlycorporate sectors engaged in mining, industries etc., whose activities often have adverse effect on natural resources, could also help undertakesuch compensatorynatural resourcesre-building. VDC could obtain such financialhelp as well as contributionto the VDF.There are quite a few philanthropicInstitutions and NGOs who could also be sourcefor such support on specific causes. 11.2.2 ENVIRONMENTALR&D PROGRAMMES In WSD programmesthere are some on going research programmeswhich are generallyof the type of adaptive research. These are also focussed on technology with specific objective to control erosion,soil loss, runoff, increasedproduction and improvedcost effectiveness.The researchresults on compositeenvironmental degradation of land, water, air of projectwatershed is still lacking. Project Planning and Implementingdepartment in each of five states should undertake a joint exercisewith university/institute,to determine i) Researchagenda and intense priorities in the context of proposedinterventions on different types of lands. ii) Development of tools and means for data generation on identified key environmental indicators iii) Developmentof an informationsystem on WSD vis-a-vis environmentalM&E in the nodal departmentof each of five states. iv) Establishing model watersheds with twin objectives: demonstrating the recommended technology and carrying out activities proposed above and specificallyto evolve workable methodsfor proposed. * Compositeindicators such as WEI, Water Balance,ESI and EnvironmentalQuality of life index. * The States nodal department, should also explore and act to involve private insttution and corporatebodies, banks, commercialorganizations specially on i) Biodegradationand reutilizaton of domesticwastes in primary productionsystems and thus reducepollution threat 11-22 Regional EnvironmentalAssessment: IWDP (Hls-Ill) 11.Envirnmeental Management Plan ii) Neutralizationadverse effects of industrialwastes (liquid & solid) to create renewablewealth like plantations. . The nodal department of State in collaborationwith other sister department should ensure disseminationof researchfindings to the users. 11.2.3 ENVIRONMENTALTRAINING AND AWARENESSGENERAn7ON 11.2.3.1 Topics for Training Training at all levels of officers, field functionaries,beneficiaries NGO-personnel etc. shouidbe made an integral part of all projectactivities. In additionto usual componentslike planningthrough PRA & Micro planning,interventions etc. it shouldbe impartedto buildingunderstanding and competence. • Key environmentalissues and indicatorsthereof * Availabletools like gaugingfor runoff, samplingrunoff for sedimentload and pollutantschannel geometry,vegetation composition, density ex-situ biodiversityetc. e Adoptingorganizing field trials on the use of sewage and industrialwaste water to raise trees and plants,producing organic manure from biodegradablewastes and versmecompost for application in fields underprimary production systems and thus raise productivityand production * Adoption& trial on altematenon-conventional energy sources. - Partnershipculture to arriveat decisionsand settingdown guidelines 11.2.3.2 The levels of training Training campsand coursesare envisagedfor: * Policy makers, administrators and managers senior level persons from nodal and allied departments,IT staff. * Middlelevel officers DCF/ACFof nodal and other sisterdepartmrents * Extensionworkers, Range Officers and field functionariesof the implementingagency, NGO, VDC etc. PDMsetc. . Private Individuals,Executives of Corporate and Civil Bodies, Banks and other commercial organizations * Farmersand other beneficiary * Training of Trainers 11-23 RegionaiEnvronmental Assessmnent JWDP (Hgs4lI) 11.Enmlrinmental Management Plan 11.2.3.3 TrainingStructure, Components and Materials Trainingactivities could be structuredin the form of and durationsas under From Duration Days Orientationcamps 1-2 Skill developmentmodules 2-3 Exchangeof experiences 1-2 On site interactions(Travelling workshop) 2-5 Awarenesscamps and melas 1-2 Audio-visualpresentations, group discussionson preparedleaflets, manuals, video films etc. to be used. Abstractof coursessuggested are given in Table 11.2. 11.2.4 POST PROJECTMANAGEMENT 11.2.4.1 VDC The institutionsbuilt and manpoweras well as local finance mobilizedare to remain operationalin post project years or after withdrawalof direct project supports. In order to have the capacity the project activities must be equippedwith adequate skills to run the organization,collect, keep and operatefunds, expenditureand loan advances. These institutions should take over the responsibilityfor maintaininginfrastructural assets created throughproject implementation,and also re-createassets which have been harvestedor which have outlived. The VDC should have to remainconversed with the ways and meansof fund mobilizationfrom their own contributions,aids from individuals,corporate bodies, NGOs etc. Similarlythe ways and means to obtain credit for activities related to natural resources,specially forest & water, from different existingand up-comingsources. 11.2.4.2 WRDMC This committeeshould be the prime moverto help VDCto advancetheir proposedinitiatives and help them to contact right departmentsand authorities.To keep it functionalnecessary mechanism should have to be evolvedduring projectimplementation. 11-24 RegionalEnironmental Assessment IWDP (Hils-Il) 11.EnironmenWta Management PMan 11.2.4.3 The Project ImplementingDepartment In such hill dominatedareas generallydepartment of forest is the project implementingagency. With the terminationof the WSD project,PIU may cease to exist. But the nodal departmentcannot fully withdraw.The institutionsand mechanismsthat the departmenthas helpedcome up need guidance and occasionalsupport to fructify their initiativesand to upgradetheir capacity.This is necessaryto enableVDC and WRDCSto dischargetheir dutieson a continuingbasis. Besidesthe departmentshave just openeda window and a conduitto enlist communitysupport and establishedpartnership culture. It will need this for protectionof the real forest area besides the created green area. Like other public service departments,this departmenttoo should have some JFM/ParticipatoryManagement wing where VDCIWRDMCcan come for guidanceand help. In order to renew this contact regularly the Departmentcan avail of using these institutions to propagatetree plantingduring Vana Mahotsav,observance of EnvironmentDay, NaturalResource of Land ConservationDay, Forestry Day, etc. Currently Central and State Departments of Forest. Environmentand Agriculture,Soil Conservationhave been organizingspecific programmesthrough out the country.The budgetaryprovisions even if it is low could be helpful to offer token support to VDCIWRDCand keep the conduit open and partnershipalive. The Departmentwill need both time and again for future programmesand shouldnot requireto recreatethe same every time. The nodal departmentwill be needingtime and again the data base on basic attributesand those obtainedthrough transformation as result of the projectfor justifying proposedinvestmemt on similar and allied projects in future. Investmentsin future will not be captive budgetaryprovision for such projects but on a competitiveproject effectivenessanalysis. Thus the proposed developmentof an Information System under the R&D project will be the enhanced capacity built for the nodal department It has to remain functional with professionallycompetent and trained personneland facilities not withstandingthe normal phenomenonof changing of officers and functionaries.One percent of the proposedproject outlay should be for its operationalcontinuance for a period of 5 years after terminationof the project. Further augmentationof fund should be obtained from new projects. 11.2.5 ENfVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT COSTS The managementcost estimate include the outlays needed for all recommendedinterventons and activitiesand those includedin view of the REA exercisescarried for IWDP (Hills II). These are given in Table 11.3.The project can not be implementedin isolationand must take part in nationalefforts to generateawareness, mass participationand capacitybuilding. L 7AmcOCs 11-25 Regional EnvironmentalAssessment IVVDP(HiNs-Il) 11. Environmental Management Plan TABLE 11.2: PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTALTRAINING COMPONENTS AND TRAININGSCHEDULE Type - Subject TrainingCor oneft - Trining7 Sct db 1. Technical Environment Basic EnvironmentalAssessment & Sum of Total Dayslyr.