DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses The palaeobiology of the panderodontacea and selected other euconodonts Sansom, Ivan James How to cite: Sansom, Ivan James (1992) The palaeobiology of the panderodontacea and selected other euconodonts, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5743/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be pubHshed without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. THE PALAEOBIOLOGY OF THE PANDERODONTACEA AND SELECTED OTHER EUCONODONTS Ivan James Sansom, B.Sc. (Graduate Society) A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Durham Department of Geological Sciences, July 1992 University of Durham. 2 DEC 1992 Contents CONTENTS CONTENTS p. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS p. viii DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT p. ix ABSTRACT p. xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION M A brief history of discovery and the development of conodont taxonomy p. 1 The Granton conodont animals p. 2 The Waukesha Panderodus animal p. 3 Conodont phylogeny p. 4 Conodont palaeobiology p. 5 Chapter 2 THE APPARATUS ARCHITECTURE OF PANDERODUS p. 6 2.1 INTRODUCTION p. 6 2.2 GENERIC AND SPECIES CONCEPTS IN PANDERODUS p. 8 23 THE COMPOSITION OF PANDERODUS APPARATUSES p. 13 2.4 CLUSTER DESCRIPTIONS p. 15 2.4.1 Waukesha Bedding Plane Assemblage p. 16 2.4.2 Nekezseny Cluster p. 18 Contents 2.43 Podolia Cluster p. 19 2.4.4 Shandong Cluster p. 21 2.4.5 Isolated Waukesha Clusters p. 21 2.5 CLUSTER CORRELATION p. 24 2.6 HOMOLOGY BETWEEN CONIFORM GENERA p. 26 2.6.1 The integrity of the genus Panderodus p. 26 2.6.2 Applicability of the Panderodus apparatus model to other Panderodontid lineages p. 27 Belodina compressa (Branson and Mehl) p. 28 Parapanderodus Stouge p. 31 2.6.3 Applicability of the Panderodus apparatus model to Non- Panderodontidae coniforms p. 34 Coelocerodontus Ethington, 1959 p. 34 Besselodus Aldridge, and Dapsilodus Cooper p. 36 2.7 IMPLICATIONS FOR PANDERODONTID SUPERGENERIC CLASSIFICATION p. 39 Chapter 3 A PRELIMINARY ATTEMPT TO UNIFY CONODONT LOCATIONAL NOMENCLATURE pJ3 3.1 INTRODUCTION p. 43 3.2 CONIFORM APPARATUSES p. 43 3.3 RAMIFORM-PECTINIFORM APPARATUSES p. 45 33.1 Order Ozarkodinida Dzik 1976 p. 45 33.2 Order Prioniodontida Dzik 1976 p. 47 3.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN OZARKODIND) AT^ PANDERODONTID APPARATUSES p. 49 Contents 3.5 EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF APPARATUS ARCHITECTURE p. 52 Chapter 4 A FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PANDERODUS APPARATUS p^ 4.1 INTRODUCTION p. 56 4.2 HISTORICAL REVIEW p. 57 43 A FUNCTIONAL MODEL FOR THE PANDERODUS APPARATUS p. 65 4.4 POSSIBLE FUNCTIONAL ANALOGUES p. 67 4.4.1 Comparison with the chaetognath grasping array p. 67 4.4.2 Comparison with the lingual apparatus of myxinoids p. 68 4.4.3 Comparison with the oral apparatuse of the petromyzontids p. 71 4.5 THE FEEDING APPARATUSES OF EARLY 'AGNATHANS' p. 73 4.6 CONCLUSIONS p. 75 Chapter 5 THE HISTOLOGY OF SELECTED CONODONT ELEMENTS EJZ 5.1 INTRODUCTION p. 77 5.1.1 Protoconodonts, Paraconodonts and Euconodonts p. 77 5.2 VERTEBRATE ODONTOGENIC TISSUES p. 82 Enamel and Enameloid p. 82 Dentine p. 83 Bone p. 83 HI Contents Aspidin p. 83 Cartilage p. 84 53 THE DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE OF VERTEBRATE ODONTOGENIC TISSUES p. 84 5.4 THE HARDING SANDSTONE VERTEBRATES p. 86 5.5 HISTORICAL REVIEW OF CONODONT HISTOLOGICAL WORK p. 92 5.5.1 Technological Developments in the Study of Conodont Mineralised Tissues p. 92 5.5.2 Previous Interpretations of Conodont Histology p. 93 5.6 METHODOLOGY OF CONODONT HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES p.lOO 5.7 HISTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF CONODONT HARD TISSUES p. 102 5.7.1 Lamellar Crown Tissue p.l03 5.7.2 White Matter p.l04 5.7 J Basal Body p. 105 5.8 THE DISTRIBUTION OF VERTEBRATE TISSUES IN CONODONT