Prof.Donald Wilson THEUNIVERSITY OF BRITISHCOLUMBIA

CulturalAdaptation Changeand ContinuityAmong IhunderBay Finns

was to recruit immigrants. This agent I, INTRODUCTION received a one way passageto Finland and a small sum of money; his return passage lmmigrationPatterns and {inal payment dependedon his success Despitereports that some Finnscame to in attractingsettlers.l From 1895 to 1899 Canadabefore 1867, it is likelv the first the C.P.R., too, sharedthis inlerest in the ones afrived from Alaska shortly after Finns and its agent, N.D- Ennis, ufged RLrssiasold that territory to the United Finns to travel to "sunny Canada and States.Other Finns may have entered become rich."2 Thus, by the turn of the easternCandda vra the Unr(ed Srates prior to century, Canada was making deliberate 1875.In any casethe first periodof major efforts to encouragethe immigration of Finnish immigration to this country finns, a "stLrrdy, honest, hard working, occurredbetween 1880 and 1914. l,4ost God-iearing folk, used to hardship and ol theseFinns were farmersand someof 1oil, obliged to battle rn order to live."3 them artisansfrom Finland'swesternmost The 1901 census shows there were provinces.As with many Scandinavian 2500 Finns in Canada. This figure rose immigranls to Canada,a good many had drarnatically to 15,497 in 1911 and to originallyemiqrated to the UnitedStates, 21.494 in 1921. Approxlmarely 10 9'o and for a varietyof reasons,not the least of the Fjnns who JeJt Finland durinq the of which was the prospectof good, cheap first two decades of this century went iand and jobs 'n 'ailway construction, cjirectly to Canada-4Many others crossed decidedto movenorthward- the border inro Canada after a period in By 1893the Canadiangovernment had the UnitedStates. becomeaware of the desirabilityoJ Finnish With the outbreak of war in l9i4 immigrationto the point of establishrng Finnish immigration virtually ceased and a "return man" in Finlandwhose job ir did not recommenceuntil the 1920sduring l'

Ethnicity and Cultural RetentioniFinnsin Canada,1890,1920 Table I

Patt€rn ol Finnish Sottl6ment in Caneds

190r 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 l9 6r 1971

lNsr.rToultDr.{ND 36 lrnrrce r:owennrsl-aNo I 1 I 7 _tb I lNovAscortA 43 45 99 96 159 254 I BRrrNswrcK lNEt,,l 24 36 135 109 t49 145 lauEBEc 2t6 2973 2043 r500 2277 1865 8619 12835 27r37 26827 39906 38515 MANITOBA 1080 506 1013 808 821 1070 r450 SAS KATCH EI.IAN 1008 1931 2313 1940 1805 l8 91 1730 ALBERTA 1588 2926 3318 3452 2958 3662 3590 BRITISII COLWBIA 2858 3112 6858 6332 6780 10037 11510 YUKON 2l 34 55 50 72 95 NORTHI{EST 4 20 48 50 J)

TOTAL 2502 r5497 21494 43885 41683 59436 59215

URBANDist! lbutlon r7 49'1 23643 40840 44925 RUML Dlstrlbut lon 24186 20r02 29199 r4290

N.B.Accordingto StatisticsCanada, "Finnish" is a personwho claimshis molher tongue to be Finnish,or whosefather's mother tonque is Finnish. which decade a peak number of 30,000 to be found in the Red River Valley and enteredthe country.5 The influx of this westof Winnipegin Manitoba;at Tantallon, decadeis explainablein part becauseof the Wapellaand Whitewood (commonlycalled introductionof an immigrantquota system "New Finland") in southeasternSaskatche- in the United Statesin 1924. Thus many wan near the l\,4anitobaborder; at Sylvan America-boundemigrants were deflected to Lake,west of Red Deer in Alberra;ano rn Canada.The depressionof the 1930s and the environs of Nanaimo on Vancouver the SecondWorld War broughtimmigration lsland. Those who were not rural,based to an almost complete standstill.Then worked as general labou.ers,in se,.vice once again another wave of immigration industries,and often as skilled workers, took shape,and in the two decadesafter especiallycarpenters. Single women and 1946, 20,000 Finns came to Canadato those marriedwomen who worked outside settle.6By the 1960s,however, immigration the home were often domestic servants, had slowed somewhat and the number maros or more recen y cleaningladies. '1000 of Finns enteringCanada fell under peryear.7 II. FINNSIN THUNDERBAY: A CASESTUDY SettlementPatterns The Finns who came to northwestern Although Finnish-Canadians can be Ontario settled in both citieswhich now found in every province and territory, form - Port Arthur and except Prince Edward Island, they are Fort William as well as the surrounding mainly concentratedin Ontario and British rural areas.A thorough study has yet to Columbia (seeTable 1 Twenty-five years ). be made of Finns in the townships,but ago, their numbers were almost equally it is known that many settledthere before divided betweenrural and urban domicile World War LB There is no firm evidence \2O,'lO2rural; 23,643 urban). The 1971 at this time about the number of Finns census,however, reveals an overwhelming in either Canadaor Thunder Bay before predominanceof urban-basedFinns (44,925 1900. During lhal year,682 Finnsimmi to 14,290).The four largesturbanconcentra- gratedto Canadaand the numbersincreased, tions of Finns (in descendingorder) are though by no meansevenly, until Worid Toronto, Thunder Bay, Vancouver and War l. In 1913 1914,the numbers peaked Sudbury. Thunder Bay and Sudbury rep- at 3,183 and then fell decisivelybelow resent"old" Finnishsettlement; Toronto's the 500 mark.9 What proportion of these and Vancouver'sFinnish communities, on came to Thunder Bay is not certain.The the other hand, have grown enormously 1901 censusdoes not mention Finns in sinceWorld War ll. eitherPort Arthur or Fort William;apparent- Originallyengaged for the most part ly they were classedas either Russiansor in railroad building, mining, lumbering Scandinavians.The Turku study of Finnish and mixed farming. Finnish immigrantsin emigration in 1905 reports that about the first half of the twentieth century 3O.1 '/. oI the Finns to Canada came to concentratedin the Sudbury'CopperCliff PorrArthur and Fort William.l0Tne 1911 Sault Ste. l\4ariearea of northern Ontario census,on the other hand, revealsthat and the Port Arthur - Fort William (or 10.6 o/. ot Canada'sFinns resided in Port Thunder Bay District) of northwestern Arthur and Fort Williamduring that year.ll Ontario. In weslern Canada,Finns were The discrepancybetween these two setsof

