Table of Contents Beth L. Virtanen Editor's Introduction iv Ron Harpelle & Guest Editors' introduction: Developments, Definitions, Michel Beaulieu and Directions in Finnish Language, Literature, and Culture A.nuMuhonen "lt's a vicious circle": The Roles and Functions of English within Sweden Finnish Youth Radio Programs. Andy Rosequist The Shamanic Connection: 18 Shared Influences in Norse Mythology and the Kalevala Irina Novikova From Loyalists to Separatists: 25 Russian Images of the Finns, 1809-1917 Barbara Hong Medieval Finland Depicted in Post-Modem Music: 43 Rautavaara's opera Thomas ! Eric Schaad Topelius's "Rinaldo Rinaldini" as European Cultural Artifact 51 I Birgitta Tamminen High School Students' Attitudes towards Meankieli 62 Book Review Varpu Lindstrom. "I Won't Be a Slave!" Selected Articles on 72 Finnish Canadian Women's Histo,y. Reviewed by Beth L. Virtanen ' ... j Journalo(Finnish Studies. Volume /4, Number 2. Winter 2010 l The "Cloud" was createdby Michel S. Beaulieu and RonaldN. Harpelle ii Journal o(Finnislz Studies, Volume 14, Number 2, Winter 20 I 0 f-innish worker outside of Port Arthur, Ontario Finnish Labour Temple, ca. 1930. f-innish Historical Society Collection, Lakehead University Archives. lll '-· Journal o(Finnish Studies. Volume 14. Number 2. Winter 20 I 0 Editor's Introduction As I present this special issue of the Journal of Finnish Studies to its readership, I do so both with significant pride and a bit of sadness. I am proud of the quality of work presented here in this collection of papers entitled Developments, Definitions, and Directions in Finnish Language, Literature, and Culture: A Selection of Papers Presented at Fin11Forum IXin Thunder Bay, Ontario that were originally presented in May 2010 at Lakehead University. Ron Harpelle and Michel Beaulieu have provided us a sampling of selections concerned with Finnish language, literature, and culture which capture some of the emerging work in these broad and interdisciplinary fields. These essays are composed by established scholars, emerging academics, and independent scholars, each of whom brings to bear a unique lens through which we might view these articles. Dr. Harpelle and Dr. Beaulieu's work to bring us this special issue has been generously sponsored by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada whose support I would like to recognize here as well. I think this issue follows in the tradition of our founding Editor, Professor Borje Vahamaki of the University of Toronto, who set a high standard for the works we publish over fourteen years ago. As Paloheimo Professor at Finlandia University, I have been able to devote my scholarly attentions to ensure that the journal's quality remained at its apex as I personally managed the technical and scholarly editing processes as well as maintaining the subscription records and managing the mailing of each issue. As my time in the Paloheimo Professorship draws to a close, I look to the upcoming editorial team to maintain the standards. Succeeding me as Editor-in-Chief will be Dr. Helena Halmari (Ph.D. from the University of Southern California). Dr. Halmari is Professor of Linguistics and Chair of the Department of English at Sam Houston State University where her research focuses on language contact between Finnish and English, specifically Finnish-English codeswitching. She has also published in other areas of linguistics. She is the author of Government and Codeswitching: Explaining American Finnish (1997) and the co-editor (with Tuija Virtanen) of Persuasion across Genres: A Linguistic Approach (2005). Her articles have appeared in journals such as Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, Journalof Pragniatics, InternationalJournal of Bilingualism, and Issues in Applied Linguistics, as well as in several edited volumes. In addition to her Ph.D., Professor Halmari holds an MA in linguistics (University of Southern California), an MA in English Composition (California State University-San Bernardino), a Masters of Philosophy (FM, University of Tampere), and a Masters of Social Science (YK., University of Tampere). With Professor Helena Halmari at the helm, Professor Hanna Snellman at the University of Jyvaskyla will continue as Co-Editor and Hilary Joy Virtanen, Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Scandinavian Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, will remain in her post as Assistant Editor. I wish them all the best as they continue to recognize, nurture, and bring to fore the best and most important work in Finnish Studies. Beth L. Virtanen, Ph. D. Paloheimo Professor Editor-in-Chief IV a: Journal o[Fi1111islz Studies. Volume 14. Number 2. Winter 2010 Guest Editors' Introduction: Developments, Definitions, and Dir·ections in Finnish Language, Literature, and Culture In 1910, thousands of kilometers away spectrum of Finnish Studies. Building on the from their homeland, the nascent Finnish foundation established by the eight previous community in Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada, conferences, the theme of FinnForum IX was completed