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Ground-Water Quality and Geochemistry of Aquifers Associated GROUND-WATER QUALITY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF AQUIFERS ASSOCIATED WITH COAL IN THE ALLEGHENY AND MONONGAHELA FORMATIONS , SOUTHEASTERN OHIO By Allan C. Razem and Alan C. Sedam U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4034 Columbus i Ohio 1985 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can write to: be purchased from: District Chief Open-File Services Section Water Resources Division Western Distribution Branch U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey 975 West Third Avenue Box 25425, Federal Center Columbus, Ohio 43212 Denver, Colorado 80225 (Telephone: (303) 236-7476) CONTENTS Page Abstract .................................................. 1 Introduction .............................................. 2 Purpose and scope .................................... 2 Sampling strategy and methods ........................ 2 Hydrogeologic setting of southeastern Ohio ................ 5 Physiography ......................................... 5 Geology .............................................. 5 Lithology and stratigraphy ...................... 5 Depositional environment ........................ 8 Generalized ground-water flow in strata associated with coal .......................................... 10 Ground-water quality of aquifers in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations .................................. 10 General description .................................. 10 Analysis of geologic and geochemical controls ........ 18 Conceptual geochemical model of the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations................................... 23 Summary and conclusions ................................... 25 References cited .......................................... 26 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Map showing the location of the study area ..... 3 2. Map showing the location of the wells sampled and the associated coal in southeastern Ohio ......................................... 4 3. Map showing geology of southeastern Ohio ....... 6 4. Generalized geologic section for southeastern Ohio ......................................... 7 5. Conceptual diagram of typical ground-water flow systems in southeastern Ohio .................. 11 6. Water-analysis diagram showing ground-water- quality characteristics of selected coal- associated aquifers in southeastern Ohio ..... 12 7. Map of the study area showing the distribu­ tion of dissolved-solids concentration in ground water in the area sampled in south­ eastern Ohio ................................. 16 8. Graph showing specific conductance as a function of dissolved-solids concentration of water from selected aquifers associated with coal in southeastern Ohio ......................... 17 9. Graph showing the variations of median values of selected water-quality constituents with coal beds and geologic formations in south­ eastern Ohio ................................. 20 in ILLUSTRATIONS Continued Page 10. Diagram showing a conceptual model that describes the major geochemical processes in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations in southeastern Ohio ........................... 24 TABLES Table 1. Selected ground-water-quality analyses from southeastern Ohio, 1983 .................. 28 2. Statistics of selected ground-water-quality characteristics from the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations in southeastern Ohio ... 14 3. Median values of selected ground-water-quality characteristics from coal-associated aquifers in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations in southeastern Ohio .......................... 19 4. Spearman correlation coefficients of selected ground-water-quality characteristics from the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations in south­ eastern Ohio .................................. 21 CONVERSION FACTORS For the convenience of readers who prefer to use metric (International System) units, conversion factors for terms used in this report are listed below: Multiply inch-pound units By To obtain metric units inch (in.) 25.40 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) foot per mile 0.1894 meter per kilo­ (ft/mi) meter (m/km) IV GROUND-WATER QUALITY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF AQUIFERS ASSOCIATED WITH COAL IN THE ALLEGHENY AND MONONGAHELA FORMATIONS, SOUTHEASTERN OHIO By Allan C. Razem and Alan C. Sedam ABSTRACT Ground water from aquifers associated with coal beds in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations in southeastern Ohio is predominantly a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. Sodium bicarbonate type water is less common. Isolated areas of sodium chloride and calcium sulfate types also are present. The water is predominantly very hard, and has a median