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Lower Perm/An Rocks COAL -BEARING UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN AND LOWER PERM/AN ROCKS WASHIN6TON AREA, PENNSYLVANIA Work done in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 621 Coal-Bearing Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian Rocks, Washington Area, Pennsylvania Part 1. Lithofacies Part 2. Economic and Engineering Geology By HENRY L. BERRYHILL, JR., STANLEY P. SCHWEINFURTH, and BION H. KENT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 621 Work done in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1971 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-608654 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ................................................................................ 1 Stratigraphy Continued Introduction .......................................................................... 2 Pennsylvanian and Permian Systems Continued Purpose and scope of report .................................... 2 Dunkard Group ..... ........................ ................- 24 Previous work .............................................................. 3 Waynesburg Formation .............................. 24 Acknowledgments ........................................................ 3 Permian System ...................................... 25 Geography ............................................................................ 4 Dunkard Group ...................................................... 25 Location ........................................................................ 4 Washington Formation ................................ 25 Physiographic setting, topography, and drainage- 4 Greene Formation ........................................ 27 Quaternary System ........................ ............. - 29 Summary of sedimentation and paleogeography ............ 29 Part 1. Lithofacies Structure ................................................................. -. ..-. 34 Description of sedimentary rocks .................................... 5 General features .......................................................... 5 Part 2. Economic and Engineering Geology Sandstone and siltstone .............................................. 6 Economic geology .................................................................. 36 Mudstone and claystone.............................................. 11 Use of the special maps .............................................. 36 Limestone ...................................................................... 13 Commodity geology ...................................................... 36 Fossils ............................................................................ 17 Coal resources ................................... ........ i... 36 Lithofacies relations .................................................. 18 Pittsburgh coal bed ...................................... 37 Stratigraphy ........................................................................ 19 Waynesburg coal bed .................................... 38 Method of presentation .............................................. 19 Sandstone ........................................................ .. 38 History of nomenclature ............................................ 20 Limestone ................................................................ 39 Pennsylvanian System ................................................ 22 Mudstone and claystone ... .. .................. ........ 39 Conemaugh Formation ...................................... 22 Engineering geology ............................................ ................ 40 Monongahela Group ............................................ 22 Engineering properties of the rocks ........................ 40 Pittsburgh Formation ................................ 22 Movement of ground water ................................ ..... 42 Uniontown Formation ................................ 24 References cited .................................................................... 43 Pennsylvanian and Permian Systems .................... 24 Index .......................... -.. ..... ..... 45 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Lithologic map of the Washington West and Washington East quadrangles, Washington area, Pennsylvania. 2. Lithologic map of the Amity quadrangle, Washington area, Pennsylvania. 3. Maps showing lithofacies and thickness of the members of the Pittsburgh and Uniontown Formations. 4. Maps showing lithofacies and thickness of the members of the Waynesburg and Washington Formations. 5-8. Maps showing thickness of: 5. Pittsburgh, Uniontown, Waynesburg, and Washington Formations. 6. Discrete sandstone in members of the Pittsburgh and Uniontown Formations. 7. Discrete sandstone in members of the Waynesburg and Washington Formations. 8. Washington, Waynesburg "A," Waynesburg, Uniontown, Sewickley, and Pittsburgh coal beds. Page FIGURE 1. Map showing location of the Washington area ....._.....................................-.................. ......................................... 4 2. Map showing area underlain by Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian rocks, Appalachian basin .... 5 3. Sketch maps and cross sections showing classification of sandstone bodies by shape ........................................ 6 4. Photographs showing bedding characteristics of sandstone, siltstone, and limestone ........................................ 8 5. Sketches showing types of crossbedding in sandstone and siltstone ...................................................................... 10 6. Histograms showing vertical distribution of grain size in a typical sandstone-siltstone body .................... 11 7. Graph showing average composition of weathered sandstone .......................................... ........ .. ......... ....... 11 in IV CONTENTS Page FIGURE 8. Photograph showing limestone beds separated by thin layers of shaly claystone .. .................................._.... 12 9. Photograph showing laminae in limestone, probably formed by algae growing in mats ................................ 12 10. Photograph showing laminae in limestone, formed by ostracode shells arranged in layers ............................ 13 11. Photograph showing desiccation cracks in limestone ............ .......... ......_.................................. ......... ... ..... 14 12. Graph showing size distribution of insoluble residue from a limestone sample ................................................ 14 13. Photograph and sketch showing breccia-conglomerate structure in limestone .................................................... 15 14. Graph showing ratio of calcium to magnesium in 50 limestone samples ......................... .................................. 16 15. Diagram and chart showing lithofacies relations and summary of lithologic characteristics ........................ 19 16. Chart showing history and classification of the stratigraphic nomenclature for rocks in the Washington area .................................................................................................................. ... 21 17. Graphs showing average distribution of lithologic components in the Washington, Waynesburg, Uniontown, and Pittsburgh Formations .................................................................................... 23 18. Columnar Sections of the Greene Formation ........................................................................................ ....... ....... 28 19. Schematic maps showing regional paleogeographic relations during Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian Time ......................................................................................................................................... 30 20. Schematic diagrams showing surface features of the Washington area during three consecutive stages of deposition in Late Pennsylvanian time ........................................................................ 32 21. Schematic diagrams showing surface features of the Washington area during three consecutive stages of deposition in Early Permian time .................................................................................. 33 22. Maps showing patterns of sandstone bodies ........................................-......................--. ............................................ 34 23. Maps showing thickness trends in the Waynesburg and Washington coal beds ............................................ 35 24. Graph showing results of weathering and compaction tests on a sample of silty mudstone .....-.... .............. 42 25. Schematic cross sections showing generalized movement of water in the subsurface relative to type of rock and topographic position of permeable and impermeable layers .......................................................... 43 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Stratigraphic and lithologic descriptions of rocks in the Pittsburgh and Uniontown Formations................In pocket 2. Stratigraphic and lithologic descriptions of rocks in the Waynesburg and Washington Formations1............In pocket 3. Estimated original and remaining resources of coal in the Pittsburgh coal bed and the Waynesburr coal bed in the Washington area, by quadrangle .................................................................................................................
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