-6 Preparation of Envionmental Sum of # Participants-15 ManagementPlans EnvironmentalAwareness Training on Sumof Total Days/yr5- Site TrainingCamps Sum of # Particparns-5 Environmental Awareness Training- Sum of Total Dayslyr-2 ProjectStaff (with fieldvisits) Sum of # Participants-15 Environmental Baselines, Monitonng Sum of Total Daystyr-2 and Evaluation Sum of # Parcipantrs-10 EnvironmenvalEconomics in Itegrated Sum of Total Daystiyr-2 l WatershedManagement Sum of # Participants-15 Environmental Management of Sum of Total Days4yr-2 ______con Practices Sum______Construn of # Participants-_15 Natural Resources Management in Sumof TotalDaysiyr-2 RuralWatersheds Sum of # Participants-15 2. ProjectManagement InformationManagement AdvancedInstrumentation Sumof Total Daystyr-3 Sumof # Participants-20 Basic ComputerSkills Upgradation Sum of Total Daystyr-20 Sumof # Participants-20 GIS & Remote Sensing - Basics & Sumof Total Dayslyr-10 ProjectApplications Sumof # Participants-15 Information Technology for Project Sumof Total Daysyr-3 Management,Monitoring & Evaluation Sum of # Participants-15 Project Documentabon, Data Sum of TotalDayslyr-2 ProcessingAnalysis Sum of # Participants-15 L o 11-26 Regional EnWronmentalAssessnent IWDP (Hits-11) 11.En,mnmental Manageen7t Plan TABLE-I1.3:ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COSTS ComponentsWSub-Components UnitCost(RsJ100ha) Total Cost I. Land treatment including land acquisrlion Incremental Incremental II Soil Treatment, Sedimentation Traps, & other Soil Significant Major Conservation Techniques Ill. Water Conservation Techniques Significant Major Viz. Water harvesting, village farm ponds IV. Afforestation, Agro-forestry, Joint Forestry, Social Significant Major Forestry and Development of Nurseries. V. Altemative Energy Systems viz. Bio-gas, Solar Significant Major dryers for grains VI. Inputs to Eco Agriculture using Eco-Technologies Incremental Incremental ViI. Development of healthy animal stock, stall Incremental Incremental feeding, providing chaffers etc. VilI. Development of Nurseries for Horticulture Incremental incremental IX Development of rural, suburban Roads, Signfficant Major Connectvity ___ X. Green belt development for Industrial Zone for Marginal Incremental attenuation of air pollutants. Xi. Social Welfare measures, providing, basic Marginal Incremental amenities. XII. Capacity Building at village, district and state Incremental Incremental levels _ XiiI Annual recuring costs for monitoring and Incremental Incremental strengthening of Institutes 11-27 RegionalEnwronmentalAssessment IWDP (Hills-l) 11.Environmental Management Plan 11.3 FUTUREPROPOSED STUDIES The following studies are proposed to be undertakenin the project to develop a comprehensive framework for watershed development in the project area. These recommendationsare made consideringthat there is a need to developfurther detailedstructures and proceduresfor optimizing the environmental benefits from watershed development and management projects. These recommendedactions and studies are broadly classified into four groups, viz., project planning studies, monitoring and evaluation, decisions regarding project components and environmental sustainability. Project Planning * Watershed or sub-watershedlevel planning in a regional perspective shall be conducted in greater detailsthat are criticalin terms of bio-physicaland social factors. * The bottom approach has to be developed and used on socio-economicrationale and in partnershipculture through participatoryapproach between local communities/organizationand the implementingdepartment. * Prioritizethe watershed/subwatershed/micro watershed locations based on ranking tiechniques and developcriteria for qualification& selectionof watershedin each district. * Resource planning shall be drawn based on natural resource accounting, cost and benefit analysis,with andwithout projectscenarios for overallassessment of watershedprojects. * GIS applicationto geographicand attribute data shall be consideredfor describingreal objects with respectto position in a coordinatesystem for all the watershed developmentproject. This would enablein manipulatinga series of data simultaneouslyand changingspatial functions. * All availabledata from secondarysources such as maps, aerial photographs,satellite imageries or digital data, statistics, reports etc. shall be collected for all the study areas. Based on the above,field observationsshall be made for environment& projectattribute. * Environmentalattributes and projectattributes shall be interrelated,for identification,prediction of impactswith re-courseto developEnvironment Mitigation Measures. * Evaluate the existing,traditional know-howeco-technologies and rural technologiesfor various componentsof the studyso as to ac'optthese technologiesfor site specific conditions. * Data used in planning shall be documentedand preserved as bench mark by the Infonmation Systemof the ImplementingDepartment These will be retrieved& used for concurrent appraisal and also shall be availablefor post projectevaluation. * Technologymanagement coupled with data linkage from the demonstratedwatersheds shall be incorporatedfor exact and non-exactmatching of the differentwatersheds. 11-28 Regional Environmental Assessment IWDP (Hills4l) 11. Environmental Management Plan Technologymanagement coupled with data linkage (for changingscenario ) from the model on demonstrationwatersheds shall be documentedand retained in the same informationsystem. This will be used to determinethe applicabilityto other watershedyet to be treatedthrough exact and no exact matching. Monitoring and Evaluation * To understandthe processinside watershedarea, samplingtechniques shall be developedand determinethe numberof samplesto be consideredin analyzingcause and effects. * Effective indicators are to be developed for micro-shed through laboratories in Agriculture Universities/Institutions,at the roots of effective watershedmanagement planning. • Indicators to be selected in collaborationwith Department of Agriculture/Horticulture/Animal Husbandry/SoilConservation etc. and Universityllnstitutesfor effective watershed management planning. * Orientationcourses likely promotersfor supportingfuture initiates at village and watershedlevel, privateindividuals & institutes,executives of corporateand civic bodies, NGOs along with senior officersof the implementingdepartments, should be speciallydesigned. * Clusterapproach and cross cuttingthemes shall be consideredfor implementationand monitoring of WSD projects. * Future study should address structural analysis, watershed policy level indicators, economic indicators along with environmentalindicators to evaluate the effectiveness of watershed development,assign intenserating and also to determineefficiency of the project. * The holistic approach on catchment area study is warranted to delineate & avoid conflicts amongstupper & lowercatchment areas. . Environmentalimpact studies for micro-watershedsshall be integrated with main watershed studiesto measurethe micro & macroenvironment benefits. * Monitoringtechniques for measuringthe assets createdin watershedareas has to be developed. * Achievementmade in projectimplementation should be used with proper structurallinkages with on going programmesfor mass awarenessand participationsuch as observanceof: - Vana Mahotsav - EnvironmentalDay - ForestryDay - NaturalResources, Land & Water ConservationWeek Decisions regardingProject Components * Evaluatethe existing, traditionalknow how eco-technologiesand rural technologiesfor various components of the study so as - to adopt these technologies for site-specific conditions. 