14 figures suggeststhat there are too many The Church variable factors to determine preclsely At the turn of the twentiethcentury, what proportion of Canada'sFinns came three Finnish congregationscame into to ThunderBay. The Turku statisticsinclude being in Thunder Bay the Apostolic anyone who gave his destinationas Port LutheranChurch (commonlyknown as the Arthur or Fort William and ultimately Laestadians),the Port Arthur Finnish movedon to the rural areasoutside Thun- Lutheran Church, and the Fort William der Bay, but they excludeFinns who came Finnish LutheranChurch founded in 1897. to Canadavia the UnitedStates. The census The Apostolic Church was the centre of includesthose Finns in Canadawho immi- life for its members.Drinking was forbidden grated via the United Statesbut excludes and thus the needfor joiningany temperan- those living in rural areas.Although it is ce society was precluded.The Laestadians not possibleto give an accurateaccount were also strongly anti-union and kept of annual Finnishimmigration to Thunder aparl f'om labour and socialistaclivities Bay, it ic cerlainthdt by 191l, dl leasl as much as possible.Generally, they re- 1643 Finns residedin the cities of Port mained aloof from associationwith their Arthur and Fort William,comprising 5.9 % fellow Finns and wath the wider English- of their total population.l2By 1913Finns speaking community of Thunder Bay. exceeded1O % of the total populationof Port Arthur and a contemporaryobserver The Port Arthur Finnish Lutheran made note of the prominenceof the "Finn congregationwas formed in 1896. The Colony " in both cities.13 following year land was donated to the congregationand a church was built. The As they sought to build a new life next iew yearsthe congregationexperienced in this area,the Finns came into contact a period of growth. Regularworship ser- with other Canadians and immigrants vices and Sunday School were held, a rhrough their work. At the same Iime, choir was formed, and variouspicnics and they formed organizationswithin their specialact ivities were sponsored. own ethnic community churches,tempe- rance societies,and workingmen'sassocia- The long-standingfeud betweenchurch- tions. There is no evidencethat Finns goingFinns and antichurch,usually socialist, '1910. establishedany formal organizationsin Finns beganto heat up after Church Thunder Bay before 1896, at which time Finns charged that their serviceswere the FinnishLutheran Church was formed in being disrupted. "On Sundaysand other Port Arthur. Until then ceremoniessuch as days;" they charged, "when divine service baptism, marriage and burial had been is being held in the church, the socialists conductedat St. John's AnglicanChurch noisily and openly enter and disturbthem where the minister had learned to read and their worship." The socialistswere in Finnish.la As with many other ethnic describedas "a wicked and ungodly people groups. religiousorganizations became the who openly break marriage vows and focal point of many Finns' self-identity.l5 exchange wives."16 For the socialists, Generally speakingthose Finns who did the church represented the oppressors, not associatewith the church in Thunder the "hired hands of capitalists,"' and Bay joined some socialistorganization or preached the "degradation of lile."17 other. The originsof the so'calledWhite ln Finland the Finnish Lutheran Church Red split among the Finns in Canadais. at that time held mnsiderablesecular as therefore,at least seventy-fiveyears old. well as spiritualpower and influencewhich was continuously being challengedby the causehad taken root in Finlandduring the rising socialistmovement. But in Thunder iast half of the nineteenth century.2l Bay beforeWorld War l, the struggleagainst and many immigrantsto Canadashared its the church seems have jdeaJs. to been nore sym namely the encouragemenlol an bolic than reol. Although church member. active,moral life uncontaminateclby alco ship listsare not extant,all cvidencepoints hol. In Port Arthurthe "Uusi yritys Rait- to rhe likelihood that churchgoing Finns tiusseura"or "New Attempt Temperance forn]eda minority of the Finnishpopulation Society" was formed on February 23. of preWorld War i Port Arthur and pfotrably 190222 and in Fort Wi iam, tlre,'pohian Fort Williamas well. Baptisma, marriage kukka" or "Northern Flower,, haci its and bufial figures,l8 however, seem ro beginningsabout tl'tesame time_23For a 'ndrcate a continuingdesire to tufn to the few years the Poft Arthur organrzaaron church to perform traditional ceremonta was very active. Dances,socials, plays, rites even thougS -unU of these Finns concertsand debateswere sponsoredand a were certarnlynot actrvemen-rbers of the mutual aid sociely tormed Membefship congregation. rose rapidly. Activitieswere largelycon- For Englishspeaking society in Thunder lined, however,to the Finnishcommunity. 8ay, however, rhe Finnish cnurcn was In lact an invitation to join the Royal seenin a differentlight. lt wasin the church TemplarsTemperance Society was turnecJ thal the seedsof future Canadiancitizens down.24 of merjt were to l)e {ound l9 For e,rampte, From about 1905 it appearsthal the l\4ayorOliver of Port Arthur, in nrsspeecn centreof Finnishactivity in port Arthur to the National Church Convenron rn beganto shift '1914 its focLtsfrorn temperance said that "he had found Finnish to workrngmen'sorganlzations, and before settlersot the Lutheran failh to be most the former was totally s!b desrrablecitrzens .... and they corrld da rne god l,y lhp /drte,. ThF r,Sl teeltng tO much to help the civic authoritiesand discLrssthe possibiliryof a socialislorgani Englishspeaking churchesin the work of zatron was held at the end of February, Canadianizing people . their and teaching tyuJ' A rp!,ulon.lr\ ldter \d!! t1e loJ themour laws,etc. "2 0 dlng of such an organizationknown as lmatra//9, Thus in the pre-Wor1dWar lsrs, ths a branchof a Brooklyn-based f ! Finnish imntigrant church seemsto have rnnrs'tAr))p (dn wor rng-nen\ d\socidlron been more significantfor its ideological Interestingly,at leastfour of the founding Stance than for rts capacity for action. men]bersof this organizationwere also While the churchqrew slowly and fosrered memt)ers ol the temperancesociety.26 internalconvictions which wouid be trans Earlyefforts at formal cooperationDerween the temperance mitted lo future generatrons,|l wd\ fl-e societyand lmatra/Fgmade socialistswho ran jn elections,built pultlic little progressThe causewhich orew rnem halls, publishednewspapers, anu generaly togetherWas a commonconcern to reduce, capturedthe limelight. rf not rernove,the evalsof aicohol.Socialisl oblectives,no less than temperanceones, TemperanceSocieties could not be attainedrf the rank,and.file inrbjbed rn the excessesof strong drink. The frrst Finnishnon-relrgious o,9ani Discussionsconcerning the erection of a zations to be fqrrnq6 in ThuRder Bay were commonbuilding, however, proved fruitless. ti-retemperance societies.Temperance as a In 1905 membershipIn the temperance soclety was double that in lmatra // 9.21 Finnish socialistlocals sent delegatesto Then, from 1906 to 1909, a significant participatein Finnishcaucuses at the general shift of members occurred from the tem- S.P.C.meetings.3l lt was apparentthat if peranceto the workingmen'ssociety. By Finnish socialistswere to play an effective April, 1909 the minutes of lmal(a lt I revolutionaryrole, they must participatein record that the temperance society had mainstreamsocialist activity. proposedjoining its ranks.The temperance Formerly the Thunder Bay socialists give society of[ered to up ils assetsin had lent financial support to Tytimies, return for a share in the new hall, the the Finnishsocialist paper publishedsince proposed Finnish Labour Temple which 1903 in nearby Superior,Wisconsin. In following year.28 was actually built the 1907, however, they began publishing In 1909 Fort William'stemperance society their own newspaperTydkann {The Wor- alsomerged with the Fort WilliamWorking- king People) and a satirical weekly Vdhd- men'sAssociation. With thesetwo develop- leuka (fhe Babbler).Originally published societiesseem to ments the temperance twice a week and eventuallyin 1912 be- havelost most of their influenceand finally coming a daily before bankruptcy closed to havedisappeared.29 its pressesin 1915, Tydkansa became a focal point for the Finnishsocialist move- Workingmen'sAssociationt ment in Canada.32Only S.P.C.party mem- There seemslittle doubt that before bers could be on the managementof the WorldWar I the socialistswere the doninant paper. forcein the Port Arthur Finnishcommunity. By the end of 1907 the Finnishsocia- The general of the sizeand activity socialist lists felt strong enough to contest the Port organizationsand their highvisibility among