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General Economic Geology, a Textbook New ^atk HnU QfoUege of Agricultute ^t QlorncU Ittiwetattg JItljara, 5f. % Cornell University Library TN 260.E45 General economic geology, a •j?''*!'"''' 3 1924 003 625 328 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003625328 GENERAL ECONOMIC GEOLOGY A TEXTBOOK yke Qraw-O-lillBook (a 7m PUDIISHERS OF BOOKS ,F O Bw Coal Age "^ Electric Railway Journal Electrical Ubrld ^ Engineering News-Record American Machinist "^ Ingenieria Intemacional Engineering 8 Mining Journal '' Power Chemical 6 Metallurgical Engineering Electrical Merchandising innililiiiiiilliiiiiiiiinii i i ii ii i i if i iiii i i fiiiiiiii lilii in iii ii i inii iiii| i iiii i i i ii iiiil M mi | | GENERAL ECONOMIC GEOLOGY A TEXTBOOK BY WILLIAM HARVEY EMMONS, Ph.D. PBOFEBSOR AND HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, UNIVERSITY OF UINNESOTA; director, MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY; FORMERLY GEOLOGIST. SECTION OF METALLIFEROUS DEPOSITS, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY First Edition //., McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4 1922 coptbiqht, 1922, by the McGkaw-Hill Book Company, Inc. T okh; pa PREFACE This volume is an introduction to the study of mineral deposits. It was prepared for students in colleges and technical schools who already have a knowledge of the elements of general geology and mineralogy. It embraces the geology of mineral fuels, structural materials, and other nonmetals and of the metals. The treatment is necessarily brief and might well be followed by specialized courses on coal and petroleum, and a more advanced course on the metals. The order of treatment is indicated in the table of contents. The first chapter includes introductory matter, definitions, and an outline of classification of mineral deposits. It is followed by a treatment of coal, of petroleum and the solid bitumens. Then follows a more detailed discussion of the classification and genesis of mineral deposits which is succeeded by a section on nonmetals and one on metals. Coal, petroleum and bitumens might, perhaps equally well be included with the nonmetals and treated after the classification is systematically developed. In practice however, the plan followed here has a certain merit, and it is believed to be justified for that reason. A classification of mineral deposits is after all merely an instrument for study and for comparison of the deposits, and it is not particularly useful for the study of coal and petroleum. An advantage is gained also by treating these substances near the beginning of the course, because the salient features of the geology of coal are easier for the student to grasp than those of the geology of the metals, and the geology of petroleum can be treated advan- tageously apart from the systematic treatment of the metals and nonmetals. The sections on metals and nonmetals and on mineral fuels are so written that each is essentially independent of the others, and those on mineral fuels could be taken up last without much loss due to the arrangement if that seemed desir- able to the instructor. I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to Professors F. F. Grout, T. T. Quirke, and C. R. Stauffer and Messrs. G. M. Schwartz and John W. Gruner, who have read critically certain sec- tions of the volume, and to Henry G. Schnobrich for assistance in the preparation of drawings. I have endeavored suitably to ac- .knowledge the principal sources of information by footnote references. W. H. Emmons. Minneapolis, Minn., February 7, 1922. CONTENTS Page Preface V CHAPTER I Introduction and Classification 1 , Scope of Economic Geology 1 Definitions 3 Outline of Classification of Mineral Deposits. .... 5 CHAPTER II Coal ... 10 General Statement . ... 10 Origin of Coal ... 14 Metamorphism of Coal Beds. 17 Structural Features of Coal Deposits 23 Outcrops of Coal Beds . 25 Weathering of Coals in Storage. 27 Sampling of Coal Beds . 27 Methods of Making Analyses of Coals . 27 Structure and Texture of Coals. 31 CHAPTER III Coal Fields op North America. ... 34 Pennsylvania Anthracite Region . ... 36 Appalachian Bituminous Coal Fields . 41 Northern Interior Coal Field. .56 Eastern Interior Coal Field . 56 Western Interior Coal Field 63 Northern Texas .... 68 Santo Tomas Cannel Coal Field, Texas 69 Texas and Louisiana Lignite Field ... 70 Western Coal Fields . 70 Alaska ... .... 94 Canada . 95 Newfoundland. ... 100 Mexico 100 Peat Deposits of the United States. 101 CHAPTER IV Petroleum and Natural Gas . 103 General Occurrence and Uses 103 Indications of Oil and Associated Materials i05 VIU CONTENTS . CONTENTS ix CHAPTER VII Faqb Deformation and Enrichment op Mineral Deposits. 235 Deformation of . Mineral Deposits. 