11-29 Regional Envronmental Assessment IWDP (Hlls-l11) tI. Envimnmental Management Plan Technologymanagement coupled with data linkagefrom the demonstratedwatersheds should be incorporatedfor exactand non-exactmatching of the differentwatersheds. * Observe impact of rural road componenton any increasein deforestation& undertakledetailed studiesand mitigationmeasures if this becomesa significantproblem. * Examinein detailthe energydevelopment options in terms of enhancedbio-gas use & villagemini hydro-power(e.g. associated in check dams) and study environmentalimplications in detail. Forrnulateplan to include these components after the mid-term review of the project or to coordinatewith otherongoing activities on energydevelopment in the region. Environmental Sustainability * Uncertainty and fuzzy analysis shall be carried out for each analysis for successful implementationof watershed development.Comparative studies among the different watershed management/development projects (particularly,the projects in India and Nepal in the Shivaliks) shouldbe undertaken. * Training packagemodules should be developedfor all levels, beneficiaries,officials, at project sites, district and State level. The lessons leamt and demonstrableinput output interactions shouldbe used throughprepared leaflets, audio visuals. * Legal and regulatory requirements shall be developed to protect farmers berieficiaries, environmentand local organizations. * Resourcedepletion (direct & indirect)and resourceenhancement in watershedsshall be studied in detail. Impact of the Project and remedial measuresfor project areas in the vicinlityof the environmentallysensitive areas such as Nationalparks, FragileZone etc., shouldbe studied. CONCLUSIONS The REA has established that proposed IWDP (Hills-Il) has a large potential for improving the environmental as well as the socio-economic quality of the project area, provided various environmental mitigation measures are implemented as recommended in the environmental managementplan. After the exercise,it seems that such REA are very usefultools in the projectsof similar nature and expanse. The REA helps bringing out in an integrated manner, the! important environmentalissues in the project Environmentalissues are to be mainstreamedthroiughout the projectprocess and are plannedto be integratedboth at macro and micro levels, in all asp,ectsof the project:participatory action plans, implementation,monitoring and evaluation.There is a strong need to make sure the environmentalbenefits of similar projectsare assessed,monitored and evaluated, and mitigation measures for various environmentalconcems are mainstreamed into the project activitiesthrough effectiveimplementation of the environmentalmanagement plan. 11-30 ANNEXUREE I Annexure-Zt OVERVIEW OF DIFFERElNT SUBl-WATERSHED UNDER IWDP (HILLS-11) 9DD58 12 7 0 13 3 46 7 hAA ttY AN I D~~~N Atf d IY a - mri-o mm , d v d4Rre 34 | § - 13~~~~~~Ihod"e'll 1yornantns r 12rrnRr1902 |loc1 12;021 r we^ 8HDit4paDpan Ourd~~~~~~~~~~~~~~88. Rsr 1W3k835U %BW qi 10 Nt MaHw- m @zRron@ @ c lath,d-5JIrawbtKn61ohrd 8RN"Rw iiv27 MSt 24J4 110 Dh4"a4 dhmShhkor Rrmo"Woft 0t8 TrnourN1 Kt S m~~ ~~our hsr W _ 223 EL B pSsthd~~~~~~~~~mSh&Mur 22EdrS305 PU %L 4 D mtFchL ghmnb ffiiEW5 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~524 J bb r KhdL ctiiambb_ChldilWS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 42 20B KBh~~~~~~~~~~C Ir- ANNd- I 5°bnSh ~0 20551 m 2hh9iiK 320iti0stAtt ~~~UTTARPtDS h Ro)nNs ShwS ShtWwSs ....360f _ Kritn4Nbdl undtan ~~~~~~viz UrdKhttUn4 _ SwnWS....3800,77',,'t.'l.'V!"U2flt422 2 4r.2Z i , .aswi:; >;Sri_ Ut1hUrSrWd 00;.tn v go' sg2211,5 GUrriN I Untw lKingnW 25fl0 c2 ,, 4 1-q z| -!; S. dk IKh2dNsdnI 133S35 3nM K HItM dhot51 2 7 f 95118AiF^+-s 4 f9 !r p' >'1T^ G.A Swr2 hMW 2500 bvrfChdUs amSilnghNiow R."Mias 46 i . 4 5 JAMMU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A KAIndfteR ANNEXURE-3.1 SUMMARY'OFCLIMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AS RECORDED AT CENTRE'S RESEARCHFARM (AVERAGE 1958-90) Jan. 42.2 3 20.4 8.9 14.0 14.4 3.8 79 57 2.3 6.6 248.2 Feb. 39.7 2 22.9 8.7 15.8 16.3 4.8 78 49 3.3 7.6 311.5 Mar 38.3 3 29.1 13.6 20.9 21.5 5.7 64 41 5.6 7.8 382.3 Apr 14.2 1 34.8 19.5 28.4 29.7 8.2 52 32 9.1 9.3 441.9 May 36 2 38.2 23.2 32.6 33.4 6.8 45 31 11.5 9.5 447.4 Jun 113.7 6 38.0 25.8 34.4 34.7 6.4 59 42 10.8 7.9 415.8 Jul 322.1 11 33.6 25.1 31.6 32.5 4.8 82 68 5.6 6.1 381.0 Aug 312.5 12 32.7 24.4 29.8 30.3 3.5 86 72 4.2 6.2 347.5 & 137.7 86 33.2 22.2 29.9 31.2 3.3 82 59 5.1 8.3 398.0 Oct 18.2 1 31.9 18.0 26.8 28.4 4.3 67 44 5.1 8.9 357.9 Nov 12.9 1 27.2 12.4 22.3 23.2 4.4 66 43 3.8 8.3 289.7 Dec 28.9 2 22.2 8.1 17.1 17.4 3.8 74 49 2.3 7.2 248.9 Annual 1116.4 51 30.4 17.3 25.3 26.1 4.8 69 49 5.7 7.8 354.2 I Forenoon 11 Afternoon Annexure-3.2 SUB-WATERSHED WISE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND-USE OF 5 PARTICIPATORY STATES IN THE SHIVALIK REGIONS P U N J A B DugliNadi Gurdaspur 1831 676 14 509 3230 HaraMajha Gurdaspu 165 300 231 360 200 1256 Bagra Clurdaspur 117 2419 2381 3891 977 1OB44 Phungotri . BhawarKhad Gurdaspur 3021 3421 2013 2126 716 11297 RajnlDevi Hoshlarpur 1179 2446 1509 564 0 5698 HajlpurPart II Hoshlarpur 4484 1563 701 133 163 7044 Daulowal Ropar 79 1028 382 79 49 1617 KotlaKhad Ropar 392 1853 745 482 27 3499 DangriNadi Patlala 2272 926 1495 1248 77 6018 Basaull Ramgarh Patlala 1937 5171 391 2205 167 9871 JhandaJl kl Rao Ropar 1108 614 2484 3886 187 8279 RattewalTakarwala NawanShehar 58 665 929 393 185 2230 Kukar suha NawanShehar 40 549 1557 378 0 2524 Basu Khad NawanShehar 216 4265 4920 825 195 10421 ChakSadhu Hoshlarpur 827 911 570 1245 1974 5527 Patlarl Hoshlarpur 262 843 321 653 1075 3154 Sahora Hoshlarpur 140 310 146 535 298 1429 Total 17,556 29,115 21,451 19,017 6799 93938 LeaAssociates 24,858 Dangrl PanchkulalAmbalaB022 6484 2B20 1590 8142 Naktl Yamuna Nagar 3034 4011 1088 455 870 9458 Sukhrao YamunaNagar 140 12 695 21 5062 5930 Markanda Ambala/Yamuna Nagar 5850 9425 1363 537 1030 18205 Chautang Yamuna Nagar 4220 6100 1120 210 371 12021 Total 192686 26032 6886 2813 15475 70472 Jammu & Kashmir Akhnoor Jammnu | -- lll-42350 Ramnagar Udhampur320 Ramblyars Pulwamasl |1 - 3 | 0I! 20105 RaJwar TaKulpwara 1 | ii|Wt196 14 75i Figures not available eAoAsociates Kaaa Malln Paurl Gorhwal 907 3630 3138 1650 9325 Sukhrao Paurl <3arhwal 202B 8106 5442 26648 42222 Unl Paurl Garhwal 6062 6062 Sona Plain Paurl Garhwal 5SB 2342 2892 75513335 Dabka Nalnital _ |11- 11| | | 19519 G3o1aSukhi Nalnital __il 4150 LCho9allyaT o!Nainita/U9dha m EMEN1 79785 Figures not available HIMACHAL PRADESH Chaaaar (R I Slrmour 34 410 28l B1 1342 2150 Jabil Khad _Smour 82 709 1117 _389 1245 3541 Kaushalys Khad (L) Slrmour 44 531 615 914 2104 Kausha__aKhad R - Slrmou_1 ______385 60_ _ Sea 1385 3052 T rapur kl nadl Slrmour 3S 356 439 74 1325 2230 Sell Khad Slrmour 47 248 442 302 . 950 1998 Suketl _ Slrmour _ 110 92 _ 219 41 1085 1549 Patwas Slrmour 100 S55 235 280 2084 3264 Maldhar waln Area Sirmour 81 847 226 635 1535 3123 Damtal KanUra 68 986 27 2743 3824 Upper Chakkl Chamba 22 291 24 2274 2612 Manhuts Chemba 102 1208 52 2753 4115 Lower Kalam Nadi Chamba 553 830 53 1545 2981 Jabbar Khad(L) Chamba 93 1628 25 2522 4266 Bar Nadi Chamba 287 1501 77 1927 3772 Sewarl Khad Sala" 258 1204 789 223 2472 Purawaa Naba Solan 11 1141 1410 373 2934 Benots Salan 4 652 253 11195 312 2416 Chiknl Khad(L) Soa,n 60 836 14 503 311 1724 Kheda Uprala- Solan 102 505 4 556 107 1274 Khall nata Solan 12 772 993 662 2438 Balad Nadli Sdlan 403 1678 2 1121 851 4055 Upper aIrsa(L) Solan 26 110 47 1029 853 2065 KahanaNadi Una 31 747 4 1761 1048 3591 Mairl Khad Una 12 632 221 275 1260 2400 Singhan DI Khad Una 6 11t 433 980 2270 3800 Una DI Khad Una 70 1564 438 630 900 3600 Gardia Nal. Una 137 1245 1208 740 570 3900 Jharlwall Khad 50 1843 387 920 700 3900 JadbaKhad Una 92 1073 655 730 250 2800 Nerer wala Nals Una 16 869 197 670 848 2600 Khurd dl Khad Una 10 970 1362 780 17B 3300 Bhanglan wal Khad Solan 150 979 60 _ 1175 2364 Patts Khsd SOWen 114 -683 950 ______1069 2816 GamlotiKhad Sirmour 22 144 409 886 1461 Mogtnand Wall Khad Sirmour 36 262 785 1628 2711 Mahot Chemba 60 1968 41 2216 4285 Ladoil Kanpta 94 1082 47 1769 2992 Galore Kanpr 13 612 63 1749 2437 Daggar-KaChoe Una 730 1060 810 2600 Upper arer Khad Una 2 758 1824 1016 3600 Total 3,537 33,655 18066 49574 119116 A&9 Lee Annexure-5.1 IWDP (HILLS-Il):RURAL-URBAN COMPOSITION OF POPULATIONBY TEHSIL, 1991 States Tehsil Total-Population % Rural-Population % Urban-Ppopulation Kupwara 172083 90.82 9.18 Pulwana 202270 95.42 4.58 Akhnoor 146802 94.56 5.44 Pathankot 507944 85.67 14.33 Dasua 504568 72.94 27.06 Hoshiarpur 510062 100.00 0.00 Balachaur 155787 78.21 21.79 Anandpur sahib 251140 78.78 21.Z2l Jagadhri 706015 93.40 6.60 Naraingarh 209430 69.04 30.96 Kasauli 5S358 94.85 5.15 Amb 136052 81.31 18.69 Una 135175 100.00 0.00 Bangana __55605 100.00 0.00 Haroli 51437 61.64 38.36 Nahan 59951 100.00 0.00 Nalaaarh 195598 96.92 3.08 Pachhad 39195 90.50 9.50 _~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--a Landsdowne 17225 21.74 78.26 1 - Kotdwara 43890 12A3 87.57 Nainital 82390 6.02 93.98 Haldwani 170404 4.54 95.46 Sitarganj 119078 10.52 89.48 Source: Compiledfrom Censusof India, 1991. Annexure 5.2 RURAL LITERACY LEVELS BY TEHSIL, 1991 Sttisht,ctfTehuii iTotal Poputetion MaePp FemaleP0 p jtal Litarates 1%Literates % male LteFRate: % FemaleLiterates KUPWARATEHSIL 169011 91323 23900 27105 16.04 88.18 11.82 PULWANATEHSIL 18370 961 28234 35312 19.22 79.96 2004 KINOOR TEHSIL 140081 72095 30603 42745 30.51 71.59 2841 gIJNADITRI9!t*t!;,8!