Arthur municipalelections. Their efforts, both the Finnish and the "kielinen" Inon- however,proved futile as not one of their Finnish populationslend speaking) support candidateswas elected.The two-year period to this contention.Although relationswith following was a time of difficulty and English-speaking labour organizationswere confusionfor the Finnish'Canadiansocialists usuallycordial, Finnish socialistspreferred '1910 In they were evictedfrom the Socia- to maintain their own ethnically based list Party of Canada.One interpretation associations,namely lmatra // I and its suggeststhe originsof the split lay in the successorthe FinnishSocialist Organization English-speakingmembers' resentmentof in Port Arthur. Formedin 1903 lmatra:/F I immigrantworkers who, they feared,were sought and obtained membershipin the taking jobs which properly belongedto socalled lmatra League formed in Brooklyn, "Canadians."33 Another account suggests New York in 1890.30 Later, in 1907, that the split occurred between those the Port Arthur branchfell out with head favouring solely political, parliamentary quartersand sensingthe needJor a natronal action and those favouring emphasison link in Canadajoined the marxistSocialist economicimprovements through non-parlia- Party of Canada (S.P.C.)The next year mentarymeans.34 the Fort Willian Finnish Socialist local followed suit. Thunder Bay socialistswere In 19'l'l the societies,both Finnish alsoprominent in forminga nationalorgani and non Finnish, which had beenevicted zation of Finnish Canadiansocialists. This from the SocialistParty of Canadadecided allowedfor the provisionof a unitedFinnish to organizethemselves anew. A confe- voice wirhin the S.P.C.By 1908 fourteen rencein Winnipegformalized a new consti- 17 I tution and launcheda party under the with Ukrainians,became the backboneof name of the Social DemocraticParty the rank'and-fileof the CommunistParty of Canada. Once againthe Finnishde' oTLanaoa."" legatesmet in a separate caucus, and subsequentlydecided to form a Finnish- Canadian socialist organizationof their Perceptionof Finns by Host Society headquartersin Toronto. This own with When Finnish immigrantssettled in known as the Finnish organizationbecame Cdnadabefore Wold War l, their receplion SocialistOrganization of Canada(Canadan by the predominantlyAnglo-Celtic host lainen Sosialistijirjesto).In l\4arch, Suoma society was affected by currently held its lirst convention 19i4, the F.S.O.held viewsabout immigrants.By some,all immi- time it had sixty- in Port Arthur. By this grants were perceived as "hordes," and groups comprising 3.062 four member the sourceof most crime, pauperism,and 5 members.3 illiteracyin Canada.Generally. the Anglo- The period immediately before the Celtic host societyassumed that its civili- First World War seems to have been the zationwas superior to any otherand that its heyday for socialismamong the Finns of stock was superior in biological,racial, ThunderBay. Then in 1915the membership social, religious and political terms.40 of the FinnishSocialist Organization drop' This convictionwhich grew from a mix- ped from 3,062 to 1,86736and the fYo ture of Social Darwinism,the Protestant kansa,by then publishingdaily, was forced ethic, the Aryan myth, Anglo-Saxonracasm to close down. A period of ideological and pridein the BritishEmpire led the host confusionfollowed. The Finnish Socialist society to judge immigrantsaccording to Federation of the Social Democratic Party their presumed assimilability.On this of Canadawas declaredillegal by order' scaleof perception,the British,Americans. in-Councilon Sepiember25, 1918. When Scandinavians,Germans and French were Finnish socialism reappearedas a force the most desirableimmigrants. The Slavs in the 1920s,it wasto be in a vastlydiffe- and southernEuropeans were lessso but, rent form. Some Finns joined the syndi- nevertheless,capable ultimately of entering calistsrepresented in Canadaand the United the Canadianway of life. Finally, Arabs, States by the IndustrialWorkers of the Or;entals,and Negroeswere seen ds;n World (lWW) and in Canadafor a brief capableof assimilationand hence ideally period by the (OBU).37 to be barred from entering Canada.41 This faction advocated "" The highestclass of immigrant was thus through industry-wideand generalstrikes from Northern Europe,from countriesof and through assumingcontrol of factories. Teutonic race, Protestant religion, and The other and larger faction, represented "popular" government.42The ress oe in Canada atter 1922 by the Communist sirableimmigrants were admitted for eco- Party,insisted on a programmeof political nomic reasons;there was neverany premise action directed against capitalism. The that they had much to contributeculturally Finns who supported the latter position or intellectuallyto the life ol Canada. ioined the FinnishOrganization of Canada Accordingto this scaleof values,the which was incorporatedin 1923. Both Finns were acceptedas membersof the factionswere particularlyactive in organi Northern Europeancommu nity. Although zing Finnish-Canadianlumber workers in not of Teutonic race, they were, accor- northwestern Ontario.38 Finns, together ding to one assessmentof 1909, quite 18 desirablebecause of therr proxrmrty to article but expressedthe "poor little Fin- Scandinavia and their love of freedom. land" thememore eloquently: We fancy thal a demonslraiionin Port Arthur ,... long residence near the scandinavaan of contempl io. and protesl againstRussran people has influenced them greatly Many of atrociries, could nor be bettet mdnifeste.l lhose from the coast the dislricl trom than bv consentingto extend ro rhe Frnnish which most of our immigrants come can residents of the crty ihe srnall concession hardlv be distinguished from the Swecles. lor whrch lhey.rsk (tax erempton lor the The attempred "Russilicaton of Finland" Labour Temple).46 has mel wrth great opposrtron lrom thrs intellrqenl, srurdy people. Many ot them prefer to leavc their homes ralher than Finns at Work 43 sacrifice their independence. A social survey of Port Arthur and Fort William commissionedby the N4etho- In Thundef Bay the attitudesoJ the dist and Presbyterianchurches in 1913 host society towards the Finns seem to referredto the Finns as "the aristocracy" have ranged from indifferenceto mild of the non Englishspeaking immigrant la- tolerance.At leastas far as theseattitudes bour population.4TIn this capacitythey were publicly revealedin the press,there stood amongthe ranksof the "everincrea- wasli le overlho5trlity. The filsl menlion sing horde of unskilledworkers" who had of Finns in the English lenguagepress entered the CanadianLakehead srnce the occurredin 1907when the Finnishsocialists tufn of the century.4E Neverrneless,as decidedto run a slateof candidatesin the the arlstocracy,the Frnnswere said to pro- municipalelection.44 After this time, the vide "the link connectingthe immigrant Finns were mentioned more frequently v,/ith the Artisan class,"composed mainly usuallyin associationwith sportsor politics. of English-speakrngskilled labourefs.The The newspapersdid not approveof the first classabove the aftisansand unskilled Finnlshsocialists, but tnis was due to the workers consistedoJ th€ wealthy early latter'spolitical ideology rather than to their settlers "who have grown up with the ethnicity. ID an editorial entitled "The City," and the businessand professional Flnnish Socialisis," rhe Daily /vews made men.4 9 it clear that the Finns in generalwere acceptedas potentiallygood citizenswhile A recentstudy of occupationsof male the >ocral,stFrnr)s, dlthough not posrngdn Finns in Port Arlhur in 1911 corroborates gf immecliatethreat, were perceivedas less the sooal survey'sclassification Finns,in desirablethan their socallednon polrtical the main, in the third class.50Almost 't" countrVmen.4S Another article in the 7O of male Finns in the s(udy were Daily News mentioned the hard work of general labourers.Less than i0 % were the Finns,the attractivenessof the Labour skilled workers iseeTable 2). In Fort Wil- percentage Temple, the eagernessof the Finns to liam the of male Finns who learn English,and the fact that most Finns were general labourerswas even higher were by no meanssocialists- There were exceeding83 %. Ot the workingwomen in also liberal referencesto the "tyranny of Port Arthur (estimatedto be 16.4 % of the Russia"and rhe people"sent from Finland total Finnishfemale population in 1911), to suffer and die in the desertsof Siberia, the majority l.40.3 y.) were hotel staff. or in a cellin a Russianprison " An editorial Usually unmarried,these women lived in 'For in the sameissue entitled our Finnish thejr placeof work, servingas cooks,cham- Friends' secondedthe sentimentsof the bermaids. waitresses and maids. Clerks 19 TABLE I1