235 Faulting of Mineral Deposits 236 Folding of Mineral Deposits. ... 238 Dynamic Metamorphism of Mineral Deposits . 239 Superficial Alteration and Enrichment of Mineral Deposits 243 Weathering of Rocks 244 Superficial Alteration and Enrichment of Sulphide Deposits 245 Level of Ground Water . 246 Circulation of Water 247 Outcrops . 247 The Oxidized Zone .... 248 The Secondary Sulphide Zone 248 Textures of Secondary Ores 249 Chemistry of Enrichment . ... 252 Influence of Primary Ores on the Extent of the Secondary Sul- phide Zones. 254 CHAPTER VIII Sthttctueal Features op Openings in Rocks and Epigenetic Mineral Deposits . 257 Openings in Rocks . 257 Primary Openings . 258 Secondary Openings 260 Openings In Rocks and Epigenetic Deposits 263 Influence of Rock Structure on Fissuring 268 Anticlinal Deposits; Saddle Reefs 268 SyncUnal Deposits; Inverted Saddles; Troughs 270 Fracture Systems. 270 Irregular Patterns 271 CHAPTER IX Metasomatic Processes, Mineral Associations, and Metallogenic Provinces .... 272 Metasomatic Replacement 272 Hydrothermal Metamorphism . 276 Mineral Associations . 280 Metallogenic Provinces 282 Metallogenic Epochs . 283 Sources of Thermal Metalliferous Waters 283 CHAPTER X Building Materials , . 286 Building Stones . 286 Prepared Stone Roofing 293 Cement ... 294 . X CONTENTS Page Mortar 296 Concrete 296 Pozzolan Cement . 297 Distribution of Cement Materials 297 Limestone and Lime . 298 Marl 300 Gravel and Crushed Stone 300 Sand 301 Sand-lime Brick . ; 302 Clay ... 302 CHAPTER XI Mica, Feldspab, Gems, Lithium Minerals, Monozite, Graphite, AND Quartz ... 306 Mica ... 306 Feldspar 309 Gems and Precious Stones. 310 Lithium Minerals. 317 Monazite and Xenotime. 318 Zircon . 318 Graphite 318 Quartz and Quartzite . 322 CHAPTER XII Magnesian Minerals ... 323 Asbestos 323 Olivine and Serpentine . 327 Magnesite . ... 328 Talc 330 Meerschaum. 332 CHAPTER XIII Phosphates. .... 333 Florida .... 336 South Carolina 337 Tennessee. 338 Other Eastern States . 338 Western States. 339 CHAPTER XIV Salines, Gypsum, Nitrates and Iodine 340 Salt ... 340 Potash Salts ... 343 Bromine 348 Calcium Chloride 349 Epsomite 349 Sodium Carbonate 350 Sodium Sulphate 350 Gypsum 350 CONTENTS xi Page Boron Compounds . 353 Nitrates. ... 356 Iodine . 359 CHAPTER XV Pthite, Stjlphub, Barium and Strontium Minerals Fluobite and Cryolite ..... 360 Pyrite and . Sulphuric . Acid . ... 360 Sulphur. ... .... 362 Barite . ... .365 Witherite .... 367 Strontium Minerals. ... 367 Fluorite and Cryolite 369 CHAPTER XVI Miscellaneous Minerals . 371 Natural Abrasives . 371 Tripoli 373 Mineral Paints. 374 PyrophylUte . 375 , Glass Sand . 375 " Infusorial (Diatomaceous) Earth 376 Fuller's Earth 377 Halloysite. 378 Lithographic Limestone . .... 379 Iceland Spar. 379 Water 379 CHAPTER XVII Iron 383 Genesis of Iron-ore Deposits 384 Iron-ore Deposits of Eastern United States ... 386 Lake Superior Region. 386 Clinton Hematite Deposits . ... 3^ Magnetite Ores of Pennsylvania 402 Hematites and Magnetites of Western United States 403 Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, Mo. 405 Titaniferous Iron Ores . .... 406 Some Foreign Iron Ore Deposits . 407 CHAPTER XVIII Copper . 411 Butte, Montana . 414 Bingham, Utah 418 Ely, Nevada.' . 419 Santa Rita, New Mexico ... 420 Bisbee, Arizona . 421 . .. Xll CONTENTS Paqb Morenci, Arizona. 421 Ajo, Arizona. ... ... ... 422 Globe, Miami, and Ray, Arizona . 423 Jerome, Arizona ... 425 Shasta County, California .... 426 Ducktown, Tennessee. 427 Lake Superior Region. .... 428 Chitina Copper Belt, Alaska 431 CHAPTER XIX Gold and Silver 433 Gold . 433 Gold Plftcers. 434 Scour and FiU . ... 435 Relation of Gold Placers to Gold Lodes . 436 Eolian and Glacial Deposits Containing Gold 437 Buried Placers. 437 Witwatersrand Auriferous Conglomerates . 439 Gold Lodes 440 Porcupine, Ontario. 440 Southern Appalachian Region .... 441 Black mils. South Dakota .... 442 California Gold Belt 444 Juneau, Alaska . 446 Cripple Creek, Colorado . 448 Goldfield, Nevada .... 449 Silver. 449 Colbalt, Ontario 450 Boulder-Leadville Belt, Colorado . 452 San Juan Region, Colorado . 455 Park City, Utah 456 Tintic, Utah. 457 Comstock Lode, Nevada 458 Tonopah, Nevada 459 CHAPTER XX Zinc and Lead ... .... 461 Zmc 461 Joplin Region 462 Wisconsin Region . 464 Eastern Tennessee . 466 Franklin Furnace, New Jersey 466 Butte, Montana . 468 Coeur d'Alene District, Idaho 468 Lead 469 Southeastern Missouri 469 Coeur d'Alene District, Idaho 471 San Francisco Region, Utah . 471 CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER XXI Page Miscellaneous Metals . 473 Manganese ... .... 473 Aluminum and Bauxite 476 Nickel .... 479 Sudbury, Ontario 479 Alexo, Ontario .... 480 Lancaster Gap, Pennsylvania . 481 New Caledonia 481 Riddle,
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