@ts! M+,'lbht,jgti 345997_70936 176061 205651 89.40 56.22 43.78I AMBTEHSIL 129046 62926 66120 80418 62.30 54.49 45.51 BANGANATEHSIL 55605 27309 28296 32676 58.80 55.26 44.74 HAROLITEHSIL 51437 25456 25982 26762 52.00 59.34 UNA-TEHSIL 40.66 lo1= 55246 54663 - 65795 _ 5.90 57.54 42.41G ~"~N"ISTRIC 238W Z-'-23126 19637------1 117 61.90 63.49 3S.61 KASAULtTEHSIL 42663 23126 19537 24226 56.80 63.49 36.51 NALAGARHTEHSIL 195598 104248 91350 91889 47.00 63.81 36.19 9(MU9-IT---Cr______74942 _ 19439 10647 36808 49.10 63.80 36.20 NAHANTEHSIL 36956 19318 17638 17297 47.00 64.05 35.95 PACHHADTEHSIL 37986 19439 18547 19511 51.40 62.50 37.50 URDAS UR DISTRICT., 363656 '1891179 174477 197168 54.20 59.56 41.44 PATHANKOTTEHSIL 363656 189179 174477 197158 54.20 58.56 41.4_ HO7SHIARPURDI OT,cr;71-r _497501 960020 462619 564615 68.80 68.2t, _ 41.71 DASUYATEHSIL 432239 218868 213371 25522E 59.00 55.90 _ 44.10 HOSHIARPURTEHSIL 372014 195692 176322 231174 62.10 58.83 41.17 BALACHAURTEHSIL 155767 82941 72826 78215 50.21 64.50 3. 50 RUFyNAiGARt16TwRIa~ ;7 1 198417 102370 94047 99402 60.81 62.21 37.J_ ANANOPURSAHIB TEHSIL 198417 102370 94047 99402 50.61 62.21 37.79 AMBALADISTRICT .. 8"B320Dt 335537 296479 289339 92.20 127.38 72.64 NARAINGARHTEHSIL 195598 104248 91350 91889 47.00 63.81 36 1_ AGADHRITEHSIL 436418 231289 205129 197450 45.20 63.54 36.4 NAINITAL DISTRICT ', 309180 163883 146297 164749 60.10 63.76 36.24 HALDWANITEHSIL 126506 67019 59489 79255 62.60 59.89 40.11 SITARGANJTEHSIL 110521 58768 51755 34093 30.80 73.32 26.68 NAINITALTEHSIL 72151 38098 34053 41401 57.40 73.30 26 70 PAURI§ARHWAL DISTRICT 346518 165484 181034 192576 113.80 69.98 40.D2 LANDSDOWNETEH-SIL 189230 78812 90418 92789 52.34 59.30 40_____0__ KOTDWARATEHSIL 177288 86672 90618 99787 2.52 60.62 39.3 Source:Campilld from Cens of India,1991. Annexure-5.3 URBAN LITERACY LEVEL BY TEHSIL, 1991 Tehsil |Total Population % Literate % Male-Literate % Female-Literate INainital 72151 57.38 63.32 36.68 l Landsdowne 7106 77.68 68.15 3f.85 Kotdwara 34349 63.88 59.14 40.86 Haldwani 160150 57.93 61.26 38.74 Sitarganj 113675 _3047 73.59 26.41 {Pathankot 144288 64.29 56.37 43.63 Dasuya 72323 66.87 55.76 44.24 Hoshiarpur 138048 67.85 56.84 43.16 Anandpur Sahib 54723 68.98 57.63 42.37 jKasauli X12695 _67.75 55.34 =_ 44.66 Amb 7006 70.38 54.67 45.33 Una _ 25266 64.89 57.16 42.84 Pachhad 1209 76.26 58.79 41.21 Nahan 22995 69.55 56.06 43.94 |Jagadhri ______269597 63.36 57.48 42.52 1Naraingarh383264.68 56.96 43.04 Kupwara ~~~~3072 30.57 71.14 28.86 Pulwana 18564 30.02 69.35 30.65 Akhnoor 6721 58.10 59.10 40.90 PROJECT 1177776 59.93 58.94 - 41.06 Source: Compiledfrom Census of India, 1991. Annexure-5.4 WORKERS BY CATEGORY IN RURAL AREAS BY TEHSIL, 1991 TobT Popul-mon TotaiMain TotalPrlmary Total I Tobl %.yrlmary %Secondary /Tertlary %Z_WorkForce Workers Workers Secondary Tertiary Workors Worken Workar Particlpation |Workers Workers Ra IKUPWARATES I 189011 62490 42517 1680 8293 81 3.2 _ 15.l_ _ 31.3 ULWANATEHSIL 183706 5177391 3184 13830 614 8 26.5 28.4 KKHN00RTEHSIL 1 140081 96439 72040 1839 22760 74.7 7.4 RDASFUR--t I8TR C. 36365B 99214 54117 16422 28671 54.65 16.55 20.90 27.2S 36f3656ATHANKOTTEHSIL -99214~- S 4117 1T6422 2867554.55 16.55 28.90 27 .28 OSlOH.IR.UR.DIST OglT49lYif3"4liti;0'' - 960020 263354 163760 31796 67608 62.20 12.10 25.70 1 27.40 432239 109883 69904 11210 28769 63.62 10.20 26.18 25.42 sOSHIARPR TE SIL 372014 107746 63285 1i4670 29791 s5.74 13.62 - 27.65 28.__ 155767 45725 30561 5916 9248 66.84 12.94 20.23 29.35 RU A3RDSTR!¢!ia:gR 5.i' ~~l,',I~~i|~I ¢H 196417 63553 33185 4392 15976 61.97 8.20 29.83 __ 27.26 WANDPR SAH-IBTEHSIL 196417 53553 33185 4392 15976 61.97 8.20 29.83 27.26 XMBAIi.eDlSTRIfT'"-YsI1j 632016a 175719 119890 22190 33638 67.39 12.38 20.24 28.06 INARAINGARHTEHSIL _ __ 195598 562044 36563 6562 13079 65,05 11.68 23.27 28.73 IAGADHRITEHSIL 436418 119515 83327 15628 20560 69 72 13.08 17.20 9346987 94463 63174 11541 19738 66.90 12.20 20.90 27.30 Wb129046 t:Ut 32598 21812 3565 7221 66.91 10.94 22.15 25.26 55605 18069 13820 1254 2995 -76.48 6.94 1l6.58- 32.50 51437 13400 9625 1235 2540 71,83 9.22 18.96 26.05 1109909 30386 17917 5487 6982 58.96 18.06 22.98 27.65 COLAN'DISTRICT : 42663rLri 14807P7It:|:,,1z 6628 4151> ,p|WS4028 44.76., 28.03 27.20 34.71 42663 14807 6628 4151 4028 44.76 28.03 27.20 34.71 SIPMAURDISTR CTo !o ,|i,;1fif '5f : /1 270540 83963 61146 8695 15747 76.61 9.78 14.69 35.35 369569 1 I0989 7888 1580 1521 71.78 14.38 13.84 29.74 195598 54809 1 36563 6562 13079 66,95 12.02 23.95 27.92 9ACHHADTEHSIL 37986 18385 16695 543 1147 90.81 2.95 6.24 48.40 NAINIT,f DISTRiCT !. : ';f' . ., ; ...... ! M, 109017' -,309190;q' 84328 6225 16464 77.95 7.30 14.75 35.99 HALOWANITEHSIL 126508 44162 31115 4333 8714 70.46 9.81 19.73 34.91 SITARGANJTEHSIL 110521 34951 30163 1894 2894 86.30 5.42 8.28 31.62 AINITALTEHSIL 72151 29904 23050 1998 4856 77.08 6.68 16.24 41.45 PAURIGARHWAL SDITRICT . 346518 91009 62179 4819 24211 69.61 4.90 26.49 26.24 LANDSDOWNETEHSIL 169230 42299 30777 1037 10485 72.76 2.45 24.79 24.99 KOTDWARATEHSIL 177288 48610 31402 3582 13726 64.47 7.35 28.18 27.48 Source: Compiledfrom Censusof India,1991. Annexure-5.5 WORKERS BY CATEGORY IN URBAN AREAS BY TEHSIL, 1991 State I Tehuil TotalPopulation TotalMaln Total-Primary Total Toba %f_Prlmary Secondary % Tertiary 'hWork Force Workers Workers Secondary Tertiary Workers Workers Workers Participation Workers Workers Rate . IKuPwara 3072 853 353 30 470 41.38 3.52 55.10 27.77 Pulwana 18564 4915 1455 250 3210 29.60 5.09 65.31 26.48 IAkhnoor 6721 1787 78 6 1703 4.36 0.34 95.30 26.59 Pathankot 144288 38684 2901 7316 28467 7.50 18.91 73.59 26.81 asuya _ 72329 20209 2866 3605 13738 14.18 17.84 67.98 27.94 1-lshiarpur 138048 40529 6651 9621 24257 16.41 23.74 59.85 29.36 Balachaur O O O _ O1__ O 0 Anandpur Sahib 54723 15816 810 4148 10858 5.12 26.23 68.65 28.90 Jagadhri 269597 74313 5894 25258 43161 7.93 33.99 58.08 27.56 Naraingarh 13832 3565 908 580 2077 25.47 16.27 58.26 25.77 Casauli _ _ 12695 3590 272 477 2841 7.58 13.29 79.14 28.28 I tmb 7006 1882 626 361 895 33.26 19.18 47.56 26.86 Bangana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 aroli ______0 0______0___ _ _ a___ _ 0 __ 0 0 Uan 25266 7523 1767 2436 3320 23.49 32.38 44.13 29.78 Pachhad __ 1209 _ 438 69 62 307 15.75 14.16 70.09 36.23 Nlahan 22995 6128 318 1367 4443 5.19 22.31 72.50 26.65 Niainital 72151 29904 23050 1998 4856 77.08 6.68 16.24 41.45 Landsdowne 7106 2744 117 217 2410 4.26 7.91 87.83 38.62 Source: Compiledfmm Censusof India, 1991 Annexure-5.8 DISTRIBUTION OF SC & ST POPULATION IN RURAL AREAS BY TEHSIL, 1991 StateDltrc_ehsll TotalPpulation C Toat iST S %_ST_Males | %.STjemales /1 T_ !. ,: i s'Fe, e's KUPWARATEHSIL 109005 0.00 ______°-°°_ _I UAWANOOTEHSIL _ 183758 0.010 _ 0__ _ 0.00 TEHSILiomi I 0 0.00 ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~0.000.00 Utd | DIaWCTi1g,E32iN34699t ! L 2Z69 41 . ~~~~~~- ~ ~ ~~~~S.12 ~ ~ ~~0.01'48 AMBTLHSIL ______1290W6 26.35 .0 0.00 0.00 0.00 5560ANATEHSLi 27.36 0 0.00 0 000.00 51437HAROIIYEHsL _ 19.10 41 0.08 95.12 4.tt )NA109909 YeHslL 18.88 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 42663~~~~~3.7 - 1812 4.25 53.3T_____ 4______42663 35.75 1812 4.25 5i__37 45.63 232664 27.60 4172 1.79 63.40 4.s60 36956 31.22 4172 11.29 53.40 46.60 NALAOAHTEHSIL _S1955968 20.92 0o0.00 o.oo o.0 DIR MISTI 37986 40.56 . 67 0.15 66 89 44.57 ACHHADTEHSIL 3798 40.58 ' 559.65 40.35 URDASPU*1 W !49 ! _ ~~~~~36365s3.6 0.01) 0.00 o.o0 ATHANKOTTEHSIL 363656 34.55 ------o__0.00 0.00 0.00 ? 49362w2329~~~~~~~~~~IM0 02.00 3°.0 ° °°°0.0W0 432239______2 _ __ _0 0.00 . 1SIARPURTEHSIL _372014 4 3 0 0000 0.00 0.000 0 iAIACHAURTEHSIL 2 055767 0.00 0.00 0.00 ______I196417 19,30 0 o.w0. o.00 WANDPURSAN1S TEISIL 196417 19.30 .00 0.00 0.00 INARAINOARHTEHSIL T195598 26.92 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 RADIRTEHSIL 436416 33.71 o.00 09.00 0.00 IS ITAa .mr* 1/P!M ,39 sowiSlj 15.7 26229 8.48 61t82 48.18 126508 15.24 152 0.12 51.97 48.03 110521 9.08 25921 23.45 S1.77 48.23 72151 26.88 158 0.22 58.97_ _ 41.03 DISTMOV-." 346516 11.41 11263 0.36 66.90 iTil)__ 'AURINB TInSHSL 169230 12.35 26 0.02 82690 14 17.6 .OTDWARATEHSIL 177288 10.52 1235 0.70 55.30 44.70 Source: Compiled from censusof Inda. 1991. Annexure-6.7 DISTRIBUTION OF SC & ST POPULATION IN URBAN AREA BY TEHSIL, 1991 Tehsil | Total Population %SC %ST %°tMale-ST % Female-ST Nainital 72151 26.88 0.22 58,97 41.03 Landsdowne 7106 12.10 0.27 63.16 36.84 Kotdwara 34349 10.34 0.06 61.90 38.10 H11aldwanl 8160150 17.26 0.14 53.21 46.79 Sitargan; 113675 9.19 22.98 51.87 48.13 Pathankot 144288 22.07 0.00 _° o.oo o.oo Dasuya 72329 22.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hoshiarpur 138048 25.