hardness concentra­ tion of 258 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate and a median dissolved-solids concentration of 436 milligrams per liter. Few wells contain water with dissolved-solids concentrations in excess of 1,000 milligrams per liter. Bicarbonate concentration in ground water was found to be significantly different among coals, whereas concentrations of bicarbonate, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, man­ ganese, and strontium were significantly different between ground water in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations. Many constit­ uents are significantly correlated, but few correlation coeffi­ cients are high. The presence of sulfate or iron is attributed to the kinetic mechanism operating during the oxidation of pyrite. The position along the sulfide or ferrous-iron oxidation pathways controls the reaction products of pyrite found in solution, and the formation of either the sulfate or iron constituents. The availability and rate of diffusion of oxygen in the formations exerts control on the water quality. Discriminant-function analysis correctly classifies 89 per­ cent of the observations into the Allegheny or Monongahela Forma­ tions. As a verification, 39 of 41 observations from another study were correctly classified by formation. The differences in water chemistry between the Allegheny and the Monongahela Formations are gradational and are attributed to the oxidation of iron sulfide. The diffusion and availability of oxygen, which controls the chemical reaction, is regulated by the porosity and permeability of the rock with respect to oxygen and the presence or absence of carbonates, which controls the pH. INTRODUCTION Ground water generally is not available in large quantities in southeastern Ohio, but it is the most readily obtainable water for most of the rural and village populations. Ground water is also the source of base flow of streams, and directly affects quantity and quality of most streams in southeastern Ohio. One of the major impacts on the ground-water system in southeastern Ohio is surface mining of coal. An assessment and prediction of the consequences of surface mining on ground water is difficult because chemical-quality data are sparse. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this report is to describe the water quality and the principal geochemical controls of water quality in sur- ficial aquifers associated with coal in the Allegheny and Monongahela Formations in southeastern Ohio (fig. 1). One hundred ground-water-quality samples were collected from wells completed in the Monongahela and Allegheny Formations, the two principal coal-producing formations in southeastern Ohio (fig. 2). Sixteen samples each were collected from aquifers associated with the Lower Kittanning (No. 5), Middle Kittanning (No. 6) r and Upper Freeport (No. 7) coal beds of the Allegheny Formation and the Meigs Creek (No. 9) and Uniontown (No. 10) coal beds of the Monongahela Formation. Fifteen samples were collected from aquifers associated with the Pittsburgh (No. 8) and five sam­ ples from the Waynesburg (No. 11) coal beds of the Monongahela Formation. Sampling Strategy and Methods Samples were collected from the uppermost aquifer associated with each coal bed; well depth typically ranged from 50 to 100 feet. A coal-associated aquifer, for the purposes of this study, is defined as an aquifer in which the identified coal either is the producing zone or directly overlies the producing zone. Samples were collected from domestic wells that penetrated only one coal bed. Aquifers and associated coal beds were identi­ fied by field checking drillers' logs with topographic maps, geo­ logic maps, and mineral-resource maps. Well owners also provided information in some cases. Samples were collected from domestic wells at the tap nearest the well after a sufficient amount of water had been removed to ensure a sample representative of the aquifer. Field measurements of temperature, specific conductance, alkalinity, and pH were made. i CARROLL i ^ ) _ _iJE.FFERSON \ I TUSCARAWAS \ <; 10 20 30 MILES I / 0 10 20 30 KILOMETERS I i____i____i____i . i HARRISON 82°1 _ _ _ _ _Ir i / 40-1 MUSKINGUM ' GUERNSEY BELMQNT x_. L r-r I r i_ PERRY , - NOBLE MONROE \ -J r MORGAN ' - i HOCKING / J WASHINGTON ATHENS L, C L_. VINTON / r MEIGS , L ^_ ~ i 6' f^ase From U.S Geological Survey Stale Base Map 1975 Figure 1. Location of the study area. 81 i ~~1 CARROLL Tu*45 _ _1J_E_FFERSON ; TUSCAIftA^AS i O OJe-91 ' J-43 T *+ Til -41 Fr Je-94 10 20 30 MILES 4 0 "0 "~l6 2Q 30 KILOMETERS N Je--093 till 82 -76 D Gu-77 ' Gu-81 Mu-46 Gq-75 I AGu-74 I MU-47A GuJBO 40°- MUSKINGUM ' Gu.72A -: DB-25 B~ Mu-44 Pe-37 I Mu-42 r "] Pe-31* ! N-11 i Pe-33A NOBLE MONROE \ s \ -J *Pe-34 l At Wa-61 Wa-55 At-59. AAt-51 At-66q DWa-52 OAt-55 EXPLANATION V-88» Well sampling site, number refers to the A Me-2l local
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