Occuparronsof male F nns in Port Arthur,l9l l :

General abourers 253 69.1% Skrlledlabourers * 9.3% r/a Busrnesspropr etors 15 4.1 Tyokansaemp ovees 11 3.0 9/" Clerks I 2.5% Mrnngers, secretafles 5 1.4% Olhers 2 5% 3l 10.19;

366

Occup.t ons of rni e F Inns n ForlWrl ilm,1911 at;, GencrJ .l)oLrre rs tB0 83.4 .,; Olhers 7 3 2 29 13.4%

216

Occut).rons oI femile Finns n PorrArth!r. 1911

Hoie s1.iff 29 40.3t" Clr:,ks 10 13.9"., Do rnes1,cs I 125' '. Others::r t: 8 I I r t6 222,,

t2

D Occ|]pnrronsof fenri,e Frnni n Fo'l !\r .]m. 1911

Horelsl.fl I I

?

'1: St tecl l,r.or,' rrs (1!l fr,(i n rh1-'K(iuh rru(l! ro rrc (r(l{ri,,r !i,.s ..,,rl'prrr{lr!, srnths, bl,rcksm rhs, clecrlc.rns, rt.i l.lrnr.rk,Lr5,!roffjr,i!on5 p.rsr,prr-'r! lrr()sr n terf.e rr,r(lr-'slr lors,lrrr bers, bulchers), as !{el ns. m ner, n I srl{rrmiif !r.rl ro!' I 'm.r's

t''"'Th,s I gLIe nc u.lcs 3 bookkr{rpc,s. 2 ,r!n.l,esses. ,r nu'se, a 1),irh rrlcnd,rnl, irfd J.lre5tmrker

Table bo owecl irom Chl5l ne Kouh,, L ,l)()ur , nrl I Inf sh rnnr'g,rr,on r() ThL,rr.ler U,,y. 1376 1914." Lnk,b'.r.lL tli,t\tty lttttit Vo X.No I(Sp,nq l!)7{;, rrp 256