ELEMENTS p.l06 5.8.1 The Family Panderodontidae p.l06 Panderodus (Ethington) p.l06 Parapanderodus striatus (Graves and Ellison) p.l09 5.8.2 Non-Panderodontids p.llO Order Proconodontida Sweet, 1988 p.llO Cordylodus Pander p. 110 Eoconodontus Miller p. 111 Order Ozarkodinida Dzik, 1976 p.ll2 Ozar^oJ/na (Branson and Mehl) p.ll2 Order Belodellida Sweet, 1988 p.l 12 IV Contents Wapsilodus Cooper p. 113 Order Unknown p. 113 Pseudooneotodus Drygant p. 113 5.9 DISCUSSION p.ll4 Chapter 6 CONODONT RELATIONSHIPS AND A REINTERPRETATION OF CHORDATE PHYLOGENY p^ 6.1 INTRODUCTION p.l20 6.2 CLADISTIC TERMINOLOGY p. 120 63 TAXONOMIC UNITS p.l22 Conodonts (Late Cambrian - end Triassic) p.l22 Late Cambrian - Early Ordovician Problematica p.l23 Urochordates p.l25 Cephalochordates p. 127 Myxinoids p.l28 Astraspis (Caradoc, Late Ordovician) p.l29 Eriptychius (Caradoc, Late Ordovician) p.l3l 3rd unnamed vertebrate from the Harding Sandstone (Caradoc, Late Ordovician) p.l32 Other Ordovician 'agnathans' p.l32 Heterostracans (Early Silurian - Late Devonian) p.l34 Petromyzontids p.l35 Osteostracans (Early Silurian - Late Devonian) p.l36 Gnathostomes (Early Silurian - Present) p. 137 Post-Ordovician problematic vertebrates p.l38 6.4 CHARACTERS p. 139 Contents 6.4.1 Histological Characters p.l40 Cartilaginous endoskeleton p.l41 Dermal ossification p.l42 Superficial cap p. 142 Dentine p.l43 Cellular - acellular bone p.l43 Aspidin p.l44 Honeycombed middle layer p.l44 Perichondral Bone and Endochondral Bone p.l45 6.4.2 Features relating to the bodyplan p. 145 Somites p.l45 Heterocercal Tail p.l45 Paired fins p.l46 Bite p. 146 One paired Branchial opening p. 147 Slanted Gill Openings p.l47 Nerves IX and X issuing from braincase p.l48 6.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION p.l48 Chapter 7 SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY p.l61 7.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS p.l61 7.2 TERMINOLOGY p. 162 Genus Panderodus Ethington, 1959 p.l65 Panderodus bergstromi Sweet, 1979 p.l70 Panderodus breviusculus Barnes, 1977 p. 171 Panderodus equicostatus (Rhodes, 1953) p. 172 VI Contents Panderodus feulneri (Glenister, 1957) p.l77 Panderodus gracilis (Branson and Mehl, 1933) p. 181 Panderodus langkawiensis (Igo and Koike, 1967) p. 185 Panderodus levigatus (Nowlan and McCracken, 1988) p. 188 Panderodus panderi (Stauffer, 1940) p. 189 Panderodus rhamphoides Nowlan and McCracken (in Nowlan et a/.), 1988 p. 194 Panderodus staufferi (Branson, Mehl and Branson, 1951) p.l95 Panderodus sulcatus (FShrseus, 1966) p. 199 Panderodus unicostatus (Branson and Mehl, 1933) p.201 Chapter 8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH p^ References p.209 Plates p.237 Appendix 1: SAMPLE LOCATION AND PREPARATION p.257 Appendix 2: RESIN SUPPLIERS p.262 Vll Acknowledgements Drs Howard A Armstrong (Durham) and M. Paul Smith (Birmingham) were responsible for the initiation and supervision of this project. Fd like to thank H.AA for introducing me to the bizarre world that is conodontology, and both H.AA and M.P.S. for trying to constrain my wildest (scientific) fantasies. I also acknowledge Prof. Joe Cann and Dr. Mick Jones for their permission to use facilities within the Department of Geology at Newcastle upon Tyne, and Prof. Roger Searle (Durham) for allowing me to freeload in the Department of Geological Sciences at Durham. During the course of this thesis, I have benefited from encouragement, advice and unpublished information from the following: Dr. Richard J. Aldridge (Leicester), for allowing me to walk off with his most pri?ed Panderodus specimens; Dr. Lennart Jeppsson (Lund), for actually believing Panderodus has its uses; Dr. Moya M. Smith (Guy's Hospital), who occasionally baffled me with vertebrate embryology; Dr. Graham A Young (Manitoba), for letting me dissolve some very pretty corals from Gotland; and the large number of Panderers with whom I have been in regular contact, notably