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 Anand ur Sahib 54723 22.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 K12695 12.97 1.59 55.45 44.55 7006 23.39 0.01 100.00 0.00 Una 25288 19.11 0.05 61.54 38.46 Pachhad 1209 18.11 0.00 Nahan 22995 24.03 0.31 65.28 34.72 _ _ __lli I _mm NM111 iWlF9 - . Jagadhri 269597 11.77 0.00 0.00 _.Oo Naraingarh 13832 27.06 0.00 0.00 O.oO KuPwara 3072 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pulwana 18564 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Akhnoor o 6721 12.27 0.00 0f00 0.00 Source: Compiledfrom Censusof India,I 991. Annexuro-5.8 % OF VILLAGES HAVING SELECTED INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES BY TEHSIL, 1991 STATE DISTRICT TEHSIL total % OF VILLAGESWITH INFRASTRUCTUREFACILITIES numberof Educational Medical Drinking Marketing Power vHilages Water Supply SUPplY L______|KUPWARA Kupwara 129 93.79 19.38 100.0 0.0 88.37 |PULWANA Pulwana 245 70.61 11.43 95.51 0.0 _95.51 |JAMMU Akhnoor 228 58.195 15.93 91.15 0.0 71.24 GURDASPUR Pathankot 417 89.21 24.94 76.26 0.72 93.53 I______RUPNAGAR Anandpur Sahlb 238 90.76 54.2 93.7 2.1 97.9 HOSHIARPUR Dasuya 614 82.74 20.19 97.56 2.12 97.56 Hopshiarpur 513 83.82 44.25 98.25 1.56 98.25 Balachaur 1 193 80.31 32.12 98.96 3.11 98.96 |AMBALA |Naralngarh 1 215 81.86 32.09 96.74 0.93 96.74 IYAMUNANAGAR IJagadhrl 189 64.55 28.57 97.35 0.0 97.35 11 |~~~~SOLAN IKasaUll 285 | 25.96 110.18 197.19 1 0.0 |97.19I 11______1______I_178_Nalagarh 34.27 11.8 74.79 0.0 74.79 _ _ __SIRMAUR _Pachchad __260 31.54 20.0 100.0 0.0 98.46 11______I______|Nahan _ ; _136 54.41 80.88 100.0 0.0 1 100.0 I UNA Amb 177 63.28 46.89 99.43 0.0 98.30 |Bangana 311 36.01 20.26 87.13 0.0 87.13 11 ______1 ______lUna S0 92.5 70.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Haroll 25 100.0 88.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 11______- _ IPAURI GARHIWAL |kotdwara 5683 36.02 49.74 95.37 28.82 49.05 11 1 ILansdowne I 1050 44.95 26.19 91.24 7.33 55.14 11______|NAINITAL jNaInital 1 235 76.17 52.34 97.45 0.85 63.40 11 ______1 ______IHaidwani 377 66.05 37.14 1 99.47 2.92 97.88 ______I ______|Sltargani [ 125 73.6 1 89.6 100.00 1.6 93.6 Source:Compiled frommCensus of India, 1991 Annexure-5.9 % OF VILLAGES CONNECTED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROADS BY TEHSIL, 1991 |STATE DISTRICT TAHSIL tot. no. */OFVILLAGES CONNECTED BY of TYPEOF RURAL ROADS villages Pucca kuchcha footpath _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Im i_i AMN ______KUPWARA Kupwara 129 58.14 41.08 0.0 PULWANA Pulwana 245 47.76 47.35 0.0 JAMMU Akhnoor 226 32.74 58.41 0.0 GURDASPUR Pathankot 417 90.41 3.12 0.0 RUPNAGAR AnandpurSahlb 238 93.7 3.53 0.0 ______=_ HOSHIARPUR Dasuya 614 92.67 4.23 0.65 7______7Hopshlarpur 513 95.32 2.92 0.19 Balachaur 193 84.82 3.63 0.0 AMBALA Naraingarh 215 96.27 7.91 3.26 YAMUNANAGAR Jagadhri 189 93.65 20.63 0.53 SOLAN Kasaul 285 36.49 36.14 81.75 Nalagarh 178 4.91 42.14 58.99 SIRMAUR Pachchad 260 11.02 46.15 94.23 Nahan 136 33.09 36.76 38.23 .UNA Amb 177 53.11 83.62 98.87 Bangana 311 36.33 53.05 77.17 Una 80 80.0 90.0 93.75 Haroll 25 100.0 100.0 100.0 PAURI GARHWAL kotdwara 583 16.81 22.64 73.24 Lansdowne 1050 14.66 30.57 45.52 _ NAINITAL Nalnital 235 22.12 48.94 42.55 Haldwanl 377 68.44 45.89 5.04 SitarCanopl 125 47.2 77.6 Id Source:.Compiled from Census of India,1991 Annexure-9.1 COMPREHENSIVESET OF M&EENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR WATERSHEDMANAGEMENT The identified indicators are provided in the following paragraphsfor different key environmental components: Availability of land physicallywithout getting lost to production systems has to be monitored first This couldbe termed as securingentity of land. * Area affectedby land slides, torrents,gullies etc. when land seemsto get physically lost i.e. Area physically degraded. Decreasein area under these categories is a measure of the projects effectivenessto secure land. Indicator- Extent of degraded land - AD * Land Use distributionchanges i) Extentof Area under cultivation - AC ii) Extentof Area lying Fallowor uncultivated - AUC (Currentand Long) iii) Extentof CulturableWasteland - ACW iv) Extentof ara under forest - AF v) Extent of area underpasture/grazing land - AP vi) Extendof area under tree crops/groves - AOIT vii) Extentof unculturable/barrenland - AUC/B Total of (i) to (vi) is the land area underprimary production systems when green cover stand on land cover entireor part of the year. Increasesin area under these uses is a socio-economicgain and also a step forward to the attainmentof ecologicalgain. Indicator- Land Use distribution * Physical attribute i) Soil texture- to ensurethat percentageof coarser particles(sand) has not increaseddue to - gradationassociated with erosion. ii) Bulk density- to determinethe decreaseif any which is a measureof structuralimprovement and thus biomassproductivity potential. iii) Soil MoistureStorage Status - The commonpractice is to use one value namely Maximum Water Holdingcapacity. But what is importantis a rangeof informabon.A fair idea could be had from the following. * MaximumWater HoldingCapacity I F* DetentionStorage (DS) * Field Capacity t-1 RetentionStorage (RS) * PermanentWilling I Changesin DSand RS providea fair indicationof the increasedavailability of moisturein the soil profileand thus to the plant.This capacity rebuilding a significantmeasure of ecologicalupgradation andthus needs to be monitored. * ChemicalAKtribute i) Changesin pH ii) Totaland available levels of N.P.K. iii) Exchangeablecations - a measureof the casein plantnutrient availability iv) SAR * BiologicalAttribute i) OrganicMatter/Organic Carbon (OM/OC) - Both as a sourceas well as a multilateral facilitatorto nutrientavailability. Improvement in the contentof OWOC is a composite measurementof improvementin soil health.This is also direct reflectionon increased microbialpopulation and activity.As the detectionsof changesin microbialpopulation is involvedin termsof time,facilities needed and expense, OMWOC content monitoring could be a reasonableproposition. ii) C.N.ratio is alsomore involved as these could be resortedto onlyfor few speciallyidentified sites. _t_ _ _ __.. --- *-r- _ * Runoff i) Volumeassessed such as (1) RunoffPotential Index RPI (Pre project)vis-a-vis observed runoffas percentof rainfall(2) Preproject on observedVs Postproject observed. ii) PeakRunoff * Assessedvs. observedto be preferred * Assessedpre project vs. Assessed post project * Soil-loss/Siltload i) Preproject vs. postproject observed Or Preproject assessed vs. ObservedPost project Sedimentation i) SPRPre project assessed/observed vs. Postproject observed. ii) Sedimentdeposition behind check dams and in WaterHarvesting Storages. * ChannelFlow i) fromseasonality/perenniality to number and duration over the year. ii) Flowduration in Nala/Stream e) SurfaceStorage Ponds and Tanks i) Increasein No.and Storage Capacity for the watershedas a whole. ii) Water depth in April - June - September- December * Recharge i) Rejuvenationof Springs Pre project Post Project ii) GroundWater 1) Dug Well - no. Pre projectvs. Post project 2) Tube Wells - no. Pre projectvs. Postproject 3) Fluctuationof Water Table Pre projectvs. Postproject in April - June - Sept.- Dec. * Increasein IrrigatedArea & IrrigabonVolume i) Area Irrigated 1) Rabi 2) Kharif 3) Summer * MassWater Balance Pre project BA Post project also CW vs.PW Determining - IncreasedWatershed Retention - IncreasedUtilisation (ET) on Watershedby 1) RainfedCrop land 2) IrrigatedLand 3) Area under Forest or Tree/Agroforests models 4) Decreasein loss through evaporationfrom open space IHIydrological Status in a watershedchanges due to transhiftmentof the limited incident rainFallwithin the watershed. The hydrological transhiftmentagain is over space which could be monitored as given above. It also varies over time during a year and for a reasonableperiod say five rather 10 years would be desirable.Utilization of water thus transhiftedis throughcrops & plants and therefore computedfor observed data should be for weeks and then monthly, seasonal and annLialstatus could be worked out Water Balancechanges are due to combined package of SWC i.e. Structuraland vegetastive.The relativeinfluence vs. combinedeffects are illustratedin attachedtable. This is also affected by other detailsof land management * Induced and Ex-situ Human intervention in any form affects bio-diversity.None of the Primary Production systems - cultivation, pasture/grazing land management, Orchard/horticulture,plantation crops, Fplantation forestry is an exception.Settlements, industrial development, mining, power plant