?0 'l; and domestics comprised another 25 Conclusion female labour torce, and with a of the The pre-World War I period for the for non- single exception they worked Finnish immigrantsin Thunder Bay was picture the Port Flnns.Thus, a general ot one of establishment.They came to form Jorce emerges:the Arthur Finnish labour a visible segrnentof the population of prima.ily g€neral labourers males were Port Arthur and Fort William{now Thunder However,at the and the females,servants. Bay), and made a lastingimpact on the wa( coming samerrme a husinesscommunity rural areas west and north of the twin Finns were being into being and some cities.Finnish rural lite reachedthe peakof employedat skilledlabou r. its vitality in the 1930s,fell into decline about 1940 and has not revived since. environmenthad a dual This working Among the reasonsfor rural depopulation, immigrant Finns. ln one effect on the the followingmay be suggested.The war and it restrictivein that the majority sense was war-relatedindustries in the cities drew confined to generallabour of Finns were young people away. Secondly,land once jobs. This occurred partly becausemany adequatefor subsistence'typefarming could Finnswere unskilled,partly because of the no longersupport the demandsmade on it difficulties,but also because ot language by a more sophisticatedagricultural econo- were perceivedby native the irnmigrants my. Thus as the originalsettlers died off, to in some sense"belong" born Canadians no new onescame to replacethem. Thirdly, In another sense, to the laboLrringclass. secondgeneration Finns, taught the values the etfect ot the indifferent,if not hostile, and languageof the clominantEnglish-spea' into which the Finns immigrated milieu king culture, no longer felf the need or was positive.They were forced to rely on desire for the security of a specifically fellow compat ots for malerlal aid their Finnishethn ic community. and companionship,and as a resultformed In Thunder Bay itself, the Finnish organizationsoJ various kirrds churches, presenceremained visible atter the war and temperance societies and workingmen's doesso eventoday.51 The city still boasts associations.Eefore World War lat least, a very active "Finn Town" dominatedby all of thesegroups led an extremelyactive the FinlandiaClub Hall (the former Finnish existence,attending to the material,social Labour Temple), a much smaller "Red and inte lectualwelfare of their members. Finn Hall," severalFinnish churches, and It appearsloo, lhat the Finnspreferred numerous Finnish businessestablishments concentrated Port to or(ler their liveswithin the context of on Bay Street in Arthur ward. their o\./n ethnic community as much as The languageis taught in local high possible.The reluctanceof both the tem- schoolsand alsoat LakeheadUniversity by perance and workingmen's societiesto an instructor suppliedby the lvlinistryof Educationjn Finland.Formerly enter any f ormal relationshp will'l sympat- the largest hetic English-speakingor "kielinen" groups concentrationof Finns in Canada,Thunder now place supports thrs thesis. The Finns who in Bay takes second to Toronto with mostcdses wo'ked In an alrenenv'lonmeni which, Vancouver,has beenthe most popular destinarionlor Finnishimmigr3415 seem lo have{elt the neeclto balancethls to Canadasince World War ll. experience wilh others in which their familiar langLrage,customs, and modesof While elementsof behaviouralassimi thinkingwere preser ved. latlon can be observed among the city's

21 FinnishCanadians, it is also true that they society.Thus a full knowledgeof the new have nurtured their own languageand environmentand a true notion of the new traditions brought with them or by their soclalreality are precluded.Human conrafis ancestorsfrom Finland.They havesought to are often confined to fellow Finns with maintain a specificallyFinnish identity, whom easy communication is possible. one which sepdrated them in the past Insufficient knowledge of English may and in many cases still separatesthem well be a major reasonJor isolationfrom today from ali other residentsof the Thun- the mainstreamof ThunderBay society.53 der Bay cities.s2Failure in many casesto Other case studies may well show this learn or to learnwell the Englishlanguage socialisolation to be equallytrue of other appearsto be a major barrier mitigating Finnishcommu nities in Canada. against social interaction with the host

as A Cl)roni.lc oJ Fonisb Settlenents in Rurdl Footnotes Tbandtr Ba\, (Thunder Bay : FinnishCanadian HrsiorrcaiSociery of Thunder Bay, 1975). Special thanks are extended to a forrher student 9 of mine, Ms. ChristineKouhi, who was responsible Statisticscompiled by Canada,Department ot lor trdnsldtingmost of the mateflals conce'ning lmmigration for Project Bay Street, No. 1, 1974. the Thunder Bay Finns which originallyappeared '- SIrli(rrc5 comp'led oy E-nrqrdrron qrslory in Finnish. R€search Cen(er, University of Turku, Turku, 1 Dominion of Canada, S.ssiotlal P.tpcrs, 1sg4, Finland: Canada: 853 Finns, Port Arthur, 194; Vol. XXXVll, No. 10,tfl3, p. 5. Fort William,68.