Dr. Rod Norby (Illinois State Geological Survey), who supplied the Waukesha clusters, and Anita Lofgren (Lund), who gave me the P. sulcatus samples. Td also like to say 'Cheers' to all those who attended Lacon I in Bolivia and Argentina, and made that trip so much fun. Technically, this thesis would not have been possible without the help of a large number of people at both Newcastle and Durham. I would like to thank Trevor Whitfield, Brian Tuffs, Brian Richardson and Len Rhodes for their help whilst I was resident in Newcastle; and Dave Asbery, George Randall, Alan Carr, Gerry Dresser and Karen Atkinson for giving me enough rope in Durham. Angus Parker and Trevor Booth (Newcastle Medical School) are singled out for their excellent S.E.M. service, and for pointing me in the right directions during the histological work. Thanks must also go to friends and colleagues from Newcastle and Durham, notably Doug Forbes, Cherry Walker, Ian Billing and Tim Alsop, who have all dragged me kicking and screaming to a suitable watering hole when it seemed Fd die of dehydration. Finally, and by no means least, Td like to express a debt of extreme gratitude to Jane Keeton for making the butties, proof-reading the thesis, and putting up with me whilst I've been a pain in the butt.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coal and Francis Creek Shale
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of Earth and Environmental Departmental Papers (EES) Science January 1970 A comparison of the floras of the Colchester (No. 2) Coal and Francis Creek Shale R. A. Peppers Illinois State Geological Survey Hermann W. Pfefferkorn University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ees_papers Recommended Citation Peppers, R. A., & Pfefferkorn, H. W. (1970). A comparison of the floras of the Colchester (No. 2) Coal and Francis Creek Shale. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/ees_papers/18 This material has been published in Smith, W.H., Nance, R.B., Hopkins, Johnson, R.G., and Shabica, C.W. Depositional environments in parts of the Carbondale formation, western and northern Illinois: Francis Creek Shale and associated strata and Mazon Creek biota, Illinois State Geological Survey Field Guidebook Series, No. 8, p. 61-74, 1970 NOTE: At the time of publication, author Hermann W. Pfefferkorn was affiliated with the Illinois State Geological Survey. Currently (September 2005) he is a faculty member in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science at the University of Pennsylvania. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ees_papers/18 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A comparison of the floras of the Colchester (No. 2) Coal and Francis Creek Shale Abstract Abundant data from spore studies of the Colchester (no. 2) Coal Member and from investigations of plant compressions in the Francis Creek Shale provide an opportunity to compare the flora of the coal with that of the overlying shale in the northeastern part of the Illinois Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Bedrock Geology of Carbondale Quadrangle
    BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF CARBONDALE QUADRANGLE Prairie Research Institute JACKSON AND WILLIAMSON COUNTIES, ILLINOIS Illinois Geologic Quadrangle Map ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IGQ Carbondale-BG W. John Nelson 2013 89°15' 12'30" 10' 89°07'30" 720 000FEET (IL E) 3 000mE 3 3 3 3 3 3 R. 1 W. 2 590 000 FEET (IL W) R. 1 E. 3 37°45' 03 04 05 06 07 08 10 12 37°45' 51 4180 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 000m &c 4180 N 13 &c Creek d r a & h t c m r C CG 508 O &c k" m r a U.S. 366 41 b e" 79 Fish and 18 17 16 15 &t 18 17 &c 13 Wildlife Ho g an 14 Po i n t 4179 m O b r a c r h Pine C a Lo n g Vi ew Island 390000 r 13 d Park FEET (IL E) Sk" 98 390 000 Ck" 322 k" 97 FEET (IL W) m 152 E 4178 k e" K r o A F L 41 ¿ S 273 78 k" PO D ¿ m R e 13 A l C t H t r i