etc. all affect bio- diversity.The attempts of the project should be to assess the existing bio-diversityat sites away from natural eco-systemand therefore Ex-situ bio-diversityand indicate the desirability to upgrade same, throughinterventions and thereforeit is induced bio-diversity. a) Pre project i) Plant Composition Tree Spp - Numberfound - importantSpp; Shrubs- Numberfound - importantSp; HarbaceousGrass; medicinal- Numberfound - important PlantsSpps. ii) Plant Density Trees Shrubs Harbaceous b) Mid Project3d year after Project Launched i) PlantComposition Trees Shrubs Harbaceous ii) Plant Density Trees Shrubs Harbaceous c) Post Project- 5t year earliest i) Plant Composition Trees Shrubs Harbaceous ii) Plant Density Trees Shrubs Harbaceous The observationare to be taken under differentlanduses. i) Crop land ii) Pastureand Grazing land iii) CommonProperty Resourceseg. PanchayatWillageland iv) Corporateland afforested v) Govt. Waterlandsafforested vi) Settlementsand Homesteads IIn-situ Biodiversity a) ForestClasses No. of Trees No. of Shrubs No. of Harbaceous i) Reserved ii) Protected iii) Soyam Blanks Area underlantena infestation * Productivityand Production * Rainfed Crop land q/ha and total for the Watershed * IrrigationCrop land q/ha and - do - * Pasture & grazing ground q/ha and - do - * HorticultureLand q/ha and -do- * Farm & Agro forestry qlha and - do- * Area (non annualCrop.) q/ha and - do - The data to be collectedon yearly basis Table Influenceof Naturaland InducedVegetation on HydrologicalProcesses; and productivitywith/without Soil & WaterConservation. J)ararntmer 1. interventions None All nornal inputs All norTnalinputs relatingto relatingto conservation conservation _ 2. Interception 2.1 WVthoutSoil & Water Veryhigh Low Moderate conservation _ 2.2 With Soil& Water Low Moderate conservation 3. Infiltration 3.1 WithoutSoil & Water VeryHigh Low Moderate Conservation 3.2 With Soil& Water Moderate High conservation 4. Runoff at drought proneness 4.1 WithoutSoil & Water Verylow High Moderate Conservation 4.2 WVthSoil & Water Medium Low conservation _ 5. Soil erosion andsedimentation 5. Witho Soil&Water VeryLow High Moderateto low I____ Conservation l l 5.2 |Wh Soil& Water Medium Low consenrvationll 6. Soil Moisture availability 6.1 VWithoutSoil & Water High VeryLow Low Conservation& Water harvesting(HH) . 6.2 Wth SWC Moderate High 6.3 With SWCJWH Highto Veryhigh Highto Very High 7. Productivity 7.1 WithoutSoil &Water High Medium Optimum Conservation 7.2. Wth Soil& Water High Paroptimum conservation Annexure-9.2 A CASE;STU DY ONUliISATlON OF i3E lTECHNIQUESiN The illustrationis basedon the NaturalResources of ArunWater, Nepal. The watershedconsisting of 5048 sq. km. is locatedin the remotearea of Eastem Nepal.Steep slopes and marginallands have been cultivatedand are unstableand vulnerableto erosionand landslides. The ERDASGeographical Information System was used in analyzingthe erosion statusof the watershed.The basic primarydata input was generatedfrom remote sensingtechniques. The maticmaps like landuse/cover map, aspect, drainage, geology mapsetc. were prepared using land satellite imageries. LandUselCover Map This mapwas preparedprimarily by manualinterpretation using colour, tone and texture. The datawas digitized, for preparationof a landuse/cover map. The categoriesof land usewere Agriculture, Forest, Grass land, Rocks and Snow. Aspect Map Similarlyan aspectmap was preparedthrough the interpretationof lightand shadow on the imageries.Eight major aspects were identified. DrainageMap A drainagemap was preparedfrom false colourcomposite of Landsatimageries. The boundariesof differentorders of subcatchmentwere delineated. 722 first orderstreams, 131 secondorder, 29 thirdorder and 8 fourthorder streams were identified. Soil Map Thismap was donein 2 stages.First a basemap (1:250,000) was preparedon the basis of interpretationof the landsat imageries.Next, a second map was prepared incorporatingthe fieldobservations on sampleplots and secondary sources. Sampleplots were taken to representall physiographicunits. Soil profiles were taken to studysoil texture,structure, horizons, depth and pH. Finaladjustment of soil boundaries weremade. On Landsatimageries, shape, pattem, textures, tones and reflectivitywere used to estimatesoils and soil types; Haplustaffs,Cryumbrepts, Dystrochrepts, Rhodustalfsand Haplumbrepts were identified. GeologyMap This map was preparedby visual interpretationof the imageriesand compiling secondarydata and reports. Rock types and lineamentswere identified e.g., Metamorphicrocks, Schist, Phyllite and Quartzite,Metasedimentary rocks (Argelleous andCalcarious). Vegetation Map Foresttype classification was doneon the basisof colour,tone of the imageries,altitude, climate,aspect,Dobromez's ecological map and availablereports. Field checking was doneto preparethe final map. Fivevegetation classes viz., tropical/subtropical,lower temperature,upper temperate, subalpine and alpine were mapped. SecondaryInformation This map includedtopographic maps, temperature and rainfallisohytes and vegetabon map. Usingtopographic contour maps, contour lines were digitizedto preparea three dimensionalDigital Elevation Model. Slope Map This mapwas preparedmanually by usingD-h cot L where D is distancebetween two points,h, altitudedifference and L, the slopeangles. ClimaticClassification This map was based on vegetationand objectiveevaluation on precipitationarid temperature.The climatic information was basedon Koepper'sclassification. Annexure-9.3 Indicesare a commonmethod of describingcommunity diversity. They are usefulas they summarselarge amounts of ecologicaldata into a singlevalue by joiningtwo key componentsof the study area, eg. Relativeabundance and speciesrichness, into a singlenumber i.e. the indexor biodiversityindex On site this requiresmeasurement of numberof individualsof a speciesin a particular area which is done by quadrats,transacts or plotlesssampling. For example,if the resultsof two transactsgive the followingresults: SAMPLEl: Totalnos. of species= 100,Type is = 10 Typeof species A B C D E F G H I J Total ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(10) Numberof 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 individualsof eachtype . SAMPLEII: Totalnos. of species= 100,Type = 10 ______~~~~I(10) Numberof 91 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100 individualsof each type _e___ In orderto attaina diverseand stableecosystem there should be speciesrichness as well as eveness.Species richness of boththe samplesis the samei.e. 0.1. SpeciesRichness Totaltype of Species Totalnumber of species SpeciesRichness (Sample I) = 10 = 0.1 100 SpeciesRichness (Sample II) = 91 = 0.1 100 However,in order to incorporatethe concept of evenness,the probabilityof occurrence of individuals should be incorporated.The final formula for calculation of Biodiversity Index is as follows: D= z pi.log2 pi n where pi= ni n where pi = relative proportion or probability of occurrence of the ith species in a community ni = numberof individualsof the ith species n = total numberof all species An increasedvalue would indicatehigher diversity. Followinais a workedout exampleof calculationof BiodiversityIndex. In a samplesurvey consistingof five species A, B, C, D, E with total numberof individual= 100 with the followingdistribution of individualsof each species: A= 50, B=35,C= 7, D=5 and F=3.The Bio-diversityIndex can be calculatedas follows: ni= 50, 35, 7, 5, 3 n =100 Species Ni pi=ni Log ni Log2 ni ni (1092 ni) type n n n n n A 50 0.50 -0.30 -0.69999 -0.4999 B 35 0.35 -0.456 -1.5148 -0.5302 C 7 0.07 -1.155 -3.8369 -0.2686 D 5 0.05 -1.301 -4.3219 -0.2161 E 3 0.03 1.553 -5.1591 -0.1548 TOTAL 100 ____-1.6696 D = -1.6696 A modifiedformula to make calculationseasier is done by counting to log base 10 as follows: 1 D = 3.322 (logio n- -- ni logloni) The stepsto be followedon site are as follows: Step 1:Sampling for assessingthe Biodiversityin the ProjectArea The project componentsof IWDP in Shiwaliks are primarilyvegetative interventions as follows: Project Component Vegetative Intervention Type of Sampling Forestry Afforestation Plotlesssampling ProductionComponent Plotlesssampling Silvi pasture Quadratsampling Vegetativebarriers Quadratsampling Soil and Water Conservation Streambank protection Quadratsampling Agriculture Vegetativefield boundaries Quadratsampling On-farmfodder production Quadratsampling Horticulture Rainfed Horticulture Quadratsampling Plotless Sampling This method requires calculationof mean area (MA) i.e. the average area of the ground coveredby each individual