_ l1 Reino Kero, Migration lroti I.inldt)d to Nortl) Censusot Canada, 1911 Number of Finns in Amcica r the Years Betueen tbe Uhied Statts Canada, 15,500: In Port Arthur and Fort William, Cioil l\ar and the First wold lvdl (Turku: Turku 1643. University,19141, p. 161. '' Ibid. Total population of both cities,27,719. 3 R"por, to Department of Interior by Dr. H. '- Wallon reporting from Scanojnavia Stliiordl Eryce M. Stewart, Rc?()rt of a Prtlinuary Papers, 1898, Vol. XXXll, No. 10,/F13, p. 67. and Ceneral Socidl Sun)eJ/ of Port Arthur \Mertto- dist and PresbyterianChurches, 1913), pp. 3, 5; 4 Tauri Aaltio, "A Survey of Emigration from Stewarl, R.?ort of d Pr.liminary and Cenerdl Finland 10 the Uniled States and Canada," in Social Sunry of Fort lyilli.rl (Methodisl and Ralph J. Jalkanen led.), the Finn\ i Notth PresbyrerianChurches, t9l3), p. 22. Ameita' A Social Syt tposium. (Hancock, Michi- 14 gan: Suomi College,'l969), p. 68. P.eface to the Minure Eooks of Bethet Luthe, ran Church, Port A rthur. " Tbe Cdnadian Fdmily TTee (Ottawa: Depart- '- ment of Secrelaryo{ State, 1967),p. 116. For dn e\cellent srudv of lhc drmensronsof religio 6 ethnicity In the United States, see Ttmothy tuia L. Smith, "Religious Denominations as Ethnic ' Communities: A Regional Case Study," Cb!/c, DBS,1964, Table 6, p.204; DBS,l966,Table Ilistory, Vol. XXXV, No. 2 (JLrne, 1966), pp. p. 229, DBS, 1969; Table p. 209; 6, 5, Sratistics 207-226. Canada,1972,f a6le 4, O.226. '" PoriA'rhurDdrly vpt.r. May 20, 1913 " A valuable beginningwas made in 1975 by 17 'lyr;korrou Project BaV Street, No. 2, a group of amateur Nr.,1i (Porr Arrhur, 1909),p. L historian5fLJnded by a summer granl from the Copiesof Porr Arthur Finnishnewspapers reterreC Oepartmen(of SecretarVof State. Their findings to in this papermay be foundon mrcrofilmIn rhe together with many photographswere published LakeheadUniversity Archrves. 22 lB Mjnur". of ihe Port Arthur F nnish Lutheran " Viita(Tolvanen tfans.), p.4. Church (Eethel). 32- ror dn rn,lry,,r\ot tr" t\.,t .a.r. Darrruo,v '" ,,rh, .\i'n-!, May 20, 1913 see l],okn)t\.1.June 15, 1915 l1ssLrccessor, l.rl),rx\ lFreedom), began publicalron n SudburV in 2o g. tL,;,t.,Jutv rgtt. November, 1917, and merged rf 1974 wrth the 21 'Temper,rr)ce Itrefary laeekly J.iLllr to lorm i rrAAr\,rr',Drr. T"tl"ruo Kahara, Socrety I 1/\i publ shecj weeklV ro Toronto TlrAdr!,r was not Ytifs, l'rojrLt llny St1rt, \',. 1 (Thunder 8aV, the only publication of the Fin'lrsh Bu lding 19141,p 1. See also Seppo Varitrnen,"Aatteiden Company which was located rn the Labo!r Temp. f!4urroksei" in Pekka Suhonen et .rl , .\d/,r .\rrrr,l le They ;lso publ,shedAr-_,rr l ri,, {1911). \lrrrr lnt\(t lirltl]turiu I r',tta (Potvao WSOY, 1974), ';.t Voutn l19AB) 1 .\ ii,li ( 1909 1910), pp.45.146. , .\,oInD\,1u and f',rA,ri'rlAd (1910 1915) Copies obir necj 22 [linur" Books of the "U!sr Yrrrys Rijnrius. f/om He s,nki Universiry Lrbr;rrV3re avarlabicon seura" lNew Allempr Temperrnce Socrety), mrcrot I'n al LakeheadUnivefsrly Arch ves

Feh. 23, 1902 Housed at Lakeheacl Unrversty -- J W Ahlqvist. "JarlestommeToiminta Vuoteen Archives (Hereafter relerred to as U Y.R. M nu 192O, < ,ttt,ldn suol)ttlrtrtu 2i I u,,!tt1 resl. Jntt\ta lSudbury Vapaus, 1936), p.35 Ahlqvrsthacj -- 'The Nlck Viita, Oriqrns of the Canadran been instrumental in persuadrngthe Canadian Finnish Labor Movement," ./rJ(\rndr\1r, Oclober socalist Frnns to join lhe Socia,st Party of Cana- I rnd 13, 1970 Triinslation t)v A I Tolvanen, oa. p. 2 of ih s manLrscript.L.rkehead Unrversity

-" 24 Ahlqvrsr,p 38 U y R. Mrnutes.Fetr 23, r904.

25 Minr,", of the execut ve of rhe workingmens socierV,lmatra (LakeheaclUnrversiry Archr ' 7f I For backqround to the IWW rn Can.di and vesl. Forty-threememtrers :\relt:ted ihe OBU, seeA. RossMcCormack, "The IndLrslrral -" Workers oi the World in WesternCanada: 1905- U.Y.R. MembershipBook. 1905 1914," Ilirtoirdl Paptrs (C.H.A.), 197s, pp 167- 21 22q ,o 117 members U Y.R Membership 190; Davrd J. Bercuson, "Western Labour Radr 'Vuos Book, 1905, lma1r, minures. kerlomus, ca rsm and lhe One Big Union: Myths and Rea, 1905'lAnnual Reporr). lities," in S.M. Trofimenkoff \ed.l, Tbe trt.ntk's I Wt:ster, arradd {Ottawa: National Museum -" 'Yosrs lmatr; /19 M nures Ap. 29 1909 of Man, 1972), pp 32-49, Gerald Fri€sen, '- in Revoll Regionalrsm,Socaalism and ihe Wes, lr r. I^rpr", 'lq ro rore ihdl r'1 respeLl Io tern Canadian Labour Movement,' LaboLr/Lt) Finns in the Unired Staies, Reino Kero places t ra"oaiU?ur,Vol. I (1976), pp. 139-157. For an 1910 as a turninq pornr rn the decltneoi temperan_ accounl oJ FinnishAmencans and rhe LW.W., ce socrelresand the ascendancyoi the socialrst see Koslrainen, "Finnish American Workmen's labour movement. He also noles lhe same pattern Associations,"pp. 212.13) 218-19; DouglasOllila, o' .ocra .' ol renper".c. ror iely Jt., Fton Socialism to Indusrrial Unronism hnlls The procedure progressedfrom first ioining (lWW): Social Factors in lhe Emergence of Left- the temperancesocrelres to evenlualy ugrngthe Labor Radrcalism among Finnish Workers on halls for their owo purposesonce they were in the Mesabr, 1911-19," in Michael Karni, Matti the major lV. Reino Kero, "Finnish lmmigrani Kaups and Douglas Ollila (eds.). The Frnnish Culiure rn America." rn Vriho Nrtemas. el al. l:x?(nt L't tn tbe lye\tem Grcit Ldkes Rqrcn, (eds.),O/,/ I;ft J\ \trorg 7i{,r (Turku Insrrtuie Nu- PtrsFtcti.tes (TurkutInstitule for Migration, for M gration,19161,pp.111 1A)124 I975),pp. 156-171. 30 l-"t,a's purposewas ro promoretrgh€rasprra- -" lrons and mLrlual ard among F InnishAmer;can AT. H;ll. "Hisroric Easis and Development workers. See Auvo Kostiainen,"Finnish American of the Lumber Workers'Organlzation and Strugg- Workmen's Association," in iIri,/.. pp- 208-209. les In Ontaro" (ca. 1952). Manuscrpr In posses. 23