CARBONDALE C L R EXPLANATION O 19 22 19 20 20 23 24 B m A 21 R ¿ C Holocene sm Surface mine 4177 k" 105 &t ¿ m c s ¿ 41 e &t 77 Univ ersity l i &c Carbondale Formation School P m » m Desmoinesian Tradewater Formation s s, Stonefort Limestone Member m m, Murphysboro Coal Member Pennsylvanian c c, Curlew Member Southern Illinois ¿ University S 62 &t k" &t-mb Murray Bluff Sandstone Member » &t s 4176 Atokan ¿ &t &t-o olive shale member 27 4176 29 &t-g Grindstaff Sandstone Member 29 C s am e 28 30 pus Lak À 26 25 30 42'30" À 42'30" ¿ 270 m À k" S 1201 &t 290 270 Ü k" k" ªNorth uthern Hill s m So 4175 s k"317 k" 137 s 4175 &t-mb ¿ Symbols Marberry Arboretum 40 Strike and dip of bedding; number indicates degree of dip Carbondale &t r ¿ Reservoi m Horizontal bedding &t r sm ¿ 31 Evergreen Terrace C 32 Vertical joints 4174 31 34 35 36 32 k r 33 ¿ c o ¿ » Shaft mine Sk" 250 F 51 4174 ¿ S ¿ y ¿ Slope mine &t-mb c a m o ¿ À » r m Drift mine c e s m le ¿ ¿ i & ¿ t-mb m ¿ P sm ( À T.
    [Show full text]
  • Biostratigraphic Precision of the Cruziana Rugosa Group: a Study from the Ordovician Succession of Southern and Central Bolivia
    Geol. Mag. 144 (2), 2007, pp. 289–303. c 2007 Cambridge University Press 289 doi:10.1017/S0016756807003093 First published online 9 February 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom Biostratigraphic precision of the Cruziana rugosa group: a study from the Ordovician succession of southern and central Bolivia SVEN O. EGENHOFF∗, BERND WEBER†, OLIVER LEHNERT‡ &JORG¨ MALETZ§ ∗Colorado State University, Department of Geosciences, 322 Natural Resources Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1482, USA †Freie Universitat¨ Berlin, Institut fur¨ Geologische Wissenschaften, Fachrichtung Geologie, Malteserstrasse 74-100, D-12249 Berlin, Germany ‡University of Erlangen, Institute of Geology and Mineralogie, Schlossgarten 5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany §Department of Geology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 772 Natural Sciences and Mathematics Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3050, USA (Received 10 October 2005; revised version received 1 May 2006; accepted 22 May 2006) Abstract – Cruziana ichnospecies have been repeatedly reported to have biostratigraphic significance. This study presents a re-evaluation of the arthropod ichnotaxa of the Cruziana rugosa Group from bio- and/or lithostratigraphically well-defined Lower to Upper Ordovician siliciclastic sections of southern and central Bolivia. With the exception of Cruziana rouaulti, the ichnofaunas contain all the members of the Cruziana rugosa Group throughout the Ordovician (Arenig to Caradoc) successions in Bolivia. The Bolivian material therefore indicates that these arthropod ichnofossil assemblages are suitable for recognizing Ordovician strata in Bolivia. These findings cast doubt on their use as reliable indicators for a global intra-Ordovician (Arenig to Caradoc) biozonation of Peri-Gondwanan sedimentary successions. Keywords: Cruziana, biostratigraphy, Bolivia, Ordovician. 1. Introduction to the present study.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Sheet for Lecture 15: Life in the Benthic Realm
    Lecture 15: Life in the Benthic Realm Terminology Planktonic, nektonic, benthic, epifaunal, infaunal, sessile, mobile, bathyal, abyssal, abyssopelagic, hadopelagic, supratidal, intertidal, subtidal, spicules, spongin, radial symmetry, encruster, epidermal cell, porocyte, sclerocyte, amoebocyte, mesohyl, choanocyte, polyp, medusa, colonial, solitary, aragonite, octocoral, gorgonin, cnidocyst, nematocyst, zooxanthellae, hematypic, coral bleaching, lophophore, zoid, zooecium, zooaria, polymorphism, pedicle, helically coiled shell, radially coiled shell, exoskeleton, endoskeleton Dates: none Review Questions: Be familiar with the life and feeding modes of all of the invertebrate groups we discussed and their major morphologies, behaviors, life