and the area to be surveyed ie forest area or afforestation area or unit area (U.A.). The samplingis carried out by point centred method. A series of random points within the forest area are selected.A minimum of 20 points shouldbe taken coveringthe area evenly. At each point the area is divided into four equal parts or quadrats with the help of a compass. o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fig. 1 Forestarea and samplingpoints stratified randomly a 0 b SamplingPoint c;) K - ao Tree Species Fig. 2 Recordingof speciesaround sampling point In eachquadrat identify the tree andrecord it in the followingtable. Site Surveyor Date CanopySp/Under storey species girth size& ht. Point Quad. Species Pointto Plant ______distance a b Meanarea per tree = (meanpoint to treedistance) Frequencyof tree species= nos.of pointsat which tree is foundttotalnumber of point. QuadratSampling Quadratsizes vary for differenttypes of vegetation.For trees it shouldbe 50 m2. For shrubsthe size of quadratshould be 10 to 20 m2 . For ground cover/herbacious 3 vegetabonthe sizeshould be equalto 0.5 to 1m . Onthe wholethe areaof the quadrats shouldbe 5%of the totalarea to be surveyed. Thedata collection can be doneby markingout a squareor rectangleframe around the areaand recording the specieswithin it. The valuescan be tabulatedas follows: Site Surveyor Date Canopy/Under Storey Species Species Number Step11: period of Sampling The samplingshould be doneannually, however, it can be done at the initiationof the projectand in controlledwater sheds after 3 yearsand 5 years i.e. to recordthe fast growingspecies and the speciesthat haveestablished themselves successfully. After fiveyears the mediumgrowth species can be recorded.Also, since the projectspan is 5 years,one monitoring is requiredat the endof 5 years. Step Ill: Assessingthe Biodiversity By the applicationof the Sharon and Weinerformula, the biodiversityof the samples surveyedcould be workedout. Assessmentshave to be donewatershed wise for all controlwatersheds. Numberof sampleswould dependon the area coveredby a particularproject component Areato be surveyedcould be takingvarious situations - Upperhills, middlehills and plainand about 20% of the totalarea under afforestation could be surveyed. Vanousstudies/researches and observationsindicate that even if 2 tree speciesare addedover a periodof 5 years,it is a positivetrend in incrementof biodiversity.When these happento be representationsof the endemicflora it is a favourabletrend in improvingthe ecologyof the area. --" ." -". - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ R A ON- Regional Environmental Assessment IWDP (Hills-fl) Bibbiography BIBLIOGRAPHY Abstracts. Soil and Water Conservation - Challenges and Opportunities. Eighth InternationalSoil ConservationConference. New Delhi. December,1994. Agro-Economic Research Centre. Impact Evaluation Study - Integrated Watershed Development (Hills) Project, Markanda Watershed, Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh University,Shimla. 1998. Arya, Samra,J.S., Swam Lata. Socio EconomicImplications and ParticipatoryAppraisal of Integrated Watershed ManagementProject at Bunga. BulletinNo. T-27/C-6,Central Soil and Water ConservationResearch & Training Institute,Research Centre, Chandigarh, India. 1995. Australian EIA Network. International Study of the Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment.(http://www.environment.gov.av/oort... epo/eianet/case studies/CS 78.html). Bansal, R.C., Hussenappa,V., Sastry, G. and Tejwani, K.G. HydrologicalAspects of Farm Ponds in Doon Valley. Central Soil and Water ConservationResearch and Training Institute, Dehradun(U.P.). 1981. Bollom, Michael. W. Impact Indicators - An Alternative Tool for the Evaluation of Watershed Management Indo-GermanBilateral Project"Watershed Management", New Delhi - 1998. CentralWater Commission.Guidelines for SustainableWater ResourcesDevelopment and Management. New Delhi.September, 1992. De, Rajat. Watershed Management. Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, PUSA, New Delhi. 1995. Department of Agriculture, Haryana. Socio-EconomicImpact of Integrated Watershed Development(Hills) Project,Haryana (World Bank Aided).Panchkula, Haryana. 1998. Doon Valley Integrated WatershedManagement Project, Dehradun (U.P.). Together we can make a difference - Some Experiences from Doon Valley Watershed Management Project. Dr. Berry, A., Joshi, S.M. Doon Valley Project: Evolutionof ParticipatoryApproach for WatershedManagement. Paper submittedto NationalWorkshop on 'Watershedapproach to La Associates -1- RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) Bibliography Rainfed Farming: Strategiesfor IntegratedWatershed Development in Hill Region, New Delhi. 1998. Dr. Grewal, S.S., Mittal, S.P. and Dr. Singh, G. Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands in the HimalayanFoothills: Peoples' Participation. Ambio - A Journal of the Human Environment, Royal SwedishAcademy of Sciences.Vol. 19, No.1, Feb. 1990,pp. 45-48. Dr. Grewal, S.S., Mittal , S.P., Samra, J.S., Singh, G., Sud, A.D. Grasses for Soil conservationin Shivalik Hills. Bulletin No. T-25/C-4, Central Soil and Water Conservation Researchand Training Institute,Research Center, Chandigarh, India. 1991. Dr. Sivanappan,R.K. Soil and Water Conservationand Water Harvesting.Tamil Nadu Social ForestryProject. Indo - Swedish ForestryCo-ordination Programme. Madras. April, 1992. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations. Sources and Nature of Water Quality Problemsin Asia and the Pacific.New York, 1990. European Commission Technical Assistance. Integrated Watershed Management Projects. Capital Formation Study: July - Sept., 1997. W.S. Atkins IntemationalLtd., Girton, U.K. - U.P. Desco Ltd., Lucknow,India. January,1998. European Commission Technical Assistance. Integrated Watershed Management Projects. Impact Evaluation Study of PDVs S BhagirathiII Project. April - November, 1995. W.S. Atkins IntemationalLtd., Girton, U.K.- U.P. DescoLtd., Lucknow,India. January,1998. European Commission Technical Assistance. Integrated Watershed Management Projects. Management Information System. Manual: Divisional set-up, Nov. - Dec., 1997. W.S. Atkins IntemationalLtd., Girton,U.K. - U.P. Desco Ltd., Lucknow,India: January,1998. European CommissionTechnical Assistance.Integrated Watershed ManagementProjects. TA MonitoringReport No.12.April - September1998. W.S. Atkins IntemationalLtd., Girton, U.K. - U.P. Desco Ltd., Lucknow,India. October,1998. European Commission Technical Assistance, Integrated Watershed Management Projects. impact Evaluation Study : Villagers' Perceptions - July-October 1997. WS Atkins IntemationalLtd., Girton,U.K. and U.P. DescoLtd., Lucknow,India. European Union Technical Assistance, IntegratedWatershed Management Projects. Impact Assessment Study, Bhimtal Project. WS Atkins International Ltd., Girton, U.K. and U.P. Desco Ltd., Lucknow,India. May, 1996. 2a Associate -2-' 7 RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-ll) Bibliography Food and AgricultureOrganisation, United Nations.Watershed Management in Asia and the Pacific: Needs and Opportunities for Action - Study Report. Rome. July, 1998. Food and Agriculture Organisation, United Nations. India - Integrated Watershed Development (Hills II) Project - Identification Report. Rome.July, 1998. Food and Agricultural Organisation, United Nations. India - Integrated Watershed Development(Hills II) Project- ProjectPreparation Report. Rome. 1998. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. Proceedingsof the Training Course - Watershed ManagementTraining in Asia. Applicationof GeographicalInformation System (GIS) for Watershed Surveys and Planning. Kathmandu,Nepal. 1992. Food and AgriculturalOrganisation, United Nations. Regional Watershed Project, Support to Watershed Management in Asia. Guidelines for Participatory Watershed Management Planning,Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation.Kathmandu, Nepal. 1997. Food and Agriculture Organisation,United Nations.Regional Watershed Project: Support to Watershed Managementin Asia. Proceedingsof the Training Course - Socio-Economic Analysis and Formulationof InvestmentProposals. Kathmandu, Nepal. 14-28 November, 1990. ForestSurvey of India, Ministry of Environmentand Forests.State of Forest Report. Dehradun (U.P.). 1997. Ghosh, S., Rao, K.S., Rana, U., Saxena, K.G. and Sen, K.K. GIS Applicationsto Natural Resources Management and Development Planning in a Rural Area - Pranmati WatershedGarhwal Himalayas India. MENRISCase StudySeries No.