I sion of aulhor. Hill has been a leadingcommunrst begins "As you no doubt know how the tyranny ot for over half a century. Now residentin Thunder Russia now oppressesthe small nation of Finland" Bdy, he wds rmprrsonedIn K,ngslonPen'lentrdry In (J. V. Kannasto, M. Hahl, and George McKela 1931 along with Tim Euck and six other Commu- to Hon. Sydnev Arthur Fisher, Feb. 6, 19'11, nist leaders. He was an active contributor to Public Archives of Canada, Vol. 25, File 651). li?du.r and for many years ran the fdldu-r Book At the time of the founding in ?901 of the Finnish storein Thunder 8aV. Lrtopiansocialist settlement of Sointula on the west coas! of British Columbia, there was similar 39 luan Auukumouic, fh. Cotn tltn$t I',trty in repeated reference in the local English press to C1MJa: A llrsrdDl (Toronto: McClelland and the despotic natLrre of Russran rule whrch was Stewart, 1975), p. 24. In the United States,Finns leading the "Freedomloving" Finns to seek emi 'in made up 48.5 % of the membership of the Wor gration order to escapethe tyranny and oppres- kers' Parry of America lCommunlst) in 1922. sion of the Russiangovernment." See, for example, Auvo Kost ainen, "AmerikansuomalaisenTyovien Vancouver Ptu)"rinc., Aptil 9, 1901; Victoria i kkeen Tutkimuksesra, Sttrtolaisuus/\1ighltnn, ColaDist, Aptil 11, 1901. For detailson Sointula, 1976,1 , p.29. seemy "Matti Kurikka:Finnish CanadianIntellec tual," RC. str/.1rer,No. 20 {winter, 1973-74), 40 ol Po,x.r, studu's in cu,l Berger, Ttu scns( pp.50-65. tha Ideds oJ (:d1tt'tn InPrndlisDt, Iu6/- t911 47 (Toronto University of Toronto Press, 1970), ste*urt, Port Artbur Suroty, p.5. pp. 117188; Christine Bolt, llktondD Attttu.t(\ -" p ,o l?,r.c (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Srewa(. Fot! $tlia Suru.t. 10. 19711, pp. 1-28)206.223. 49 ste*art, Port Artbw suney, p.5. 41 Fo, excellent summary of Canadian attr- -- 'Labour "n Ch'rsrine Korh. and F;nnish lmmi. tudes iowards assimilalionsince the turn of the gratron to Thunder Bay. 1876-1914." Ldkehead century, see Howard Palmer, "Reluctant Hosts: U i"ersity R(vieu, Vol. lX, No. 1 {Sprlng,1976), Anglo Canadran \/rews of Multiculturalism in the pp. 22-28. Twenrieth Century,' in Conftr?nc. l?t:Port, S.co,ld Cdnddidn Co lerrnce o ,llult1cultu lis?t, " M.J. l\rets;ranta,"Ethnic ResidentialConcent' (Ottawa, .lt ltrculturdlisn as Stdtu Policy 1976), ration and Succession in the former city of Port "Mosarc pp. 81.118. The same author's versus Arthur" {Unpublished B.A. thesis, Lakehead Melting Pot:lmmigrarion and Ethnrcity in Canada University,1972). and the United Srares," Iut.mational JoLnnl, 52 Vol. XXXI, No 3 (Summer, 1976), 488528, Recent studies of the Finnish communrry In is also most enlightening on comparisons between the Swedish city of Vaster6s point to ihe Gemein the Unired States and Canada wrlh respecl to schaft'like nature of that community wiih its immigrationand assimilation. informal activities such as weekly dances and B,ngo See Elrna Haavro-Mann'la,'ConieqJences 42 "The curl Berger, True North Strong and of Migration for Individuals and Families: A (ed.), Free," in Peter Bussell i\'tltiottiltstti o1 Study of Migrant and Nonmigrani Families in Candda lloronro, McGraw Hill, 1966), pp. 3 26. Helsinki and VasterAs,in Alitr Majava led.l, ,\Iig- (Migralron 43 /,ttton R.:itd/Lb iD Scandi duid Beports J.S. Woods*orth, strd,g.rt lyitbin Ow c,tt.s No. 4) (Helsinki: Ministry of Labour, 1973), (oriq. pub. 1909; reissuedUniversity of Toronto pp. 103-116; Magdalena Jaakkoa. "The Social Press,1972), p. 74. Networks of Finnish Migrants: A Case Study in 44 Vasteres, pp.117 ooity uu,,ur,Dec.20, 1907. in lrt,/., 124. 53 45 For. th" establishment of immigrant social I b i,t. , Aug. 24 . 1go}. networks, see J. Clyde Mitchell (ed.). Sr.idl 46 ooily N"-r, June 11, 1910. The appeal to ^"(tuorks i Urbdn Situdtion\ (Manchesterl "Russian Tyranny' seems to have been a popular Manchester LJniversityPress, 1 969). one when Finns made an appeal of any kind to 'fyokat6a the English. A request ftom rhe lor advertising from the Department of the Interior