strategies etc. Why are so many sessile invertebrates radially symmetric? Explain the three different wall types found in sponges, what’s the point? Discuss the different roles of the different sponge cells How do hematypic corals contribute to the creation of different nearshore environments and conditions? Describe the community created by an innkeeper worm How does the skeleton of a brachiopod differ from that of a clam? How do the shells of clams, snails, and nautiloids differ? Classification: Phylum Porifera Class Demospongiae (soft sponges) Class Calcarea (calcareous sponges) Class Hexactinellida (glass sponges) Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa -stony corals -sea fans -soft corals -sea anemones -sea pens Phylum Annelida (worms) -bristleworms -innkeeper worm -lugworms -spaghetti worm -feather duster -catworm Phylum Bryozoa (moss-animals) Phylum Mollusca -Class Bivalvia (clams) -Class Gastropoda (snails and slugs) -Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, nautiloid) -Class Scaphopoda (tusk shells) -Class Polyplacophora (chitons) .
    [Show full text]
  • Crossing the Several Scales of Strain-Accomplishing Mechanisms in the Hinterland of the Central Andean Fold±Thrust Belt, Bolivia
    Journal of Structural Geology 24 02002) 1587±1602 www.elsevier.com/locate/jstrugeo Crossing the several scales of strain-accomplishing mechanisms in the hinterland of the central Andean fold±thrust belt, Bolivia Nadine McQuarriea,b,*, George H.Davis a aDepartment of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA bDivision of Geological andPlanetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Received 14 November 2000; revised 28 October 2001; accepted 29 October 2001 Abstract Depictions of structures at outcrop, regional and tectonic scales enforce horizontal shortening and vertical thickening as the predominant style of deformation at all scales within the hinterland of the central Andean fold±thrust belt.Outcrop-scale structures document a progression of strain that created: 01) ¯exural-slip folds, 02) fold ¯attening via axial-planar cleavage, 03) vertical stretching via boudinage and late-stage faulting and, ®nally, 04) kink folding.These examples of intraformational deformation are generally concentrated just beyond the tip lines of thrust faults, where fault-propagation folds and related structures are well developed.Fault-propagation folding accommo- dated the accrual of strain indicated by outcrop-scale structures while the structures themselves indicate how deformation developed within each individual fold.Fault-propagation fold geometries at a regional scale emerge from the construction of regional balanced cross-sections. The sections were drawn with careful attention to: 01) known map relationships,
    [Show full text]
  • CONODONTS of the MOJCZA LIMESTONE -.: Palaeontologia Polonica
    CONODONTS OF THE MOJCZA LIMESTONE JERZY DZIK Dzik, J. 1994. Conodonts of the M6jcza Limestone. -In: J. Dzik, E. Olemp ska, and A. Pisera 1994. Ordovician carbonate platform ecosystem of the Holy Cross Moun­ tains. Palaeontologia Polonica 53, 43-128. The Ordovician organodetrital limestones and marls studied in outcrops at M6jcza and Miedzygorz, Holy Cross Mts, Poland, contains a record of the evolution of local conodont faunas from the latest Arenig (Early Kundan, Lenodus variabilis Zone) to the Ashgill (Amorphognathus ordovicicus Zone), with a single larger hiatus corre­ sponding to the subzones from Eop/acognathus pseudop/anu s to E. reclinatu s. The conodont fauna is Baltic in general appearance but cold water genera , like Sagitto­ dontina, Scabbardella, and Hamarodus, as well as those of Welsh or Chinese af­ finities, like Comp/exodus, Phragmodus, and Rhodesognathu s are dominant in par­ ticular parts of the section while others common in the Baltic region, like Periodon , Eop/acognathus, and Sca/pellodus are extremely rare. Most of the lineages