-5, IntemationalCentre for IntegratedMountain Development (ICIMOD), Mountain Environment and Natural Resources InformationService (MENRIS), Kathmandu, Nepal. 1997. IWDP (Hills) Kandi Punjab.Greening of Shivaliks-SuccessStories. Chandigarh (Punjab).1997 IWDP (Hills) Kandi H.P. Himachal Pradesh Kandi Project- Success Stories. Solan (H.P.). January, 1998. IntegratedWatershed Development Project (Hills) Kandi - Himachal Pradesh. Nalagarh Unit. FeasibilityReport - Sub-watershedNo. 22 - UpralaSirsa Left. 1998. IntemationalCentre for Integrated MountainDevelopment. Districts of Nepal - Indicatorsof Development.Kathmandu, Nepal. 1997. L Assockiat -3- RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il).Bibliography IntemationalCrops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-AridTropics. AssessingJoint Research Impacts.Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh,India. 1996. Lohan, H.S. (Project Director, IWDP (Hills), Haryana).Status and Future Strategy of IWDP (Hills) HaryanaComponent. Panchkula, Haryana. 1998. Mahapatra,Richard. Sukhomajriat the Crossroads.Down To Earth. December15, 1998, pp. 29-36. Mandal, C., Mandal, D.K., Sehgal, J.L. and Vadivelu, S. Agro-EcologicalRegions of India. NationalBureau of Soil Survey& Land use Planning,(Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch), Nagpurand Oxfordand IBH PublishingCo. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1930. National Workshop on Watershed Approach to Rainfed Farming: Strategies for Integrated Watershed Development for Hill Region. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas: Strategies for the Ninth Plan. Rainfed Farming Division, Department of Agricultureand Co-operation,Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India, New Delhi, 1998. OperationEvaluation Department (OED). EvaluationTextbase. India - Kandi Watershedand Area DevelopmentProject. 1990. Planning Commission, Government of India. Agro-Climatic Regional Planning - An Overview.New Delhi. July, 1989. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Watershed Approach to Rainfed Farming: Strategiesfor the IntegratedDevelopment for Hill Region.New Delhi. May, 1998. Samra, J.S., Sharda, V. N., Sikka, A. K. Water Harvesting and Recycling - Indian Experiences.Central Soil and Water ConservationResearch and Training Institute, Dehnadun (U.P.), India. 1996. Sennhauser, Ethel. EnvironmentalReview (Draft). Uttar Pradesh Forestry Project. March. 1997. Singh, K., Singh, N., Singh, R. Impact Evaluationof IntegratedWatershed Developmnent Project (Hills) Punjab. Department of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana. June, 1998. Soil & Water ConservationDivision, Departmentof Agriculture and Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govemment of India. Soil Conservation in the Catchments of River Valley Project(RVP). Guidelines.New Delhi, 1992. a Associas -4- RegionalEnvironmental Assessment: IWDP (Hills-Il) Bibliography Soil and Water Conservation Society of Thailand. Guidelines for Soil Conservation Extension. Bangkok. 1995. U.P. WatershedManagement Directorate. Doon Valley Integrated Watershed Management Project. Overall Workplan 1993-2001.Dehradun (U.P.), India. January, 1993. U.P. Watershed Management Directorate. Integrated Watershed Management Project, Bhimtal. Dehradun (U.P.), India. 1990. U.P. Watershed Management Directorate. Proposed Integrated Watershed Development Project for Uttar Pradesh Shiwaliks, Dehradun (U.P.), India. 1998. Water ManagementForum. Water Harvesting Practices & Percepts. Gandhinagar,Gujarat. 1988. Watershed DevelopmentCo-ordination Unit. Danida's Watershed Development Programme in India. 1998. WatershedDevelopment Directorate, Govt. of Haryana,Haryana, India. Regional Environment Assessment - Basic Information Report. 1998-99. Watershed Development Directorate, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, India. Regional Environment Assessment - Basic Information Report. 1998-99. Watershed Development Directorate, Govt. of J&K, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Regional Environment Assessment - Basic Information Report. 1998-99. Watershed DevelopmentDirectorate, Govt. of Punjab, Punjab, India. Regional Environment Assessment - Basic Information Report. 1998-99. Watershed Development Directorate,Govt. of Uttar Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh, India. Regional Environment Assessment - Basic Information Report. 1998-99. Watershed Planning and ImplementationOffice, AgricultureDepartment, Haryana. Half Yearly Report on Integrated Watershed Development (Hills) Project, Kandi area, Haryana. Panchkula, Haryana. 1997-98. World Bank. Analysis of Alternatives in Environmental Assessment. Environment Assessment Source Book Update, Number 17, EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, Washington D.C, December,1996. -5- Regional EnvironmentalAssessment: IWDP (Hills-ll) Bibliognaphy World Bank. Biodiversity and Environmental Assessment. EnvironmentAssessment Source Book Update, Number 20, Environment Department, The World Bank, Washington D.C., October, 1997. World Bank. Environmental Performance Monitoring and Supervision. Environment Assessment Source Book Update, Number 14, EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank, WashingtonD.C., June 1996. World Bank. Environmental Screening. Environment Assessment Source Book Update, Number2, EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank,Washington, D.C., April 1993. World Bank. GeographicInformation Systems for EnvironmentalAssessment and Review. Environment Assessment Source Book Update, Number 3, Environment Department, The World Bank, WashingtonD.C., April 1993. World Bank. Implementing Geographic Information Systems in Environmental Assessment. Environment Assessment Source Book Update, Number 9, Environrnent Department,The World Bank,Washington D.C., January1995. World Bank. Regional EnvironmentalAssessment. Environment Assessment Source Book Update,Number 15, EnvironmentDepartment, The World Bank,Washington D.C., June 1996. World Bank. The World Bank and EnvironmentalAssessment: An overview.Environment Assessment Source Book Update, Number 1, Environment Department, The World Bank, WashingtonD.C., April, 1993. World Bank. Staff Appraisal Report - India - IntegratedWatershed Development(IHills) Project. Agriculture Operations Division, Country Department IV, Asia Region. February 7, 1990. World Bank. Executive Summary. (http://afr.worldbank.orp/-aft/natres/pages/forestrv/foirsum. htm). World Bank. Innovations in the Water Sector in Recent Bank Sponsored Activities. (httP://afr.worldbank.orp/aft21natres/na-es/water/annexa.htm). World Bank. Natural Resource Management Portfolio Review. (httD:Hlafr.world bank.orolaft2/natres/papes/nrmrD.htm). World Bank. PreliminaryCriteria and Proceduresfor Use of Eco-DevelopmentInvestmnent Support (EIS) Funds for Biodiversity Conservafion. (http:l/kms.worldbank.oralessd/ bio/ianecoi.litml). 'i- Asiocas -6- Regional EnvironmentalAssessment IWDP (Hills-ll) Bibliography World Bank. Summary-Report of Workshops on Water Resources Management. (http://afr.worldbank.orq/-aft/natres/pages/wswkshp. htm). World Bank. The W6rld Bank Participation Sourcebook. (http:/Iwwwesd.woridbank. org/litm l/esd/env/publicat/particip/particip. litm). World Bank. Watershed Approach Framework (http://www.epa .ov/owow/watershed/framework .html). Bibliography for maps: All India Soil And Land Use Survey, DepartmentOf Agriculture & Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India. Watershed Atlas of India. New Delhi. 1988. Census of India 1981.Census Atlas, Punjab. 1988. Censusof India 1981.Census Atlas, Haryana. 1988. Census of India 1981. Census Atlas, Himachal Pradesh. 1988. Censusof India 1981.Census Atlas, Uttar Pradesh. 1988. Censusof India 1981.Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis, Punjab. 1989. Census of India 1981. Regional Divisions of India - A CartographicAnalysis, Haryana. 1989. Census of India 1981. Regional Divisions of India - A CartographicAnalysis, Himachal Pradesh. 1989. Census of India 1981. Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis, Uttar Pradesh. 1989. Census of India 1981. Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis, Jammu & Kashmir. 1989. Forest Survey of India. Ministry of Environment& Forests. State of Forest Report. Dehradun (U.P.), India. 1997. Irrigation Commission, Department Of Agriculture & Co- operation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govemment of India. Irrigation Atlas of India. New Delhi. 1988. Survey of India. Topographical Sheets No. 53A, 53B, 53F. New Delhi. 1975. *. Aaoia. -7-