24 SUOMALAISETTHUNDER BAYSSA

Ensimmaiset.uomalaiset sa.puivat Kanadaan luul piste siirtyne€n raittiusseuroistatyoveenyhdistyk- ravastr Alaskan kaurta pran sen jalkee^, kun siin iopa srlen, etta mydhemmin railtausseural Venajaoli myynyt alueenYhdVsvalloille v 1867. sLrlautuivat kokonaan nrhin, kuten tapahtui Ennen vuoria 1875 saapui suomalaisia Kanadan Port Arthurissaja Fort Willramissa- itaosiin Yhdysvaltain kautta. Laajamrttaisempi Sosialistitolrvat vaikuttavia lekijoita Port Arthuris- slirtolaisuusaloittuu kurtenkin vuosien 1880' sa ennen ensimm;ista maailmansotaa-Sii/tolarset 1914velille. pyrkiv6t yleensa sbilyltamean omat kansalliset Vaestolaske^nan mukaan Kanadassa oli vuonna yhteenliirtymans: vaikka suomalaistenperustamilla 1901 2500 suomalaista. Kymmenen vuode. tyovbenyhdisiyksille oli suhteita vastaavreneng- kuluttua m.ar;i oii kohonnur runsaaseen15 000. lanninkielisten yhdistysten kanssa. Myohemmin Ensimmarnen maailmansola pysayrri srirlolarsuu Porr Arlhurin samoin kuin Fort Williamin sosialis- den miltei kokonaan,mutra 1920.luvullam!utti lit liittyival kuitenkin Kanadan marksilais-sosia- Kanadaan noin 30 000 suomalaista siirtolaista. listiseenpuolueeseen, Siirrolaisvirrat tvrehtyivet uudelleen l930.luvun Vuonna 1907 Thunder Bayn sosialistit alkoivat laman ja roisen maailma.sodanaikand. Seuraava lulkaista omaa sanomalehtea Tyokansa ja satii' hu,ppukausioli vastavuoden 1946 j6lkeen.Vuo' sia virkkolehrea W:ik,leuka. Tete eonen sosialis' sien 1961 ta 1971 vaesiolaskennoissaKanadassa rir antoivai ialoudellista rukea Ty6mies nimiselle oli lahes 60 000 suomalaissynryist6henkilda. sdnomalehdpl'e.jold julkaisr r n Wisconsinissa. 1960-l!vun vuosrttain siirto- i:ilkeen saapuvren Kanadansuomalaisetsosialistit erotettiin vuonna larstenmabra on kultenkrnlaskenut alle 1000:een. 1910 Kanadan sosialistiseslapuolueesta, mutta Tdman vuosrsdoanensrmma,srcn vuos kyrnnenrp. jonkin arkaa kestaneen hajaannuksen jalkeen aikana siirtola,suuskeskirtyi Ontariof suomalainen suomalarset perustivat oman Canadan Suomalai- Pohjois ja Luoteisosiin.Pori Arthur ja Fort sen Sosialistiiariestonsd(v. 1914), jonka ensim- William, nykyaan muodostavar Thunder totka nr;inen kokous pidettiin Port Arthurissa. Jar Eayn kaupungln, edustaval vanhaa suomalars. lesroon kuului ruolloin 64 yhdistysra ja yhteensa asutusta Thunder A3yn alueelle m!ulraneiden 3062 l;senla. Vuodesta 1915 alkaen valliisi jal- suomalsisten ma:jr,sta ole rarkkoja tieloja ei leen ideologrnen epetieloisuus. Ty6kansa lakkasi vuotta 1900 edeltbneellb ajalta, m!tta vuoteen ilmestymest€ ja Kanadan demokraattiseen puo- 10 Port 1913 menness.suomala set edustval n % lueeseenli,t(ynyr The FinnishSocialist Federation Arrhufrn asukkarsta. Al!ksr asutus lakaantul tu rsiettirn laritomaksi.Sosialrsmi ilmeni arkai- rasaisestimaarseuduile kaupunkeh n, mu1la la semmasta poikkeavassa muodossa 1920-luvulla. v!oden 1971 vaesrolaskentaosoiltaa kaupunki Osa suomalaisisla liittyi Kanadan syndikalistei laistumisenlisa;ntyneen voinrakkaasri. Toronton, hin, jotka kannartivat "suoraa toimintaa". Suurin Thunder Bayn, Vancouve.n ja Sudburyn kau os, liirtyr l,-rrcnPin Kdnada^ kommunrsrrseen pungir oval suomalarsasul|]ksen keskuksra puoiueeseeo, ioka kannalli poliittisentormrnnan Oman yhdyskuntansasisa la suomaaisel perustr suunlaamista kapitalismia vastaan. Suomalaiset vat seurakuntia,rarttiusseuroie ja tyov3enyhdis- yhdessa ukra;nalaisten kanssa muodostivat Ka tyksia. S{romalaisluterila,nenkirkko perqsteltirn nadan kommunistisen poolueen ydinjoukon, Porl Arlhuflrn vuonna 1396. Krikol .r o I suurl Suhtauluminen suomalaisiinsiirtolaisiin vaihteli merkilys 5irrrolaistenelarnassb, vaikka \eurakun Thund€r Eayssa velinpilam,ttomyydestb suvait- nai eivbr toimineerkaanaktiiivisesti la kirkkoon sevaisuuteen. lsantdmaassa ennen ensimmbisti; kuuluvat olivat vehemmistonaThunder Bayssa maailmansotaa vallalla olleen kesityksen mukaan ensimmaisereiuskonnollrset yhdisrykser olivat englantilaiset, amerikkalarset,saksalaiset, ranska- raiitiusseurolePort Arlhurin peruslelrrn Uusi la)set ja Skandinavian maisla tulleer s;irtolaiset Yritys Rartlrusseura",joka ioimi muutamanvuo. olrvat hyvbksyttavbmpia ja sopeutuivat helpom den ajan akriivisesti. Sen roimesra jarjestertiin min kanadalaiseen elamantapaan. Suomalaiset Itamia ja murta tuhlia,esiretliin neytelmii, pider laskettiin pohjoiseurooppalaisiksi. The Daily irln konser eia ia keskustelotilaisuuksraseka Newsissa ilmestVneen artikkelin mukaan suoma- muodosrellrnyhdr,rys (esl, Inar\pn avun dnrdrn,ira laiset olivar varsin toivoruja siirtolaisra.Ei-poliit- tiset suomalaisetolivat kuilenkin toivorumpia kuin Vuodesld 1905 dlkdcn ndv lad IormrnnJ' pdino sosralistit. Ontarion pohiois- ja luoteisosiin muuttaneet Vbhemm6n kuin l0 % oli ammattitaitoisia tydn- suomalaisaltulivat alunperin toihin rautateille. t6kijoit:i- klivoksiin mets:itbihintai ryhtyivat maanvrt' ia Ammattitaidon puuttuminen ja kiglglliset esteet jeliidiksi.Kaupunkilaisvaostdn osuus on kuitenkin '| selittavat osittain sen, ette suurin osa suomalai- 940-luv'Jltal6htren kasvanut voimakkaasti. sista siirtolaisista kuului tydvaest6dn. Toisaalta Askerteintehty tutkimus(ks. nooiti 50) osoittaa, ymp;ristbn vatinprtamaton 5uhtautumrnen ja var- ett; Port Arthurissaolevista suomalaisista mie- keudet sulautua muuhun yhteis66n vaakutrivat hista 70 % oli ammattitaidottomialy6ntekilditd posiriivisesti siina mieless6, etta omaa kansalli- vuonna 1911. Naispuolis€tsirrtolaiset loirnivai suurra olevren rii,tolarsren keskindinen vuorovai- suurimmaksiosaksi palveluammateissa. Mainittuna kutus oli tiiviirnpa;. Siien suomalaisets;ilyttivat vuonna40 % rydssdkayvastd naisisra tydskenteli oman kielensd ,a p€rinteens?jsekii suomalaisen hotelleissaja 25 % oli muissapalvelutehtdvis$. identitoettinsa.

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