continue to occur throughout most of the section enabling quantitative studies on their phyletic evolut ion. Apparatuses of sixty seven species of thirty six genera are described and illustrated. Phyletic evolution of Ba/toniodus, Amorphognathu s, Comp/exodus, and Pygodus is biometrically documented. Element s of apparatu ses are homolog ized and the standard notation system is applied to all of them. Acodontidae fam. n., Drepa­ nodus kie/censis sp. n., and D. santacrucensis sp. n. are proposed . Ke y w o r d s: conodonts, Ordovici an, evolut ion, taxonomy. Jerzy Dzik, Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, A/eja Zwirk i i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa , Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin and Beyond
    EVOLUTION ORIGIN ANDBEYOND Gould, who alerted him to the fact the Galapagos finches ORIGIN AND BEYOND were distinct but closely related species. Darwin investigated ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE (1823–1913) the breeding and artificial selection of domesticated animals, and learned about species, time, and the fossil record from despite the inspiration and wealth of data he had gathered during his years aboard the Alfred Russel Wallace was a school teacher and naturalist who gave up teaching the anatomist Richard Owen, who had worked on many of to earn his living as a professional collector of exotic plants and animals from beagle, darwin took many years to formulate his theory and ready it for publication – Darwin’s vertebrate specimens and, in 1842, had “invented” the tropics. He collected extensively in South America, and from 1854 in the so long, in fact, that he was almost beaten to publication. nevertheless, when it dinosaurs as a separate category of reptiles. islands of the Malay archipelago. From these experiences, Wallace realized By 1842, Darwin’s evolutionary ideas were sufficiently emerged, darwin’s work had a profound effect. that species exist in variant advanced for him to produce a 35-page sketch and, by forms and that changes in 1844, a 250-page synthesis, a copy of which he sent in 1847 the environment could lead During a long life, Charles After his five-year round the world voyage, Darwin arrived Darwin saw himself largely as a geologist, and published to the botanist, Joseph Dalton Hooker. This trusted friend to the loss of any ill-adapted Darwin wrote numerous back at the family home in Shrewsbury on 5 October 1836.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalog of Type Specimens of Invertebrate Fossils: Cono- Donta
    % {I V 0> % rF h y Catalog of Type Specimens Compiled Frederick J. Collier of Invertebrate Fossils: Conodonta SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY NUMBER 9 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti­ tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com­ mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of profes­ sional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other in­ terested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Early Balognathid Conodont Genera from the Ordovician Of
    Two new early balognathid conodont genera from the Ordovician of Oman and comments on the early evolution of prioniodontid conodonts Miller, Giles; Heward, Alan; Mossoni, Angelo; Sansom, Ivan DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2017.1314985 License: Other (please specify with Rights Statement) Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Miller, G, Heward, A, Mossoni, A & Sansom, I 2017, 'Two new early balognathid conodont genera from the Ordovician of Oman and comments on the early evolution of prioniodontid conodonts', Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1314985 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Systematic Palaeontology on 05/05/2017, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/14772019.2017.1314985 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain.