the construction of what is now the "Finland and the World: Past, Present and Future." largest monument to Finnish immigration to North The organizing committee judged that in the America. The Finnish Labour Temple stands as a century or so since Finns began migrating to North reminder of the history of struggle and of America in large numbers, Finland has evolved continuous interaction between Finland and into a significant actor on the international stage. dispersed communities of Finns across the Whereas Finland once primarily supplied the world Northern Hemisphere. As a means of recognizing with inunigrants looking for opportunity, today the and validating the Finnish diaspora and its impact country boasts a vibrant international economy and on Finland and the rest of the world, Finnforum an unmistakable Finnish presence in virtually every was established. Th.is issue of the Journal of part of the world. The Nokia telephone and its ring Finnish Studies is comprised of articles that were are ubiquitous features of the contemporary world originally presented as papers at Finnforum IX and Finnish forest companies operate in dozens of which was held in May 20 l O in Thunder Bay, countries around the world. Finnish Formula One Ontario. The event marked a milestone in the racers are household names and cultural exports history of the Finnish community in Thunder Bay like modem Finnish design and people everywhere and highlighted the heritage of the Finnish appreciate Aki Kaurismaki's films. Finns and the diaspora. communities they built are no longer the only Since its inception in 1974, FinnForum visible evidence of th.is historic and ongoing has developed into a premier international interaction with the world. For this reason, conference where scholars from several countries FinnForum IX expanded its umbrella to welcome working in a wide variety of disciplines are able to many new faces and new perspectives to this present the results of their research on aspects of celebration of the Finnish fact. Finnish Studies. It is appropriate that FinnForum Finnforum IX was also one of many IX was held in Thunder Bay because a century efforts by the Chair of Finnish Studies Advisory before, ordinary Finnish workers who were among Committee at Lakehead University to engage the first Finns to immigrate to North America in academics, both Canadian and international, and large numbers, pooled their resources to erect the the local community, in conversations regarding a Finnish Labour Temple as a place to meet, enjoy wide range of issues on Finland and the Finnish the arts, debate politics and discuss issues of diaspora. The conference was aimed at exploring concern. Fittingly, the conference provided and aspects of the social and political dynamics of the opportunity for the local community to celebrate historic and ongoing Finnish presence in the world. this important event and to pay tribute to Dr. Varpu This multifaceted theme also served as a platfom1 Lindstrom's many years of tireless service to the for the discussion of the past, present and future of Finnish community in Canada and for the academic Finnish immigrant communities and Finnish community to acknowledge her many contributions heritage outside of Finland. In all, over 70 papers to our knowledge of the role played by Finns in were presented over two days and, as anticipated, Canadian and North America history. the conference generated spirited debates about While every conference organized under issues such as the place of Finnish immigrants in the banner of Finnforum has offered opportunities host societies,. ethnic and cultural identities, social to present research within the realm of Finnish and political cleavages within the Finnish diaspora Studies, the ninth edition marked a new stage in the and the place of Finnish immigration to North evolution of the event. The first series of America. FinnForums focused on immigrant communities in The papers in this volume were selected North America; the second looked at questions because they reflect the diversity of the conference relating to ethnicity and multiculturalism; and the in the area of Finnish language and literature. Anu third the theme broadened the scope of the Muhonen 's contribution explores the use and conference to include the full interdisciplinary functions of English within the Sweden Finnish V Journal o(Finnish Studies, Volume 14. Number 2. Winter 2010 youth radio discourse. She demonstrates that the the performance. Eric Schaad's examination of use of Finnish, Swedish and English, seem to be Topelius's "Rinaldo Rinaldini" establishes it as more or less the everyday linguistic reality to these more than merely a simple children's play, but an young Sweden Finnish youth and proposes that it important European cultural artifact. He illustrates may reflect the multilingual and -cultural late­ how the continental tradition of "robber modem urban society these young speakers live in. romanticism" existed in mid-nineteenth-century Andy Rosequist explores shamanic themes in the Finland, and also how Topelius added his own Kalevala.