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A Proletarian Prometheus: Socialism, Ethnicity, and Revolution at the Lakehead, 1900-1935

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A Proletarian Prometheus: Socialism, Ethnicity, and Revolution at the Lakehead, 1900-1935 A PROLETARIAN PROMETHEUS: SOCIALISM, ETHNICITY, AND REVOLUTION AT THE LAKEHEAD, 1900-1935 by Michel S. Beaulieu A thesis submitted to the Department of History In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (December 2007) Copyright © Michel S. Beaulieu, 2007 ISBN:978-0-494-48210-0 Abstract “The Proletarian Prometheus: Socialism, Ethnicity, and Revolution at the Lakehead, 1900-1935” is an analysis of the various socialist organizations operating at the Canadian Lakehead (comprised of the twin cities of Port Arthur and Fort William, Ontario, now the present-day City of Thunder Bay, and their vicinity) during the first 35 years of the twentieth century. It contends that the circumstances and actions of Lakehead labour, especially those related to ideology, ethnicity, and personality, worked simultaneously to empower and to fetter workers in their struggles against the shackles of capitalism. The twentieth-century Lakehead never lacked for a population of enthusiastic, energetic and talented left-wingers. Yet, throughout this period the movement never truly solidified and took hold. Socialist organizations, organizers and organs came and went, leaving behind them an enduring legacy, yet paradoxically the sum of their efforts was cumulatively less than the immense sacrifices and energies they had poured into them. Between 1900 and 1935, the region's working-class politics was shaped by the interaction of ideas drawn from the much larger North Atlantic socialist world with the particularities of Lakehead society and culture. International frameworks of analysis and activism were of necessity reshaped and revised in a local context in which ethnic divisions complicated and even undermined the class identities upon which so many radical dreams and ambitions rested. ii Acknowledgements I owe an immense debt to all those who have helped me throughout the course of this project. I am neither the first nor the last graduate student to state this, but Ian McKay has been an ideal supervisor in every respect. His guidance and patience have helped me become a better historian and writer. I thank him for this. Financial support for this project came from several institutions and agencies. A number of Ontario Graduate Scholarships and Queen’s University scholarships and fellowships funded the initial stage of my doctoral studies and preliminary research. A Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Doctoral Fellowship supported me through much of the research and writing. My research has been assisted by a host of archivists, librarians, and community historians throughout the country. I would like to thank the staff at the Queen’s University Archives and the Library and Archives of Canada for their assistance. I would especially like to express my gratitude to the Northern Studies Centre at Lakehead University and the staff of the Northern Studies Resources Centre located in the Lakehead University Library, the City of Thunder Bay Archives, and the staff at the Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society. In particular, the assistance and advice of Trudy Mauracher, Louise Wuorinen (all from the Northern Resource Centre), Jeremy Mohr (Lakehead University Archives), Alex Ross (City of Thunder Bay Archives), and Thorold Tronrud (Thunder Bay Museum) was indispensable. This study would also not have been possible without the advice and encouragement of community historians Elinor Barr and Jean Morrison. I would also like to thank Samira Saramo for help with many Finnish translations. Many friends, both new and old, have been supportive throughout this project. Numerous faculty and staff at Lakehead University (many of whom are now friends and colleagues) have been unswerving in their support of my academic endeavors from the first day I began my undergraduate education to my current position as a full-time faculty member in the Department of History. I thank every one of you. I would like to signal out Jamie Paxton, Ronald Harpelle, and David Ratz. They have been a constant encouragement throughout my doctoral studies and their opinions and advice have made this a better work. I am proud to have them as friends and colleagues. Finally (but certainly not least), I would like to thank Spike and Margaret (my parents) and, especially, Alyson Kailik for putting up with me over the last four years. Although I rarely talk about what I am doing, without your love and support, this study would not have been possible. It is dedicated to you. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables and Illustrations v Abbreviations vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Part 1: The Roots of Revolution? Chapter 2: Early Socialist Organizations at the Lakehead, 1900-1914 34 Chapter 3: Repression, Revitalization and Revolutions, 1914-1918 86 Part 2: From Winnipeg to the Workers’ Unity League Chapter 4: “A Bolshie Holiday?” The Lakehead and the Winnipeg General Strike 134 Chapter 5: “The Hog Only Harms Himself if He Topples His Trough:” The One Big Union, 1919-1922 163 Chapter 6: ‘Into the Masses!’ The Communist Party of Canada at the Lakehead, 1922-1925 206 Chapter 7: Bolshevization and Party Reorganization, 1925-1927 245 Chapter 8: Turning to the Left, 1928-1930 280 Part 3: The Great Depression and the Third Period Chapter 9: ‘Class against Class’: Communist Activities, 1930-1931 320 Chapter 10: Wobbly Relations: The Communist Party of Canada, the Industrial Workers of the World, and the Lakehead, 1932-1935 370 Chapter 11: Conclusion 410 Bibliography 424 iv Tables and Illustrations Tables 1. Ethnic Groups in Thunder Bay, 1901-81 12 2. Finns in Port Arthur and Total Population, 1911-41 49 3. Urban voting patterns for Port Arthur during the 1925 Federal Election 255 4. Urban voting patterns for Port Arthur during the 1935 Federal Election 418 Illustrations 1. Map of Northwestern Ontario 2 2. Map of the traditional areas of Finnish habitation in Port Arthur before the Second World War 47 v Abbreviations ACCL All-Canadian Congress of Labour AFL American Federation of Labor AGO Attorney General of Ontario files AIU Agricultural Industrial Unit (Industrial Workers of the World) AMofNS Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia AO Archives of Ontario CA Canadian Administration of the Industrial Workers of the World CBU Canadian Bushmen’s Union CDO Canadian Defense Organization CEB Canadian Executive Branch of the Industrial Workers of the World CEC Central Executive Committee (Communist Party of Canada) CCF Cooperative Commonwealth Federation CI Communist International CIO Congress of Industrial Organizations CLC Central Labour Council (One Big Union) CLDL Canadian Labour Defence League CLP Canadian Labour Party CLU Central Labour Union COD Central Organizing Department (Communist) CNR Canadian Northern Railway CPC Communist Party of Canada CPR Canadian Pacific Railway CRUA Citizens and Ratepayers’ Unemployed Association CSL Canadian Socialist League CSIS Canadian Security Intelligence Service CTKL Canadan Teollisuusunionistinen Kannatus Liito fonds CUA Citizens’ Unemployed Association DEA Department of External Affairs collection (Canada) DL Department of Labour collection (Canada) DND Department of National Defence collection (Canada) ECCI Executive Committee of the Communist International FCC Finlandia Club Collection FEM Fred E. Moore fonds FOC Finnish Organization of Canada FUL Farmers’ Unity League FSOC Finnish Socialist Organization of Canada FWF City of Fort William fonds FWCC Fort William City Clerk’s Files FWDTJ Fort William Daily-Times Journal FWFF Finnish Workers’ and Farmers’ Association GEB General Executive Board of the Industrial Workers of the World GRU General Recruiting Union of the Industrial Workers of the World vi GWVA Great War Veterans’ Association ILP Independent Labour Party IWW Industrial Workers of the World JL J.L. Cohen fonds JMLHC Jean Morrison Labour History Collection JW Junior Wobblies LAC Library and Archives of Canada LAWIU Lumber and Agricultural Workers’ Industrial Union of Canada Lib-Lab Liberal-Labour LPRC Port Arthur Licence and Relief Committee Minutes LUA Lakehead University Archives LWIU Lumber Workers’ Industrial Union (IWW 1913-1919, OBU 1919-1924) LWIUC Lumber Workers’ Industrial Union of Canada (Communist) MA Manitoba Archives NUWA National Unemployed Workers’ Association OBU One Big Union (Canada) OBUB One Big Union Bulletin OBUM One Big Union Monthly OPP Ontario Provincial Police OSL Ontario Socialist League OSP Ontario Socialist Party UWPA Unemployed Workers’ Protective Association PADN Port Arthur Daily-News PAF Port Arthur fonds PAM Provincial Archives of Manitoba PANC Port Arthur News-Chronicle PAUA Port Arthur Unemployment Association UATC Unemployment Association of the Twin Cities ULFTA Ukrainian Labor Farmer Temple Association UOPA Unemployed Organization of Port Arthur UWPA Unemployed Workers’ Protective Association RB Robert Borden fonds RBR Robert Boyd Russell Collection RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCWU Relief Camp Workers’ Union (Communist) RILU Red International Labour Unions SDPC Social Democratic Party of Canada SPC Socialist Party of Canada TBA City of Thunder Bay Archives TBFCHS Thunder Bay Finnish-Canadian Historical Society Collection TBHMS Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society TLC Trades and Labour Congress of Canada TUEL Trades Union Education League UBRE United Brotherhood of Railway Employees UYR Uusi Yrtys Raittiusseura vii WBA Workers’ Benevolent Association WIR Workers’
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