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrates Invertebrates: • Are Animals Without Backbones • Represent 95% of the Animal Kingdom Animal Diversity Morphological Vs
    Invertebrates Invertebrates: • Are animals without backbones • Represent 95% of the animal kingdom Animal Diversity Morphological vs. Molecular Character Phylogeny? A tree is a hypothesis supported or not supported by evidence. Groupings change as new evidence become available. Sponges - Porifera Natural Bath Sponges – over-collected, now uncommon Sponges • Perhaps oldest animal phylum (Ctenphora possibly older) • may represent several old phyla, some now extinct ----------------Ctenophora? Sponges - Porifera • Mostly marine • Sessile animals • Lack true tissues; • Have only a few cell types, cells kind of independent • Most have no symmetry • Body resembles a sac perforated with holes, system of canals. • Strengthened by fibers of spongin, spicules Sponges have a variety of shapes Sponges Pores Choanocyte Amoebocyte (feeding cell) Skeletal Water fiber flow Central cavity Flagella Choanocyte in contact with an amoebocyte Sponges - Porifera • Sessile filter feeder • No mouth • Sac-like body, perforated by pores. • Interior lined by flagellated cells (choanocytes). Flagellated collar cells generate a current, draw water through the walls of the sponge where food is collected. • Amoeboid cells move around in the mesophyll and distribute food. Sponges - Porifera Grantia x.s. Sponge Reproduction Asexual reproduction • Fragmentation or by budding. • Sponges are capable of regeneration, growth of a whole from a small part. Sexual reproduction • Hermaphrodites, produce both eggs and sperm • Eggs and sperm released into the central cavity • Produces
    [Show full text]
  • ORDOVICIAN FISH from the ARABIAN PENINSULA by IVAN J
    [Palaeontology, Vol. 52, Part 2, 2009, pp. 337–342] ORDOVICIAN FISH FROM THE ARABIAN PENINSULA by IVAN J. SANSOM*, C. GILES MILLER , ALAN HEWARDà,–, NEIL S. DAVIES*,**, GRAHAM A. BOOTHà, RICHARD A. FORTEY and FLORENTIN PARIS§ *Earth Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; e-mail: [email protected] Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; e-mails: [email protected] and [email protected] àPetroleum Development Oman, Muscat, Oman; e-mail: [email protected] §Ge´osciences, Universite´ de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France; e-mail: fl[email protected] –Present address: Petrogas E&P, Muscat, Oman; e-mail: [email protected] **Present address: Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Typescript received 25 February 2008; accepted in revised form 19 May 2008 Abstract: Over the past three decades Ordovician pteras- morphs from the Arabian margin of Gondwana. These are pidomorphs (armoured jawless fish) have been recorded among the oldest arandaspids known, and greatly extend from the fringes of the Gondwana palaeocontinent, in par- the palaeogeographical distribution of the clade around the ticular Australia and South America. These occurrences are periGondwanan margin. Their occurrence within a very dominated by arandaspid agnathans, the oldest known narrow, nearshore ecological niche suggests that similar group of vertebrates with extensive biomineralisation of Middle Ordovician palaeoenvironmental settings should be the dermoskeleton. Here we describe specimens of arandas- targeted for further sampling. pid agnathans, referable to the genus Sacabambaspis Gagnier, Blieck and Rodrigo, from the Ordovician of Key words: Ordovician, pteraspidomorphs, Gondwana pal- Oman, which represent the earliest record of pteraspido- aeocontinent, Sacabambaspis, Oman.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Meeting 1998
    PALAEONTOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 42nd Annual Meeting University of Portsmouth 16-19 December 1996 ABSTRACTS and PROGRAMME The apparatus architecture of prioniodontids Stephanie Barrett Geology Department, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK e-mail: [email protected] Conodonts are among the most prolific fossils of the Palaeozoic, but it has taken more than 130 years to understand the phylogenetic position of the group, and the form and function of its fossilized feeding apparatus. Prioniodontids were the first conodonts to develop a complex, integrated feeding apparatus. They dominated the early Ordovician radiation of conodonts, before the ozarkodinids and prioniodinids diversified. Until recently the reconstruction of the feeding apparatuses of all three of these important conodont orders relied mainly on natural assemblages of the ozarkodinids. The reliability of this approach is questionable, but in the absence of direct information it served as a working hypothesis. In 1990, fossilized bedding plane assemblages of Promissum pulchrum, a late Ordovician prioniodontid, were described. These were the first natural assemblages to provide information about the architecture of prioniodontid feeding apparatus, and showed significant differences from the ozarkodinid plan. The recent discovery of natural assemblages of Phragmodus inflexus, a mid Ordovician prioniodontid with an apparatus comparable with the ozarkodinid plan, has added new, contradictory evidence. Work is now in progress to try and determine whether the feeding apparatus of Phragmodus or that of Promissum pulchrum is most appropriate for reconstructing the feeding apparatuses of other prioniodontids. This work will assess whether Promissum pulchrum is an atypical prioniodontid, or whether prioniodontids, as currently conceived, are polyphyletic.
    [Show full text]